BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

BEAM

PAGE 1 of 16

DEFLECTION

Often limits must be placed on the amount of deflection a beam or shaft may undergo when it is subjected to a load. For
example beams in many machines must deflect just the right amount for gears or other parts to make proper contact. Deflections
of beams depend on the stiffness of the material and the dimensions of the beams as well as the more obvious applied loads and
supports.

Elastic curve using Geometric method

The methods for determining beam deflections are

based on:
Geometric Methods
Double integration method
Moment-Area Theorems
Method of Superposition
Conjugate Beam Method
Energy Methods
Virtual Work
Conservation of Strain Energy
Castiglianos Second Theorem
Bettis Law and Maxwells Law of reciprocal
Deflections

The neutral surface of the beam in the deformed state

is referred to as the elastic curve. Focus on a differential
element dx of the beam. The element in the deformed
position is shown in figure below. We assumed that the
plane sections perpendicular to the neutral surface of the
beam before bending remain plane and perpendicular to
the neutral surface after bending.

GEOMETRIC METHOD
The geometric methods are based on solving
analytically or geometrically a differential equation that
relates the loading to the deflections.
Differential Equation for Beam Deflections
Consider an initially straight elastic beam subjected to
an arbitrary loading acting perpendicular to its centroidal
axis and in the plane of symmetry of its cross section.

Edition :

Beam element in the deformed state

The sign convention for bending moment M is

positive when it causes compression in the fibers above the
neutral surface (in the positive y direction). Tensile strains
and stresses are considered to be positive.

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

The slope of the elastic curve, = dy/dx, is assumed

to be so small that 2 is negligible
sin and cos 1
d represents the change in slope over the differential
length dx
The deformation of an arbitrary fiber ab located at a
distance y from the neutral surface can be expressed as
d
d a' b' ab 2 y
y d
2
Thus the strain in fiber ab is equal to
d d
y d
y

dx ds
R d
R
By substituting the linear stress-strain relationship

PAGE 2 of 16

The product EI is referred to as the flexural rigidity

(stiffness) of the beam.
The radius of curvature is related to the elastic curve
through the expression (from calculus):

d2y
dx 2

For small slopes (dy/dx)2 is negligible in comparison with

unity. Thus the equation reduces to

1 d2y

R dx 2
By substituting into the moment-curvature expression, the
following differential equation is obtained:

d2y

dx

we obtain

Ey
R

This equation indicates that the stress varies linearly

with the distance y from the neutral surface, as shown in
the figure.

The stress and the bending moment are related

through the equation
My

I

dy 2 2
1
dx

M
EI

This equation is also referred to as the BernoulliEuler beam equation. Because = dy/dx, then it can
also be expressed as

d M

dx EI
It is important to remember that the calculation of
deflections from elastic curve relations is based on the
following assumptions:
1) The square of the slope of the beam is assumed to be
negligible compared to unity
2) The beam deflection due to shear stresses is negligible
(i.e., plane sections remain plane)
3) The value of E and I remain constant for any interval
along the beam.

where I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross section.

Double Integration Method

By combining the two highlighted equations, we obtain

the moment-curvature relationship
1
M

R
EI

The double integration method essentially involves

writing the expression for M/EI (bending moment divided
by flexural rigidity of the beam) in terms of the distance x
along the axis of the beam and integrating this expression

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

successively (twice) to obtain equations for the slope and

deflection of the elastic curve.
The constants of integration are determined from the
boundary conditions. When M/EI is discontinuous, use
singularity functions.
Boundary conditions are defined by a known set of
values of x and y or x and dy/dx at a specific point in the
beam. One boundary condition can be used to determine
one and only one constant of integration.

PAGE 3 of 16

Example 01: For the beam and loading shown, determine

the slope and deflection at point C and B using the double
integration method.

Solution:

A roller or pin at any point in a beam represents a

simple support which cannot deflect (y=0) but can rotate
(dy/dx0).
At a fixed end the beam can neither deflect or rotate
(y=0 and dy/dx=0).
Matching conditions are defined as the equality of
slope or deflection, as determined at the junction of two
intervals from the elastic curve equations for both intervals.

F vertical =0

L
0
2
wL
R
2

Rw

MA = 0

wL 3L
M 0
2 4

Calculating deflection of a beam by the double

integration method involves four definite steps and the
following sequence for these steps is recommended.
1) Select the interval or intervals of the beam to be used;
next, place a set of coordinate axes on the beam with the
origin at one end of an interval and then indicate the range
of values of x in each interval. For example, two adjacent
intervals might be: 0 x L and L x 3L

3wL2
8

Moment equation at AC

M AC

wLx 3wL2

2
8

Moment Equation at CB
2) List the available boundary conditions and matching
conditions (where two or more adjacent intervals are used)
for each interval selected. Remember that two conditions
are required to evaluate the two constants of integration for
each interval used.
3) Express the bending moment as a function of x for each
interval selected, and equate it to EI d2y/dx2 =EIy''.
4) Solve the differential equation or equations form item 3
and evaluate all constants of integration. Check the
resulting equations for dimensional homogeneity. Calculate
the deflection a specific points where required.

Edition :

M CB

wLx 3wL2 w
L

x
2
8
2
2

Along AB

EI

EI

d2y
wLx 3wL2

AC
2
8
dx 2

dy
wLx2 3wL2 x
M AC

C1
dx
4
8

at x = 0 slope: dy/dx = 0
C1 0

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

PAGE 4 of 16

Slope at point C (x = L/2)

3wL2 L 2
dy wLL 2

dx
4
8

at point B, where x=L/2: [y] AC=[y] BC

EI

7 wL4 wLL 2 3wLL 2

w L L

C4
192
12
16
24 2 2
3

dy
wL3

dx
8EI

C4 0

Slope at point C

Deflection at point B, x =L

wLx3 3wLx2
EI y

C2
12
16

EIy

wLL 3 3wLL 2 w
L

L
12
16
24
2

at x = 0 deflection: y = 0
C2 0

41wL4
384 EI

Deflection at point B

Deflection at point C

wLL 2 3wL2 L 2

12
16
3

EIy

7 wL4
192

Deflection at point C

Along BC

EI

d2y
wLx 3wL2 w
L

x
CB
2
2
8
2
2
dx

EI

dy wLx2 3wL2 x w
L

x C3
dx
4
8
6
2

at point C, where x=L/2: [EI(dy/dx)] AC=[EI(dy/dx)] BC

3

wL3 wLx2 3wLx

w
L C

x 3
8EI
4 EI
8EI
6 EI
2
EI

3wLL 2
wL3 wLL 2
w

8EI
4 EI
8EI
6 EI
2

L L C3

EI
2 2

C3 0

dy wLL2 3wL2 L w
L

L
dx
4
8
6
2

dy
7 wL3

dx
48EI
Slope at point B
4

EIy

wLx3 3wLx2 w
L

x C4
12
16
24
2

Edition :

The derivation of the deflection curve by the previous

example is rather tedious; it is therefore an advantage to
use a mathematical technique termed a step function,
commonly known as Macaulays method when applied to
beam solutions. This approach requires one bendingmoment expression to be written down for a point close to
the right-hand end to cover the bending-moment conditions
for the whole length of the beam, and hence, on integration,
only two unknown constants have to be determined.
The step function is a function of x of the form
fn(x) = [x-a] n

Slope at the free end (x = L)

EI

Discontinuous Loading: Macaulays Method

When considering the bending-moment distribution for
a beam with discontinuous loading, a separate bending
moment expression has to be written for each part of the
beam. This means that in deriving slope and deflection a
double integration would have to be performed on each
bending-moment expression and two constants would
result for each bending-moment expression and two
constants would result for each section of the beam.

such that for x<a,fn(x)=0 and for x>a,fn(x)=(x-a)n. Note

that the change in the form of brackets used: the suare
brackets are particularly chosen to indicate the use of a
step function, the curved brackets representing normal
mathematical procedure. The important features when
using the step function analysis are that, if on the
substitution of a value for x the quantity inside the square
brackets becomes negative, it is omitted from further
analysis.

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

Example 02: Answer the previous problem using the

Macaulays theorem.
Solution:
The bending-moment equation near the right most segment
is

wLx 3wL2 w
L

x
2
8
2
2

M M CB
EI

d 2 y wLx 3wL2 w
L

x
2
8
2
2
dx 2

at point B; x = L

EIy

wLL3 3wL2 L 2 w
L

12
16
24
2

41wL4
384 EI

Deflection at point C

dy wLx2 3wL2 x w
L

x C1
dx
4
8
6
2
3

EI

PAGE 5 of 16

at x = 0; dy/dx = 0

Example 03: Determine the location and magnitude of the

maximum deflection of the beam shown in the figure. The
elastic modulus of the beam is 150 GPa has a cross
section of 50m x 80mm (bxh)
4 kN/m

C1 0

6 kN

at point C; x = L/2

dy wLL 2 3wL2 L 2 w L L
EI

dx
4
8
6 2 2
2

B
4m

dy
wL3

dx
8EI
Slope at point C

dy wLL2 3wL2 L w
L
EI

L
dx
4
8
6
2

1m

bh 3

EI E

12

dy
7 wL3

dx
48EI

EI 150

kN
mm 2

m2
1
3
3
12 50mm 80 mm 10002 mm 2

EI 320 kN m2

Slope at point B

Deflection equation

EIy

1m

Solution:
Calculation of flexural rigidity

at point B; x = L

wLx 3wL x
w
L

x C2

12
16
24
2
3

C
A

4 kN/m

6 kN

2 2

at x = 0; y = 0
10.8 kN

C2 0

4 kN/m
at point C; x = L/2

wLL 2 3wL2 L 2
w L L

12
16
24 2 2
3

EIy

7 wL4
192 EI

Calculation of the reactions

MC = 0
5RA 443 61 0

Deflection at point C

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

Fvertical = 0

PAGE 6 of 16

EIy 38.4 kN m3

RA RB 44 6 0

RB 11.2 kN

38.4 kN m3 1000mm

320 kN m 2 1m

Bending-moment at the right end segment

y 120 mm

x 4
M 10.8x 11.2x 5 4x 4

2
x
6x 4 4x
2

Deflection at x = 2.546m

at point D; x = 6

M 10.8x 11.2x 5 2x 4 6x 4 2x
2

Elastic curve equation

d2y
EI 2 10.8x 11.2x 5 2x 42 6x 4 2x2
dx
dy 27 2 28
x x 52 2 x 43
EI

dx 5
5
3
2
3x 42 x3 C1
3
9
28
1
EI y x3 x 53 x 44
5
15
6
1
x 43 x4 C1 x C2
6

EI y

9 3 28
6 6 53 1 6 44
5
15
6
1
6 43 64 246
6

EI y

76
kN m3
3

76
kN m3
1000mm
3
y

2
320 kN m 1m
y 79.17mm
Deflection at point D

Therefore the maximum deflection is

y 120 mm at x = 2.546 m

at x = 0; y =0

C2 0
Area-Moment Method
at x = 5; y = 0
9
1
1
0 53 5 44 5 43 54 5C1
5
6
6
C1 24

The location of the maximum deflection can be

predicted along the segment AB and at point D. To
determine the location of the maximum deflection along AB.
We need to find the value of x that will give 0 slope or
dy/dx = 0 .
Since 0<x<4
0

27 2 2 3
x x 24
5
3
x 2.546

then

EIy

9
2.5463 1 2.5464 242.546
5
6

Edition :

The moment-area method is based on two theorems,

called the moment-area theorems, relating the geometry
of the elastic curve of a beam to its M/EI diagram, which is
constructed by dividing the bending moment diagram by the
flexural rigidity EI.
The method utilizes graphical interpretations of
integrals involved in the solution of the deflection differential
equation in terms of the areas and the moments of areas of
the M/EI diagram.
It is more convenient to use for beams with loading
discontinuities and variable EI, as compared to the direct
integration method.
To derive the method, consider a beam subjected to
an arbitrary loading as shown. The elastic curve and the
M/EI diagram for the beam are also shown.

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

PAGE 7 of 16

the M/EI diagram between the two points, provided that

the elastic curve is continuous between the two points.
Theorem applies only to those portions of the elastic
curve in which there are no discontinuities due to internal
hinges. If the area of the M/EI diagram between any two
points is positive, then the angle from the tangent at the
point to the left to the tangent at the point to the right will be
counterclockwise, and this change in slope is considered to
be positive; and vice versa.
Considering again the beam shown in the figure,
observe that the deviation d between the tangents drawn
at the ends of the differential element dx on a line
perpendicular to the undeformed axis of the beam from a
point B is given by

d x d

Substitute for d, and rearrange terms

M
d x dx
EI

Beam subjected to arbitrary loading

Recall that d represents the change in slope of the

elastic curve over the differential length dx, given by:
M
d
dx
EI
The change in slope between two arbitrary points A
and B are obtained by integrating
B
BM
Ad A EI dx
BM
BA B A
dx
A EI

A and B are the slopes (dy/dx) of the elastic curve at

points A and B, respectively. BA denotes the angle
between the tangents to the elastic curve at A and B. And,
AB(M/EI)dx represents the area under the M/EI diagram
between points A and B.
The previous equation represents the mathematical
expression of the first moment-area theorem, which is
stated as follows:
The change in slope between the tangents to the
elastic curve at any two points is equal to the area under

Edition :

Note that the term on the right-hand side represents the

moment of the infinitesimal area corresponding to dx about
point B.
Integrating between any two arbitrary points A and B
on the beam, we obtain
B

d
A

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BM

EI

xdx

BA represents the tangential deviation of B from the

tangent at A, which is the deflection of point B in the
direction perpendicular to the undeformed axis of the beam
from the tangent at point A. And, AB (M/EI)xdx represents
the moment of the area under the M/EI diagram between
points A and B about point B.
This is the mathematical expression of the second momentarea theorem, stated as follows:
The tangential deviation in the direction perpendicular
to the undeformed axis of the beam of a point on the elastic
curve from the tangent to the elastic curve at another point
is equal to the moment of the area under the M/El diagram
between the two points about the point at which the

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

PAGE 8 of 16

deviation is desired, provided that the elastic curve is

continuous between the two points.

reference tangent can be determined by using the conditions

of zero deflections at the reference support and an adjacent
support.

It is important to note the order of the subscripts used

for :
The first subscript denotes the point where the
deviation is determined and about which the moments
are evaluated.
The second subscript denotes the point where the
tangent to the elastic curve is drawn.
Also, since the distance x is always taken as positive,
the sign of BA is the same as that of the area of the
M/EI diagram between A and B. If the area of the
M/EI diagram between A and B is positive, then BA
is also positive, and point B lies above (in the positive
y direction) the tangent to the elastic curve at point A
and vice versa.

(5) The magnitudes of the slopes and deflections of

structures are usually very small, so it is convenient to
determine the solution in terms of EI and then substitute
the numerical values of E and I at the final stage of the
analysis.
(6) When the moment of inertia varies along the length of a
beam, it is convenient to express the moments of inertia of
the various segments of the beam in terms of a single
reference moment of inertia, which is then carried
symbolically through the analysis.
Areas and Centroids of Common Shapes

Procedure for Analysis

(1) Draw a qualitative deflected shape of the beam using its
bending moment diagram.

a positive bending moment bends the beam concave

upward, whereas a negative bending moment bends it
concave downward.
a fixed support, both the slope and the deflection of the
beam must be zero; therefore, the tangent to the elastic
curve at this point is in the direction of the undeformed axis,
a hinged or a roller support, the deflection is zero, but the
slope may not be zero.

(2) The theorems in general do not directly provide the

slope and deflection at a point with respect to the
undeformed axis of the beam; instead, they provide the
slope and deflection of a point relative to the tangent to the
elastic curve at another point.
(3) Before the slope or deflection at a point on the beam
can be computed, a point must be identified where the
slope of the tangent to the elastic curve is either initially
known or can be determined by using the support
conditions.
(4) Once the reference tangent has been established, the
slope and deflection at any point on the beam can be
computed by applying the moment-area theorems.

In cantilever beams, since the slope of the tangent to the

elastic curve at the fixed support is zero, this tangent can be
used as the reference tangent.
In the case of beams for which a tangent with zero slope
cannot be located by inspection, use the tangent at one of
the supports as the reference tangent. The slope of this

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

Area-Moment Method on Cantilever Beams

PAGE 9 of 16

But A = 0

Example 04: Answer Example 01 using the area-moment

method.

7 wL4
192

yC

7 wL4
192

Deflection at point C

Solution:

M
A

3wL2

Deflection at point D

R wL 2
L
2

d
A

L
2

wL

wL2
B A
2

wL2

BM

L L 3wL2

2 3
8

3wL2

AB

EI

xdx

L L wL2 L 2 L 2


1 2
8 3 4

41wL4
384

Area-Moment Method on Simply Supported Beams

wL

Slope at point C

CA C A

Example 05: Answer Example 03 using the area-moment

method.
Solution:

M
dx
EI

6 kN

4 kN/m

but A = 0
A

wL2 L 3wL2 L 2

8 1

2
C

4 2

E
E
AE

10.8 kN

wL3
C
8

4 kN/m

AC
11.2 kN

AD

Slope at point C

4m
kN-m

Slope at point B
BA B A

BM

EI

1m

1m

+8
+2

dx

wL2 L 3wL2 L wL2

8 1
8

2 2

m
-2x

L 2

3

-50
+54

7 wL
48

+11.2

Deflection at point C

-6

AC

-12

M
xdx
EI

wL2 L 2 L 2 3wL2 L 2 L 2


C A

8 1 2
4 2 3

Maximum deflection along segment AB

C

d
A

Edition :

-72
+64.8

+10.8x

Slope at point C

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M
xdx
EI

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

1 1
5 5
5 5
AC 2 50 54
3
4
3
4


2 3
1 1
6
2 3

PAGE 10 of 16

Using similar triangle

AC DG

5
6
1206
DG
144 kN m 3
5

AC 120 kN m3

D DG AD 144

Using similar triangle

AC EF

5
x

yD

D
EI

76kN m 3

1000mm

3 320kN m 2 1m

EF 24 x kN m3

508
76

3
3

y D 79.17 mm
Deflection at point D

From the figure the maximum defection is at point E with

distance x from point A.
E

d
x x
x x
2 x 10.8 x
3 4
2 3
AE

AE

M
xdx
EI

Therefore the maximum deflection is located 2.546 m from

point A.
y E 120 mm at x = 2.546 m

AE

9 3 1 4
x x
5
6
9
5

E EF AE 24 x x 3
9
5

E 24 x x 3

1 4
x
6

1 4
x
6

Using the maxima from calculus by taking then first

derivative of E
d E
27 2 2 3
24
x x 0
dx
5
3
360 81x 2 10 x 3 0

Evaluating this polynomial will give an approximate value of

x = 2.546
EI y E E 242.546

yE

9
2.5463 1 2.5464
5
6

38.4 kN m 3 1000mm

320 kN m 2 1m
y E 120 mm
Deflection at point E

To get the deflection at point D, we must compute for AD

D

d
A

AD

M
xdx
EI

2 2
6 6
6 6
AD 8 72 64.8
3 4
3 4
2 3
1 1
2 2
11.2 12
2
3

2 3
AD

Edition :

Maximum deflection in the entire beam

508
kN m 3
3

Conjugate Beam Method

The conjugate-beam method is based on the analogy
between the relationships among load, shear, and bending
moment and the relationships among M/EI, slope, and
deflection.
Relationships
d4y
dx
EI
EI

d3y
dx 3
d2y
dx 2

d 3
dx

d 2
dx 2

d 2M
dx 2

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dV
w q L .
dx

dM
V ..
dx

d
M
dx

dy

dx

Load
Shear
Moment
Slope

The relationships between M/EI, slope, and deflection

have the same form as that of the relationships between
load, shear, and bending moment. Therefore, the slope and
deflection can be determined from M/EI by the same
operations as those performed to compute shear and
bending moment, respectively, from the load
If the M/EI diagram is applied as the load on a
fictitious analogous beam, then the shear and bending
moment at any point on the fictitious beam will be equal to
the slope and deflection, respectively, at the same point.
The fictitious beam is referred to as the conjugate beam,
and it is defined as follows:

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BEAM DEFLECTION

Part 2

A conjugate beam is a fictitious beam, but it is

externally supported and internally connected such that if
the conjugate beam is loaded with the M/EI diagram, the
shear and bending moment of the conjugate beam are
equal to the slope and deflection of the real beam

Procedure for Analysis

(1) Construct the M/EI diagram for the actual beam. If the
beam is subjected to a combination of different types of
loads, the analysis can be considerably expedited by
constructing the M/EI diagram by parts.
(2) Determine the conjugate beam corresponding to the
actual beam.
(3) Apply the M/EI diagram (from Step 1) as the load on
the conjugate beam. Positive M/EI values are applied as
upward load on the conjugate beam and vice versa.
(4) Calculate the reactions at the supports of the conjugate
beam.
(5) Determine the shears and bending moment at those
points on the conjugate beam where slopes and
deflections, respectively, are desired on the actual beam.
(6) The slope at a point on the actual beam is equal to the
shear at that point on the conjugate beam.
Actual slope = fictitious shear
(7) The deflection at a point on the actual beam is equal to
the bending moment at that point on the conjugate beam.
Actual deflection = fictitious moment

PAGE 11 of 16

that the deflection at the end is WL3/3EI, and that the

maximum slope is WL2/2EI.
(5.03) A cantilever of length L and constant flexural rigidity
EI along its length, carries a mobile load W. Determine the
position of W when the deflection at the end of the
cantilever equals twice the deflection under the load.
(Answer: Condition occurs when load W is at distance
3L/5 from the encastr end (also termed root).

(5.04) A beam ABC with constant EI is supported at B and

C. The length of AB = L and BC = 2L. The beam carries a
load P at A, and a uniformly distributed load w/meter
between B and C. Find the ratio P:wL such that there is
zero deflection at A.
(Ans. Ratio of P:wL = 1:3)
(5.05) A beam ABCD, where the length AB=CD=a, length
BC=b, is simply supported at A and D and carries two equal
loads W at B and C. Over the length AB and CD the
flexural rigidity is EI1, and over BC it is EI2. Determine the
value of central deflection.
(Ans.

Note: Only in simply supported beams can the conjugatebeam method be applied directly without using artificial
constraints.
PROBLEMS:
(5.01) A beam ABCD is simply supported at A and D. The
length of AB = 6m, BC = CD = 3m. It carries a uniformly
distributed load of 30 kN/m between A and B, and a point
load of 100 kN at C. Find the maximum deflection in terms
of EI.
(Ans. 6525/EI)

Lllllllllllllllllllll

(5.02) A cantilever of length L and constant flexural

stiffness EI carries a point load W at its extreme end. Show

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Supports for Conjugate Beam

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Examples of Conjugate Beams

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