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PLANE FRAMES
A frame is a structure composed of straight-line members. The members
may be connected by rigid joints, pin-connected joints and semi-rigid joints.
If all the joints are pins (which transmit no bending moments), the frame is
commonly called a truss. Rigid joints are capable of transmitting both
forces and bending moments.
A rigid frame is one in which some or all of its joints are rigid. Rigid frames
are usually statically indeterminate. Our study will be confined to
determinate plane frames. In a plane frame, all the members and loading
must be in the same plane.
A frame is completely analyzed when its support reactions, and the
variations in axial forces, shear forces and bending moments along all its
members are found.
Frame with an
internal hinge
Rigid Frame
Rigid Joints
Page 3-1
At rigid joints, the ends of connected members must not only move together
vertically and horizontally but must all rotate by the same amount. A rigid
joint preserves the angle between members connected to it.
In steel structures, rigid and pin-joints consist of welded connections and
simple bolted connections respectively. There is another type of connection
in between of these two extremes and it is called a semi-rigid connection
(the connection is neither rigid nor pinned, it is in between these two
extremes). In reinforced concrete structures, beams and columns are
usually formed together resulting in substantially rigid joints.
B'
C'
P.I.
P.I.
P.I.
A
L
Page 3-2
Page 3-3
Example 1
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joint B is a rigid joint.
10 kN
2 kN
B
6m
A
4m
Page 3-4
Solution:
10 kN
2 kN
B
6m
A
HA
MA A
4m
X = 0, HA = 2 kN
Y = 0, VA = 10 kN
Take moment about A,
MA = 10*4 + 2*6 = 52 kNm
Page 3-5
Free-body diagrams for the members and joint, and their member end
forces.
10 kN
B
40
40
10
2
10
40
40
10
2 2
B
10
2kN
B
Free-body Diagrams
A
2 kN
10 kN
52 kNm
Page 3-6
-10
10
C
-
-10
A
Shear Force (kN)
- 40
- 40
A
- 52
Page 3-7
Example 2
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joint B is a rigid joint.
B
4m
C
12 kN
6m
3m
Page 3-8
Solution:
MA
HA
B
4m
VA
C
12 kN
6m
3m
X = 0, HA = 0kN
Y = 0, VA = 12kN
Take moment about A,
MA = 12*9 = 108 kNm
Page 3-9
Free-body diagrams for the members and joint, and their member end
forces.
108 kNm
A
12 kN
36
36
B
36
12
12
12
36
B
12
Free-body Diagrams
C
12 kN
Page 3-10
In order to draw the axial force and the shear force diagram of member BC,
we have to resolve the member end forces so that the member end forces are
perpendicular and along the member axis. This is because member BC is
an inclined member.
36
5
3
C
12
Page 3-11
9.6
+
9.6
12
12
7.2
A
7.2
Shear Force (kN)
-108
-36
A
-36
Page 3-12
Example 3
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints C and E are rigid joints.
96 kN
C
B
F
4.5 m
48 kN
5m
3m
A
3m
3m
Page 3-13
Solution:
96 kN
C
48 kN
5m
3m
4.5 m
F
VF
A
HA
VA
3m
3m
X = 0, HA = 48 kN
Take moment about A,
48*4.5 + 96*3 = VF*6,
Y = 0, VA + VF = 96 kN
VF = 84 kN
VA = 12 kN
Page 3-14
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
216 216
12
12
216
216
12
C
12
96 kN
D
E
84
84
84
84
48 kN
B
F
Free-body Diagrams
84
48
12
Page 3-15
-12
-84
D
-
B
-
-84
-12 A
12
12 D
C
48
B
-84
A
48
-84
Page 3-16
216 D
216
B
252
216
F
A
Bending Moment (kNm)
Page 3-17
Example 4
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints C and E are rigid joints.
96 kN
C
B
F
4.5 m
48 kN
5m
3m
A
3m
3m
Page 3-18
Solution:
96 kN
C
48 kN
5m
3m
4.5 m
HA
A
V
MA A
3m
3m
X = 0, HA = 48 kN
Y = 0, VA = 96 kN
Take moment about A,
48*4.5 + 96*3 = MA, MA = 504 kNm
Page 3-19
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
288 288
96
96
288
288
96
96 kN
C
96
E
D
48 kN
B
F
Free-body Diagrams
A
96
48
504
Page 3-20
-96
B
F
-96
96
96
E
C
48
B
F
48
Page 3-21
-288
0
-288
C
-288
B
F
A
-504
Page 3-22
Example 5
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and C are rigid joints.
15 kN/m
B
C
20 kN
2m
50 kN
2m
6m
E
A
8m
Page 3-23
Solution:
15 kN/m
B
C
20 kN
2m
50 kN
2m
6m
E
VE
A
HA
VA
8m
X = 0, HA + 20 = 50,
HA = 30 kN
VA = 32.5 kN
Page 3-24
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
15 kN/m
180 180
50 kN B
20
32.5
20
32.5
180
180
30
30
32.5
40
20
87.5
40 87.5
20
20
87.5
40
40
32.5
87.5
20
20 kN
D
E
Free-body Diagrams
30
87.5
A
32.5
-20
-20
-87.5
-32.5
B
C
D
-32.5
-87.5
Page 3-25
2.17m
32.5
30
20
-87.5
20
E
30
2.17m
180
B
180
-40
-40
D
215.2
E
A Bending Moment (kNm)
Page 3-26
Example 6
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and D are rigid joints.
30 kN
B
3m
10 kN
3m
8m
5kN/m
A
3.5m
3.5m
Page 3-27
Solution:
30 kN
B
3m
3m
8m
10 kN
5kN/m
VF
HA V
A
3.5m
X = 0, HA + 10 = 5*8/2,
3.5m
HA = 10 kN
VA = 14.5 kN
Page 3-28
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
30 kN
B
10
26.7
14.5
14.5
10
26.7
10
D 10
B
14.5
15.5
30
30
10
15.5
26.7
26.7
14.5
10
15.5
10
Free-body Diagrams
5kN/m
10
15.5
30
30
10 kN
F
15.5kN
A
10kN
14.5kN
Page 3-29
5x/8 kN/m
14.5
M
14.5
26.7
10
x
Free-body Diagram for Part of Member A
Consider the free-body diagram for part of member AB. The loading
intensity of the triangular load = (5x/8) kN/m. Set V = 0, and determine x.
To determine the position of zero shear force (i.e. V = 0 kN), take moment
about the cut,
Y = 0, (5x/8)*(x/2) 10 = 0,
x = 5.66 m
To determine the value of maximum moment of member AB, consider
M = 0, M + 26.7 + (5*5.66/8)*(5.66/2)*(5.66/3) 10*5.66 = 0
M = 11.0 kNm
To determine the position of zero moment of member AB, we have to use
trial and error method to solve a cubic equation. Consider the free-body
diagram for part of member AB. Set M = 0, to determine x
M = 0, 26.7 + (5*x/8)*(x/2)*(x/3) 10*x = 0
0.1042x3 10x + 26.7 = 0
Solving this equation by trial and error, we get x = 2.93m.
Page 3-30
-10
-10
-14.5
-15.5
E
F
-14.5
-15.5
14.5
14.5
C
-10
10
5.66m
-15.5
E
10
2.34m
10
Page 3-31
-30
D
-26.7
2.93m
-26.7
C
B
-30
24.3
E
2.34m
11.0
A
Page 3-32
Example 7
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joint B is a rigid joint and joint C
is an internal hinge of the frame.
15 kN/m
30 kN
4m
6m
Page 3-33
Solution:
15 kN/m
30 kN
4m
VA
HA
VD
HD
6m
Take moment about A,
30*4 + 15*6*6/2 VD*6 = 0
VD = 65 kN
VA = 25 kN
Y = 0, VA + VD = 15*6 kN,
Consider the free-body of CD,
HC
65
D
65
HD
HA = 30 kN
Page 3-34
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
30 kN B
15 kN/m
120
120
25
25 30
25
C
C
65
65
65
120
120
30
65
25
C
Free-body Diagram
D
A
30
25
65
-65
-25
-65
Page 3-35
1.67m
25
30
30
D -65
Shear Force (kN)
1.67m
120
120
140.9
Page 3-36
Example 8
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and C are rigid joints,
and joint E is an internal hinge of the frame.
3m
B
20 kN
4m
3 kN/m
F E
A
4m
4m
Page 3-37
Solution:
3m
20 kN
F E
4m
3 kN/m
A
VA
HA
4m
4m
VD
HD
VA = 9.5 kN
HE E
D
10.5
HD
HA = 1.5 kN
Page 3-38
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
20 kN
B
10.5
9.5
9.5
18
18 10.5
B
10.5
9.5
C
F E
10.5
C10.5
10.5
10.5
42 42 10.5 10.5
42
18
42
18
9.5
10.5
3 kN/m
10.5
10.5
A
1.5 9.5
Free-body Diagrams
D
10.5
10.5
Page 3-39
-10.5
-10.5
-9.5
-10.5
F E
A
-9.5
9.5
9.5
-10.5 F
0.5m
-10.5
1.5
-10.5
10.5
-10.5
10.5
Page 3-40
-42
-18
F
B
0.5m
-18
10.5
0.375
-42
Page 3-41
Example 9
Determine the support reactions, and draw the axial force, shear force and
bending moment diagrams for the frame. Joints B and E are rigid joints, and
joint D is an internal hinge of the frame.
40 kN
5 kN/m
6m
4m
F
A
1m 2m
3m
Page 3-42
Solution:
40 kN
5 kN/m
6m
4m
F
HF
A
HA
VF
VA
1m 2m
3m
Page 3-43
40 kN
VD
B
D
HD
HA
VA
(2)
(3)
VF = -2.7 kN
HF = 12 kN
Page 3-44
Free-body diagrams for the members and joints, and their member end
forces.
40 kN
B
8 42.7
48
48
8
2.7
B
8
42.7
42.7
8 8
8
8
48
48
42.7
8
2.7
E8
2.7
8
8
2.7
5 kN/m
F
Free-body Diagrams
12
2.7
A
8
42.7
-8
B
C
2.7
D
+
2.7
Page 3-45
42.7
42.7
2.7 E
2.7
B C
-8
2.4m
-12
-8
-48
B C
-5.3
8
2.4m
14.4
F
A
Bending Moment (kNm)
Tutorial 3 (Analysis of Frames)
Page 3-46
Find the support reactions, and draw the axial force diagram, shear force
diagram and bending moment diagram for the frames shown below.
Q1.
6 kN/m
2.5m
30 kN
2.5m
5m
A
6m
Q2.
50 kN 40 kN
1.5m 2m 1.5m
D
15 kN/m
6m
4m
E is an internal hinge
A
F
Q3.
Page 3-47
60 kN
B
30 kN
D
6 kN/m
5m
F
A
3m
3m
3m
Q4.
20 kN
2m
24 kN
D
C
2 kN/m
4m
A
3m
3m
Q5.
Page 3-48
Q6.
15 kN/m
D
3m
E is an internal hinge
65 kN
3m
A
3m
5m
5m
2m
Page 3-49
Q7.
10 kN/m
30 kN
C
E
3m
3m
3m
3m
Q8.
2 kN/m
B
6m
4m
C is an internal hinge
3 kN/m
A
3m
3m
Page 3-50
Q9.
200 kN
C
3m
100 kN
3m
D
C is an internal hinge
A
3m
4m
Q10.
4 kN/m
B
4m
D
4m
6m
4m
Page 3-51