Você está na página 1de 36

Momento

angular
Angular momentum of a particle

The instantaneous angular momen


defined by the cross product of the p
instantaneous linear momentum p:

This allows us to write Equation 11.

z
L = r p

O
r

Javier Junquera

x
Active Figure 11.4 The angular
momentum L of a particle of mass
m and linear momentum p located
at the vector position r is a vector
given by L ! r ! p. The value of L
depends on the origin about which
it is measured and is a vector perpendicular to both r and p.

At the Active Figures link


at http://www.pse6.com, you
can change the position vector
r and the momentum vector p

which is the rotational analog of Newt


causes the angular momentum L to ch
change. Equation 11.11 states that the
time rate of change of the particles
Note that Equation 11.11 is valid on
gin. (Of course, the same origin must
thermore, the expression is valid for
The SI unit of angular momentum
and the direction of L depend on the
we see that the direction of L is perp
Figure 11.4, r and p are in the xy pla
p ! mv, the magnitude of L is
L

where # is the angle between r and p


p (# ! 0 or 180). In other words, wh
line that passes through the origin, t
respect to the origin. On the other h

Bibliografa

FUENTE PRINCIPAL
Fsica, Volumen 1, 3 edicin
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Captulo 10

Fsica para Ciencias e Ingeniera, Volumen 1, 7 edicin


Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Cengage Learning
ISBN 978-970-686-822-0
Captulo 11

Tips on Physics
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands
Ed. Pearson Addison Wesley
ISBN: 0-8053-9063-4
Captulo 3-3 y siguientes

Definicin de momento angular o cintico

The instantaneous angular momen


defined by the cross product of the p
instantaneous linear momentum p:

Angular momentum of a particle

Consideremos una partcula de masa m, con un vector de posicin


This allows us to write Equation 11.
y que se mueve con una cantidad de movimiento

which is the rotational analog of Newt


causes the angular momentum L to ch
change. Equation 11.11 states that the
time rate of change of the particles
O
y
Note that Equation 11.11 is valid on
m p
r
gin. (Of course, the same origin must

thermore, the expression is valid for


x
The SI unit of angular momentum
Active Figure 11.4 The angular
and the direction of L depend on the
momentum L of a particle of mass
we see that the direction of L is perp
m and linear momentum p located
at the vector position r is a vector
Figure 11.4, r and p are in the xy pla
El momento angular instantneogiven by
deLla
relativo
semagnitude
define como
! partcula
r ! p. The value
of L al origen
p ! mv, O
the
of L isel
L = r p

on the
origin about which
producto vectorial de su vectordepends
posicin
instantneo
y del momento lineal instantneo
it is measured and is a vector perpendicular to both r and p.

At the Active Figures link


at http://www.pse6.com, you
can change the position vector
r and the momentum vector p

where # is the angle between r and p


p (# ! 0 or 180). In other words, wh
line that passes through the origin, t
respect to the origin. On the other h

Definicin de momento angular o cintico

The instantaneous angular momen


defined by the cross product of the p
instantaneous linear momentum p:

Angular momentum of a particle

Consideremos una partcula de masa m, con un vector de posicin


This allows us to write Equation 11.
y que se mueve con una cantidad de movimiento

z
L = r p

Tanto el mdulo, la direccin como


el sentido del momento angular
dependen del origen que se elija

O
r

x
Active Figure 11.4 The angular
momentum L of a particle of mass
m and linear momentum p located
at the vector position r is a vector
given by Lal!plano
r ! p. The
value of L
Direccin: perpendicular
formado
por
depends on the origin about which
Sentido: regla de lait ismano
derecha
measured
and is a vector perpendicular to both r and p.

Mdulo:

At the Active Figures link

2/s
SI: kg myou
atUnidades
http://www.pse6.com,

can change the position vector


r and the momentum vector p

which is the rotational analog of Newt


causes the angular momentum L to ch
change. Equation 11.11 states that the
time rate of change of the particles
Note that Equation 11.11 is valid on
gin. (Of course, the same origin must
thermore, the expression is valid for
The SI unit of angular momentum
and the direction of L depend on the
we see that the direction of L is perp
Figure 11.4, r and p are in the xy pla
py
! mv, the magnitude of L is
L

where # is the angle between r and p


p (# ! 0 or 180). In other words, wh
line that passes through the origin, t
respect to the origin. On the other h

Momento angular o cintico:


Casos particulares

cuando
es paralelo a
. Es decir, cuando la partcula se mueve a lo largo de una lnea
recta que pasa por el origen tiene un momento angular nulo con respecto a ese origen

mxima cuando
es perpendicular a
. En ese momento la partcula se mueve
exactamente igual que si estuviera en el borde de una rueda que gira alrededor del origen
en el plano definido por
y
(movimiento circular).

Mdulo

Direccin y sentido

Conservacin del momento angular

En general, si sobre la partcula actuase ms de una fuerza

Ecuacin anloga para las rotaciones de las segunda ley de Newton para las traslaciones
Esta ecuacin es vlida:
- slo si los momentos de todas las fuerzas involucradas y el momento angular se
miden con respecto al mismo origen.
-vlida para cualquier origen fijo en un sistema de referencia inercial.

Conservacin del momento angular

Si

Esto se verifica si:


La fuerza se anula

(caso, por ejemplo, de la partcula libre)

La fuerza es paralela a la posicin

(fuerzas centrales)

(ley de Gravitacin Universal)

Analogas entre rotaciones y traslaciones


Traslaciones

Rotaciones

Una fuerza neta sobre una partcula


produce un cambio en el momento
lineal de la misma

Un torque neto sobre una partcula


produce un cambio en el momento
angular de la misma

Una fuerza neta actuando sobre una


partcula es igual a la razn de cambio
temporal del momento lineal de la partcula

Una torque neto actuando sobre una partcula


es igual a la razn de cambio temporal del
momento angular de la partcula

tance a from the pole? (a) zero (b) mvd (c) mva (d) impossible to determine

tum about any axis displaced


from the path of the particle.

Momento
de ofuna
partcula
en un
Example 11.3angular
Angular Momentum
a Particle
in Circular Motion
movimiento
circular
Solution The linear momentum of the particle is always
A particle moves in the
xy plane in a circular path of radius
changing (in direction, not magnitude). You might be
tempted, therefore, to conclude that the angular momeneltum
plano
en un
movimiento
dehowradio r.
of the xy
particle
is always
changing. In circular
this situation,
ever, this iscon
not respecto
the caseletal
us origen
see why. O
From
Equation
momento angular
si su
velocidad
11.12, the magnitude of L is given by

r, as shown in Figure 11.5. Find the magnitude and direction of its angular momentum relative to O when its linear
Supongamos
una partcula que se mueve en
velocity is v.

Hallar la magnitud y direccin de su

lineal es

L ! mvr sin 90% ! mvr

y
v

r
O

m
x

Figure 11.5 (Example 11.3) A particle moving in a circle of radius r has an angular momentum
about O that has magnitude
Magnitud
mvr. The vector L ! r " p points out of the diagram.

Como
el used
momento
linealv de
la partcula
where
we have
$ ! 90 because
is perpendicular
to r.est en
This value
of L is constant
because(en
all three
factors on no
the en
constante
cambio
direccin,
right are constant.
magnitud),
pensar
que el
The direction ofpodramos
L also is constant,
even though
themomento
diangular
de
la
partcula
tambin
cambia
rection of p ! m v keeps changing. You can visualize this by de
applying the right-hand
to find the
direction
of L !
manera rule
contnua
con
el tiempo
r " p ! m r " v in Figure 11.5. Your thumb points upward
and away from the page; this is the direction of L Hence, we
If the particle
can write the vector expression L ! (mvr)k.
embargo
es eland
caso
were to move Sin
clockwise,
L wouldeste
point no
downward
into
the page. A particle in uniform circular motion has a
constant angular momentum about an axis through the
Direccin
center of its path.
Perpendicular al plano de la pantalla y saliendo
hacia fuera (regla de la mano derecha)

Angular Momentum of a System of Particles

Una partcula en un movimiento circular uniforme tiene un momento angular


In Section 9.6, constante
we showed thatcon
Newtons
second a
lawun
foreje
a particle
could be
extended
to
respecto
que pase
por
el centro
de la trayectoria
a system of particles, resulting in:

Momento angular total de un sistema de partculas


El momento angular total de un sistema de partculas con respecto a un determinado
punto se define como la suma vectorial de los momento angulares de las partculas
individuales con respecto a ese punto.

En un sistema continuo habra que reemplazar la suma por una integral

Momento angular total de un sistema de partculas

A priori, para cada partcula i tendramos que calcular el torque asociado con:
- fuerzas internas entre las partculas que componen el sistema
- fuerzas externas
Sin embargo, debido al principio de accin y reaccin, el torque neto
debido a las fuerzas internas se anula.
Se puede concluir que el momento angular total de un sistema de
partculas puede variar con el tiempo si y slo si existe un torque neto
debido a las fuerzas externas que actan sobre el sistema

Momento angular total de un sistema de partculas

El torque neto (con respecto a un eje que pase por un origen en un


sistema de referencia inercial) debido a las fuerzas externas que actan
sobre un sistema es igual al ritmo de variacin del momento angular
total del sistema con respecto a dicho origen

Momento angular de un slido rgido en rotacin


Consideremos una placa que rota alrededor de un eje perpendicular y
que coincide con el eje z de un sistema de coordenadas

Cada partcula del objeto rota en el plano xy


alrededor del eje z con una celeridad angular
El momento angular de una partcula de masa
que rota en torno al eje z es

Y el momento angular del sistema angular (que en este


caso particular slo tiene componente a lo largo de z)

Momento angular de un slido rgido en rotacin

Y el momento angular del sistema angular (que en este


caso particular slo tiene componente a lo largo de z)

Donde se ha definido el momento de inercia del objeto


con respecto al eje z como

En este caso particular, el momento angular tiene la misma direccin que la velocidad angular

Momento angular de un slido rgido en rotacin


En general, la expresin

no siempre es vlida.

Si un objeto rgido rota alrededor de un eje arbitrario, el momento angular y la velocidad angular
podran apuntar en direcciones diferentes.
En este caso, el momento de inercia no puede ser tratado como un escalar.
Estrictamente hablando,
se aplica slo en el caso de un slido rgido de cualquier forma
que rota con respecto a uno de los tres ejes mutuamente perpendiculares (denominados ejes
principales de inercia) y que pasan por su centro de masa.

Ecuacin del movimiento para la rotacin


de un slido rgido
Supongamos que el eje de rotacin del slido coincide con uno de sus ejes principales,
de modo que el momento angular tiene la misma direccin que la velocidad angular

Derivando esta expresin con respecto al tiempo

Si asumimos que el momento de inercia no cambia con el tiempo


(esto ocurre para un cuerpo rgido)

El torque externo neto que acta sobre un slido rgido que rota alrededor de
un eje fijo es igual al momento de inercia con respecto al eje de rotacin
multiplicado por la aceleracin angular del objeto con respecto a ese eje

Ecuacin del movimiento para la rotacin


de un slido rgido
Supongamos que el eje de rotacin del slido no coincide con uno de sus ejes principales,
de modo que el momento angular tiene la misma direccin que la velocidad angular

Pero como el momento angular ya no es paralelo a la velocidad angular,


sta no tiene por qu ser constante

Conservacin del momento angular


El momento angular total de un sistema es contante, tanto en direccin como en
mdulo si el torque resultante debido a las fuerzas externas se anula

Tercera ley de conservacin: en un sistema aislado se conserva:


- energa total
- el momento lineal
- el momento angular

El principio de conservacin del momento angular es un resultado general que se


puede aplicar a cualquier sistema aislado.
El momento angular de un sistema aislado se conserva tanto si el sistema es un
cuerpo rgido como si no lo es.

Conservacin del momento angular


El momento angular total de un sistema es contante, tanto en direccin como en
mdulo si el torque resultante debido a las fuerzas externas se anula

Para un sistema aislado consistente en un conjunto de partculas, la ley de


conservacin se escribe como

Conservacin del momento angular


Si la masa de un sistema aislado que rota sufre un redistribucin,
el momento de inercia cambia
Como la magnitud del momento angular del sistema es

La ley de conservacin del momento angular requiere que el


producto de I por permanezca constante
Es decir, para un sistema aislado, un cambio en I requiere un cambio en

Esta expresin es vlida para:


- una rotacin en torno a un eje fijo.
- una rotacin alrededor de un eje que pase por el centro de masas de un
sistema que rota.
Lo nico que se requiere es que el torque neto de la fuerza externa se anule

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:


pi ! pf

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
we apply the law
of conservation
of angular mo- Now
Se conserva
la energa
total
mentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
- our
Sereference
conserva
el momento
lineal of anas
point. We
know that the component
- Se
conserva
momento
angular
gular
momentum
of theeldisk
along the axis
perpendicular
(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule


shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
Tenemos tres incgnitas
and move to the right.

Li ! Lf

y tres leyes de conservacin


% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:


pi ! pf

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
Now we apply
the law of conservation
of angular moConservacin
del momento
lineal

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

mentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick


as our reference point. We know that the component of angular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:


pi ! pf

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
Now we apply
the law of conservation
of angularangular
moConservacin
del momento

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

mentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick


as our reference point. We know that the component of anLa componente
delthe
momento
angular del
gular momentum
of the disk along
axis perpendicular
largo(The
de right-hand
la direccin
to the plane of disco
the ice a
is lo
negative.
rule
shows that
Ld points into theal
ice.)
Applying
perpendicular
plano
delconservation
hielo esofnegativa
angular momentum to the system gives

(regla de la mano derecha)

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:


pi ! pf

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
Now weConservacin
apply the law of conservation
of angular
mode la energa
mecnica

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

mentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick


as our reference point. We know that the component of anSolo tenemos
(tanto en
gular momentum
of the diskenerga
along the cintica
axis perpendicular
translacional
como
rotacional
to the planeforma
of the ice
is negative. (The
right-hand
rule
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

su

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:

Resolvemos el sistema de las tres


pi ! pf
ecuaciones
con tres incgnitas

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs

Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
as our
reference point. variables
We know that en
the component
of anDespejando
la primera
y segunda
gular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
ecuacin, y sustituyendo en la tercera
to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

i
student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0Lm/s
golpea una
barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0 m11.10
que se
apoya
sobre una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. Asumimos
que la colisin es
Interactive
Example
Disk
and Stick
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg
disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de laarecolisin
lar momentum
all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a problem
in which
all three conservation laws might
and(b)
that
disk does notde
deviate
from its original
of despus
Latheceleridad
traslacin
de laline
barra
de la
colisin
play a part. To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c) La velocidad angular de la barra despus
de la colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
momento
de inercia
barra
respectoThe
a su
dethemasas
de 1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first centro
comes from
law of thees
conservaafter the El
collision.
The moment
of inertia ofde
thela
stick
about con

its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:

Despejando variables en la primera y segunda


pi ! pf y sustituyendo en la tercera
ecuacin,

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right. (La otra solucin carece de

6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs

Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
as our reference point. We know that the component of angular momentum
of the disk
along the
axis perpendicular
Sustituyendo
datos
y resolviendo
la
to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule
segundo grado
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf

sentido fsico)

% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

ecuacin de

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:

Qu pasara si la colisin fuera perfectamente


pi ! pf inelstica?

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

En este
caso, el disco se adhiere a la barra despus
6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs
de la colisin
Now we apply
the law of conservation
of angular moConservacin
del momento
lineal

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

mentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick


as our reference point. We know that the component of angular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:

Qu pasara si la colisin fuera perfectamente


pi ! pf inelstica?

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf & m svs


(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

Clculo del centro de masas


(necesario para la parte rotacional)

6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs

Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum,


using the initial
position ofde
thela
center
of the
stick origen
Tomamos
el centro
barra
como
as our reference point. We know that the component of anJusto en el instante de la colisin, la posicin
gular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
centro
de masas
estarrule
en
to the plane of del
the ice
is negative.
(The right-hand
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

Es decir, a 0,67 m del borde superior de la barra

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:

Qu pasara si la colisin fuera perfectamente


pi ! pf inelstica?

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf &


m svmomento
s
Conservacin
del
angular
(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs

Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
ahora es
la We
distancia
delcomponent
disco al
(0.67 m)
as our reference
point.
know that the
of CDM
angular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
El plane
sistema
con
respecto
to the
of theva
ice ais rotar
negative.
(The
right-hand al
rulecentro de
shows
that Ld as
points
into tenemos
the ice.) Applying
masas,
que
queconservation
calcular oflos nuevos
angular momentum
to the system
momentos
de inercia
degives
la barra (teorema de Steiner)
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li

Problema de conservacin del momento angular


Figure 11.12 (Example 11.9) The wheel is initially spinning
when the student is at rest. What happens when the wheel is
inverted?

2L

L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.

tion of linear momentum:

Qu pasara si la colisin fuera perfectamente


pi ! pf inelstica?

Solution Conceptualize the situation by considering Figure


11.13 and imagining what happens after the disk hits the

m dvdi ! m dvdf &


m svmomento
s
Conservacin
del
angular
(2.0 kg)(3.0 m/s) ! (2.0 kg)vdf & (1.0 kg)vs

Before

After

(1)

vdi = 3.0 m/s

vdf

2.0 m

vs

Figure 11.13 (Example 11.10) Overhead view of a disk striking


a stick in an elastic collision, which causes the stick to rotate
and move to the right.

6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs

Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
as our reference point. We know that the component of angular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
Despejando
la ice
velocidad
y sustituyendo
to
the plane of the
is negative. angular
(The right-hand
rule
shows that Ld points into valores
the ice.) Applying
conservation of
anteriores
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"

los

Movimiento de precesin de los girscopos


350

C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum

Trompo:

cuerpo simtrico que gira alrededor de un eje de simetra mientras un punto


11.5 The
of Gyroscopes and Tops
de este eje permanece
fijoMotion
(una peonza)
caso particularAde
trompo
en el que
elmotion
punto
pasa
por
el centro
de
veryun
unusual
and fascinating
type of
youfijo
probably
have
observed
is that of
a masas

Girscopo:

top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very

Supongamos el movimiento rapidly,


de una
gira rpidamente
entorno
eje
deFig.simetra
thepeonza
symmetry que
axis rotates
about the z axis, sweeping
outaa su
cone
(see
Precessional motion

La peonza acta como un girscopo y cabra


esperar que su orientacin en el espacio
permaneciera invariable

z
L

CM

(a)

Mg

11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:

Sin embargo, si la peonza est inclinada, se observa que su


eje de simetra gira alrededor del eje , formando en su
desplazamiento la figura de un cono.
A este movimiento se le denomina movimiento de precesin

L
Li

Lf

!!
(b)

Figure 11.14 Precessional motion

dL
dt

From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.

La velocidad
del eje de simetra alrededor del eje vertical es normalmente lenta con
of a top spinningangular
about its symmetry axis. (a) The only external
respecto
lathevelocidad angular de la peonza alrededor de su eje de simetra
forces acting
on the topaare
normal force n and the gravitational force Mg. The direction of
the angular momentum L is along

Movimiento de precesin de los girscopos


Origen del movimiento de precesin
350

C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum

The no
Motion
of Gyroscopes
Tops
Por qu11.5
la peonza
mantiene
su direccinand
de giro?
A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:

Como el centro de masas de la peonza no se encuentra


directamente sobre el punto de pivote , hay un par neto
con respecto a
que acta sobre la peonza.

Precessional motion

z
L

El par est producido por la fuerza de la gravedad

CM

(a)

Mg

Como est girando, la peonza tiene un momento angular


cuya direccin coincide con el eje de simetra de la peonza

L
Li

Si no estuviera girando, la peonza caera

Lf

!!
(b)

Figure 11.14 Precessional motion


of a top spinning about its symmetry axis. (a) The only external
forces acting on the top are the
normal force n and the gravitational force Mg. The direction of
the angular momentum L is along

dL
dt

From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.

El par provoca un cambio en la direccin del eje de simetra que a la postre es el responsable del
movimiento de este eje de simetra con respecto al eje

Movimiento de precesin de los girscopos


Origen del movimiento de precesin
350

C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum

The no
Motion
of Gyroscopes
Tops
Por qu11.5
la peonza
mantiene
su direccinand
de giro?

Las dos fuerzas que actan sobre la peonza son:


- Su peso:
acta hacia abajo
- La normal:
acta hacia arriba en el punto de pivote
la normal no produce ningn par alrededor del pivote
porque su brazo de palanca con respecto a dicho
punto es cero

Precessional motion

z
L

CM

(a)

Mg

L
Li

A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
Direccin
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
perpendicular
perpendicular toal
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum
of the gyroformado
por
scope are related through Equation 11.13:

Par con respecto a

debido a la gravedad

dL

Lf

(b)

Figure 11.14 Precessional motion


of a top spinning about its symmetry axis. (a) The only external
forces acting on the top are the
normal force n and the gravitational force Mg. The direction of
the angular momentum L is along

plano
y

Obligatoriamente el vector ! !sedtencuentra en el plano horizontal


(perpendicular
alwe
peso)
perpendicular
vectora change
momento
angular
From this expression,
see that
the nonzero torqueal
produces
in angular
like masas
the torquecon
momentum
d La
change that is de
in the
direction del
as !. Therefore,
(que lleva
la direccin
lasame
posicin
centro de
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting prea ) In a time interval dt, the
cessional motion of the symmetry respecto
axis of the gyroscope.
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.

Movimiento de precesin de los girscopos


Origen del movimiento de precesin
350

C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum

The no
Motion
of Gyroscopes
Tops
Por qu11.5
la peonza
mantiene
su direccinand
de giro?
A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
El par neto y el momento angular estn relacionados por
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
Precessional motion

rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:

El cambio en el vector momento angular


producido por el par
va en la misma direccin del par.
Por ello
tambin tiene que ser perpendicular a

CM

(a)

Mg

Dado que

L
Li

En un periodo de tiempo determinado


momento angular es

Lf

(b)

es perpendicular
dL a
!!

el cambio en el

el mdulo de

no cambia

dt

From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.

Lo que cambia es la direccin de .


Puesto que el cambio en el momento angular
va en la direccin de
(situado en el plano
la peonza experimenta un movimiento de precesin
Figure 11.14 Precessional motion
of a top spinning about its symmetry axis. (a) The only external
forces acting on the top are the
normal force n and the gravitational force Mg. The direction of
the angular momentum L is along

),

Movimiento de precesin de una peonza


Descripcin cuantitativa
350

C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum

11.5

The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops

En el intervalo de tiempo
el vector momento angular
rota un ngulo
que es tambin el ngulo que rota el eje.
A partir del tringulo que define
en la figura (b)

Precessional motion

A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:

Por otra parte, el mdulo del momento del peso viene definido por

CM

(a)

Mg

Definiendo la velocidad angular


de precesin como
dL

L
Li

Como

Lf

!!

(b)

Figure 11.14 Precessional motion


of a top spinning about its symmetry axis. (a) The only external
forces acting on the top are the
normal force n and the gravitational force Mg. The direction of
the angular momentum L is along

dt

From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
Independiente del
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
ngulo
inclinacin
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the
resultingde
precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.

El resultado es vlido siempre que

out Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular montum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
ves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
nge in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the imporce of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
ple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
wnward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
nt O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
m through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyrope are related through Equation 11.13:

Movimiento de precesin de los girscopos


Descripcin cuantitativa
Repitiendo el proceso anterior para el caso de un girscopo

!!

dL
dt

m this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
mentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
tor, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting presional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
nge in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
ction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
ch lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.

En el intervalo de tiempo
el vector momento angular
rota un ngulo
que es tambin el ngulo que rota el eje
Del tringulo formado por los vectores

,y

Li
Lf

Donde hemos utilizado que para ngulos pequeos

Li

Mg

Lf

dL
(a)

(b)

ure 11.15 (a) The motion of a simple gyroscope pivoted a distance h from its center
mass. The gravitational force Mg produces a torque about the pivot, and this torque
erpendicular to the axle. (b) Overhead view of the initial and final angular momenvectors. The torque results in a change in angular momentum d L in a direction
pendicular to the axle. The axle sweeps out an angle d # in a time interval dt.

Dividiendo entre

y utilizando la expresin

A esta velocidad angular se la conoce como frecuancia de precesin.


El resultado es vlido siempre que

Você também pode gostar