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angular
Angular momentum of a particle
z
L = r p
O
r
Javier Junquera
x
Active Figure 11.4 The angular
momentum L of a particle of mass
m and linear momentum p located
at the vector position r is a vector
given by L ! r ! p. The value of L
depends on the origin about which
it is measured and is a vector perpendicular to both r and p.
Bibliografa
FUENTE PRINCIPAL
Fsica, Volumen 1, 3 edicin
Raymod A. Serway y John W. Jewett, Jr.
Ed. Thomson
ISBN: 84-9732-168-5
Captulo 10
Tips on Physics
R. P. Feynman, R. B. Leighton, y M. Sands
Ed. Pearson Addison Wesley
ISBN: 0-8053-9063-4
Captulo 3-3 y siguientes
on the
origin about which
producto vectorial de su vectordepends
posicin
instantneo
y del momento lineal instantneo
it is measured and is a vector perpendicular to both r and p.
z
L = r p
O
r
x
Active Figure 11.4 The angular
momentum L of a particle of mass
m and linear momentum p located
at the vector position r is a vector
given by Lal!plano
r ! p. The
value of L
Direccin: perpendicular
formado
por
depends on the origin about which
Sentido: regla de lait ismano
derecha
measured
and is a vector perpendicular to both r and p.
Mdulo:
2/s
SI: kg myou
atUnidades
http://www.pse6.com,
cuando
es paralelo a
. Es decir, cuando la partcula se mueve a lo largo de una lnea
recta que pasa por el origen tiene un momento angular nulo con respecto a ese origen
mxima cuando
es perpendicular a
. En ese momento la partcula se mueve
exactamente igual que si estuviera en el borde de una rueda que gira alrededor del origen
en el plano definido por
y
(movimiento circular).
Mdulo
Direccin y sentido
Ecuacin anloga para las rotaciones de las segunda ley de Newton para las traslaciones
Esta ecuacin es vlida:
- slo si los momentos de todas las fuerzas involucradas y el momento angular se
miden con respecto al mismo origen.
-vlida para cualquier origen fijo en un sistema de referencia inercial.
Si
(fuerzas centrales)
Rotaciones
tance a from the pole? (a) zero (b) mvd (c) mva (d) impossible to determine
Momento
de ofuna
partcula
en un
Example 11.3angular
Angular Momentum
a Particle
in Circular Motion
movimiento
circular
Solution The linear momentum of the particle is always
A particle moves in the
xy plane in a circular path of radius
changing (in direction, not magnitude). You might be
tempted, therefore, to conclude that the angular momeneltum
plano
en un
movimiento
dehowradio r.
of the xy
particle
is always
changing. In circular
this situation,
ever, this iscon
not respecto
the caseletal
us origen
see why. O
From
Equation
momento angular
si su
velocidad
11.12, the magnitude of L is given by
r, as shown in Figure 11.5. Find the magnitude and direction of its angular momentum relative to O when its linear
Supongamos
una partcula que se mueve en
velocity is v.
lineal es
y
v
r
O
m
x
Figure 11.5 (Example 11.3) A particle moving in a circle of radius r has an angular momentum
about O that has magnitude
Magnitud
mvr. The vector L ! r " p points out of the diagram.
Como
el used
momento
linealv de
la partcula
where
we have
$ ! 90 because
is perpendicular
to r.est en
This value
of L is constant
because(en
all three
factors on no
the en
constante
cambio
direccin,
right are constant.
magnitud),
pensar
que el
The direction ofpodramos
L also is constant,
even though
themomento
diangular
de
la
partcula
tambin
cambia
rection of p ! m v keeps changing. You can visualize this by de
applying the right-hand
to find the
direction
of L !
manera rule
contnua
con
el tiempo
r " p ! m r " v in Figure 11.5. Your thumb points upward
and away from the page; this is the direction of L Hence, we
If the particle
can write the vector expression L ! (mvr)k.
embargo
es eland
caso
were to move Sin
clockwise,
L wouldeste
point no
downward
into
the page. A particle in uniform circular motion has a
constant angular momentum about an axis through the
Direccin
center of its path.
Perpendicular al plano de la pantalla y saliendo
hacia fuera (regla de la mano derecha)
A priori, para cada partcula i tendramos que calcular el torque asociado con:
- fuerzas internas entre las partculas que componen el sistema
- fuerzas externas
Sin embargo, debido al principio de accin y reaccin, el torque neto
debido a las fuerzas internas se anula.
Se puede concluir que el momento angular total de un sistema de
partculas puede variar con el tiempo si y slo si existe un torque neto
debido a las fuerzas externas que actan sobre el sistema
En este caso particular, el momento angular tiene la misma direccin que la velocidad angular
no siempre es vlida.
Si un objeto rgido rota alrededor de un eje arbitrario, el momento angular y la velocidad angular
podran apuntar en direcciones diferentes.
En este caso, el momento de inercia no puede ser tratado como un escalar.
Estrictamente hablando,
se aplica slo en el caso de un slido rgido de cualquier forma
que rota con respecto a uno de los tres ejes mutuamente perpendiculares (denominados ejes
principales de inercia) y que pasan por su centro de masa.
El torque externo neto que acta sobre un slido rgido que rota alrededor de
un eje fijo es igual al momento de inercia con respecto al eje de rotacin
multiplicado por la aceleracin angular del objeto con respecto a ese eje
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
we apply the law
of conservation
of angular mo- Now
Se conserva
la energa
total
mentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
- our
Sereference
conserva
el momento
lineal of anas
point. We
know that the component
- Se
conserva
momento
angular
gular
momentum
of theeldisk
along the axis
perpendicular
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
Li ! Lf
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
Now we apply
the law of conservation
of angular moConservacin
del momento
lineal
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
Now we apply
the law of conservation
of angularangular
moConservacin
del momento
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
Como6.0
elkg#m/s
disco%y(2.0
la kg)v
barra
forman un sistema aislado
df ! (1.0 kg)vs
y la colisin es elstica:
Now weConservacin
apply the law of conservation
of angular
mode la energa
mecnica
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
su
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
as our
reference point. variables
We know that en
the component
of anDespejando
la primera
y segunda
gular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
ecuacin, y sustituyendo en la tercera
to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
i
student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0Lm/s
golpea una
barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0 m11.10
que se
apoya
sobre una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. Asumimos
que la colisin es
Interactive
Example
Disk
and Stick
elstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg
disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de laarecolisin
lar momentum
all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a problem
in which
all three conservation laws might
and(b)
that
disk does notde
deviate
from its original
of despus
Latheceleridad
traslacin
de laline
barra
de la
colisin
play a part. To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c) La velocidad angular de la barra despus
de la colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
momento
de inercia
barra
respectoThe
a su
dethemasas
de 1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first centro
comes from
law of thees
conservaafter the El
collision.
The moment
of inertia ofde
thela
stick
about con
Before
After
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
as our reference point. We know that the component of angular momentum
of the disk
along the
axis perpendicular
Sustituyendo
datos
y resolviendo
la
to the plane of the ice is negative. (The right-hand rule
segundo grado
shows that Ld points into the ice.) Applying conservation of
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
sentido fsico)
ecuacin de
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
En este
caso, el disco se adhiere a la barra despus
6.0 kg#m/s % (2.0 kg)vdf ! (1.0 kg)vs
de la colisin
Now we apply
the law of conservation
of angular moConservacin
del momento
lineal
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
ahora es
la We
distancia
delcomponent
disco al
(0.67 m)
as our reference
point.
know that the
of CDM
angular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
El plane
sistema
con
respecto
to the
of theva
ice ais rotar
negative.
(The
right-hand al
rulecentro de
shows
that Ld as
points
into tenemos
the ice.) Applying
masas,
que
queconservation
calcular oflos nuevos
angular momentum
to the system
momentos
de inercia
degives
la barra (teorema de Steiner)
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"
other part of the system is the student plus the stool she is
sitting on. So, we can now state that
Lf ! Li ! L student&stool % Li
2L
L student&stool !
Un disco de 2.0 kg que vuela con una celeridad de 3.0 m/s
golpea una i barra de 1 kg y longitud
4.0
m que
se apoya
que la colisin es
Example
11.10
Disk andsobre
Stick una superficie de hielo sin rozamiento. AsumimosInteractive
perfectamente inelstica y que el disco no se desva de su trayectoria original.
stick. Because the disk and stick form an isolated system, we
A 2.0-kg disk traveling at 3.0 m/s strikes a 1.0-kg stick of
Encontrar:
can assume that total energy, linear momentum, and angulength 4.0 m that is lying flat on nearly frictionless ice, as
(a)
La
celeridad
de
traslacin
del
disco
despus
de la colisin
lar momentum
are all conserved. Thus, we can categorize
shown in Figure 11.13. Assume that the collision is elastic
this as a de
problem
in which all three conservation laws might
and
the disk does
nottraslacin
deviate from its
line ofdespus
(b)
Lathatceleridad
de
deoriginal
la barra
la colisin
To analyze the problem, first note that we have
motion. Find the translational speed of the disk, the transla(c)
La velocidad angular de la barra despus play
de alapart.
colisin
three unknowns, and so we need three equations to solve sitional speed of the stick, and the angular speed of the stick
inercia
deoflathebarra
con respecto
a The
su centro
masas
esthede
1.33 kg m2
multaneously.
first comesde
from
the law of
conservaafterEl
themomento
collision. The de
moment
of inertia
stick about
its center of mass is 1.33 kg m2.
Before
After
(1)
vdf
2.0 m
vs
Now we apply the law of conservation of angular momentum, using the initial position of the center of the stick
as our reference point. We know that the component of angular momentum of the disk along the axis perpendicular
Despejando
la ice
velocidad
y sustituyendo
to
the plane of the
is negative. angular
(The right-hand
rule
shows that Ld points into valores
the ice.) Applying
conservation of
anteriores
angular momentum to the system gives
Li ! Lf
% rm d vdi ! %rm d vdf & I"
los
C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum
Trompo:
Girscopo:
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
z
L
CM
(a)
Mg
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:
L
Li
Lf
!!
(b)
dL
dt
From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.
La velocidad
del eje de simetra alrededor del eje vertical es normalmente lenta con
of a top spinningangular
about its symmetry axis. (a) The only external
respecto
lathevelocidad angular de la peonza alrededor de su eje de simetra
forces acting
on the topaare
normal force n and the gravitational force Mg. The direction of
the angular momentum L is along
C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum
The no
Motion
of Gyroscopes
Tops
Por qu11.5
la peonza
mantiene
su direccinand
de giro?
A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:
Precessional motion
z
L
CM
(a)
Mg
L
Li
Lf
!!
(b)
dL
dt
From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.
El par provoca un cambio en la direccin del eje de simetra que a la postre es el responsable del
movimiento de este eje de simetra con respecto al eje
C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum
The no
Motion
of Gyroscopes
Tops
Por qu11.5
la peonza
mantiene
su direccinand
de giro?
Precessional motion
z
L
CM
(a)
Mg
L
Li
A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
Direccin
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
perpendicular
perpendicular toal
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum
of the gyroformado
por
scope are related through Equation 11.13:
debido a la gravedad
dL
Lf
(b)
plano
y
C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum
The no
Motion
of Gyroscopes
Tops
Por qu11.5
la peonza
mantiene
su direccinand
de giro?
A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
El par neto y el momento angular estn relacionados por
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
Precessional motion
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:
CM
(a)
Mg
Dado que
L
Li
Lf
(b)
es perpendicular
dL a
!!
el cambio en el
el mdulo de
no cambia
dt
From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.
),
C H A P T E R 1 1 Angular Momentum
11.5
En el intervalo de tiempo
el vector momento angular
rota un ngulo
que es tambin el ngulo que rota el eje.
A partir del tringulo que define
en la figura (b)
Precessional motion
A very unusual and fascinating type of motion you probably have observed is that of a
top spinning about its axis of symmetry, as shown in Figure 11.14a. If the top spins very
rapidly, the symmetry axis rotates about the z axis, sweeping out a cone (see Fig.
11.14b). The motion of the symmetry axis about the verticalknown as precessional
motionis usually slow relative to the spinning motion of the top.
It is quite natural to wonder why the top does not fall over. Because the center of
mass is not directly above the pivot point O, a net torque is clearly acting on the top
about Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
fall over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular momentum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
moves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
change in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the importance of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
simple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
downward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
point O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
arm through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! ! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
by r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
the angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyroscope are related through Equation 11.13:
Por otra parte, el mdulo del momento del peso viene definido por
CM
(a)
Mg
L
Li
Como
Lf
!!
(b)
dt
From this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
Independiente del
momentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
ngulo
inclinacin
vector, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the
resultingde
precessional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
change in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
L, the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
direction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
which lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.
out Oa torque resulting from the gravitational force Mg. The top would certainly
over if it were not spinning. Because it is spinning, however, it has an angular montum L directed along its symmetry axis. We shall show that this symmetry axis
ves about the z axis (precessional motion occurs) because the torque produces a
nge in the direction of the symmetry axis. This is an excellent example of the imporce of the directional nature of angular momentum.
The essential features of precessional motion can be illustrated by considering the
ple gyroscope shown in Figure 11.15a. The two forces acting on the top are the
wnward gravitational force Mg and the normal force n acting upward at the pivot
nt O. The normal force produces no torque about the pivot because its moment
m through that point is zero. However, the gravitational force produces a torque
! r " Mg about O, where the direction of ! is perpendicular to the plane formed
r and Mg. By necessity, the vector ! lies in a horizontal xy plane perpendicular to
angular momentum vector. The net torque and angular momentum of the gyrope are related through Equation 11.13:
!!
dL
dt
m this expression, we see that the nonzero torque produces a change in angular
mentum d La change that is in the same direction as !. Therefore, like the torque
tor, d L must also be perpendicular to L. Figure 11.15b illustrates the resulting presional motion of the symmetry axis of the gyroscope. In a time interval dt, the
nge in angular momentum is d L ! L f " Li ! ! dt. Because d L is perpendicular to
the magnitude of L does not change (! Li ! ! ! L f !). Rather, what is changing is the
ction of L. Because the change in angular momentum d L is in the direction of !,
ch lies in the xy plane, the gyroscope undergoes precessional motion.
En el intervalo de tiempo
el vector momento angular
rota un ngulo
que es tambin el ngulo que rota el eje
Del tringulo formado por los vectores
,y
Li
Lf
Li
Mg
Lf
dL
(a)
(b)
ure 11.15 (a) The motion of a simple gyroscope pivoted a distance h from its center
mass. The gravitational force Mg produces a torque about the pivot, and this torque
erpendicular to the axle. (b) Overhead view of the initial and final angular momenvectors. The torque results in a change in angular momentum d L in a direction
pendicular to the axle. The axle sweeps out an angle d # in a time interval dt.
Dividiendo entre
y utilizando la expresin