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INTRODUCTION
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
185
186
S/
No
External Factors
PC-1
Funding
Procurement Unit
of Contractors
Inventory
capability
Financial capability
of Contractor
Contractor's ability
finance a contract
Management team
of Contractor
Members which
integral units
Communication
Infrastructure
Physical
and
organizational structures
needed for operation, use
of mail, telephone and cell
phone.
Escalation
of
Material Prices
Technical Person
Availability
Cash Flow
10
Shortage
Material/
Equipment
11
Low Bid
of
18
ISO Certification
Certified as a standard
organization
19
Law and
Situation
Description
Order
placing
to
make
A. Response Profile
In Pakistan the top four categories of contractors as
classified by Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) are
Class A (CA), Class B (CB), Class1 (C1) and Class (C2).
The questionnaire was shared with One hundred and fifty
(50) CA, CB, C1, and C2 category contractors.
Government officials, private organization and academic
experts opinion was also included. The survey is
conducted through emails, mails and personal interview.
However, oe hundred and ten (110) questionnaire was
received out of which nine (9) were rejected due to
insufficient information. Table II shows the respondents
demography which highlights that most of the
respondents have more than 10 years experience.
Non
Availability
of
material and equipment
from market
Maximum limits on cost
TABLE II
RESPONDENTS PROFILE
12
Weather Condition
Instability in weather
13
Bureaucracy and
Political Influence
14
Terrorism
15
Regulatory
Authorities
16
17
S.NO
Position
Executive
and General
Director
Peshawar
Development
Authority
(PDA)
20-23 years
General
Director
Contractor
of
Class A and B
18-20 years
Government
Policies
Civil
Engineers
13-17 years
Inflation
Irrigation
Department
Peshawar
187
Organization
Experience
Quantity
Surveyors
PDA
and
Contractors of
Class A and B
16 years
Professors
(Academic
Experts)
UET Peshawar
10-15 years
TABLE V
SPEARMAN'S TEST RESULTS
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
CA-CB
C1-C2
CA-C2
CB-C1
CBGovernment
officials
Government
officialsPrivate organization
CA- Academic Expert
Correlation
Coefficient
0.451
0.249
0.262
0.679
0.152
0.374
0.271
TABLE III
a.
Categories
Cases
N
%
Valid
101
100.0
Excludeda
00
000.0
Total
101
100.0
List wise deletion based on all variables in the
procedure
Cronbachs
Cronbachs Alpha Based
Alpha
on Standardized items
.850
.855
C. Correlation test
N of
items
19
188
First Iteration
Priority Vector
TABLE VI
Second Iteration
Priority Vector
Difference
COMPARISON MATRIX
Cost
Quality
Time
Cost
1.00
\0.56
0.83
Quality
1.80
1.00
1.50
Time
1.20
0.67
1.00
0.25
0.25
0
0.45
0.45
0
0.30
0.30
0
Similarly following step 1-4 , the alternatives
(external factors) are compared with respect to each
criterion (cost, quality and time). So the resultant matrix
obtained as a result of pairwise comparison is of the order
(12 X 3) as shown in Table X.
TABLE X
2.
External Factors
TABLE VII
FIRST ITERATION
FromTo
Chart
Cost
Cost
Quality
Time
Row
Sum
Priority
Vector
1.67
2.50
7.17
0.25
Quality
5.4
4.50
12.90
0.45
Time
3.60
8.60
0.30
28.67
Sum
3.
FromTo
Chart
Cost
Quality
Time
Sum
4.
Cost
27
48.60
32.40
Quality
15
27
18
Time
22.50
40.50
27
Row
Sum
Priority
Vector
64.50
116.10
77.40
258
0.25
0.45
0.30
189
Quality
Time
PC-1 Preparation
Funding
0.0516
0.0534
0.0466
0.0581
0.0438
0.0600
Procurement Unit
of Contractor
Financial
Capability of
Contractor
Management Team
of Contractor
Communication
Infrastructure
Escalation of
Material prices
Technical Person
Availability
Cash Flow
0.0519
0.0553
0.0517
0.0594
0.0575
0.0531
0.0540
0.0559
0.0560
0.0478
0.0503
0.0555
0.0629
0.0625
0.0555
0.0545
0.0611
0.0539
0.0591
0.0597
0.0574
0.0572
0.0597
Shortage of
Material/Equipment
SECOND ITERATION
Cost
0.0555
Low Bid
0.0563
0.0555
0.0535
Bad Weather
0.0524
0.0505
0.0563
Bureaucracy and
Political Influence
0.0498
0.0493
0.0534
Terrorism
0.0601
0.0563
0.0586
Regulatory
Authority
Govt Policies
0.0421
0.0475
0.0453
0.0488
0.0477
0.0530
ISO certification
0.0285
0.0348
0.0253
Inflation
0.0617
0.0510
0.0542
0.0501
0.0431
0.0536
TABLE XI
EXTERNAL FACTORS RANKING
Ranking
1
External Factors
AHP
Values
0.0605
Escalation of Material
prices
Cash Flow
Terrorism
0.0580
Shortage of
Material/Equipment
Funding
0.0575
0.0573
Technical Person
Availability
Financial Capability of
Contractor
Management Team of
Contractor
Low Bid
10
Inflation
0.0546
11
Procurement Unit of
Contractor
Bad Weather
0.0534
0.0512
15
Communication
Infrastructure
Bureaucracy and Political
Influence
Government Policies
16
0.0480
17
PC-1 Preparation
0.0470
18
Regulatory Authority
0.0455
19
ISO certification
0.0304
5
6
7
8
12
13
14
0.0589
0.0575
0.0566
0.0554
0.0551
0.061
0.061
0.060
0.060
0.059
0.059
0.058
0.058
0.057
0.057
0.056
0.056
0.0527
0.0507
0.0496
190
[iii]
VI. CONCLUSION
In this research the effect of external factors on key
performance indicator (Cost, Quality and Time) of the
construction projects is assessed. A questionnaire was
designed and then distributed among major group of
participants such as consultants, contractors and clients.
The identified factors were ranked based on AHP. The
factor with highest AHP value is escalation of material
prices which is 0.0605. Followed by Cash flow with
0.0589, Terrorism with 0.0580, Shortages of material and
equipments with 0.0575 and Funding with 0.0575.
A project manager must need to consider these
factors and try to diminish their effect at the start of
project by better supervision and maximum utilization of
available resources. Better planning from the beginning
and effective scheduling leads to a satisfactory project.
[xv]
[iv]
[v]
[vi]
[vii]
[viii]
[ix]
[x]
[xi]
[xii]
[xiii]
[xiv]
[xvi]
[xvii]
[xviii]
[xix]
[xx]
[xxi]
[xxii]
REFERENCES
[i]
[ii]
[xxiii]
191