Programming in

C
(ANSI C)

Dr.P.Rizwan Ahmed

Margham Publications

Programming in C
( For B. Sc Computer Science, B.Sc., Software Computer Science, B.Sc. ISM, B.Sc. IT,
B.Sc. Software System, B.Sc. Software Engineering, B.Sc.(Physics with CA),
B.Sc.(Mathematics with CA),B.Sc.(Software System), B.Sc.(Electronics),
B.Sc.(Electronics and Communication Systems), B.Com (CA),B.Com(IT), BCA,
MCA, and IT Professionals.)

Dr.P.Rizwan Ahmed, MCA. M.Sc., M.A., M.Phil., Ph.D,

Head of the Department
Department of Computer Applications &
Post Graduate Department of Information Technology
Mazharul Uloom College, Ambur 635 802
Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

Margham

Publications

No.24, Rameswaram Road, T- Nager,

Chennai- 600 017 Phone:(044) 2432 2469
Web Site: www.margham.in
E-mail: www.margham.tn@gmail.com

CONTENTS
Preface
Acknowledgement

Chapter 1

Basic of Programming

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Problem Solving Techniques
1.3 Algorithm
1.3.1 Properties of an Algorithm
1.4 Flow Charts
1.5 Symbols Used in Flowcharts
Summary
Review Questions

Chapter 2

C Language Fundamentals

2.1 Introduction to C
2.2 History of C
2.3 Why use C?
2.4 Why Learn C?
2.5 Advantages / Features of C language
2.6 Structure of C -Program
2.7 Creation and Execution of a C-Program
2.8 Programming Elements
2.8.1 Character Set
2.8.2 Keywords
2.8.3 Identifiers
2.8.4 Constants
2.8.5 Escape Sequence
2.9 Data Types
2.9.1 Fundamental Data Types
2.9.2 Derived data types
2.9.3User-defined data types
2.10Variables
2.10.1 Rules for Defining Variables
2.10.2 Declaration of variable
2.10.3 Initialization of Variables / Assigning values to variables
2.10.4 Difference between Identifier and Variable
2.11 Type Conversion
2.12 Type Casting

2.13 Symbolic Constants

Summary
Review Question
Programming Exercise
Chapter 3

Operators, Expressions and Library Functions

3.1 Operators
3.1.1 Arithmetic Operators
3.1.2Relational Operators
3.1.3 Logical Operators
3.1.4 Assignment Operators
3.1.5 Increment and Decrement Operators
3.1.6 Bitwise Operators
3.1.7 Conditional Operator
3.1.8 Special Operators
3.2 Operator Precedence and Associativity
3.3 Sample C Program
3.4 Expressions
3.5 Evaluation of Expressions
3.5.1 Precedence of Arithmetic Operators
3.6 Library Functions
3.6.1 String Handling Functions
3.6.2 Mathematical Functions
Summary
Review Question
Programming Exercise
Chapter 4

Managing Input and Output Operations and Control Statements

4.1 Unformatted I/O Functions

4.1.1 Single Character I/O
4.1.1.1 Reading a Character: getchar()
4.1.1.2 Writing a Character: putchar()
4.2 String I/O functions
4.2.1 String Input: gets()
4.2.2 String Output : puts()
4.3 Formatted I/O
4.3.1 Formatted Input: scanf( )
4.3.2 Formatted Output :printf()
4.4 Sample C Programs
4.5 Control Statements / Control Flow / Programming Flow Control
4.5.1 Decision Making Statement / Conditional Statements

4.5.1.1 Simple if statement

4.5.1.2 ifelse Statement
4.5.1.3 Nested-if Statement
4.5.1.4 Switch Statement
4.5.1.5 Difference between switch statement and if statement
4.5.1.6 Difference between switch and nested if statements
4.5.2.Looping Statement
4.5.2.1 While loop statement
4.5.2.2 Do - while
4.5.2.3 for loop
4.5.2.4 Difference between while and do-while loop
4.5.3 Jump Statement
4.5.3.1 Break statement
4.5.3.2 Continue Statement
4.5.3.3 Distinguish between Break and Continue
4.5.4 goto statements
4.6 Comma operator
4.7 Sample C Programs
Summary
Review Question
Programming Exercise

Chapter 5
5.1 Functions
5.2 Advantages of functions
5.3 Need for user defined functions
5.4 The form of C Functions
5.5 Return Statement / Return Values and their types
5.6 Function prototype
5.7 Calling a function
5.8Formal and Actual arguments
5.8.1 Formal arguments
5.8.2 Passing arguments
5.9 Category of functions / Types of functions
5.9.1 Function with no arguments and no return value
5.9.2 Function with arguments and no return value
5.9.3 Function with no arguments and return value
5.9.4 Function with arguments and return value
5.10Call by Value and Reference
5.10.1 Call by Value
5.10.2 Call by Reference
5.11 Recursion

Functions

Summary
Review Questions
Programming Exercise

Chapter 6

Storage Classes

6.1 Storage Classes

6.1.1 Automatic
6.1.2 External
6.1.3 Register
6.1.4. Static
Summary
Review Questions

Chapter 7

Arrays

7.1 Arrays
7.1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Arrays
7.2 Characteristics of arrays
7.3 Types of Arrays
7.3.1 One dimensional array
7.3.2 Two dimensional arrays
7.3.3 Multidimensional arrays
7.4 Strings
7.5 Sample C Programs
Summary
Review Questions
Programming Exercise
Chapter 8

User-Defined Data Types (Structure, Union, Typedef and Enumeration)

8.1 User-defined data types

8.2 Structure
8.2.1 Defining structure
8.2.2 Structure declaration
8.2.3 Giving values to structure members
8.2.4 Structure Initialization
8.2.5 Difference between arrays and structure
8.3 Structures within Structures
8.4 Pointers to Structures
8.5 Self-referential structure

8.6 Sample C Program

8.7 Union
8.7.1 Declaration of Union
8.8 Difference between Structure and Union
8.9 Difference between Structures and Arrays
8.10 typedef
8.11 Enumerated Data Type
8.12 Bitwise Operations
Summary
Review Questions
Programming Exercise
Chatper-9

Pointers

9.1 Introduction
9.2 Definition
9.3 Advantages of Using Pointers
9.4 Application of Pointers
9.5 Accessing the address of the variable
9.6 Declaring and Initializing Pointers
9.7 Accessing a Variable through its Pointer
9.8 Pointer Operators
9.9 Operations on Pointers
9.9.1 Pointer Arithmetic and Pointer Expression
9.10 Arrays of Pointers
9.11 Pointers to functions
9.12 Pointers and Arrays
9.13 Pointers and Structures
9.14 Dynamic Memory Allocation
9.15 Command line input or arguments
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 10
10.1 File
10.2 Creating a file
10.3 Reading a file
10.4 Writing a file
10.5 Opening a file
10.6 Closing a file
10.7 Operations on files
10.8 Sample C Program
Summary
Review Questions

Files in C

Chapter 11

Preprocessor

11.1 Preprocessor
11.1 Including header files
11.2 Conditional Compilation
11.3 Macros
Summary
Review Questions
Chapter 12

Basic Concepts of Object Oriented Programming

12.1 Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

12.2 Features of Object Oriented Programming
12.3 Procedure Oriented Programming
12.3.1 Features of procedure oriented Programming
12.3.2 Difference between Procedure Oriented Programming and Object Oriented
Programming (OOP)
12.4 Basic Concepts of OOPs
12.4.1 Objects
12.4.2 Classes
12.4.3 Data Abstraction
12.4.4 Encapsulation
12.4.5 Inheritance
12.4.6 Polymorphism
12.4.7 Dynamic binding
12.4.8 Message Passing
12.5 Benefits of OOP
12.6 Advantages of OOP
12.7 Applications of OOP / Usage of OOP
Summary
Review Questions

APPENDICES
APPENDIX-A: Solved Problems
APPENDIX-B: Questions and Answers
APPENDIX-C: Practical Exercises for Thiruvalluvar University and Periyar University
APPENDIX-D: Past University Question Papers
APPENDIX-E: Solutions for Past University Question Papers