Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATED LITERATUTE

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE
Today we are well advanced in meeting that challenge. Wind turbines have developed
greatly in recent decades, solar photovoltaic technology is much more efficient, and there are
improved prospects of harnessing tides and waves. Solar thermal technologies in particular (with
some heat storage) have great potential in sunny climates. With government encouragement to
utilize wind and solar technologies, their costs have come down and are now in the same league
as the increased costs of fossil fuel technologies due to likely carbon emission charges on
electricity generation from them. (http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-andthe-environment/renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspx)
There is a fundamental attractiveness about harnessing such forces in an age which is
very conscious of the environmental effects of burning fossil fuels, and where sustainability is an
ethical norm. So today the focus is on both adequacy of energy supply long-term and also the
environmental implications of particular sources. In that regard the near certainty of costs being
imposed on carbon dioxide emissions in developed countries at least has profoundly changed the
economic outlook of clean energy sources. (http://www.world-nuclear.org/informationlibrary/energy-and-the-environment/renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspx)
With the demand for energy and also the advantages of clean energy, we must consider
studying about it and applying it to our community. Wind energy is one of the choices in this
study because its cheaper than of the others and it does not produce harmful emissions. The
researchers just need to study the wind behavior on that area and if it can supply energy that is
needed.

Wind Power Formula

Power in the Wind = (Density of Air) x (Turbine Blade Diameter) 2 x (Velocity of Wind)3 x (A
constant)
Power in the Wind = d x D2 x V3 x C
(www.ftexploring.com)

The best-known method utilizes light, ideally sunlight, acting on photovoltaic cells to
produce electricity. Flat plate versions of these can readily be mounted on buildings without any
aesthetic intrusion or requiring special support structures. Solar photovoltaic (PV) has for some
years had application for certain signaling and communication equipment, such as remote area
telecommunications equipment in Australia or simply where mains connection is inconvenient.
Sales of solar PV modules are increasing strongly as their efficiency increases and price falls,
coupled with financial subsidies and incentives. In 2012 world installed PV capacity reached the
100 GWe milestone, with 30.5 GWe installed that year. In the World Energy Outlook 2011 New
Policies Scenario, 553 GWe of new solar PV capacity (and 81 GWe of CSP) would be added by
2035.

(http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-

environment/renewable-energy-and-electricity.aspx)
Efficiency of Wind Energy
Turbine Efficiency
If the turbine could convert all the wind's power to mechanical power we would say it was 100%
efficient. But as you probably know, the real world is never so generous. To even achieve 50% is
unlikely, and would be a very efficient machine. A 50% efficient turbine would convert half of
the power in the wind to mechanical power. (http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/windenrgy.html)

Efficiency Varies with Wind Speed

A given wind turbine has a "design point" that generally defines its peak efficiency at the wind
speed for which the system is designed. At wind speeds above and below the design speed the
efficiency is the same or less - maybe much less. If a turbine's best efficiency is 40% at a wind
velocity of 9 meters per second (about 20 mph), it will be 40% only at that wind speed. At all
other wind speeds it will be something worse. That wind turbine will generally operate at lower
than its best efficiency, because wind speeds are never constant or average.
The electric power actually produced will be still lower because the generator efficiencies are
also less than 100% (generally in the mid- or low-90's at best), and there are further losses in the
conversion electronics and lines. But this is true of all power technologies. When all these losses
are figured in, you might, if you are lucky, be getting 35% or so of the wind's energy actually
delivered as useful electrical energy to the end user in the very best conditions. The average
might only be in the twenties. (http://www.ftexploring.com/energy/wind-enrgy.html)
Solar Efficiency
Typical Solar Panel Efficiency
Most solar panels are around 11-15% efficient .The efficiency rating measures what
percentage of sunlight hitting a panel gets turned into electricity that you can use. The higher
the efficiency, the less surface area youll need in your solar panels. Although the average
percentage may sound a little low, you can easily outfit a typical roof with enough power to
cover your energy needs.(http://pureenergies.com/us/how-solar-works/solar-panel-efficiency/)

High efficiency doesnt mean better, it just means your panels use less space on your roof.
Efficiency isnt usually a critical concern unless you have an unusually small space for your
solar panels. The most efficient solar panels cost a little more, so theyre a less common
choice.
Factors that affect solar array efficiency include:

Panel Orientation
In the U.S., your roof ideally should face south, but a quality design can often compensate for
other directions.
Roof and Panel Pitch
The pitch or tilt of your roof can affect the number of hours of sunlight you receive in an
average day throughout the year. Large commercial systems have solar tracking systems that
automatically follow the suns tilt through the day. These are expensive, however, and not
typically used for residential solar installs.
Temperature
Some panels like it hot but most dont. So, panels typically need to be installed a few inches
above the roof with enough air flow to cool them down. Some photovoltaic panels are designed
to be more efficient in hotter climates. Hot temperatures can reduce the efficiency of solar
panels.
Shade
Basically, shade is the enemy of solar panel efficiency. With poor solar design, even a little
shade on one panel can shut down energy production on all of your other panels (like a bad
bulb in a string of Christmas lights). Before we design a system for your home, well conduct a
detailed shading analysis of your roof to reveal its patterns of shade and sunlight throughout
the year. Then, our local installation partner conducts another detailed analysis to verify our
findings. This is just one of many reasons to work with a highly experienced solar provider like
. (http://pureenergies.com/us/how-solar-works/solar-panel-efficiency/)
Thin-film PV modules using silicon or cadmium telluride are at least 20% less costly than
crystalline silicon-based ones, but are less efficient. Even working on 1 kilowatt per square metre
in the main part of a sunny day, intensity of incoming radiation and converting this to high-grade
electricity is still relatively inefficient typically 10% in commercial equipment or up to 30% in
more expensive units. But the cost per unit of electricity at least ten times that of conventional
sources limits its unsubsidised potential to supplementary applications on buildings where its

maximum supply coincides with peak demand.

(http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/energy-and-the-environment/renewableenergy-and-electricity.aspx)

The use of solar energy here in the Philippines is now being known. Some of household
use now solar panels for their homes. There are also parts in the Philippines that have solar farm.
The advantage of using it is maintenance free although it can only generate good electricity when
having a good sunlight.
Solar Power Formula:

E = A * r * H * PR
E = Energy (kWh)
A = Total solar panel Area (m)
r = solar panel yield or efficiency(%)
H = Annual average solar radiation on tilted panels (shadings not included)
PR = Performance ratio, coefficient for losses (range between 0.5 and 0.9, default value = 0.75)
r - is the yield of the solar panel given by the ratio : electrical power (in kWp) of one solar panel
divided by the area of one panel.
H - is the annual average solar radiation on tilted panels. Between 200 kWh/m.y (Norway) and
2600 kWh/m.y (Saudi Arabia).
PR : PR (Performance Ratio) is a very important value to evaluate the quality of a photovoltaic
installation because it gives the performance of the installation independently of the orientation,

inclination of the panel. It includes all losses.

RELATED STUDIES
The Philippines had a total 4 megawatts of solar in 2013, but it has reached 900 MW by
mid-2016. Second, few companies integrate development, investment, and construction all inhouse. But as the market matures, agents, middlemen, and subcontractors will struggle to
compete. Third, no local company has until recently gone into solar manufacturing, but now the
need to beat fossil fuel is driving companies to vertically integrate to lower costs. Fourth,
projects previously avoided technologies like trackers that follow the sun and increase yield by
20 percent, because the Feed-in-Tariff had companies building fast to meet a deadline. But now,
companies can take time to optimize performance. Fifth, solar previously had subsidies, which
are necessary to start an industry but over time make companies uncompetitive because necessity
is the mother of invention. And sixth, because companies may believe keeping prices high is in
their best interest. But companies should consider that, if the entire industry lowered prices, solar
would grow from a small subsidized market of just 1 percent of energy demand to 100 percent of
the

Philippines.

(http://opinion.inquirer.net/95159/the-truth-about-solar-now-cheaper-than-

coal#ixzz4HHVYjR8G)
While it is not precisely known when wind first began to be used as a source of power, it
is likely that some form of windmill was used in Japan and China 3000 years ago (Wizelius,
2007, p.7). The first wind mill to be well documented had a vertical axis, and was located in
Persia, dating to 947 AD (Wizelius, 2007, p.7). Horizontal axis wind mills were built in Europe
by the later part of the 12th century (Wizelius, 2007, p.7). Windmills were one of the dominant
forms of power in Europe until the 11 close of the 19th century, with the number of windmills
peaking in the mid-19th century, numbering 9,000 in the Netherlands, 18,000 in Germany, 8,000
in England, 3,000 in Denmark and 20,000 in France (Wizelius, 2007, p.9). Early mills provided
significant mechanical energy which was used in a variety of industries from flourmills and
water pumps to lumber mills and the processing of various foodstuffs, spices and grains.
Wind power has since developed in its efficiency and its ability to produce electricity, the
form of energy we most commonly associate with wind turbines today. Windmills of all sorts use
the energy from the wind and the principles of aerodynamics to produce energy in many forms.

Modern turbines add the use of a generator to produce electricity. In 1892 the first wind turbine
used to produce electric power was built in Denmark by Paul la Cour (Wizelius, 2007, p.15).
The familiar windmill has evolved, and in our age of growing energy consumption, is
becoming an increasingly common feature, appearing on hilltops, across plains, and on the
coasts, shores and banks of oceans, lakes and rivers. New technologies are allowing the
installation of wind turbines at increasingly greater distances off shore. Modern wind turbines are
designed and installed in multiple ways. (The Real Truth About Wind Energy, A Literature Based
Introduction to Wind Turbines in Ontario, Alexandra Gadawski and Greg Lynch, Staff of Sierra
Club of Canada,2011)
Currently Canada, like most other countries has a wind map, showing average wind
speeds for specific areas and heights (Canadian Wind Map). This is a tool, which can be used by
wind farm developers, which allows one to see the potential for wind farms before doing
installations. For real time measurements and predictions, many tools are already available and
the technology is constantly improving. Prediction tools already exist, providing reasonable
predictions both externally and integrated into the system. The next generation of prediction
tools is, however, well on its way to deployment. The UK has recently upgraded its prediction
systems for wind and expects to increase efficiency using the SpiDAR system. With integrated
sensors across the region, using a decentralized approach, the improvements in efficiency are
expected to be significant. While wind speed can vary, it can be quite accurately forecast in the
appropriate timeframes for balancing electrical supply (Sustainable Development Commission,
2005, p.22).
The Earth receives an incredible supply of solar energy. The sun, an average star, is a
fusion reactor that has been burning over 4 billion years. It provides enough energy in one
minute to supply the world's energy needs for one year. In one day, it provides more energy than
our current population would consume in 27 years. In fact, "The amount of solar radiation
striking the earth over a three-day period is equivalent to the energy stored in all fossil energy
sources."
Solar energy is a free, inexhaustible resource, yet harnessing it is a relatively new idea. The

ability to use solar power for heat was the first discovery. A Swiss scientist, Horace de Saussure,
built the first thermal solar collector in 1767, which was later used to heat water and cook food.
The first commercial patent for a solar water heater went to Clarence Kemp of the US in 1891.
This system was bought by two California executives and installed in one-third of the homes in
Pasadena by 1897.
Producing electricity from solar energy was the second discovery. In 1839 a French
physicist named Edmund Becquerel realized that the sun's energy could produce a "photovoltaic
effect" (photo = light, voltaic = electrical potential). In the 1880s, selenium photovoltaic (PV)
cells were developed that could convert light into electricity with 1-2% efficiency ("the
efficiency of a solar cell is the percentage of available sunlight converted by the photovoltaic cell
into electricity"), but how the conversion happened was not understood. Photovoltaic power
therefore "remained a curiosity for many years, since it was very inefficient at turning sunlight
into electricity." It was not until Albert Einstein proposed an explanation for the "photoelectric
effect" in the early 1900s, for which he won a Nobel Prize, that people began to understand the
related photovoltaic effect.

"Solar technology advanced to roughly its present design in 1908 when William J.
Bailey of the Carnegie Steel Company invented a collector with an insulated box and copper
coils." By the mid-1950s Bell Telephone Labs had achieved 4% efficiency, and later 11%
efficiency, with silicon PV cells. From then on, interest in solar power intensified. During the late
1950s and 1960s, the space program took an active role in the development of photovoltaics.
"The cells were perfect sources of electric power for satellites because they were rugged,
lightweight and could meet the low power requirements reliably." Unfortunately, the cells were
not practical for use on earth due to the high cost of making them efficient and lightweight, so
further research was necessary. Solar energy may have had great potential , but it was left on
the backburner whenever fossil fuels were more affordable and available. "Only in the last few
decades when growing energy demands, increasing environmental problems and declining fossil
fuel resources made us look to alternative energy options have we focused our attention on truly
exploiting this tremendous resource." For instance, the US Department of Energy funded the
installation and testing of over 3,000 PV systems during the 1973-1974 oil embargo. By the late

1970s, energy companies and government agencies had invested in the PV industry, and "a
tremendous acceleration in module development took place." Solar energy improvements were
again sought during the Gulf War in the 1990s.
Considering that "the first practical solar cells were made less than 30 years ago," we
have come a long way.The profligation of solar professional companies designing unique and
specific solar power systems for individual homes, means there is no longer an excuse not to
consider solar power for your home. The biggest jumps in efficiency came "with the advent of
the transistor and accompanying semiconductor technology." The production cost has fallen to
nearly 1/300 of what it was during the space program of the mid-century and the purchase cost
has gone from $200 per watt in the 1950s to a possible mere $1 per watt today. The efficiency
has increased dramatically to 40.8% the US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy
Lab's new world record as of August 2008. (http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar.html)

SYNT SYNTHESIS
The idea of wind turbines and solar photovoltaic technology is to produce an efficient
low cost and clean energy. The focus is on both sufficiency of energy supply long-term and also
the environmental implications of particular sources. With the demand for energy it is also
important to study the effectiveness and applying it to community. Wind energy on the other
hand is more cheaper than the others it just need to study the behavior on how the wind will
generate power in a certain area. Solar photovoltaic technology is efficient and has less
maintenance by using sunlight acting on photovoltaic cells that produces electricity.
Based on the efficiency of wind energy it is depends in the design point of wind turbines
and wind speed because the wind turbine will generally operate at lower than its best efficiency,
because wind speeds are never constant or average. The electrical power produce by the wind
turbine will be still lower if the generators efficiencies are less than 100% and losses in the
conversion electronics and lines. Solar panels and its efficiency is lower than the wind energy, it
is dependent on the direction and the amount of sunlight. Photovoltaic technology is the solution
to the growing energy of the future global energy production.The similarities of their studies to
ours will be the study of the area, the wind speed, the light of the sun and the other factors that
can contribute to the efficiency of the renewable energy.
The study of the wind and solar energy efficiencies can be improve by finding a
compatible area that will fit the technology to its needs, to generate an abundant power needed
by the community.
HESIS