INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence

Ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and

use knowledge to adapt to new situations

The capacity rationally and use resources effectively

when faced with challenges

Cognitive mechanism- skills, knowledge and

competencies that a person would have
acquired mainly through education and
experience.

THEORIES
1. The Binet-Simon Scale (Alfred Binet and
Theodore Simon)

IQ Test

IQ = MA/CA x 100

Two kinds of components:

Performance used in actual execution of the
tasks, includes encoding, comparing etc.
Metacomponents higher order executive
processes used in planning, monitoring and
evaluating ones working memory program.

Mental Age- the average age of individuals who achieve a

particular level of performance of a test
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Spearmans Two Factor Theory of Intelligence

G Factor- general; available to all.

S Factor- specific, not available to all.

Termans Stanford Binet Individual Intelligence
Test

IQ = MA/CA x 100
Thorndikes Stimulus Response Theory (1920)

Intelligence test is measured by

standard intelligence test.

Mechanical Intelligence- is the ability to

visualize
relationships among
objects and understand how the physical
world works.

Social Intelligence is the ability to

function successfully in interpersonal
situations.

Trial and error

L.L. Thurstones Multiple Factors Theory Of
Intelligence

Verbal comprehension,

Word fluency

Number facility

Spatial visualization

Associative memory

Perceptual speed and

Reasoning
Cattells Theory on Fluid and Crystallized
Intelligence

Fluid- adaptive and new learning

capabilities; napapalitan

Crystallized- accumulation of information,

skills and strategies that people have
learned through experience; It refers to
our ability to call up information from long
term memory; nagsstay.
Sternbergs Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Contextual Intelligence - socio-cultural

context

Experiential Learning- formulate new

ideas; combine seemingly unrelated
facts/information.
Componential Intelligence- cognitive
mechanism that carry out adaptive
behavior to novel situations.

THEORY OF MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE

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Linguistic Intelligence- word smart

Logical/Mathematical Intelligence- logic smart;
ability to explore patterns, categories and
relationship by manipulating objects or symbols and
to experiments in controlled orderly ways
Bodily Kinesthetic Intelligence- body smart;
ability to use fine and gross motor skills in sports,
the performing arts and crafts production.
Spatial Intelligence- picture smart; ability to
perceive and mentally manipulate a form or object,
perceive and create tension, balance and
composition in visual or spatial display.
Musical Intelligence- music smart
Interpersonal Intelligence- people smart; ability to
understand and get along with others
Intrapersonal Intelligence- self-smart; ability to
gain access to and understand ones inner feelings,
dreams and ideas.
Naturalist Intelligence- nature-smart; Ability to
identify and classify patterns in nature

Intelligence Test

A method of assessing an individuals mental

aptitudes and comparing them to those of others,
using numerical scores.
Aptitude Test

A test designed to predict a persons future

performance.

Aptitude is the capacity to learn.

Achievement Test

A test designed to assess what a person has

learned.
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Most widely used intelligence test

Mental Retardation

IQ<70

Down Syndrome

Retardation and associated physical disorders

caused by an extra chromosome in ones genetic
makeup.

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that

we can attribute to genes

Variability depends on range of populations and

environments studied
Stereotype Threat

A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated

based on a negative stereotype.

HUMAN MOTIVATION
Motivation

Factors within and outside an organism that cause

it to behave a certain way at a certain time.
THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

Instinct- motives are innate; inborn pattern of

behavior; inherited

Drive- biological needs as motivation; push

Homeostasis- internal consistency of the body or
balance in the body.

Incentive- extrinsic things push or pull behavior;

push and pull factor; reward

Arousal- people are motivated to maintain optimum

level of arousal; high or low; sensation seeking;
pleasurable feeling.

Humanistic- hierarchy of need

1. Physiological needs
2. Safety
3. Belongingness
4. Esteem needs
5. Self-actualization
NOTE: The hub of many central drive systems lies in the
hypothalamus
ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS
Basic metabolic rate (BMR)- the rate a body at rest uses
for vital life functions or rate at which body burns calories just
to stay alive.
Positive energy balance- when caloric intake exceeds
amount of caloric energy expended.
Negative energy balance- when caloric intake falls short of
amount of caloric energy expended.
SHORT-TERM EATING SIGNALS
Physiological- slight increase in blood insulin.
Psychological- classical and operant conditioning
surrounding eating behavior.
Satiety- signals from the stomach, chemical (CCK), and
stretch receptors.

Factors that influence BMR

Age

Sex

Size

Genetics

Food intake
Obesity- condition characterized by excessive body fat and
a BMI equal to or greater than 30.0
Overweight- condition characterized by BMI between 25.0
and 29.9
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO BEING OVERWEIGHT

Highly palatable foodwe eat because it tastes

so good

SuperSize Itfood portions are larger than

necessary for health

Cafeteria Diet Effectmore food and more variety

lead us to eat more

Snackingdoes not cause us to eat less at dinner

BMRchanges through the lifespan

Sedentary lifestyles
EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia Nervosa

Excessive weight loss, irrational fear of gaining

weight, and distorted body image; Refusal of
eating.
Bulimia Nervosa

Characterized by binges of extreme overeating

followed by self-induced purging such as vomiting,
laxatives.
SEXUAL MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR

Sexthe biological category of male or female;

sexual intercourse

Gendercultural, social, and psychological

meanings associated with masculinity or femininity

Gender roles behaviors, attitudes, and

personality traits designated either masculine or
feminine in each culture

Gender identity A persons psychological sense

of being male or female

Sexual orientation direction of a person's

emotional and erotic attractions
Heterosexual sexual attraction for the opposite
sex
Homosexual sexual attraction for the same sex
Gay typically used to describe male homosexuals
Lesbian typically used to describe female
homosexuals
Bisexual sexual attraction for both sexes
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE
1. Excitement
2. Plateau
3. Orgasm
4. Resolution

Sexual dysfunction- consistent disturbance in sexual

desire, arousal, or orgasm that causes psychological
distress and interpersonal difficulties.
SELF-DETERMINATION THEORY

Autonomyneed to determine, control, and

organize ones own behavior and goals

Competenceneed to effectively learn and master

challenging tasks

Relatednessneed to feel attached to others

Need for Affiliation

Interest in establishing and maintaining relationship

with other people.

Baumeister & Learys Sociometer hypothesis

Need for Power

Tendency to seek impact, control, or influence over

others and to be seen as a powerful individual.
Need for Achievement

Master difficult challenges, outperform others, &

meet high standards.

DEFENSE MECHANISM
ID

EGO

Pleasurable feeling
Driven purely by needs, wants and desires, without
regard for consequences (I want it and I want it
now)
Reality principle
This follows what is realistic and includes all the
gray areas of decision making, or the justifications
for behavior.

SUPEREGO

Morality

This follows what is realistic and includes all the

gray areas of decision making, or the justifications
for behavior.
Anxiety

Unpleasant inner state that people seek to avoid.

Anxiety acts as a signal to the ego that things are
not going right.
Neurotic Anxiety

Unconscious anxiety/worry
Reality Anxiety

Realistic anxiety; source is identifiable.

Pushing conscious to unconsciousness

Trauma with painful experience

Regression

Reversion

Immaturity; tantrums; isip bata.

Displacement

Substitution; redirecting

Someone who is frustrated by his or her superiors

may go home and kick the dog, beat up a family
member, or engage in cross-burnings.
Denial

Refusal
Smokers may refuse to admit to themselves that
smoking is bad for their health.

Projection

Attribution unacceptable impulses to others.

A spouse may be angry at their husband for not

listening, when in fact it is the angry spouse who
does not listen.
Rationalization

Unacceptable explanation

A person fails to get good enough results to get into

a chosen university and then says that they didn't
want to go there anyway.
Sublimation

Unacceptable impulses to acceptable ones

a person experiencing extreme anger might take up

kick-boxing as a means of venting frustration
Reaction Formation

Opposite of ones own true feelings; plastik

A person who is angry with a colleague actually

ends up being particularly courteous and friendly
towards them.
Compensation

Focused on strength

I may not know how to cook, but I can sure do the

dishes!
Intellectualization

Acting like you know everything

A person who is in heavily debt builds a complex

spreadsheet of how long it would take to repay
using different payment options and interest rates.

Moral Anxiety

Fear of violating norms/moral principle.

Identification

Forming fake group alliance, imaginary group.

An insecure young man joins a fraternity to boost

his self-esteem.

DEFENSE MECHANISM

Protection from being anxious

Hide failure, weakness, incapability

STRESS, FRUSTATION, AND CONFLICT

Repression

Stress

Tension/strain

Psychological force/pressure

Stressor

Any environmental demand that creates a state of

tension or threat and requires change or
adaptation.

Condition or event that challenges or threatens the

person.
SOURCES OF STRESS
1. Life changes- adjustment in lifestyle (death,
marriage)
2. Catastrophe- tension and strain (community)
3. Occupational Burnout- exhaustion
4. Daily Hassles- everyday problem
EXTREME STRESS

Unemployment

Divorce and separation

Bereavement

Catastrophes

Combat and other threatening personal attacks

Frustration

Thwart/blocked
External- conditions outside
Personal- personal characteristics
SOURCES OF FRUSTRATION
1. Physical Environment present such obstacles as
floods, typhoons or rugged mountain.
Example: A drought or typhoon can frustrate the farmers.
2. Social Environment
3. The organism itself

REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATION

Aggression any response made with the

intention of harming a person, animal, or object.

Direct Aggression removal or destruction of the

barrier.

Displaced Aggression - redirecting aggression to

a target other than the source of ones frustration.

Scapegoating - Blaming a person or group for

conditions they did not create; the scapegoat is a
habitual target of displaced aggression

Escape - May mean actually leaving a source of

frustration (dropping out of school) or
psychologically escaping (apathy).
Conflicts

Rival motivations
Approach-Approach Conflicts

Both positive
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

Both negative
Approach-Avoidance Conflict

Positive-negative
Multiple Conflict

Conflicts that cause stress contain multiple

alternatives.