SITI KUSMARDIYANI

SCHOOL OF PHARMACY ITB

FA2205 General Pharmacognosy (2 credits)

This course covers natural resources used in medicine: introduction, preparation of crude drugs;
knowledge of crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins, volatile oils, alkaloids, and
other natural product compounds such as steroids, enzymes, antibiotics, and their uses as
medicinal substances. Definition, classification, nomenclature, and biosynthesis of each compound
will also be covered.

References:
Tyler, V.E., Brady, L.R., Robbers, J.E., 1988, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
Trease, G.E., Evans, W.C., 2006, Pharmacognosy, 12th ed., Balliere Tindal, Oxford.
Bruneton, J., 1995, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants, Intercept Ltd., Hampshire.

FA 2205

GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY
SEMESTER II 2012 / 2013

Monday, 15.00 16.40

Topic

Date

Introduction

2x

21/1, 28/1

Carbohydrates

2x

4/2, 11/2

Volatile Oils

2x

18/2, 25/2

Lipids

2x

4/3, 11/3

Mid-Term Examination

1x

18/3

Alkaloids

2x

25/3, 1/4

Resins & Tannins

1x

8/4

(Other Topics and) Group Presentations

2x

15/4, 22/4

30%

Final Examination

1x

29/4

30%

Reevaluation

1x

(ITBs schedule)

30%

16 x
Class activities

10%

- Syllabus -

A study of natural resources used in medicine:

introduction, preparation of crude drugs, knowledge of
crude drugs containing carbohydrates, lipids, resins,
volatile oils, alkaloids, and other natural product
compounds, and their uses as medicinal substances.

DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION / PRODUCTION
SOURCES
USES

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES

FIXED OILS, FATS, WAXES

CH2 O CO R
CH2 O CO R
CH2 O CO R

DEFINITION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION / PRODUCTION
SOURCES
USES

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES

INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION
BIOSYNTHESIS
CHARACTERISTICS
ISOLATION
SOURCES

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

General Introduction
Carbohydrates and Related Compounds
Glycosides and Tannins
Lipids
Volatile Oils
Resins and Resin Combinations
Steroids
Alkaloids
Peptide Hormeones and the Endocrine System
Enzymes and Other Proteins
Vitamins and Vitamin-containing Drugs
Antibiotics
Biologics
Allergens and Allergenic Preparations
Poisonus Plants
Herbs and Health Food

-----

Find more terminologies related to this special topic and explain.

-----

THE STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

APPROACHES:

ALPHABETICAL

Crude drug monographs in national pharmacopoeias of many countries

TAXONOMIC

Based on an accepted system of botanical

classification.

MORPHOLOGICAL

Groups of plant parts: leaves, flowers fruits,

seeds,

PHARMACOLOGICAL or THERAPEUTIC

Pharmacological action of the most important

constituent or therapeutic use.

CHEMICAL or BIOGENETIC

Important constituents or
their biosynthetic pathway.

FA2205

Trease, 5-6 OR

1. Tyler, V.E., L.R. Brady, and J.E.

Robbers, Pharmacognosy, 9th ed.,
Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1988.
2. Evans, W.C., Trease and Evans
Pharmacognosy, 16th ed., Elsevier,
Edinburgh, 2009.
3. Bruneton, J., Pharmacognosy,
Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants,
Intercept Ltd., Hampshire, 1995.
4. Wade, A. and P.J. Weller (Eds.,),
Handbook of Pharmaceutical
Excipients, 2nd ed., Am. Pharm. Assoc.,
1994.
5. Others related to topics

Varro Tyler, 1926-2001

LAFAYETTE, IND.Varro E. Tyler, Ph.D., an internationally
renowned expert in the field of pharmacognosy and
botanical medicine, died Aug. 22. He was 74.
Tyler was the author of more than 30 books and 350
scientific and educational articles. He had a 30-year career at
Purdue University, located here, serving as the dean of the
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences and as the Lilly
Distinguished Professor of Pharmacognosy. He retired in
1996.
Tyler, affectionately known to his friends as Tip, was an
expert on the safety and therapeutic efficacy of herbal
products and was a popular speaker on the topic.
"Tip had a magical ability to explain something scientific
in a way that made it understandable to those outside
the field," says Marilyn Barrett, Ph.D., of Pharmacognosy
Consulting Services in Redwood City, Calif.
"He was committed to herbal medicine if the herbs had
been shown through a rational scientific process to have
safety and efficacy according to known scientific principles,"
says Mark Blumenthal, founder and executive director of the
American Botanical Council in Austin, Texas.

From The October 2001 Issue of Nutrition Science News

http://www.newhope.com/nutritionsciencenews/NSN_backs/Oct_01/news.cfm

DEFINITION

TERMINOLOGY

PHARMACOGNOSY
Greek :

pharmakon = drug
gnosis = knowledge

A KNOWLEDGE OF DRUGS OR PHARMACEUTICALS

C.A. Seydler, a medical student, Germany, 1815.
J.A. Smith, professor in Vienna, Lehrbuch der Materia Medica,1811.

PHARMACOGNOSY

DEFINITION

the simultaneous application of various scientific disciplines

with the object of acquiring knowledge of drugs from every point
of view. Flukiger, 1988.
an applied science that deals with the biologic, biochemical,
and economic features of natural drugs and their constituents
Tyler et al., 1988.
the study of starting materials and substances intended for
therapeutics, and of biological origin, in other words obtained
from plants, animals, or by fermentation from micro-organisms
J. Bruneton, 1995.

.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
drugs and economic substances
that affect the health of humans
and animals

History
Distribution
Cultivation
Collection
Selection
Preparation
Commerce
Identification
Evaluation
Preservation
Utilization

INFORMATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS

PHARMACOGNOSY

Sources
Constituents

PHARMACOLOGY

Activities
Effects

Give examples and explain in such a way to clarify the differences.

TYPES OF DRUGS
DERIVED FROM PLANTS
Herbal drugs, herbal medicinal products,
herbal remedies, phytomedicines.
Compounds isolated from medicinal plants
Nutraceuticals, functional foods

Explain:

Jamu / TM
Standardized
Herbal
Medicine
Standardized
Extract

Wild

Cultivated

Genetically
eng.

Natural
Product

Phytopharmaca
Herbal
Pharml
Product

Standardized
Crude Drug

Extract

Active
(Pure)
Compound
Inert
(Pure)
Compound
-Excipients-

Cosmetic,
Food,
Pesticide,
etc.

Pharml
Product /
Novel
Compound

Explain:
Pharmaceutical Botany

Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry
Natural Product Tech.
Organic Chemistry
Pharml Chemistry

Pharmacognosy
Pharmacogeografi
Marine Pharmacognosy
Ethnopharmacognosy
Ethnopharmacology

Organic Chemistry
Physicochemistry
Pharml Chemistry
Pharmacology
Immunology
Toxicology

Pharmacognosy
Phytochemistry
Natural Product Tech.
Pharmacognosy Pharml Chemistry
Phytochemistry

Cultivated

Jamu / TM
Stand.
Herbal
Medicine
Stand.
Extract

Wild type

Nat.
Prod.

Pharml
Herbal
Product

Stand.
Crude Drug

Genetically
Eng.

Extract
Phytochemistry
Natural Product Tech.
Separation Method

Pharml Botany
Pharmacognosy Biosynthesis
Tissue Culture
Biochemistry
Biotechnology

Phytotherapy
Ethnopharmacol.
Pharmacology
Toxicology

Pharmacognosy
Phytotherapy
Physicochemistry
Pharml Chemistry

Clinical
Pharm.

Active (Pure)
Compound

Inert
(Pure)
Compound
-Excipient-

Phytopharmaca
Cosmetic,
Food,
Pesticide,
etc.

Pharml
Product /
Novel
Compound
Dosage Form Prep.
Pharml Chemistry
Pharmacology
Medicinal Chemistry

Tropical Rain Forest Distribution

Tropical rain forests are located near the equator where the temperature hovers around 27 C
(80 F) year-round. Although they cover less than 10 percent of the Earths surface, tropical
rain forests provide habitat for 50 to 90 percent of the worlds plant and animal species.
Microsoft Encarta Reference Library

CRUDE DRUGS

Vegetable or animal drugs

that consist of natural substances
that have undergone only the processes
of collection and drying.
--- Note: in Farmakope Herbal Indonesia you will find simplisia segar. EXPLAIN ---

Sennae folium

Melaleucae folium

Caryophylli flos

Sappan lignum

Psidii folium

Alstoniae cortex

Chinae cortex

Andrographidis herba

SK

SK

KUSMARDIYANI

FOLIUM
FLOS
FRUCTUS
SEMEN
CORTEX
LIGNUM
RADIX
RHIZOMA
HERBA

SK

SK

SK

Bahan atau ramuan bahan yang berupa bahan tumbuhan,

bahan hewan, bahan mineral, sediaan galenik atau
campuran dari bahan-bahan tersebut, yang secara
turun temurun telah digunakan untuk obat berdasarkan
pengalaman.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia, Ditjen POM, Depkes RI,
2000.

Bahan atau ramuan bahan berkhasiat obat yang memiliki

komposisi sepenuhnya atau lebih dari 75% bobotnya terdiri
dari bahan tumbuhan, bahan hewan, bahan mineral atau
sediaan (sarian) galenik yang berasal dari alam Indonesia.
PP No. 17 Tahun 1986 tentang Kewenangan Peraturan, Pembinaan dan
Pengembangan Industri
Konsep Pengembangan Obat asli Indonesia, Direktorat Jenderal Pengawasan
Obat dan makanan, 2000.

OBAT BAHAN ALAM INDONESIA

Obat bahan alam yang diproduksi di Indonesia

Berdasarkan cara pembuatan, jenis klaim penggunaan,

dan tingkat pembuktian khasiat :

JAMU
OBAT HERBAL TERSTANDAR
FITOFARMAKA
17 Mei 2004

A MIXTURE OF CRUDE DRUGS

to be criticized

A CRUDE DRUG:

In a mixture as seen on the previous slide:

Alstoniae cortex

How to examine the presence of all crude drugs in

such a complicated mixture?

Calcium oxalate crystal

Jamu adalah
Obat Tradisional Indonesia.
Konsep Pengembangan Obat Asli Indonesia,
Ditjen POM, DepKes RI, 2000.

Kompas, 8 January 2005

-Get information about the crude drug -

to be
discussed
in class.

-Get information about the crude drugs -

What are the sources of these pharmaceuticals?

WHERE CAN YOU FIND THESE ITEMS IN OUR SCHOOL OF PHARMACY?

SK

Explain the morphological differences!

SK

SK

Kumis kucing, Orthosiphon stamineus

Tekelan, Epatorium reptans

How would the differences contribute

to the misleading medicinal uses of these plants?

Get scientific information about

these plants!
SK

SK

Phyllanthus niruri

SK
Tinospora tuberculata (Lamk.) Beaumae ex Heyne

Orthosiphon stamineus

Wedelia calendulaceae Less.

Asteraceae
seruni.

Read and critisize !

Khasiat : untuk obat luka : 15 gram daun dicuci,
ditumbuk halus, ditempelkan pada bagian yang
luka dan dibalut kain bersih.

SK

Kandungan kimia: saponin, flavonoida, tanin.

INVENTARIS TANAMAN OBAT INDONESIA IV, 1997.

- to be discussed -

(NATURAL) MEDICINE
Explain!

SAFETY
QUALITY
EFFICACY

SK

Phaleria macrocarpa
SK

Moringa oleifera

Azadirachta indica

Get empiric and scientific informartion

about these medicinal plants.

KUSMARDIYANI

Morinda citrifolia
SK

Sida rhombifolia

Information that is organized

in personally meaningful ways
is more likely to be remembered,
learned, and used.
General Research-Based Principles for Improving Higher Learning

KUSMARDIYANI

INTRODUCTION PART I
GENERAL PHARMACOGNOSY