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UNIT-I
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f = c/ = (300/ )
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MHz [ in meter]
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Infrared:
Far Infrared: Optical wavelengths between 1.0 <m>m to 2.0 <m>m and
[ (1.5 to 3) <x> 1014 Hz (0.15-0.3 THz)]
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Infrared: 0.90 <m>m to 0.85 <m>m in wavelength and (3.3 to 3.5) <x>
1014 Hz [<@> 350 to 330 THz]
Antennae:
Antennae forms:
/2 Dipole Antenna:
/4 Dipole Antenna:
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Radiation pattern:
Circular pattern means that radiated energy, and thus signal strength, is
equally distributed in all directions in the plane
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Propagation properties
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Line-of-sight propagation
Decreases as the square of the distance from the transmitter in free space
Signal strength
1. Decrease due to attenuation
2. When obstacles in the path of the signal greater in size than the
wavelength
Signal strength Attenuation
1. FM band signal transmitter 90 MHz ( = 3.3 m) faces attenuation of in
objects of size 10 m and above
2. GSM 900 MHz ( > = 33 cm) signal then it will face attenuation in objects
of size > 1 m (>> ~ 33 cm)
Scattering of signal
Diffraction of signals
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Reflection of signals
GSM 900 MHz ( = 33 cm) signal the transmitter signal reflects from an
object of size 10 m and above (much greater than )
Distorts waveforms
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Modulation
The process of varying one signal, called carrier, according to the pattern
provided by another signal (modulating signal)
= s0 sin [(2 c/ t) + t0 ]
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frequency, fc,
Phase angle ct0 varies with t in proportion to the peak amplitude of the
modulating signal sm(t)
Digital Modulation
A technique by which amplitude, frequency, or phase angle parameters of carrier
or sub-carrier frequencies varied according to the variation in the
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BPSK
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QPSK Phase angle shift = of the transmitted signal s(t) will be 3/4, 3
/4, /4, + /4 ( 135, 225, 315, 45 ) after each successive time interval
T when bit pattern is 10 00 01 11. [T = 1/f]
QPSK
8-PSK modulation
Bit pattern is 101 000 110 011 100 111. The phase angle of the
transmitted signal s(t) will be 5/8, /8, 3 /8, 7 /8, 7/8, and /8, after
each successive time interval of T. [T = 1/f]
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The 2.5G and 2.5G+ are enhancements of the second generation and
sport data rates up to 100 kbps
Higher data rates than 2G and support voice, data, and multimedia
streams
GSM standards
A global system for mobile (GSM) was developed by the Groupe Spciale
Mobile (GSM)
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1. GSM 900
GSM 1800 17101785 MHz for uplink and 18051880 MHz for downlink
GSM 1900 18501910 MHz for uplink and 19301990 MHz for downlink
Using coding techniques the rate can be enhanced to 384 kbps for the
same 200 kHz channel
CDMA
3G.
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1. CdmaOne
Founded in 1991
QUALCOM, USA
Belongs to 2G+
CDMA channel transmits analog signals from multiple sources and users
2. WCDMA
DSSS CDMA
Both short and long scrambling codes are supported, but for uplink only
3G partnership project 2
Included in UMTS
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WPAN standard
Operates at a frequency of 2.4 GHz radio spectrum which is identical
to that of the IEEE 802.11b WLAN standard
Bluetooth provides short distance (1 m to 100 m range as per the
radio spectrum) mobile communication
Data rates between the wireless electronic devices are up to 1 Mbps
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Bluetooth
ZigBee
Data rates of 250 kbps, 40 kbps, and 20 kbps at the spectra of 2.4
GHz, 902 MHz to 928 MHz, and 868 MHz to 870 MHz, respectively
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Uses DSSS
industrial,
home, and
monitoring applications.
ZigBee Applications
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802.11a
802.11b
The data rates are 1 Mbps (Bluetooth), 2 Mbps, 5.5 Mbps, 11 Mbps,
and 54 Mbps (HIPERLAN 2).
802.11g
Compatible to 802.11b
802.11i
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Mobile Computing
Definition:
Mobile device does not restrict itself to just one application, such as,
voice communication
Ubiquitous computing
Pervasive Computing
Mobile computing
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Novel applications
Are handheld, very tiny, or even invisible devices which are either
mobile or embedded in almost any type of object
Enterprise Solutions
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Slide shows
Video clips
Mobile Commerce
Bank transactions
Retail purchases
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Programming Languages
Java
J2SE.
The Java enterprise edition (J2EE) used for web and enterprise
server based applications of mobile services
C and C++
Visual C++
Visual Basic.
Operating System
Provides functions which are used for scheduling the multiple tasks
in a system
Provides the device drivers for the keyboard, display, USB, and other
devices
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WAP
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Cellular networks
WLAN networks
Ad Hoc Networks
Cellular Networks
Each cell base station functions as an access point for the mobile
service.
Each mobile device connects to the base station of the cell which
covers the current location of the device
All the mobile devices within the range of a given base station
communicate with each other through that base station only.
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Mobile IP
Mobile IP network provides the mobile IP service using home agents and
foreign agents.
Ad hoc Networks
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