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Student Manual
First Edition
Published April 2014
2011 by Lab-Volt Ltd.
Printed in Canada
All rights reserved
ISBN 978-2-89640-499-5 (Printed version)
ISBN 978-2-89640-738-5 (CD-ROM)
Legal Deposit Bibliothque et Archives nationales du Qubec, 2011
Legal Deposit Library and Archives Canada, 2011
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopied, recorded, or otherwise, without prior written permission from Lab-Volt Ltd.
Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of
Lab-Volt. The Lab-Volt materials described in this document are furnished under a license agreement or a
nondisclosure agreement.
The Lab-Volt logo is a registered trademark of Lab-Volt Systems.
Lab-Volt recognizes product names as trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
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Description
DANGER indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, if not
avoided, will result in death or serious injury.
WARNING indicates a hazard with a medium level of risk which,
if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.
CAUTION indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not
avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.
CAUTION used without the Caution, risk of danger sign ,
indicates a hazard with a potentially hazardous situation which,
if not avoided, may result in property damage.
Caution, risk of electric shock
Direct current
Alternating current
Description
Protective conductor terminal
Equipotentiality
On (supply)
Off (supply)
Equipment protected throughout by double insulation or
reinforced insulation
In position of a bi-stable push control
vi
Table of Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................ix
About This Manual .................................................................................................xi
Introduction Three-Phase AC Power Electronics ........................................... 1
DISCUSSION OF FUNDAMENTALS ....................................................... 1
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
vii
Table of Contents
PROCEDURE ................................................................................... 51
Setup and connections .......................................................... 51
Operation of a three-phase PWM inverter powered by a
dual-polarity dc power supply ................................................ 53
Effect of the neutral conductor on the voltage and current
waveforms at the output of the three-phase PWM inverter ... 56
Appendix A Equipment Utilization Chart ...................................................... 61
Appendix B Impedance Table for the Load Modules ................................... 63
Appendix C Circuit Diagram Symbols ........................................................... 65
Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 71
Bibliography ......................................................................................................... 73
We Value Your Opinion!....................................................................................... 75
viii
Preface
The production of energy using renewable natural resources such as wind,
sunlight, rain, tides, geothermal heat, etc., has gained much importance in recent
years as it is an effective means of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
The need for innovative technologies to make the grid smarter has recently
emerged as a major trend, as the increase in electrical power demand observed
worldwide makes it harder for the actual grid in many countries to keep up with
demand. Furthermore, electric vehicles (from bicycles to cars) are developed and
marketed with more and more success in many countries all over the world.
To answer the increasingly diversified needs for training in the wide field of
electrical energy, Lab-Volt developed the Electric Power Technology Training
Program, a modular study program for technical institutes, colleges, and
universities. The program is shown below as a flow chart, with each box in the
flow chart representing a course.
ix
Preface
The program starts with a variety of courses providing in-depth coverage of basic
topics related to the field of electrical energy such as ac and dc power circuits,
power transformers, rotating machines, ac power transmission lines, and power
electronics. The program then builds on the knowledge gained by the student
through these basic courses to provide training in more advanced subjects such
as home energy production from renewable resources (wind and sunlight), largescale electricity production from hydropower, large-scale electricity production
from wind power (doubly-fed induction generator [DFIG], synchronous generator,
and asynchronous generator technologies), smart-grid technologies (SVC,
STATCOM, HVDC transmission, etc.), storage of electrical energy in batteries,
and drive systems for small electric vehicles and cars.
xi
Introduction
Exercise
When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with three-phase
half-wave and full-wave rectifiers. You will be familiar with the waveforms of the
voltages and currents present in these rectifiers. You will know how to calculate
the average dc voltage provided by each type of rectifier. You will know the
advantages of three-phase rectifiers over single-phase rectifiers. You will also be
introduced to the dual-polarity dc power supply.
DISCUSSION OUTLINE
DISCUSSION
Three-phase
ac power source
Load
Neutral
terminal
Figure 2. Three-phase half-wave rectifier (positive-polarity output).
Figure 3 shows the waveforms of the circuit voltages and currents in the threeis the voltage measured
phase half-wave rectifier. The rectifier output voltage
at point X with respect to the neutral terminal N of the three-phase ac power
.
source. Therefore,
(V)
Phase voltages
,
,
)
90
210
30
150
30
150
90
330
270
210
30
150
30
150
330
Phase
angle ()
270
(A)
Diode current
)
(
Phase
angle ()
(A)
Diode current
(
)
150
270
150
270
Phase
angle ()
270
Phase
angle ()
270
Phase
angle ()
(A)
Diode current
)
(
30
270
30
270
30
(A)
Rectifier output
current
)
(
30
150
(V)
Rectifier output
voltage
)
(
150
0.5
30
150
0.827
0.675
,
,
210
270
330
30
90
150
210
270
330
Phase
angle ()
Figure 3. Waveforms of the voltages and currents in the three-phase half-wave rectifier
(positive-polarity output).
When the phase angle reaches 150, the voltage at the anode of
(phase voltage
) becomes higher than the voltage at its
diode
). Therefore, diode
enters into
cathode (phase voltage
to stop conducting) and current
conduction (this causes diode
starts flowing from point X toward the neutral terminal N via the
load (resistor ). Consequently, the rectifier output voltage
follows the
. This situation lasts until the phase
positive peak of phase voltage
angle reaches 270. Between phase angles 150 and 270, diodes
are blocked since the voltages (phase voltages
and
,
and
respectively) present at their anodes are both lower than the
) present at their cathodes.
voltage (phase voltage
When the phase angle reaches 270, the voltage at the anode of
(phase voltage
) becomes higher than the voltage at its
diode
). Therefore, diode
enters into
cathode (phase voltage
to stop conducting) and current
conduction (this causes diode
starts flowing from point X toward the neutral terminal N via the
load (resistor ). Consequently, the rectifier output voltage
follows the
. This situation lasts until the phase
positive peak of phase voltage
angle reaches 30 of the subsequent cycle. Between phase angles 270
and
are blocked since the voltages (phase
and 30, diodes
and
, respectively) present at their anodes are both
voltages
) present at their cathodes.
lower than the voltage (phase voltage
where
0.827
0.675
(1)
To conclude, the three-phase half-wave rectifier acts like three single-phase halfwave rectifiers (one for each phase) operating one after another. The phase
,
, and
delivered by the three-phase ac power source,
currents
which are respectively equal to currents , , and , are asymmetrical, which
means that they have a non-null average (dc) value. This results in dc current
flow through the ac power source, i.e., through the electrical power network,
which is highly undesirable.
Line
terminals
Three-phase
ac power source
Neutral terminal
Figure 4. Three-phase half-wave rectifier (negative-polarity output).
The + and
signs next to voltage
in the figure indicate the convention of
is negative when the voltage at
measurement of this voltage. The value of
the positive terminal of load resistor is lower than the voltage at the negative
terminal of this resistor (e.g., when
120 ).
Figure 5 shows the waveforms of the circuit voltages and currents in the threephase half-wave rectifier of Figure 4. Each diode allows current ( ) to flow from
the neutral terminal N toward point Y through the load resistor during equal
or
)
intervals of 120. The waveform of the rectifier output voltage (
therefore follows the negative peaks of the phase voltages of the three-phase
source. This voltage waveform is thus composed of three negative
pulses (120 interval each) per cycle of the ac source voltage, the voltage varying
)
between the maximum negative value of the phase voltage (
,
and 0.5 ,
.
(V)
Phase voltages
,
,
)
90
210
30
330
150
90
270
30
210
150
330
Phase
angle ()
330
Phase
angle ()
330
Phase
angle ()
270
(A)
Diode current
(
)
210
330
210
(A)
Diode current
)
(
90
90
330
(A)
Diode current
)
(
90
(A)
Rectifier output
current
)
(
210
Phase
angle ()
210
30
330
150
90
30
270
330
210
150
270
Phase
angle ()
(V)
Rectifier output
voltage
(
)
90
210
90
330
210
30
0.5
150
,
90
30
270
330
210
150
270
Phase
angle ()
0.827
0.675
,
,
output
voltage
, is
equal
Note that the phase angle intervals during which the diodes conduct current in
the three-phase half-wave rectifier with a negative-polarity output differ from the
phase angle intervals during which the diodes conduct in the three-phase rectifier
with a positive-polarity output. This causes the pulses in the output voltage of the
three-phase half-wave rectifier with a negative-polarity output to be offset 60
with respect to the pulses in the output voltage of the three-phase half-wave
rectifier with a positive-polarity output.
Conducting diodes
30 - 90
and
90 - 150
and
150 - 210
and
210 - 270
and
270 - 330
and
330 - 30
and
Diode
conducts current since the voltage (
) at its anode is higher
and
) at the anodes of diodes
and .
than the voltages (
This current , flows from X toward N through resistor . On the other
and
are blocked since the voltages (
and
)
hand, diodes
) at their cathodes. The
at their anodes are lower than the voltage (
voltage between X and N (EXN) therefore follows the positive peak of
.
phase voltage
Three-phase
ac power source
(a)
A three-phase full-wave rectifier can be viewed as a combination of a three-phase halfwave rectifier with a positive-polarity output and a three-phase half-wave rectifier with a
negative-polarity output.
Line
terminals
Three-phase
ac power source
(b)
10
90
Phase voltages
,
,
)
30
Order of
conduction of
the diodes
210
150
90
210
30
150
0.675
90
Rectifier output
current
210
150
30
330
270
Phase
angle ()
Voltages
and
330
270
30
330
0.675
90
150
270
210
270
Phase
angle ()
90
30
330
210
150
330
Phase
angle ()
330
Phase
angle ()
270
30
90
150
210
270
1.65
1.35
210
270
,
,
Rectifier output
voltage
30
90
150
210
270
330
30
90
150
330
Phase
angle ()
Figure 7. Waveforms of the voltages and currents in the three-phase full-wave rectifier.
11
where
1.65
1.35
(2)
Line
terminals
Three-phase
ac power source
The ripple amplitude in the output voltage and current of a three-phase full-wave
rectifier is lower than that observed in a three-phase half-wave rectifier. Also, the
ripple frequency is twice that observed in a three-phase half-wave rectifier.
Therefore, three-phase full-wave rectifiers are preferred to three-phase half-wave
rectifiers because they provide a smoother output voltage and current.
Note that in the three-phase full-wave rectifier, the currents delivered by the
three-phase source are symmetrical, i.e., they have a null average (dc) value,
which is the normally desired condition. Figure 9 shows the currents flowing
through the diodes, the currents delivered by the source, and the rectifier output
current. The average (dc) value of each of the currents delivered by the
source (
,
, and
) is null.
12
I (A)
Current
30
150
30
Phase
angle ()
150
I (A)
Current
150
270
150
Phase
angle ()
270
(A)
Current
30
270
30
Phase
angle ()
270
(A)
210
Current
330
210
330
Phase
angle ()
330
Phase
angle ()
(A)
90
Current
330
90
(A)
90
Current
210
90
Phase
angle ()
210
(A)
Current
(
210
)
30
330
150
210
30
330
Phase
angle ()
330
270
Phase
angle ()
270
Phase
angle ()
150
(A)
Current
(
90
330
150
90
270
150
(A)
Current
(
90
)
210
30
90
270
210
30
(A)
Rectifier output
current
30
90
150
210
270
330
30
90
150
210
270
330
Phase
angle ()
Figure 9. Waveforms of the diode currents, source currents, and rectifier output current.
13
Line
terminals
Common
terminal
Three-phase
ac power source
Negative
terminal
PROCEDURE OUTLINE
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make of modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
14
15
N
3
Frequency
(Hz)
()
120
60
171
220
50
629
240
50
686
220
60
629
The power rating of resistor in the circuit diagram of Figure 11 is exceeded significantly.
Do not leave the ac power source on for periods longer than 10 minutes to avoid
excessive heating of the resistors in the Resistive Load module.
16
The phase currents delivered by the source, which are respectively equal to
, and
, are asymmetrical, which means that they have
diode currents ,
a non-null average (dc) value. This results in dc current flow through the
ac power source, i.e., through the electrical power network, which is highly
undesirable.
17
11. Evaluate the conduction angle of the diodes from the waveforms of
, and . Record the conduction angle of the diodes. Then,
currents ,
compare this angle to the conduction angle of the diodes in a single-phase
full-wave rectifier.
12. Measure and record the ripple frequency at the output of the three-phase
half-wave rectifier (positive-polarity output). Then, compare this ripple
frequency to the ripple frequency at the output of a single-phase full-wave
rectifier.
Ripple frequency
Hz
18
Compare
,
previous step. Is
Yes
. Record this
,
,
measured in the
?
No
Compare
,
previous step. Is
Yes
. Record this
,
,
measured in the
?
No
15. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off by setting
the corresponding switch to O (off).
19
2
N
3
Frequency
(Hz)
()
120
60
171
220
50
629
240
50
686
220
60
629
17. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on.
20
The power rating of resistor in the circuit diagram of Figure 12 is exceeded significantly.
Do not leave the ac power source on for periods longer than 10 minutes to avoid
excessive heating of the resistors in the Resistive Load module.
18. In the Oscilloscope, make sure that the proper settings are made to display
the phase voltages (E1, E2, and E3) and phase currents (I1, I2, and I3) of the
three-phase ac power source on channels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.
Also, display the rectifier output current (I4) and rectifier output voltage (E4)
on channels 7 and 8, respectively. Make sure that the time base is set to
display at least two cycles of the sine waves.
19. Describe the waveforms of the rectifier output current and rectifier output
voltage with respect to the waveforms of the source phase voltages, and
explain.
Note that the phase currents delivered by the source, which are respectively
equal to diode currents , , and , are asymmetrical, i.e., they have a
non-null average (dc) value. This results in dc current flow through the
ac power source, i.e., through the electrical power network, which is highly
undesirable.
21
21. Evaluate the conduction angle of the diodes from the waveforms of
currents , , and . Record the conduction angle of the diodes.
Conduction angle of the diodes
Yes
No
22. Measure and record the ripple frequency at the output of the three-phase
half-wave rectifier (negative-polarity output).
Ripple frequency
Hz
Yes
22
No
A
W
Yes
No
24. Make sure meter E1 is set to measure the rms value of phase voltage
Record this value below.
V
Compare
,
previous step. Is
Yes
. Record this
V
,
measured in the
,
?
No
,
,
Yes
Compare
step. Is
No
23
26. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off.
24
Use two resistors in series for the rectifier output load. (The resistance value to
be used for each resistor is indicated in the table). If a single resistor is used,
the nominal voltage of the resistor will be greatly exceeded.
1
1
2
N
3
,
()
Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
120
60
171
220
50
629
240
50
686
220
60
629
Figure 13. Three-phase full-wave rectifier (observation of voltage and current waveforms and
measurement of parameters).
28. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on.
29. In the Oscilloscope, make the necessary settings to display the phase
voltages (E1, E2, and E3) and phase currents (I1, I2, and I3) of the threephase ac power source on channels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. Also,
display the rectifier output current (I4) and rectifier output voltage (E4) on
channels 7 and 8, respectively. Make sure that the time base is set to display
at least two cycles of the sine waves.
25
Hz
26
and
A
W
Compare
,
previous step. Is
Yes
. Record this
,
,
measured in the
?
No
Compare
step. Is
. Record this
,
,
Yes
No
34. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off.
27
2
N
3
,
()
Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
120
60
300
220
50
1100
240
50
1200
220
60
1100
28
Yes
No
40. Describe the waveform of the voltage (input E3) at the negative output of the
dual-polarity dc power supply.
Yes
No
V
V
29
2
N
3
44. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on.
Display the voltage waveforms on the Oscilloscope screen. Describe how the
voltage waveforms at the outputs of the dual-polarity dc power supply are
affected by the insertion of the filtering capacitors.
30
V
V
47. Do your results confirm that splitting the output of a three-phase full-wave
rectifier allows a dual-polarity dc power supply to be obtained?
Yes
No
48. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off. Close
LVDAC-EMS. Disconnect all leads and return them to their storage location.
CONCLUSION
In this exercise, you studied the operation of three-phase half-wave and full-wave
rectifiers. You learned that a three-phase half-wave rectifier uses three diodes to
provide a dc voltage composed of three pulses of equal duration per cycle of the
ac source voltage. This voltage can be either positive or negative, depending on
the direction in which the diodes are connected. This rectifier has a narrower
conduction angle (120) and a higher ripple frequency than single-phase halfwave and full-wave rectifiers, and thus, provides a smoother output voltage.
However, the three-phase half-wave rectifier has the following drawback: the
phase currents delivered by the source have a non-null average (dc) value,
which results in a flow of dc current through the electrical load, but also through
the electrical power network, which is highly undesirable. This drawback is
eliminated with the use of a three-phase full-wave rectifier. This rectifier uses six
diodes to provide a dc voltage composed of six pulses of equal duration per cycle
of the ac source voltage. This rectifier provides twice the average voltage of a
three-phase half-wave rectifier. Furthermore, this voltage is smoother than that of
a three-phase half-wave rectifier and the phase currents delivered by the source
have a null average (dc) value, which is the normal operating condition desired.
You also learned that a dual-polarity dc power supply can be obtained by simply
using the positive and negative voltages produced by a three-phase full-wave
rectifier separately. This requires the use of the neutral conductor of the ac power
source as it serves as the common point of the dual-polarity dc power supply.
31
REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. Compare the operation of a three-phase half-wave rectifier with a negativepolarity output to that of a three-phase half-wave rectifier with a positivepolarity output. Do these rectifiers have the same conduction angles, ripple
frequencies, and average output voltages?
32
33
Exercise
When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the singlephase PWM inverter with dual-polarity dc bus.
DISCUSSION OUTLINE
DISCUSSION
You have learned previously (in the manual Single-Phase AC Power Electronics,
part number 86359) that a single-phase inverter can be implemented using a
four-quadrant chopper (see Figure 16). The four electronic switches of the fourquadrant chopper are switched in pairs, that is,
with
and
with . When
one pair of electronic switches is on, the other pair is off. Therefore, the input
is alternately applied to the output of the four-quadrant chopper
voltage
through either one of the two pairs of electronic switches. The instantaneous
polarity of the output voltage
depends on which pair of electronic switches is
and
are on, and negative when
on. It is positive when electronic switches
and
are on.
electronic switches
Four-quadrant chopper
Filter
Load
Switching control
signal generator
35
/2
Filter
2
N
3
/2
Load
-
Switching control
signal generator
36
/2
2
N
3
+
Load
2
N
3
/2
+
Load
-
The voltage waveform at the output of the single-phase inverter depends on the
signal that modulates the duty cycle of the switching control signals. When a
37
where
(3)
Equation (4) shows how the above equation can be modified to calculate the rms
value of the voltage sine wave at the single-phase PWM inverter output.
(4)
The rate at which the pulse width varies at the single-phase inverter output
depends on the frequency of the modulating sine-wave signal. Increasing the
sine-wave signal frequency increases the rate at which the pulse width varies,
and therefore, the frequency of the ac voltage at the single-phase inverter output.
In many applications, a voltage whose waveform is a train of rectangular bipolar
pulses (instead of a sine wave) can affect the operation of devices sensitive to
electromagnetic interference (EMI). For this reason, a filter made of an inductor
and a capacitor is usually added at the output of the single-phase inverter to
smooth the current and voltage waveforms. This results in a sinusoidal voltage
waveform (see Figure 19). The current waveform is similar to the voltage
waveform when the load is purely resistive as shown in Figure 19.
38
Duty-cycle
control input signal
Time
Output current
Output voltage
after filtering
Output voltage
before filtering
Average value
Time
Time
Time
Figure 19. Waveforms related to a single-phase PWM inverter implemented with a dual-polarity
dc power supply.
39
Exercise 2 The Single-Phase PWM Inverter with Dual-Polarity DC Bus Procedure Outline
PROCEDURE OUTLINE
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make of modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
Connect the Low Power Input of the Chopper/Inverter to the Power Input of
the Data Acquisition and Control Interface. Turn the 24 V ac power supply
on.
4. Connect the USB port of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a
USB port of the host computer.
5. Turn the host computer on, then start the LVDAC-EMS software.
In the LVDAC-EMS Start-Up window, make sure that the Data Acquisition
and Control Interface is detected. Make sure that the Computer-Based
Instrumentation and Chopper/Inverter Control functions for the Data
Acquisition and Control Interface are available. Select the network voltage
and frequency that correspond to the voltage and frequency of your local ac
40
Single-phase inverter
1
Filter
2
Switching control
signals from DACI
Frequency
(Hz)
()
(mH)
(F)
120
60
171
220
50
629
1.5
240
50
686
1.5
220
60
629
1.5
41
42
Set the Peak Voltage parameter to 50%. This parameter sets the
modulation index m, i.e., it sets the amplitude of the signal that
modulates the duty cycle of the switching control signals. When the
Peak Voltage parameter is set to 50%, the amplitude of the
modulating signal is set to make the duty cycle vary over the span
(25% to 75%) to obtain a peak output voltage corresponding to 50%
/2).
of the half dc bus voltage (50% of
Yes
displayed
No
13. Is the voltage at the output of the single-phase inverter before filtering (E2),
displayed by channel 4 on the Oscilloscope screen, pulse-width modulated
as shown in Figure 19?
Yes
No
14. Is the voltage at the output of the single-phase inverter after filtering (load
voltage), displayed on channel 5, sinusoidal as shown in Figure 19?
Yes
No
43
):
16. For each modulation index m in Table 2, calculate the amplitude of the
) using the
voltage at the output of the single-phase PWM inverter ( ,
dc bus voltage you measured in the previous step. Record your results in
Table 2.
Table 2. Relationship between the output voltage, input voltage, and modulation index.
DC bus
voltage
(V)
Modulation
index m
Amplitude of the
inverter output voltage
[calculated]
(V)
Amplitude of the
inverter output voltage
[measured]
(V)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
44
No
19. Does the frequency of the sine-wave signal modulating the duty cycle of the
switching control signals (Frequency parameter) affect the amplitude of the
voltage at the output of the single-phase PWM inverter (after filtering)?
Yes
No
Yes
No
21. Stop the voltage source and the Single-Phase, PWM Inverter.
Close LVDAC-EMS, turn off all equipment, and remove all leads and cables.
CONCLUSION
In this exercise, you saw that a single-phase PWM inverter can be implemented
with a dual-polarity dc bus and only two electronic switches. You observed that
the frequency and amplitude of the voltage at the output of a single-phase PWM
inverter are respectively proportional to the frequency and amplitude of the sinewave signal modulating the duty cycle. You verified the relationship between the
amplitude of the voltage at the inverter output and the average voltage of the
dual-polarity dc bus.
45
Exercise 2 The Single-Phase PWM Inverter with Dual-Polarity DC Bus Review Questions
REVIEW QUESTIONS
2. How can the amplitude and frequency of the voltage at the output of a singlephase PWM inverter be varied?
4. What is the use of the filter made of an inductor and a capacitor that is
usually added at the output of a single-phase PWM inverter?
46
Exercise
When you have completed this exercise, you will be familiar with the three-phase
PWM inverter.
DISCUSSION OUTLINE
DISCUSSION
Dual-polarity
dc power supply
Three-phase
filter
Phase 1
1
2
Phase 2
2
N
3
2
Phase 3
Switching control
signal generator
Neutral conductor
Three-phase load
Figure 21. The three-phase PWM inverter consists of three single-phase PWM inverters.
47
48
E (V)
90
30
210
150
330
270
90
30
210
330
150
Phase
angle ()
270
(A)
90
30
210
150
330
270
90
30
210
330
150
Phase
angle ()
270
Figure 22. Voltage and current waveforms at the outputs of a three-phase PWM inverter (ideal
filtering is assumed).
180
270
Figure 23. Phasor diagram showing that the sum of the line currents in a three-phase PWM
inverter is null (ideal filtering assumed at the PWM inverter outputs).
49
Three-phase filter
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Switching control
signal generator
Three-phase load
Figure 24. Three-phase PWM inverter without neutral conductor and supplied by a singlepolarity dc power supply.
50
PROCEDURE OUTLINE
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make of modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
51
Three-phase inverter
Three-phase filter
2
N
3
Switching control
signals from DACI
,
()
, ,
(mH)
, ,
(F)
Voltage
(V)
Frequency
(Hz)
120
60
171
220
50
629
1.5
240
50
686
1.5
220
60
629
1.5
52
Set the Switching Frequency parameter to 400 Hz. This will allow
observation of the switching control signals in the three-phase
PWM inverter, using the Oscilloscope.
Set the Peak Voltage parameter to 90%. This parameter sets the
modulation index, i.e., it sets the amplitude of the signal that
modulates the duty cycle of the switching control signals. When the
Peak Voltage parameter is set to 90%, the amplitude of the
modulating signal is set to make the duty cycle vary to obtain a peak
output voltage corresponding to 90% of the half dc bus voltage (45%
).
of
53
Yes
No
Yes
No
14. In the Oscilloscope window, set channels 1 through 3 to display the phase
voltages at the three-phase PWM inverter outputs (E1, E2, and E3),
channel 4 to display the dc bus voltage (E4), channels 5 through 7 to display
the line currents at the inverter outputs (I1, I2, and I3), and channel 8 to
display the current in the neutral conductor (I4).
Set the trigger controls so that the Oscilloscope triggers when the load
voltage waveform (Ch1) passes through 0 V with a positive slope.
Make sure that the Continuous Refresh mode is selected. Select convenient
vertical scale and position settings to facilitate observation of the waveforms.
Finally, set the Oscilloscope so that the waveforms are displayed as usual
(normal display mode).
54
Yes
No
17. In the Chopper/Inverter Control window, use the Peak Voltage control knob
to slowly vary the Peak Voltage parameter from 10% to 100% while
observing the phase voltages at the three-phase PWM inverter output.
Do your observations confirm that the Peak Voltage parameter (i.e., the
modulation index m) controls the amplitude of the phase voltages at the
output of the three-phase PWM inverter?
Yes
No
18. In the Chopper/Inverter Control window, set the Peak Voltage parameter
to 40% of half the dc bus voltage (modulation index 0.4).
Using the Frequency control knob, slowly vary the Frequency parameter from
10 Hz to 120 Hz while observing the phase voltages at the output of the
inverter.
Do your observations confirm that the Frequency parameter controls the
frequency of the phase voltages at the output of the three-phase PWM
inverter?
Yes
No
19. Set the Frequency parameter to the frequency of your local ac power
network.
Measure the average (dc) value of the dc bus voltage, i.e., the voltage
between the positive and negative terminals of the dc power supply.
DC bus voltage (
):
20. Measure the amplitude of phase 1 voltage (Ch1) at the output of the threephase PWM inverter (after filtering) and record the value.
Since the phase voltages at the output of the three-phase PWM inverter are
identical, this observation can also be done using phase 2 and phase 3
voltages.
55
Yes
No
56
Yes
No
28. Compare the waveforms of the phase voltages and line currents at the output
of the inverter with and without the neutral conductor. Describe how the
waveforms are affected when the neutral conductor is removed.
29. Does removing the neutral conductor improve the waveforms of the phase
voltage and line current at the three-phase PWM inverter output?
Yes
No
30. Measure the average (dc) value of the dc bus voltage, i.e., the voltage
between the positive and negative terminals of the dc power supply.
DC bus voltage (
):
31. Measure the amplitude of phase 1 voltage at the output of the three-phase
PWM inverter (after filtering) and record the value.
Amplitude of phase 1 voltage at the output of the three-phase
V
PWM inverter (after filtering):
32. Compare the amplitude of phase 1 voltage at the output of the three-phase
PWM inverter (after filtering) measured with and without neutral conductor
(step 20 and step 31 respectively). Do the measured values confirm that the
neutral conductor can be removed without negatively affecting the operation
of the three-phase PWM inverter?
Yes
No
57
Yes
No
34. Stop the voltage source and the Three-Phase, PWM Inverter.
Close LVDAC-EMS, turn off all equipment, and remove all leads and cables.
CONCLUSION
In this exercise, you observed that the switching control signals of each pair of
electronic switches in a three-phase PWM inverter are complementary and that
the switching control signals of one pair is phase shifted by 120 with respect to
those of the other pairs.
You observed that the waveforms of the phase (line-to-neutral) voltages at the
outputs of the three-phase PWM inverter are phase shifted by 120 from one
another. You also observed that when the load is purely resistive, the waveforms
of the line currents at the outputs of the three-phase PWM inverter are similar to
the phase voltage waveforms. You saw that the amplitude and frequency of the
voltages at the output of the three-phase PWM inverter can be varied by
respectively varying the amplitude (i.e., the modulation index) and frequency of
the sine-wave signal modulating the duty cycle of the switching control signals.
You saw that residual current flows in the neutral conductor when a three-phase
inverter is powered with a dual-polarity dc power supply. You also observed that
removing the neutral conductor improves the waveforms of the phase voltages
and line currents at the three-phase PWM inverter outputs (they become almost
pure sine waves) without affecting the operation of the three-phase
PWM inverter.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. What is the phase shift between the waveforms of the phase voltages at the
outputs of a three-phase PWM inverter?
58
4. Why is the sum of the line currents at the outputs of a three-phase PWM
inverter not null even when the load is balanced?
59
Appendix A
Equipment Utilization Chart
The following Lab-Volt equipment is required to perform the exercises in this manual.
Equipment
Model
Exercise
8131
Workstation
1
1
8311
Resistive Load
(1)
Description
8325-A
Filtering Inductors/Capacitors
8326
Three-Phase Filters
8823
Power Supply
8837(2)
IGBT Chopper/Inverter
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
8842-A
8951-L
Connection Leads
Personal Computer
8990
(3)
30004-2
24 V AC Power Supply
30011-4
9063-C
(1)
The Mobile Workstation, Model 8110, or the Workstation, Model 8134, can also be used.
(2)
The prefix IGBT has been left out in this manual when referring to this module.
Model 9063-C consists of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface, Model 9063,
with functions 9069-1 and 9069-2.
(3)
61
Appendix B
Impedance Table for the Load Modules
The following table gives impedance values which can be
the Resistive Load, Model 8311, the Inductive Load,
Capacitive Load, Model 8331. Figure 26 shows the
connections. Other parallel combinations can be used
impedance values listed.
Impedance ()
120 V
60 Hz
220 V
50 Hz/60 Hz
240 V
50 Hz
1200
4400
4800
600
2200
2400
300
1100
1200
400
1467
1600
240
880
960
200
733
800
171
629
686
150
550
600
133
489
533
120
440
480
109
400
436
100
367
400
92
338
369
86
314
343
80
293
320
75
275
300
71
259
282
67
244
267
63
232
253
60
220
240
57
210
229
I
I
I
I
I
63
Appendix B
Figure 26. Location of the load elements on the Resistive Load, Inductive Load, and Capacitive
Load, Models 8311, 8321, and 8331, respectively.
64
Appendix C
Circuit Diagram Symbols
Various symbols are used in the circuit diagrams of this manual. Each symbol is
a functional representation of a particular electrical device that can be
implemented using Lab-Volt equipment. The use of these symbols greatly
simplifies the number of interconnections that need to be shown on the circuit
diagram, and thus, makes it easier to understand the circuit operation.
For each symbol other than those of power sources, resistors, inductors, and
capacitors, this appendix gives the name of the device which the symbol
represents, as well as the equipment and the connections required to properly
connect the device to a circuit. Notice that the terminals of each symbol are
identified using circled letters. The same circled letters identify the corresponding
terminals in the Equipment and Connections diagram. Also notice that the
numbers (when present) in the Equipment and Connections diagrams
correspond to terminal numbering used on the actual equipment.
Symbol
Current
inputs
65
Appendix C
Symbol
Induction
machine
Three-phase induction
machine
Three-Phase Induction
Machine (8221-B)
Induction
machine
Three-phase induction
machine
Synchronous
Motor / Generator (8241-2)
Synchronous
motor
Three-phase synchronous
motor
66
Appendix C
Symbol
Synchronous
generator
Three-phase synchronous
generator
Three-Phase Wound-Rotor
Induction Machine (8231-B)
Woundrotor
induction
machine
Three-phase wound-rotor
induction machine
67
Appendix C
Symbol
PMSM
V
W
Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machine
Rectifier and Filtering
Capacitors (8842-A)
Power thyristor
three-phase bridge
68
Appendix C
Symbol
Three-phase inverter
69
Acronyms
The following acronyms are used in this manual:
AVG
average
DACI
DB9
EMS
Electromechanical System
EMI
electromagnetic interference
IGBT
LVDAC
PWM
pulse-width modulation
USB
UPS
71
Bibliography
Jackson, Herbert W, Introduction to Electric Circuits, 8th ed. Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2008, ISBN 0-19-542310-0.
Wildi, Theodore, Electrical Machines, Drives, and Power Systems, 6th ed. New
Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2006, ISBN 0-13-177691-6.
73
75