Seminar

On

BATTERY IGNITION SYSTEM

Submitted as partial fulfilment for the 3rd Year of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
DEGREE
Session 2015-16
In

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BY
VIJAY YADAV
1303240857

Submitted to-

PROF. MANISH MANGAL

ABES ENGINEERING COLLEGE, GHAZIABAD

AFFILIATED TO

DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, UTTAR

PRADESH LUCKNOW

Acknowledgement
I am using this opportunity to express my gratitude to everyone who
supported me throughout the course of this Mechanical engineering
report. I am thankful for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive
criticism and friendly advice during the project work. I am sincerely
grateful to them for sharing their truthful and illuminating views on a
number of issues related to the report.
I express my warm thanks to Mr Manish Mangal Sir of mechanical
department and my friends for their support and guidance at every level
of making my report.
I also thanks Prof. Apurva Anand Sir, Head of Department, Mechanical
Engineering, to giving an opportunity to share my knowledge and
experience with the classmate and teachers to have a valuable session
throughout the semester 5th. I hope more opportunity will be given to us
so that we can show our talent and knowledge in the field of science and
technology so that our technical as well as professional skills will be
developed accordingly.

CONTENT
Sr no.
1
2
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5
6
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Page no.
1
1
2-7
7-8
9
10-13
13

Topic
Introduction
Types of ignition system
Parts of ignition system
Ignition system circuit
Distributor
Working
Comparison between battery and magneto
system
Conclusion

Reference

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List of figure
Figure no.

Figure name

Page no.

battery

Ignition switch

Ignition coil

Switching device

Spark plug

Primary winding

Secondary winding

Distributor

Working diagram 1

10

10

Working diagram 2

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1.INTRODUCTION
The combustion in a spark ignition engine is initiated by an electric discharge
across the electrodes of spark plug, which usually occurs from to 30 0 before TDC
depending upon chamber geometry and operating conditions.

The ignition system provides a spar sufficient intensity to ignite the air-mixture at
the predetermined position the engine cycle under all speeds load conditions.
We know that in case of Internal Combustion (IC) engines, combustion of air and
fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and the products of combustion
expand to produce reciprocating motion of the piston. This reciprocating motion
of the piston is in turn converted into rotary motion of the crank shaft through
connecting rod and crank.
This rotary motion of the crank shaft is in turn used to drive the generators for
generating power.

2.TYPES OF IGNITION SYSTEM

2.1 Battery ignition system
2.2 Magneto ignition system

3.PARTS OF IGNITION SYSTEM

3.1.Battery
An electric battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells
that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell has a
positive terminal, or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal
marked positive is at a higher electrical potential energy than is the terminal
marked negative. The terminal marked positive is the source of electrons that
when connected to an external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external
device. When a battery is connected to an external circuit, Electrolytes are able
to move as ions within, allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the
separate terminals and so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the
movement of those ions within the battery which allows current to flow out of the
battery to perform work.[1] Although the term battery technically means a device
with multiple cells, single cells are also popularly called batteries.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the
electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common
examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged
multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and
lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power
hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers .electric
battery is a device consisting of two or more electrochemical cells that convert
stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each cell has a positive terminal,
or cathode, and a negative terminal, or anode. The terminal marked positive is at

a higher electrical potential energy than is the terminal marked negative. The
terminal marked positive is the source of electrons that when connected to an
external circuit will flow and deliver energy to an external device. When a battery
is connected to an external circuit, Electrolytes are able to move as ions within,
allowing the chemical reactions to be completed at the separate terminals and
so deliver energy to the external circuit. It is the movement of those ions within
the battery which allows current to flow out of the battery to perform work.
Although the term battery technically means a device with multiple cells, single
cells are also popularly called batteries.

Primary (single-use or "disposable") batteries are used once and discarded; the
electrode materials are irreversibly changed during discharge. Common
examples are the alkaline battery used for flashlights and a multitude of portable
devices. Secondary (rechargeable batteries) can be discharged and recharged
multiple times; the original composition of the electrodes can be restored by
reverse current. Examples include the lead-acid batteries used in vehicles and
lithium-ion batteries used for portable electronics.

Batteries come in many shapes and sizes, from miniature cells used to power
hearing aids and wristwatches to battery banks the size of rooms that provide
standby power for telephone exchanges and computer data centers.

Fig1:battery

3.2.Ignition switch

An Ignition (or starter) switch is a switch in the control system of an internal

combustion engine motor vehicle that activates the main electrical systems for
the vehicle. Besides providing power to the starter solenoid and the ignition
system components (including the engine control unit and ignition coil) it also
usually switches on power to many "accessories" (radio, power windows, etc.).
The ignition switch usually requires a key be inserted that works a lock built into
the switch mechanism. It is frequently combined with the starter switch which
activates the starter motor. The ignition locking system may be bypassed by
disconnecting the wiring to the switch and manipulating it directly; this is known
as hotwiring.

Fig 2: ignition switch

3.3. Ignition coil

An ignition coil (also called a spark coil) is an induction coil in an automobile's
ignition system which transforms the battery's low voltage to the thousands of
volts needed to create an electric spark in the spark plugs to ignite the fuel.
Some coils have an internal resistor while others rely on a resistor wire or an
external resistor to limit the current flowing into the coil from the car's 12-volt
supply. The wire that goes from the ignition coil to the distributor and the high
voltage wires that go from the distributor to each of the spark plugs are called
spark plug wires or high tension leads.

Originally, every ignition coil system required mechanical contact breaker points,
and a capacitor (condenser). More recent electronic ignition systems use a
power transistor to provide pulses to the ignition coil. A modern passenger
automobile may use one ignition coil for each engine cylinder (or pair of
cylinders), eliminating fault-prone spark plug cables and a distributor to route the
high voltage pulses.

Fig 3: ignition coil

3.4.Switching device
mechanical or electronic switch that operates
Ignition coil(Pick-up coil, Crank sensor, Cam sensor).
.

Fig 4: switching device

3.5. Spark plug
A spark plug (sometimes, in British English, a sparking plug,[1] and, colloquially,
a plug) is a device for delivering electric current from an ignition system to the
combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine to ignite the compressed fuel/air
mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure within the
engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a
central electrode by a porcelain insulator. The central electrode, which may
contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily insulated wire to the output terminal
of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is screwed into the
engine's cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode
protrudes through the porcelain insulator into the combustion chamber, forming
one or more spark gaps between the inner end of the central electrode and
usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to the inner end of the
threaded shell and designated the side, earth, or ground electrode.

Fig 5:spark plug

4.IGNITION SYSTEM CIRCUITS

4.1 Primary Windings

are made up of several
hundred turns of heavy wire wrapped around
or near the secondary windings

Fig 6: primary winding

4.2 Secondary Windings

consist of several thousand
turns of very fine wire, located inside or near
the secondary windings

Fig 7: secondary windings

5. DISTRIBUTOR

A distributor is a device in the ignition system of an internal combustion engine

that routes high voltage from the ignition coil to the spark plugs in the correct
firing order. The first reliable battery operated ignition was developed by Dayton
Engineering Laboratories Co. (Delco) and introduced in the 1910 Cadillac. This
ignition was developed by Charles Kettering and was considered a wonder in its
day. A. Atwater Kent invented his Uni sparker ignition system about this time
and competed with the Delco system.

Fig 8:distributor

6.WORKING

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Fig 9:working diagram 1

The purpose of the ignition system is to generate a very high voltage from
the car's 12 volt battery, and to send this to each sparkplug in turn, igniting the
fuel-air mixture in the engine's combustion chambers.

The coil is the component that produces this high voltage. It is an

electromagnetic device that converts the low-tension (LT) current from the

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battery to high-tension (HT) current each time the distributor contact-breaker

points open.
The distributor unit consists of a metal bowl containing a central shaft, which is
usually driven directly by the camshaft or, sometimes, by the crankshaft.
The bowl houses the contact-breaker points, rotor arm, and a device for altering
the ignition timing. It also carries the distributor cap.
6.1Distributing the current
The distributor cap is made of nonconductive plastic, and the current is fed to its
central electrode by the HT lead from the centre of the coil.
Inside the cap there are more electrodes often called segments to which the
sparkplug leads are connected, one per cylinder.
The rotor arm is fitted on top of the central shaft, and connects to the central
electrode by means of a metal spring or spring-loaded brush in the top of the
distributor cap.
The current enters the cap through the central electrode, passes to the centre of
the rotor arm through the brush, and is distributed to each plug as the rotor arm
revolves.
As the rotor arm approaches a segment, the contact-breaker points open and
HT current passes through the rotor arm to the appropriate sparkplug lead.
The contact-breaker points are mounted inside the distributor. They act as
a switch, in synchronization with the engine, that cuts off and reconnects the 12
volt low-tension (LT) circuit to the coil.
The points are opened by cams on the central shaft, and are closed again by a
spring arm on the moving contact.
With the points closed, LT current flows from the battery to the primary
windings in the coil, and then to earth through the points.
When the points open, the magnetic field in the primary winding collapses and
high-tension (HT) current is induced in the secondary windings.
This current is transferred to the sparkplugs through the distributor cap.

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On a four-cylinder engine there are four cams. With each full rotation of the shaft
the points open four times. Six-cylinder engines have six cams and six
electrodes in the cap.
The position of the points and the distributor's body in relation to the central shaft
can be adjusted manually.
This alters the timing of the spark to obtain an exact setting .
Further changes occur automatically as the engine speed varies according to
the throttle opening.
In some modern ignition systems, micro-electronics ensure the optimum ignition
timing for all engine speeds and engine load conditions
6.2 The complete ignition system

Fig 10: working diagram 2

The sparkplugs are screwed into the combustion chambers in the cylinder head.
HT current passes from each segment on the distributor cap down the plug
leads to the plug caps.
It then passes down the central electrode, which is insulated along its length, to
the nose of the plug.

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A side electrode connected to the plug body protrudes just below the central
one, with the gap between the two usually set from 0.025 in. (0.6 mm) to 0.035
in. (0.9 mm).
The current sparks across this gap, flows along the side electrode, through the
plug body and the engine, then back to the coil, completing the circuit.

7.COMPARISON BETWEEN BATTERY AND

MAGNETO IGNITION SYSTEM
Battery ignition system
Battery is a must.
Battery supplies current in primary
circuit.
A good spark is available at low speed
also.
Recharging is a must in case battery
gets
Discharged.
Mostly employed in car and bus for
which
it is required to crank the engine.
Battery maintenance is required.
Occupies more space.
Small system operation purpose

Magneto ignition system

No battery needed.
Magneto produces the required current
for
Primary circuit.
During starting the quality of spark is
poor
Due to slow speed.
No such arrangement required.
Used on motorcycles, scooters, etc.
No battery maintenance problems.
Very much compact.
Larger system operation purpose

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8.CONCLUSION
I have seen that primary voltage decreases as engine speed increases.
I came to know that time available for buildup of current in primary coil and
stored energy decreases as engine speed increases.
I found that breaker point is continuously subjected to electrical as well as
mechanical wear so maintenance required.

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9.REFERENCES
I have taken reference form the sites:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignition_system
auto.howstuffworks.com/ignition-system.htm
www.carparts.com/classroom/ignition.htm
www.howacarworks.com/basics/how-the-ignition-system-works
hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/.../ignition.html
www.procarcare.com/.../icar_resourcecenter_encyclopedia_ignition.as