Osmolarity graph

800
700
600

Hypotonic

500
mOsm/L

Isotonic

400

Hypertonic

300

Caffeine

200

Bicarbonate

100
0
0

40

80

time in minutes

Flow rate graph

7
6
Hypotonic

5
Isotonic
4

Flow rate in ml/min

Hypertonic

Caffeine

Sodium Bicarbonate

3
2
1
0
0

40
Time in minutes

80

NaCl excretion graph

2

Hypotonic
Isotonic

1.5
NaCl in g/min

Hypertonic

Caffeine

0.5

Bicarbonate

0
0

40

80

Time in minutes

Ph Graph
10
8
6
ph

Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic

4
2
0

Caffeine
Bicarbonate
0

40

80

time in minutes

6. Freshwater fish would likely encounter an overabundance of water

such as situation in treatment 1. They produce hyposmotic urine in
order to conserve ions. They have well developed glomeruli tubules to
reabsorb salt. They also have mitochondria rich Chloride cells that
actively harvest salt ions and pump out bicarbonate and hydrogen.

7. Terrestrial mammals likely encounter isosmotic water and are able to

regulate water balance via the loop of henle.
8. Marine fish likely encounter a scarcity of water and abundance of
ions such as the situation in treatment 3. They produce isosmotic
urine. They have lower osmolality compared to the environment.
Marine fish utilize extrarenal excretion of ions at the gills.