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I. INTRODUCTION
Geographically, Romania is located in Central Europe, at nearly the same distances
far from Ireland, North Cap and Sverdlovsk (Fig. 1).

__ ___ ._____L ___ ____

-=--.....----=~'__.l...._L

_ __ ... J

Fig. 1 - Romania: Location

In European terms, Romania is rich in mineral potential, especially oii, gas, salt, gold
and silver ores and non-ferrous metals. Historically, the Romanian mining industry has
frequent1y been at the forefront of European development, often leading the way to the
identification and evaluation of deposit types tha! have subsequently proved to be of major
importance elsewhere.
In Romania varied ore deposits have been exploited from the earliest times, gold,
copper, lead, zinc, manganese, iron and salt having been worked extensively.
Archaeological evidence suggests that there has been mining in Romania for
thousands of years, with artifacts from various ages having been shownto have beep made
from locally produced metals and minerals. Ore production became better organised during the
Roman period, while simultaneously processing techniques became more diversified (Borco
et al., 1994).

The earliest mineral working for which evidence exists was Palaeolithic flint and
stone production, the sites ofseveral "workshops" having been identified (Fig. 2). Gold
production commenced at Cireata in the Brad district of the Apuseni Mourttains during the
Neolithic period (10,000-1,900 BC) both from hard-rock and alluvial deposits; salt was also
produced at this time from the Moldova region, and possibly copper. Artifacts indicate that
copper smelting and casting were practici sed, and coloured ceramics from this period show

s.
J

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,~

8_
7 X

'':'~

dj."S

I
2'
3 t::7

10_
9

c:::J

,&

7_

.~

'O

8ra,ov(~~
,,J \

..

Fig. 3 - Mining activity in the Bronze and First Iron

el al., 1994).
1 - areas of abundant Palaeolithic and Neolithic archae:oloigical l'I,:c,..n,,,"r, 2 - unconnected archaeolosites in the bronze age; 3 unconnected archaeological sites in the tirst Iron Age; 4 extraction sHes; 5
archaeological discoveries; 7 bronze processing centres; 6 areas of abundant Bronze and First Iron
irOD processing centres; 8 - salt; 9 - gold; 10 copper.

__

._

. _

_ . . . . ... _

__

.-

_. _. _ _ _ .. _ _ . _ _ . ___ _ ._. _ _ _

' . . __ __ .,; _ _ _ . 1. _ ..

. -.

Fig. 2 - Mining activity in the Palaeolithic-Neolithic period (ace. to Borco et al., 1994).
Key: Palaeolithic: 1 - areas of abundant archaeological discoveries; 2 - unconnected archaeological sites; 3 extraction sites. Neolithic: 4 - areas of abundant archaeological discoveries; 5 - unconnected archaeological
sites; 6 - extraction sites; 7 - stone, flint; 8 - salt; 9 - gold.

that manganese was used as a pigment.

.During the Bronze and early Iron Ages, gold and copper were produced in
. Transylvania, and in the Banat, Oltenia and Dobrogea districts (Fig. 3). Gold production was
also centred on the Metaliferi Mountains, in the Brad district and probably at Roia Montan.
Salt was produced through evaporatioD., and bronze, gold and iron production was
widespread.
Between 450 BC and 106 AD in the Geto-Dacic period, underground rnning
commenced for gold, other metals and for salt (Fig. 4). Large-scale quarries were opened for
building stone, and metallurgical technology progressed, with the introduction of reducirig
furnaces for iron ore. Bronze, gold and silver metallurgy and manufacture also developed, the
:scale of gold production being indicated by the 165,000 kg of gold that were taken to Roma as
spoils ofwar by the emperor Trajan.

Mining activity increased during the Roman period with intensive working of deeper
deposits as weB.
production ncreased from iron and copper smelting, silver output was
derived fr9m non-ferrous ores and cinnabar was produced for use as a dye. Existing centres
gold, silver and salt production included the Metaliferi and Poiana Rusc Mountains and the
Banat district, and new centres appeared in the Rodna and Baia Mare district.
Metal and
mining continued after the Roman period, new deposits
identified
worked and cast iron being produced for the
time (Fig. 5). Between the 1
and 17th
new mining technologies were introduced,
water-powered stamps
carne into use
ore crushing. New deposits of copper, lead, zinc, iron and manganese were
also found in the East
during
time, .and towards the end of the period the first
heritage were produced. The second half of
17th Century
records of the country's
marked the appearance of the first institutions
main goals were to organise, supervise
(local offices, masters'
comrnissariats and
inspectorates) and settle (mining
tribunals and courts of law)
actlvlty.
first mining
carne
force
1854,
replaced 1924 by a new
on the constitution of the unitary Romanian

10

Il

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2<=)

Orad ....

S_
J

lfD

c::J

IIIIIIII
mIIII

Il

Fig. 4- - Mining
1 active
period~

in the Second Iron

and Roman periods
to Borco et al., 199-')
sites in the Roman
2 active mining sites in the Geto-Dacic
salt~ 4 5 - copper; 6 iron; 7 8 - building stone.

5 - Mining
in the pre-feudal and feudal periods (ace.to Borco el al., 1994)
areas in the
and Roman periods; 2 - active mining areas in tlle pre-feudal
active mining areas in ilie feudal period; 4 salt; 5 - gold; 6 - copper; 7 8 lead and zinc;
9 - mercury.

Key: 1 active

The industrialisation of the

industry since the mid-19 lh Century included the
introduction of modern explosives, mechanised drilling, and the use
electrical power
underground. Between 1890 and 1896 California stamps, roll mills
ban
were
introduced
ore reduction, copper calcining commenced in 1876 and in 1 7 Romania's tirst
cyanidation gold plan opened.
The
150
have seen the compilation
a
amount
data about
Romania's mineral deposits and potential. AlI major ares of interest have been covered,
including those of potential hydrocarbon interest.
must also
made to
large
number
minerals
were
identified in Romanan deposits, including the element
teUurium, which was discovered gold ore at the Faa Bii ore deposit (Zlatna district) in the
Metaliferi Mountains.
the
numerous deposts
been evaluated and have
either exhausted or
of criteria that do not apply in today's economic environment. As yet,
Httle opportunity to re-evaluate such occurrences, although the country's
for
and development
a huge amount
information <?n
aU aspects of deposit geolog);' and resource estimations, obtained from past dtilling
programmes and thorough geological investigation. Even in recent
exploration by the
state
hampered by lack of resources, and
s thus
potential for

period; 3

overseas investment in both grassroots exploration and

re-appraisal
properties about
which substantial amounts of data already exist.
Recent geological and geophysical work
shown that there are, in fact, many
mineral prospects both near-surface and at depth that have considerable potential for further
investigation, and that offer
opportunities
overseas investors interested in the
country's mineral resources.
The most productive mining centres with .classical metalliferous ore deposits
(containing gold, silver,
eopper, iron and
are loeated
Neogene
volcanic zones in the Metaliferi and Oa-Guti Mountains (referred.to as types al and a2
respectively in Table 1), and in the",Banat region (b 1) and in the Bihor massif (b2) related to
Upper Cretaeeous-Paleocene intrusive struetures, as well as in the East (el) and South
Carpatmans in the Poiana Ruse
(e2), or in Dobrogea (c3), the Iatter related to
. Palaeozoic or older metamorpmc roeks. The significance of these
worked intensively
since aneient times, is shown by the amount of metals (extraeted and existing potential)
estimated for some of the representative ore deposits.
.

13

12

MOBILE ZONES
From -both structural and metallogenetic points of view the Romanian territory
belongs to the Alpine
and represents a part
the subgIobal Mediterranean (Tethyan)Himalayan belt.
.
Geomorphological units of
Central and South-Eastern Alpine orogen are as
follows: Eastern Alps, West
East
Apuseni Mountains, Transylvanian
Basin, South Carpathians, Balkans-Srednagora, Pannonian Basin, Serbo-Maeedonian Massi{,
Rodopi Massif, Dinarides, Albano-Hellenides (Fig. 6).
Romania eomprises the Carpathian Mountains chain, namely the.
South
Carpathians, Apuseni Mountains, with i~tramontaneous Transylvanian and Pannonian Basins,
surrounded by the foreland (mainly plains in Moldova and Muntenia, eroded mountains in
Dobrogea).
major
units are
by two mobile Alpine regions,
Carpathian and Northern Dobrogea, and pre-Alpine cratons (Moesian, Seythian and
Moldavian platforms).
Carpathian chain is a
(pre-Alpine and Alpine)
bound westwards
by the Alps and south-eastwards by the Balkans. It has a peri-cratonic position, south of the
Eurasian Plate. This structure is built up in Romania
inner units (North Apuseni
moulded by
external Carpathian arc (the
Carpathians), as weB as
South
Carpathians whieh eonsist of basement and cover nappes, magmatic belts and massifs,
sdimentary post-tectonic structures.
basement nappes are built up
pre-Mesozoic
schists and Upper
Paleozoic-Mesozoic sedimentary rocks (Inner Dacides, Median Dacides and Marginal
Dacides). The Inner Daeides oceur in the North Apuseni Mts., as a prolongation of
Austroalpine structure of the
Alps; the
tectogenetic event is pre-Gossau. The
Median Dacides develop from the East to the South Carpathians. The innermost part of the
Carpathians ("Crystalline-Mesozoic zone") contains Bucovinian, Subbucovinian and
Infrabucovinian nappes formed
Hereynian and Austrian deformations.
Bueovinian
Unit proceeds to the West Carpathians, whereas the Subbucovinian and Infrabueovinian
nappes eorrelate with Supragetie and Getic Nappes of
South Carpathians, which were
involved in Laramian deformations too.
Supragetic mid Getic
proceed to
SerboMacedonian massif and farther to the Inner Balkanides, Rhodopi and Strandja; the Marginal
Dacides oceur in the South Carpathians and were considered
as Autochthon
("Danubian
Modern interpretations divide
into the Lower Danubian Unit and
Upper Danubian Unit, both involved in pre-Alpine and Alpine/Austrian and Lararman
thrustings. Recent driUing data provide evidence of Danubian tbrusting over the Moesian
. Platform during intra.. Sarmatian defomiatlons.
nappes built up ofMesozoic flyseh sediments and ophiolites are represented by
Transylvanides in the South Apuseni
and East Carpathians and External Dacides in
and South Carpathians (black flysch nappes proceeding to Ukraine
nappe to Eastern Serbia and Srednagora). The main teetogenetie events are Austrian and
Lararman.

[l]]] 1
~2
~3
~4
~5

~6

[:=J7
E-;-j 8

ur:a 9
~10

Fig. 6 - Carpatho-Balkan orogen and adjacent areas (geotectonic setting according to Sndulescu, 1984;
geomorphological parts according to various authors).
Key: EA - Eastern Alps; WC - West Carpathians; PB - P.annonian Basin; AM - Apuseni Mountains; TB Transylvanian Basin; EC ~ East Carpathians; SC - South Carpathians; D - Dinarides; SMM -:- SerboMacedonian Massif; BS - Balkan-Srednogora; AH - Albanides-Hellenides; R - Rodopi. 1, Neotethysian
suture; 2, adjacent sutures: a) Ceah1au. Severin-Strandja zone; b) Pindus-Serbian zone; 3, Ew:opean basement
units; 4, pre-Apulian basement units; 5, Apulian/Pelagonian basement units; 6, cover units: a) Moldavides; b)
outer Dinarides and Hellenides; 7, Post-tectonic cover; 8, North-Dobrogea; 9, platfonns: a) MQldavian (East
European) platfonn; b) Moesian and Scythian platfonns; 10, Alpine magmatic rocks: a) Banatltes; b) Neogene
igneous rocks.

14

15

Cover nappes built up ofUpper Cretaceous-Paleogene fiysch sediments and Miocene

molasse in the East Carpathi~s that consist of
(a relay of the Transylvanides,
proceedings to Ukraine; the main tectogenetic events are Laramian and. Lower Miocene) and
Moldavides (a group of
nappes proceeding to
Ukraine; the tectogenesis was multistage
during tne Neogene
are incprporated. in, or npYIP1"Y'l'Ifp parts of
Magmatic
and massifs of various
ahove-mentioned
of nappes. Worth mentioning are' Danubian pre-Alpine
granitoides and, especially, two major petrogenetic
of calc-alkaline
the
Laramian magmatic
("Banatites") in the
Mts. - South
Tertiary volcanic arc
Carpathians with
and
Sedimentary post-tectonic structures
South Carpathians, molasse depressions, that is yalm(Jlrualn
post-tectonic covers throughout the whole Carpathian range.
The North Dobrogea area has no connection with the Carpathians and is a shorterlived structure
to them. This
is the western part of a
proceeding
from the South
and Greater Caucasus. It contains tectonic units built up of preMesozoic
anchimetamorphic
and granitoids
west, and
prevailing
and bimodal
main
compression
during the Kimmerian tectogenesis.

PRE-ALPINE PLATFORMS
Platform represents the Carpathian foreland the southern part of the
into two sectors by the Intramoesian fault (Dobrogea sector and
country. It is
WaUacruan-Prebalkan sector). The basement is Precambrian' and the cover ranges from the
Paleozoic to
The Scythian Platform
with the Central
Platform and
corresponds to "Meso-Europa" (Stille, 1
ofEpihercynian ~..u,'UE>'
Moldavian Platform
to the termination
East European
Platform, south of the Ukrainian Shield. The basement is Precambrian and the cover
Precambrian to post-Precambrian.

post-collision events is sometimes difficult because of contradictory assessments about the use
of plate/microplate/sialic block, subduction or subfluence, ophiolite meamng/significance
(island arc andlor ocean floor spreading products), calc-alkaline volcanicity (subductionrelated or rift-related magmatism), position to and correlation with the major Tethyan
in the Carpathians etc.
accept or refusal ofback-arc
Pre-Alpine geodynamic models-paleotectonic reconstructions in the Carpathians are
difficult to ascertain. The Alpine evolution, according to recent interpretations (especially
Sndulescu, 1983, IGCP Project nO.l
etc.), is related to the main Tethyan suture, that is the
Vardar zone and its prolongation crossing the Carpathian orogen. During the spreading period
Dacides occurred.
the Transylvanian oceanic area and the intracontinental rift of the
Compressions gave rise to the actual curved Carpathian configuration and the complex nappe
structures, whereas
calc-alkaline magmatism is considered subduction type and assigned
to the external Dacidic trough. An alternative hypothesis postulates the nheritance of the
Garpathian curvature (e.g. Vlad, 1980, 1986, IGCP Project no.169).
The
distribution of the magmatic arcs suggests a restricted transversal arc
migration; their pinning 1S aquiescent to compression of the above-mentioned narrow
elongated troughs and arc
behind the elaborate curvature of the East Carpathians.
and petroDifferent portions of the magmatic arcs exhibit changes in evolution,
metallogenetic characteristics along strike and/or width; association with back-arc extensional
products s not uncommon.
The North Dobrogea geodynamic model is based on a complete orogenic evolution in
Paleozoic (spreading compression with subduction and collision products), followed by rifting,
thrusting during Kimmerian
formation of oceanic crust, deformation with
(Sndulescu, 1984). The alternative interpretation put forward the role pIayed by the
intracontinental rifting with bimodal magmatism yielding an aulacogen-like faiJed arm linked
with the Tethys through the Crimea and Greater Caucasus (Vlad, 1978).
'

The metallogenic map of Romania (scale 1:2,500,000), prepared by Ianovici,

Dimitrescu, Krautner and Miru in 1966, was the first attempt to present the
metallogenic elements of Romania in a systematic form. Subsequent1y the same method of
presenting processes in terms of both time and space was used by Rdulescu, Borco,
Krautner, Savu, Vasilescu in 1969 to produce a metallogenetic map of Romania on the scale
of 1: 1,000,000. This shows the
stratigraphical, geochemical and geodynamic
control on the conditions of formation of the accumulations of metallic and non-metallic useful
mineral resources, and also the posijon and particular characteristics of the 24 metallogenetic
provinces defined.
According to the idea adopted, which is also used in the maps on a scale of
1:200,000 produced for the main mining regions of the country, a metallogenetic map,
of scale, represents the "genetic units" of mineral concentration with'
typical
geographical and temporal terms as
areas of development. Each genetic unit s identified
part
the process of
evolution by its particular conditions of accumulation,
Rdulescu,

GEODYNAMIC EVOLUTION OF THE ROMANIAN TERRITORY

geodynamic evolution
Romanian territory followed successive cyeles of
ocean
and elosing
Geologic,
metallogenetic
data' provide evidence for reconstitution
more recent and
settings. The only
of spreadinglcompression events belongs to
cycle whereas preare represented by parts
sequences incorporated in Alpine structur.es.
present-day architecture of the Romanian territory is associated with the
development of the Tethyan trench
(palaeo- and Neo-Tethys). Both short-lived anei
more evolved rifts are characteristic of this setting and yielded various types of magmatic and
tauog,em~tlc products. Interpretation of ocean fioor
subduction, collision and

16

17

typically reflected in the relationships between its genetic and geochemical characters and the
processes of magmatism, sedimentation and metamorphism. It was decided that the basic unit
may reasonably be consjdered to be the metallogenic province which, with rare exceptions,
coincides with the corresponding petrological units. Detailed work carried out having regard
to the geographical distribution of ore deposits, as also to their age and paragenetic and
geochemical nature, led to the definin.g of subordinate metallogenic units - sub-provinces,
zones, districts, fields - or even to the individual identification of a number of isolated
deposits. This mode of presentation may be considered as classic and is able to provide the
maximum amount of information needed for an understanding of the combination of
circumstances which led to the formation of useful mineral resources. This information was
subsequently used as a basis for the preparation of the scale 1: 1,000,000 maps of useful
mineral resources in Romania- and of numerous prognostic maps and documents (Borco,
Krutner, Udubaa, Sndulescu, Nstseanu, Bioianu, 1984).
The concept of plate tectonics conceming the Romanian territory was introduced in
the geologicalliterature in the early 70's (e.g. Rdulescu, Sndulescu, 1973; Bleahu, 1974;
Hertz, Savu, 1974 etc.).
First metallogenetic interpretation in terms of plate tectonics is due to Ianovici, Vlad,
. Borco and Botinescu (1977) taking into account Romanian porphyry copper occurrences.
Subsequent significant contributions on plate tectonics and metallogenesis belong to Vlad,
concerning North Dobrogea (1978) and Banat metallogenesis (1979), Cioflica and Vlad
(1980, 1984), Vlad (1986) about Alpine metallogenesis, Folea, Vlad and Berbeleac (1987)
referring to Cu-Pb-Zn metallogeny during Alpine and pre-Alpine Wilson cycles, Berbeleac
(1988); Rdulescu, Borco and Sndulescu (1994) who correlated the main relations between
geotectonics and metallogenesis during the Alpine time taking into account metallogenetic
specialisation too, and Vlad, Borco (1994, 1997) on Alpine metallogenesis of the Romanian
Carpathians.

evolution in association with events of several Wilson orogen cycles are basic concepts that
permit a correlation attempt between geological features controlling pulsative ore deposition
du ring several cycles with the inherent geochemical behaviour of major metals, obvious
especially for the Upper Paleozoic and the Alpine cycle. Consequently, Precambrian, Paleozoic
and Alpine metallogenetic events are taken into account and reviewed below (Fig. 7, Plate 1).

PRECAMBRIAN METALLOGENESIS
Basement nappes of the Carpathians and a restricted area of Dobrogea expose in
places were well preserved Fe, Pb-Zn and Cu-pyrite deposits assigned to undeveloped
sequences of Wilson orogenic cycle/cycles. The Precambrian metallogeny represents on1y 5 %
of the total resources estimates of the country. Iron ore predominates and builds 70% of the
national iron potential. An overview on Precambrian metallogeny in the South Carpathians is
given by Udubaa (1987).
Metallogenesis associated with carbonate roda (possible equivalent to metallogenesis related to intracontinental rifting, Vlad, Borco, 1997)
This activity is represented by Pb-Zn carbonate hosted occurrences found in the East
and South Carpathians. The most signifieant deposits (e.g. Blazoa Valley) are found in the
medium-grade metamorphosed Rebra Group ofUpper Proterozoic age (East Carpathians). lts
, middle part ("the carbonate formation") contains stratabound ores lenses (mainly pyrite,
.- sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite) related to silieate, graphite and quartz intercalations in
carbqnate roeks (Udubaa, 1972/1996; Udubaa et al., 1983). Minor occurrences of the same
genetic type are located in the polymetamoprhic Fgra Group (South Carpathians).
Massive sulphide deposits (possible equivalent to metallogenesis related to oceanfloor spreading, Vlad, Borco, 1997)

Numerous ore deposits known and mined since Roman and even pre-Roman times
(Au, Ag, Pb, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, etc.) have intensively been extracted, mainly the high-grade
ores. Various metallic minerals were described as locus tipicus occurrences the world over
from very well-known ore regions as Baia Mare, South Apuseni Mts and Banat. Baia Mare
vein sets and the Gold Quadrangle are famous in the geological literature for their classical
gold-silver deposits whereas skams from Banat are reference deposits ofthis kind.
The occurrenceldistribution of metalliferous deposits within the above-mentioned
geotectonic framework is various from both quantitative and qualitative view-points.
Platforms contain restricted deposits (iron and copper ores) only in the Dobrogean realm. The
mobile regions are characterized by minor Ba, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe mineraIization in the North
Dobrogea region and widespread mineralization throughout almost alI stratigrafical levels of
the Carpathian orogen.The complex geological structure of the Carpathians explains the great
variety of the genetic/paragenetic metalliferous types resulted during a Iong evolution, from
Precambrian to Quatemary. In some cases, the remobilization played an important role in the
diversification of primary ore forming processes. Metallogenetic heredity and metallogenetic

The metallogeny is provided by mineralization of Cyprus-like type. Massive Cu-pyrite

ores are found in the Precambrian polymetamorphic Altn Tepe (AT) series ofthe Dobrogean
eraton (Fig. 8). The upper part of the Altn Tepe series (AT 2) exhibits a conspicuous
volcano-sedimentary character and encloses sever_al "en eehelon" subverticallenses of massive
sulphides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, sphalerite, galena, pyrrhotite) surrounded by
impregnation pyrite halo (Murean, 1972; Berbeleac, 1986).
.
Restricted occurrences of this kind are found in the metabasitic middle part of the
Bibaria series of Upper Proterozoic age (Bihor massif of the North Apuseni Mts). Theyare
found in the Brusturi-Luncsoara-Poiana district and a reeognizable mobilization of metals
during the Laramian metallogenesis is to be mentioned (Lazr et al., 1980).
The Getic Nappe of the South Carpathians . contruns minor metagabbro bodies with
disseminated Ni-eu-Co ores (especially pytrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite) in the vicinity of
the V1san Valley (Udubaa et al., 1988).

1,~

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Groups

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IPolazu More

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13 ~ I1 rTi.a
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c=:J2

[5233

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IV y Vy v

l7

~8

~9 ~10 ~11

units

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.. GaologicQI units hctonic

l---r---]:-T-~

19

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14
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GEN ETI C TYPES

a.

Fig . 7

..

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.4

COMMODITIE

CJS ', , 6 [.: ::.::-:.17

Fig. 7 - Suggested time distribtition of representative aceumulations of metalliferous and nonmetalliferous

mineral resour~ using lithostratigraphic correlation markers of the Proterozoic and Paleozoic formations
(ace. to Ktiiutner inZoubek, 198; with completions)
Key: GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS: 1, molasse formations; 2, metadetrital rocks; 3, limestones and/or
dolomites fonnations; 4, graphite schist formations; 5, leptino-amphibolitic formations; 6, acid volcanic rocks;
7, basic volcanic rocks; 8, granite-granitoide; 9, amphibolites; 10, thyolitic metavolcanics; Il, basic volcanosedimentary formations.
.
GENETIC TYPES: 1, hydrothermal; 2, marine; 3, volcano-sedimentary; 4, metamorphosed magmatic liqUid;
5, metamotphosed hydrothermal; 6, metamorphosed volcano-sedimentary; 7, metamorphic; 8, metamorphic
differentiation.
COMMODITIES: 1) Fe, NICu; Cr. 2) Mn;!:Fe, barite. 3) Cu, Pb, Zn, Py, Au, Ag, barite. 4) U-Th, TR, Zr,
Nb, Ta, -Cu, Pb, Zn, Py, Mo, Bi. 5) Muscovite, quartz,feldspar. 6) Li, Be, Kyanite, taIc. 7) Graphite.
REPRESENTATIVE ACCUMULATIONS: 1. Palazu Mare (Fe); 2. Armeni, Valea Fierului-Bouari (Fe)~ 3.
ltn Tepe (Fe, Cu); 4. Poiana Mrului (Ni); 5. Titianu (Ni); 6. Puskarschi (Cr); 7. Vlsan (Ni, Cu); 8.
Delineti (Mn); 9. Rzoare (Mn); 10. Bzdga (Fe, Cu); 11. Valea Blaznei (Py, Zn, Pbbarite); 12: Grditea
de Munte (U, Th, Tr, Nb, To); 13. Atpa <Ee); 14. Porumbaeu (Py, Zn, Pb); 15. Tople (Fe); Globu Ru (Mn,
Fe); 16. Negovanu (Kyanite); 17. Ungurela (Graphite); 18. Muntele Rece (Feldsphar, U); 19-23. Uricani
(Quartz), Teregova (Feldspar), Voineasa (Muscovite), Conu (Li), Pietrele Albe (Be); 24. Boia Haeg (Py, Zn,
Pb); 25. Boclugea (Fe); 26. ipot-Dibari' (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, barite); 27. lacobeni (Mn); 28. Burloaia-Fundu
Moldovei-Leu Ursului-Blan (Py,
Pb, Zn); 29. Rusaia (Fe); 30. Izvorul Cepii <RY); 31. Teliuc, Ghelar
(Fe); 32. Izvoiul Bistriei (Fe); 33. Lelese (taie); 34. Muncel (pb, Zil), Veel (Cu, Zn, Pb); 35. Piueni (U, Cu);
36. Highi (Cu, Py); 37. Muntele Mare (l;J); 38. Balabancea, Mcin (Fe); 39. Zimbrul~ Padi (U)Cu, Pb, Zn);
40. Rmua(U, Mo); 41.lliova-Gabretina (U, Cu, Pb, Zn); 42.Svinia-Streniac (UCu, Pb, Zn); 43. Budinic,
Ciudanovia (U); 44. Repedea (U).
.

eu.

it

it

.-~.-

,.
N

19

GEOLOGI CAL ,FORMATIONS

"111/12"3

.
--U 1 ---

.- L--T
--- ----------~

Rebra

~
--23

. ---:----- - 1, Bo,o 1,
,de Ar.i

7"

l'
26
.-,-,..... I : :
',"- '1 .

' i~
:Nuncel:
----,

l._~_J : ,~

:-

V)

el

1 A1t?_n__T_epe

-.
I

.
I
I.

_
Fagaras - -

'2:l

....
28-

Tulghe,

r!Vi
:

Neomtu-L
Pius
l ' - - [ j " 21 lainici
----,

.I

- - - - __
24

.- -,

_.-.1..
.-......
:~

I
I
_

,-

~~i!}!!ni I
r.,~..:.... l'I

1-[;.!~:~~~=~=-la37 .
u

1
'

:
1

I
I

~..;~-v~

32
.! .

""".'

. . ~.

~~epedea

:-;:" 31

33

;:;~;~.

341
I

Pade~
;~.... ".>o..
III.

I
I

~---

'<:' :.:,:~
<. . ~~:

.
. o. .

---- I

42

;.'. >-'

: ... :-.... .

;::. :::.<1

I
I

'

2S[ V
"-'"

80ctugea

I
I---r
. . Negina

'

J-t- -=- ~-~[

I G~::~ist I

I
I

I
I

De~I~_ttorji

1~

Triassic

!1~381

1:':'::"'
I
::: 41 I
43 ~:::
'. '. : ..:'..:'. : ..

I
J6

EAS.T

Mts.

. ...,::.
44 ~..
. . .'...
1"'"::::'0..:' .,':': 39I
1 40

a..

....

-n

CODRU
_
0' __ '

APU SENI

BIHOR

CARPATHIANS

SUPRAGETIC

II

SOUTH

GETIC

CARPATHIANS

LOWER DANUBIAN IUPPER DANUBIAN

NORTH

o O B RO GEA

~:.~!u
1 II [ ... '.1

00

'J

23

21

Last but not least, some comme,nts about the Precambrian pegmatites: minor Be and
pegmatites are found in the South Carpathians. Spodumene bearing pegmatites
found at Conu, in the Middle Proterozoic Sebe-Lotru Group of the Getic Nappe, are the
most charactenstic. Alternative to the magmatic formation, Hann (1987) estmates that
pegmatite genesis is a metamorphic process resulting in differential matter mobilization and
anatexis through metasomatism.
o o B ROG E A - - - - -.. ,
5,
.... . . - - - - - 5 OUT H
Li~bearing

500
looom
......-""'-""'"---'----',

Bile

BorSi1J

6>11 - Facies distribution in the Burloaia-Gura Bii district {ace. to Zincenko,

Key: 1 - central fades with Pb-Zn bearing massive pyritic ore; 2 - intermediate facies with
massive andlor disseminated pyritic ore; 3 - marginal facies with Zn-Cu bearing disseminated
bearing dissemnated
ore; 5 - Neogene volcanic rocks; 6 - underground development.

UPPER PALAEOZOIC METALLOGENESIS .

The
Apuseni Mts. are nr~''''",r''rI,h
advanced
the total resources esl1rnlatt~S

Fe, Cu, Mo,

Wilson orogenic
country.

South Carpathians
U ores related to H ......'.p."',lU

MetaUogenesis related to intracontinental .... ".... "'"

The products are
by Fe-Ba, Pb-Zn
(siderite, ankerite, ....v.v.u ..v,
calcite, magnetite, lenlatlte, barite, galena, sphalerite) foundin the Devonian calcareous
chlorite-albite and
schists of the Ruchia-Alunugreenschists
G~elar Series, upr'ag~~tlc N""nn'C (Poiana Rusc
South Carpathians). The ores
are ofLahn Dill type and
the Ghelar-Teliuc district
1977) (Figs. 12, 13).

Fig. 9 - Cross-section through the northem part of South Dobrogea in the Ovidiu-Palazu-Cocou region (ace. ta
in Zoubek, 1988).
Key: I Upper Cretaceous and Cenozolc cover; 2 Jurassic carbonate cover; 3 "Greenschist
Formation" (Baltgeti Member) (Upper Brioverian); 4-5 - Cocou Group (Brioverian): 4 - upper detrital
formation; 5 lower spilitic formation; 6 - Palazu Mare banded iron ore formation (Lower Proterozoic); 7 Gneisses (Archean?)

LOWER P ALAEOZOIC METALLOGENESIS

metallogenesis is characterised by Fe,..Mn, Cu, Ba and U deposits related to
intracontinental rifting which promoted the
cycle. Except the Izvoru Cepii
pyrite stratiform ores located in the Ordovician-Silurian Repedea
(East Carpathians),
metallogenetic products, that might be ascribed to the Caledonian orogeny in the broad sense,
are not exposed. Th~ most representative occurrences of the Lower Palaeozoic metallogenesis
are linked to
Tulghe Group (East Carpathians). According to
and petrometallogenetic characteristics the interpre\ation of rift related metallogeny (Folea et al., 1987)
s therefore adopted.
J
Carpathian metalliferous occun-ences represent around
% of the total
resource estimates of Romania. A 180 km long belt' located in the Bucovinian~Subbucovinian
nappes runs NW-SE ftom Baia Bora to Blan. Mineralizations of Pb-Zn, Cu-pyrite, Fe-Mn
and Ba character arerelated to volcapogenic
of the
Ordovician
Tulghe Group.
metalydite (metajaspilite)-graphite assemblage with specific black
quartzites exposes lenses
Fe-Mn ores (rhodocrosite, rhodonite, tephroite, spessartite,
mangangrunerite,
and Mn oxides and hydroxides
at Cr1ibaba, Iacobeni, Broteni and
of
ores at Holdia-Broteni (Bistria Mts) (Hrtopanu, 1996). The volcano-sedimentary

23

22

formation
bimodal basic-acid volcanics contains folded and boudip.ed
sulphides and stratiform .disseminated sulphides
(pyrite, chalcopyrite,
galena and arsenopyrite, locally also cassiterite, bismuthinite, boumonite
tetrahedrite) (Kiutner,1966. 1984,1988, 1989). Theores are found in four metallogenetic
districts, Bora-Vieu (Maramure) (Figs. 10, 11), Fundu Moldovei-Leu Ursului,
umuleu and Blan-F~gu Cetii.
y

Gura III. Hlil

NNE

ssv

. . . . . .. . . . .
. . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . .

""

11oooj

. .

IQ,-Geological cross-section through the Gura Bii,ore deposit (ace. to Zincenco et a!., 1975).
Key: ly Dealul Bucii rhyodacitic metavolcanics; 2 - Dealul Bucii base-metal lt.wel; 3 - lower phyJltic
graphiiici~hists; 4 - Burloaia-Gura Bii lower rhy~itic me!avolcanics; 5 - lower phyUitic muscovitic schists;
8
6 - impregnation and massive-looking base-metal gre:from Burloaia-Gura Bii Ieve1; 7 upper phyUitic
10 - muscovitic- Burloaia-Gura BU Upper rhyodacitic metavolcanics; 9 - upper phyllitic
11 - neogene andesites; 12 - faults.
quartzitic schists (Ivcoaia

Krautner (1984) divided

ores into
morphologic-depositional types:
- Isipoaia type: massive sulphide lenses with inner
metal character
outer
Cu-pyrite mineralization and peripheral pyrite halo
Burloaia, Gura Bii, Colbu,
.
Ursului zone II, Fundu Moldovei zone 1);
- Fundu Moldovei type: tratiform dissemnated Cu-pyrite as ore-bearing beds (e.g.
Fundu Moldovei zones II and In,
Ursului zone III);
Ursului
base metal
ore grading to Pb-Zn
Leu
zone 1) or Cu (e.g. Blan) disseminatro,ns. Ore
are found in places as a result of
metamorphic mobilisation
Blan).
Less extended similar Cambrian occurrences are found elsewhere,
in the
South Carpathians (stratabound pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, 'bomite ores at Boia
Haeg,
Gtoup
Getic Nappe) and in the North Apuseni Mts. (small-sized
concordant
and
Cu-pyrite ores at Lupa, Muncel Nappe of the GiluMuntele Mre M a s s i f ) .
.

Fig. Il - Facies distribution in the Burloaia-Gura Bii district (ace. to Zincenko, 1975).
Key: 1 - central facies with Pb-Zn bearing massive pyritic ore; 2 - intermediate facies with Cu-Po-Zn bearing
massive andlor disseminated pyritic ore; 3 - marginal facies with Zn-Cu bearing disseminated pyritic ore; 4 - Cubearing disseminated pyritic ore; 5 - Neogene volcanic rocks; 6 - underground development.

UPPER PALAEOZOIC MET ALLOGENESIS .

The basement nappes and the Pennian molasse of the South Carpathians and
Apuseni Mts. are preferential sites of Fe, Cu, Mo, Pb-Zn and U ores related to incipient and
advanced stages of a Variscan Wilson orogenic cyc1e. Such occurrences represent only 2 % of
the total resources estimates of the country.
Metallogenesis related to intracontinental rifting

The products are represented by Fe-Ba, Pb-Zn lenses (siderite, ankerite, dolomite,
calci te, magnetite, hematite, barite, galena, sphalerite) found in the Devonian ca1careous
chlorite-albite and sericite-chlorlte schists of the Ruchia-Alunugreenschists fonnation,
Ghelar Series, Supragetic Nappes (Poiana Rusc massif of the South Carpathians). The ores
are of Lahn Dill type and c1uster in the Ghelar-Teliuc district (Kdiutner, 1977) (Figs. 12,. 13).

24

Metallogenesis 10, su~~uction ...related settings

The Carboniferous Pad,es series with related ores occurs in the north-eastem part of
the Poiana Rusc massif (SouthCarpathians) andthe Rapolt massif (Apuseni Mts) (Krutner,
1964). The Muncelu Mic-Rapolt district contains Pb-Zn-Cu stratiform banded and
disseminated ores p~ly mobilised along schistosity; the host rock is acidic metavolcanic part
of the Lenic fonnation (upper part of the Pade series) (Guru, 1967, 1980). Muncelu Mic
deposit is of Pb . .Zn character (Pb/Zn = 1/2}and Veel deposit of Zn-Cu character (Zn/Cu =
2/1).
;
Metallogenesis in post..coUision related settings

In Permian molasse environments stratiform Cu-U and discordant Cu-Mo mobilisates

occur in sandstone-microconglomeate levels at Zimbru and Cu stockworks and U vein-like
ores
ores in rhyolites at Rnua, in the Moma massif (North Apuseni Mts) (Vlad, 1980).
consist of pitchblende, chalcopyrite, umohoite, bomite, calcite, covellite,' tetrahedrite,
molybdenite and pyrite in quartzose gangue and belong to an ensialic aborted' Simtim. CuU ores
found at Ciudanovita, South Banat region (South Carpathians) .
,

. '

ALPINE MET ALLOGENESIS

Fig. 12 Poiana Rusc! Hercynian crystaHine massif - South
Pade Series (Upper Devonian - Lower Carboniferous); 2 .Io.&l.l:ll!ll;;M'v~;lRill)l
MuncelVeeI type basemetal accumulations; 4 basic volcano-sedimentary fOl'lrnation
metatuff deposlts; 6 iron ore in earbonate and oxidic
7
8 Paleocene gtanitoids.

.
fi'"

,
~.

SO
i

100
.

schists

150m
t

300

200

100

~11

Fig. 13 - Geological section tlrrough the Teliuc ore deposit (ace. to Krliutner, 1970).
I alluvia; 2 gypsum mafks; 3 quartzites; 4 chalybite; 5 . iron dolomite; 6 dolomites within the ore
deposit; 7 lin1onite; 8 itabirite, magnetite; 9 m11estones; 10 dolomites; 11 - chlorite-sericite and chlorite calcareoua
bearing tuffite.

. The Alpine melallogenesis characterised especially by Au, Ag, Pb,

Cu, Mo, Mn,
( Ti,. V, W, Sb, Bi, Cd, Hg, Ca, CrltNi, U, Th, Tr) is, significantly developed throughout
the mobile' zones ofthe Romanian territorY'(Carpathians andNorth Dobrogea).
recognized,
Metallogenesis related to an stages of a Wilson otogeniccycle has
Le.from intracontinental rifting to spreading-, subduction-, co.lIision- and post-collisionrelated settings. The geological features that controlled the episodic ore deposition during this
cycle are correlated with the geochemical behaviour of themaj6r metals (Plate 1) . The main
stages are COl"Jlected with the Laramian (Banatitic) magm.atic products (especially skam
deposits and' porphyry deposits) and Late Tertiary volcariicproduct (especially vein deposits
.,,~ .
and porphyry deposits).
Most important metallogenetic areas are moreover\ coincidental with plutonic
spatial disposition, especially with the subvolcanic structures, much more obious in case of
Tertiary magmatism (Fig. 14). Highly significant' the fracture set connected to
pluton,
its evolution controlling the metallogenetic events.
Such genetic relationships, present well specified by adequate means of geological
and geophysical studies, have been promoted in the Metaliferi Mountains (Ghiulescu, 1935)
and to a large extent geophysically proved in the volcanic zones of the East Carpathians and
in thewestem part of the South Carpathians, in the banatitic province (Socolescu et al., 1964;
Socolescu, 1972, respectively).

26

27

MetaDogenesis related to intracontinentaI rifting

The products of this metallogen~tic acivity are found both in the Carpathian and the
North Dobrogean realms.
'
(
The Dobrogea well expressed NW -SE trending alignments of bimodal (basaltic)
rhyolitic igneous rocks are especially associated with stratabound Ba-Pb-Zn and Fe ores
within Spathian calcareous-terrigenous turbidites of the Tulcea tectonic ' unit (Vlad, 1978).

~s

-'
-'a

~7

c::? '

. ~..,;) 10

,,-

":
::::......
....... "

In the Somova-Cortelu area stratiform sedimentary barite with subjacent

Pb-Zn ores
formed inside minor submarine depressiens; subsequent small-sized Ba-Pb-Zn veins occurred
stockworks
K-altered
in steep-dipping fractures .a.long antic line cres~ and
contamsinfiltration
of Ro
rhyelites.
margin of ilie North Dobrogea rrfassic
Marina type within some Spathian turbidites at Iulia. The skam deposits contam hematitemagnetite as a result of Fe mobiliation trom the basement. Otber details conceming the
geology and the mineralogy of these types of ore deposits in lanovici et aL (1957, 1977), Vlad
(1978).
Danubian units of the South Carpathians contain Mo-W mineralization
the
Mraconia regioo.. The enviroiunent consists of bimodal magmatic prQducts represented by
.north-south
monzogranite-granodiorite dykes and lamprophyre dykes that penetrated
mylonitised metamorphic rocks ofthe Neamu series (Metallogenetic unit IA in Plate 1). A
major monzogranite dyke underwent potassie and phyllie alteration; molybdenite and
common sulphides veinlets and impregnations occur in the phyllie zone. .carbonate
ntercalations of the surrounding crystalline schists were converted into skams with scheeHte,
pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite andhematite. Radiometrie age data (209-145 m.y.,
and
bimodal magmatic pi'oducts with associated porphyry Mo mineralizatiofi are characteristic of
an aborted ensialic rift.,!t ls, however,difflcult to ascertain trus rifting represents back-arc
extension of
Paleozoie collisional Ogradena granitoids or incipient intracontinental
rupturing during the Early Mesozoic (Vlad et1984).
.
basement nappes ofthe South aud EastCarpatruans contain small Pb-Zn-Ba ore
deposits.
Fgra Group (South Carpathians) is cut by Jurassic bimodal (alkali-rhyolite
and lamprophyre) dykes and Pb-Zn ore veins controlled by regional ENE-WSW lineation.
quartz or barite gangue (Brsa
inca-Holbav
Common sulphides occur in
metaliogenetc districts) (Manilici, 1956; Nedelcu, Anton, 1964). Aborted rifts found in the
Bucovinian Nappe (East Carpathians) contain Ba-Pb-Zn,
and Mo oceurrences related to
Mesozoc sedimentary and igneous rocks, as explained below (Ianovici, Borco, 1983).
Triassc dolomitic limeston~s at Delnia contain stratabound Fe (siderite) ores
assoeiated with minor barite and Pb-Zn ores. The lens-like bodies are mainly sideriticankeritic in the east
hematitie in the west (Tnsescu, Pitulea, 1962; lanovici et aL, 1963).
Along the Ostra-Gemenea-SItioara alignment. barite and witheri~e accumulations
are associated with base-metal ores. At Ostra north-south striking veins cut the metamorphic
basement and the Mesozoic sedimentary cover. At least two barite generations have
recognized as well as witherite, pyrite, sphalerite,
tetrahedrite; at depth the penetrated
gneisses are impregnated with barite. It seems likely that early barite occurrences were
remobilised during post-Jurassic rifting, before major Middle Cretaceous deformation.
Sltioara where base-metal
mineralization is found diseontinuously as
as
and barite veins cut the
schists (Metallogenetic Unit 1B in Plate 1).
,The Jurassie-Lower Cretaceous (196-121 m.y.)
alkaline intrus ion that
occurs at Ditru exhibits a conspcuous zonal structure; inner foidites are surrounded by
syenite and monzonite. Homblendite, diorite,
and alkali-granite o,ccurrenccs are
peripheral. Numerous lamprophyre, m'icrosyenite, alkali-granite aud aplite dykes cut the
massif. Albitite segregations and carbonate
occur locally. Porphyry Mo-like
mineralization oecurs alqng east-west alignments, especially in the east at Aurora. The

B~~OY

o,

10

Il

10

lOk ..
.

'

'

Fig. 14 - Alpine magmatic concealed structures, deduced from geophysical data

.
.
(acc. to Andrei et al., in: Vlad, B<;>rcQ, 1994). \
.
Key: 1- Neogene volcanics; 2 - Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene magmatites; 3 - isl~d arc products - andesites and
basalts, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous in age; 4 - Jurassicophiolites; 5 - JuraSsic alkaline intrusions; 6 - fault;
7 - inverse fault; 8 - nappes; 9 x - plutons and Neogene intrusi ve bodies; 10 x - plutons and intrusive bodies,
Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene in age; Il x -plutons and intrusive bodies, Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous in
age~ 12 ~ - Jurassic alkaline intrusions; 13 x - deep-seated extend of the ophiolitic complex; 14 x - major
fractures (x = Geophysical elements)

ores are at Jolotca hosted by diorite and homblendite and contain common sulphides aud
subordinate ilmeno-rutile. ilmenite.
tapiolite, columbite. The veins cutting the
,,,r.,,,nn.. contain xenotime, common sulphides and niobo-tantalates (Ianovici, 1938; Codarcea
et
1958; Ianovici, Ionescu, 1964; Constantinescu et al., 1983; Jakab. 1998)
(Metallogenetic Unit 1C Plate 1).

Metallogenesis related to ocean floor spreading

1- V

15~~:) 16~

c:::>
17

14C:::::>

C:--:)

9 - 1 0 - 11-12C--

13

u....:u 4~

8~

71+.. +;1

2~

sF---j 6r;>:j

JlL,

..... -:.:.-.':.:.1,....::.,

"'''''''''-UJLftUJlU''''

3rvvv1

Three successive Alpine subduction events in the Romanian Carpathians gave

to
of metallic ore deposits in Romania.
Jurassic-Lcwer CretaCeous. Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene.and
Tertiary events in
of isiand arc or
types (Plate 1).
turn
ore
The JUl'llSsic-Lower Cl'etaceollS subduction yielded three stages of magmatism
Mts
15). These are a tholeiite series and subsequent
the South
both
arc type, and a
spilitic complexassoci~ted with an active marginal
basin (Nicolae et al., 1992).
.
metallogenesis related to the tholeiitic
consists of Fe-Ti-V and Ni latemagmatic segregations in gabbraieintrusions and pyritic
veins and
in basaltic
(Socolescu. 1940;
1972; Cioflica. Vlad, 1984). The Fe-Ti-V
are
lenses
grains within layered gabbroic bodies at
found as titanomagnetite + ilmenite
Czneti-Ciungani.
Ni ores are confined to the Ciungani gabbroic body 'illJ","""''''''
pyrrhotite and pentlandite with associated ehalcopyrite
magnetite oceur as a small pod.
The pyritic Cu ,volcanogenic ores are
of
type sensu
and Gale
(1977). Various
and stockworks are controlled by brecciated basalts at Czneti...u~;......
Almel, and
Nou (Socolescu, 1
Savu, 1972). The mineralization at
Ptr iS located in theupper part of a basaltic unit and contains an inner
with pyrite +
chalcopyrite veinlets and a massve pod, surrounded by a disseminated pyrite aureole (Vlad et
al., 1998).
vast

r.:-:-l
1l...:....:.....

MetaUogenesis in subduction-related settings

':~::=~=========~==-~--------

The
Nappe of the South Carpathians contains ophiolites
related
Cu ores. During Mesozoic times an elongated
with oceanic crust formed between the
Danubian realms
named
by Rdulescu and Sndulescu,
Getic and
1973); it corresponds to the above-mentioned rift of
East and South Carpathians. The
resulting basaltic flows and pyroclastic rocks associated with .Lower Cretaceous flysch
"' ........ u .." ..." of
Severin Nappe were obducted eastward during Laramian compression when
Getic and the Danubian realms collided. Cioflica et al. (1981) provided geological and
geochemical evidence that the ophiolite association formed as tholeiitic ocean-floor
in
a small ocean basin; the re1ated ore deposits at Baia de Aram, were ascribed ta the Joma type
sensu Pearce and
(1977). They oeeur
basalts as smaIl stratiform pods of massive
chalcopyrite, with subordinate pyrite and sphalerite quartz gangue (Savu et al., 1986).
ore 1S commonly underlain by pyrite + chalcopyrite + sphalerite stockworks
(Metallogenetic Unit 2 Plate 1).

Fig. 15 - Ophiolites and island arc products in the alpine structural setting ofthe central-westem part ofthe Southem Apuseni Mountains (ace. to Andrei et al., 1986).
Key: 1 - Neogene molasse; 2 - Neogene volcanics; 3 - Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene volcanics; 4 - Jurassic sedimentary formations; 5 - Cretaceous sedimentary
formation; 6 - Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous islao.d arc products - andesite, basalt, 7 - diorite-granodiorite; 8 - Jurassic ophiolites, gabbros with Fe, Ti, V b); 9 Fault; 10 - Nappe; Il - Valea Muresului transcrustal fracture; 12 x. - Sheeted-dyke complex; 13 x - Gabbro-diorite intrusions Jurassic in age; 14 x - Granodiorite
intrusions Lower Cretaceous in age; 15 x - Quartz-diorite intrusions Paleocene in age; 16 x - Fe-Mn prospective area (1. Soimut-buceava, II. Pamesti); 17 x - Basemetal prospective area (II.Vorta-Dealul Mare, Ill. Savarsin, IV. Cerbia, 1. C8zanesti-Rosia).

IV

-o

28

30

3\

The calc-alkaline
. contain base-metal ores Vorta.
dacitic-andesiticrocks
andrelated pyroclastics underwent strong silieifieation aqd argiUization. The altered bimodal
volcanies
striking lenses and impregnations
pyrite, sphalerite, galena and
chaleopyrite and itwas thought that the ores are
Kuroko type (Udubasa et
1970,
unpubI. data). Vlad (1984), Vlad al. (1998) took over !hat sueh an island arc suite of roeks
may incorporate Kuroko-porphyry eOt:liDer
Minor voleano-sedimentary Mn ores. associated with jaspers oeeur in Lower
Cretaeeous sediments at oimu-Bueeava, Prneti and Godineti (Soeolescu, 1940; Savu,
1972).
This
arc-related metallogenesis Is represented in
1, Metallogenetie Unit 3.

The Upper C,.etaceous-Paleocene widesp,.ead weshfard subduction gave

to
polyphase calc-alkaline magmatism (Laramian magmatism, also known as "Banatitic"). This
Apuseni Mts, in
North, to
magmatic belt is 280krn long in Romania, and TUnS from
the 80uth Carpathians. It extends further southwards in Eastem Serbia (Yugoslavia) and
further to Srednagora (Bulgaria) (Ciofliea, Vlad, 1980).
major intrusive event, eommonly
with a monzoruorite or diorite-granodiorite evolutionary trend ora granodiorite-granite
evolutionary trend or both, i8 metallogenetieally the most important. . The magrhatsm
the
monzodiorite or diorite-granoruorite
was generaUy relatedto eopper mineralization in
porphyry environment. The magmatism of granodiorite-granite type generally
ores
non-porphyryenvironment: skam deposits predo~nim:ite, whereas vein deposits
are rare.
In Romania, the Laramian or Banatitic belt is comprised between the North
Apuseni, South Apuseni and South Carpathian subbelts.
subdivisions result from
different subduetion-related settings; ihey are at present distributeq along. a major
lineation.

metallogenetie unit is enaraeterized by granodiorite-granite

ma~grrlatl.sm

PO;:l"l1"P~lrI base-metal metallogenesis (Metallogenetie Unit 4a in Plate ~,

metallogenetie zones have been recognized (Ciofliea, Vlad, 1984):

1)
inner zone eorresponding to a northwestward direction of subduction exhibits
Ni,
a complex metallogenesis in the Bihor-Gilu Mts. It contains Fe, Mo, Bi, W, Cu, U,
Pb,
B, Au and Ag ores in. skams, stratiform-impregnation bodies, and veins in the
Bioara (lazr, Intorsureanu, 1982),
Bihorului (Giuc, 194 ; Stoici, 1
1983) and
Luncoara-Brusturi-Poiana rustriets (Berbeleac, Ionesc~ 1
Giuc 'et al., 1976; Lazr et
Theore zoning around the pluton is
al., 1978). Bia Bihorului is the most important
Mo-Bi-W-Cu-U-Pb-Zn/Mo-Bi-W-Cu-U-Pb-Zn-B and is expressed ina vertical eolumn
extending up to 1.5 km away from the granite pluton. Calcie and magnesian skams contain
. molybdenite, bisinuthinite,
sulfosalts and
scheelite (three generations), Cu
minerals, galena, sphalerite, szaibelyite + luc,lwigite, fluoborite and kotoite. Metasomatised
detrital homfeis (epidote + chlorite + actinolite, albite +, quartz
sericite + quartz
associations) contain and Cu
stratabound lenses and molybdenite in impregnations and
veinlets, whereas Paleozoic detrital rocks and crystalline schists situated
from
pluton
enclose bands
veins of common sulphides ores.
same granitie intrusion yielded

t:=Js 1=.....j10

11

Zt

""""

Fig. 16 - Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene magmatism and metallogenesis in the Alpine structural setting ofthe Apuseni Mts
region (ace. to Borco, Andrei et al., 1994; Borco etal., 1994).
.
Key: 1 - Tertiary molasse; 2 -Paleogene epicontinental formations; 3 - Mesozoic sedimentary cover; 4 - Permian molasse; 5
- Metamorphic formations: a - granitoids; 6 - Neogene volcanics;7* - granite-granodiorite complex: dacites, andesites; 8* quartz-diorites; 9* - andesite-quartz andesites; 10 - rhyodacitic volcano-sedimentary formation, Upper Cretaceous-in age; II
- Mesozoic ophiolites; 12 x - pluton; 13 x ~ intrusi ve major structures with their culminations; 14. x - intrusive structures of .
intermediary composition; 15 - tectonomagmatic and metallogenic alignments; 16 - fault; 17 - inverse fault; 18 - nappes; 19 main aceumulations (1-19 denominations); 20 - occurrences; 21 - d istricts.
Denominations ofthe accumulatOns:
l - Juleti-Valea Fagului; 2 - Valea Seac; 3 - . Bia Bihor; 4 - IzvOl;ul Bihorului; 5 - Valea Titior; 6 - Valea Vacii; 7 Brusturi-Luncoara; 8 - Rul Mic; 9 - IivQrul Anieului ; 10 - Gruiul Dumii; II - Lia; 12 - Masca; 13 - Nyerghes; 14 Cacova; 15 - Sohodol; 16 - Budureasa; 17 - Valea Boaica, Valea Stanciultii; 18 - Rchiele; 19 - Borod-Comiel.
* 7-9 Intrusions Paleocene in age
x Geophysical elements

33

32

ores as stratifonn impregnations

Ni, Co, Bi) ores veins and
"pentametallicll (U,
and Luncoara (Lazr et al.,
replacement base-metal ores at
at Avram Iancu
1980).
metals and
2) the outer zone (for the same subduction
is noted for
Scrind-Rchiele
located in the VIdeasa Massif. Hydrothennal Pb-Zn 6res occur
(Berbeleac
lJ'~n~1tp et
. Gheorghiescu
1980)
Borod-Comitei
al.,1982).
Some further details conceming the regional zoning in the area are given by tefan
al. (1988).

~11:.-=12~3~4 ~5!A 1\16

~
b
b

+"'''+11,
(.
-"15 ::""}16
,+....
...._"
...... .
c:::> 18 I
O

50

100'

' .

.1

lS0km
!

South Apuseni subbelt

In a
_area
are
by
or
granodiorite magmatism with caldc Fe-skam
(Vaa)
granodiorite-granite
magmatism with Mo-Cu-pyrite vein deposits (Svrin, Cerbia). Recent radiometric age data
"' ... /<,.1<,....;,., that tms magmatism may be of Lower Cretaceous age (tefan, 1986). The plutonism
would represent the completion ofthe above-mentioned
subduction event.

Carpathian (Banat-Poiana

Mts) subbelt

This unit
oftwo zones that are paraNel to a suture-like.contact between two
blocks that collided during the
defonnation (Vlad, 1979).
suture is the
remnant of the above-mentioned rift of the East and South Carpathians (Meta110genetic Unit
1
magmatic
bodies
to the
activity are
4b in Plate 1,
outlined geophysical images
et al., 1994)
illustrated in
1) the
zone (for a westward direction of subduction) in the South Banat Mts
a monzodiorite or diorite-granodiorite magmatism and related Cu-Mo porphyries that
occur at Moldova Nou (e.g, Suvorov orebody, Gheorghi, 1975) and Sasca (Con~tantinescu,
1980);
2) the outer zone in the North Banat-Poiana
Mts exposes granodiorite-granite
ma;grI1latlSm with
Pb-Zn skarn deposits (Dognecea an4-'Ocna deand Mo-W-Cu
deposits (Oravia) (Codarcea,
1931; Vlad,
Gherghiescu, 1975).
Regional
occurrences, tectonic characteristics, alteration and L.v. . . . .j!'" ore mineralogy and other related
porphyry and non-porphyry
elements fonn the outline of the metallogenetic models
I).
environments
(Vlad,
1996)
(plate
___________________ w. _____________________________ _______________
~

Barite
Cu PbZnMo

...."-+~+~ _.-

......

..- . +
.. +

/\.

_________________________________________ _

17 - Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene magmatism and metallogenesis in the

structural
ofthe West Meridional
Carpatbians
to Andrei et al., 1989).
1 - Neogene molllSse; 2 - Mesozoic sedimentary cover; 3 - Pennian molllSse; 4 - metamorphic
a) granitoids,
b) bllSic and ultrabllSic
5 Upper Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary fonnation a), Upper Cretaceous volcanics b); 6.
granodiorites, andesites; 7 - granites-granodiorites; 8 - monzodiorites-monzogranites; 9 - gabbros-monzogabbros;
11 inverse fault; 12 nappe; 13 - overthrust plane; 14 - pluton; 15 - pluton culminations of acid composition; 16.
pluton culminations ofintennediary and bllSic composition; 17 - main ore
(1. Ruchita, 2.
3. VaJioara,
4.
5. Ocna de
6. Dognecea, 7. Surduc, 8. Oravita, 9.
10. SlISca MontaJl, 11. Moldova NouA.... ",."",,,,,. 12. Moldova Nou; 13. Vrad; 14.
Mare; 15.
18 districts: 1.
''''''''''''\4, II.Tncova, III. Ocna de Fier-Dognecea, IV.
V. Moldova
VI. Lilieci-Nasovl!.l:, VII. Teregova-

/\

/\

/\

..

55 miI. y

/\

/\ -;:/\ -;:. 75 miI. y

XXXlC.

_ _.II!FeTi,V

lCX)(X

x x X
x)( x

Nou

Fi .17

34

35

TABLE 1 - Model Suvorov-Granodiorite Type, Cu-Mo Monoascendent Evolution,

Skarn Halo (M IV in Fig. 18A, Plate 1)
DESCRIPTION. Chalcopyrite + pyrite in stockwork in hydrothennaHy altered
hypabyssal-subvolcanic intrusives and in rdated skam with retrograde alteration.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
.
Rock types. Monzodiorite and diorite to granodiorite plutons with hypabyssalsubvolcanic apophyses intruding carbonate rocks or calcareous siliciclastic sequences of
Mesozoic age. The sedimentary rocks belong to the Getic Nappe and the igneous rocks to
the Banatitic belt developed in the Apuseni Mts:, Banat-Poiana Rusca Mts., Eastem Serbia
and Srednagora.
.
Age 72-67 m.y.
Structural type. The porphyry copper system is centered on subvolcanic apophyses
of deep-seated plut(ms.
.
Depositional environment. Deep-seated intrusion of N-S striking and westward
dipping tongue-Iike pluton in mainly carbonate milieu. Intense fracturing: first order
strikes N-S and second order strikes E-W (orthogonal system). Permeable volcanoplutonic complex with volcanic part eroded and subvolcanic hypabyssal apophyses
exposed.
Major tectonic setting. Andean-type magmatic arc.
Large scale zonality/associated deposit types. Cu-Mo sotckwork in hydrothennally
altered igneous host - skam Cu Mo, W - replacement Pb-Zn -" telethermal As-Sb presumable Carlin gold.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Magnetite chalcopyrite, pyrite impregnations in potassic zone,
pyrite + chalcopyrite sphalerite, molybdenite, tetrahedrite veinlets and pyrite +
chalcopyrite impregnations in 'phyllic zone (restricted areas of intensive silicification
contain molybdenite pyrite, c~alcopyrite veinlets and impregnations). Magnetite that
replaced andraditic gamet and pyrite + chalcopyrite veinlets and impregnations in skam
with extensve fracturing and propy,litization.
Alteration. Pervasive potassic alteration (biotite + K feldspar + anhydrite) in the
lower part of the subvolcanic apophyses is associated with a.ndraditic gamet in carbonate
rocks. Phyllic alteration (seri cite + quartz + chlorite) in the upper part of the subvolcanic
apophyses is associated with argillic (montmorillonite kaolinite) and propylitic (epidote
+ chlorite + calcite) alteration in skam. The alteration pattern s concentric' of Lowell and
Guilbert type.
Ore controls. Intense stockwork veining in igneous and skam rocks contains most
ofthe copper.
Weathering. Argillization and "Iimonitization".
Geochemical signature. Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn, As (Sb, Au, W)
Deposits/Prospects Moldova Nou: Vlirad, Garana, Valea Mare, Suvorov,
Corcana-Baies, Greci-Apele Albe), Sasca, opot (Lilieci, Purcariu, Nasovat). :

TABLE 2 - Model Bozovici-Granodiorite Type, Cu-Mo Monoascendent Evolution,

Pyrite Halo (M V in Fig. 18B, Plate 1)
DESCRIPTION. Stockwork vein1ets of quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite and
intrusion.
molybdenite in porphyritic
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock types. Minor quartz diorite to quartz monzodiorite apophyses of deep-seated
plutons intruding crystalline
of Pre-Mesozoic age. The metamorphic rocks belong
to the
Nappe and the igneous rocks to the Banatitic belt developed in
Apuseni
Mts., Banat - Poiana Rusca Mts., Eastern Serbia and Srednagora
Age. "Laramian"
Structural type. High-Ievel porphyry subvolcanic-hypabissal apophyses and dikes.
The porphyry copper system not weH expressed.
Depositional environment. Deep-seated intrusion
N-S striking plutons in
crystaHine schists and shallow (subvolcaruc-hypabyssal) apophyses.
Major tectonic
Andean-type
arc.
Large
zonalityl associated deposit types. Not expressed.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Quartz
with chalcopyrite, pyrite, magnetite and molybdenite
In the upper part of the potassic zone and sporadic molybdenite, chalcopyrite and
magnetite impregnation
the lower part of the potassic zone (Bozovici). Pyrite
chalcopyrite, magnetite impregnations in phyllic and argillic zone (Teregova-Lapusnicel).
Disseminated pyrite halo.
Alteration.
potassic alteration (biotitization) at Bozovici,
potassic, phyllic and argiHic alterations at Teregova-Lapusnicel. The alteration pattern is
not weB expressed.
Ore controls. Veinlets and mineralized fissures in the upper part. The stockwork
pattern is replaced at depth by impregnations (Bozovici).
Weathering. Not weU expressed.
Geochemical signature. Cu, Mo, Pb, Zn
DepositlProspects. Bozovici, Teregova- Lpunicel

Metallogenetic models in porphyry environment. The South

subbelt
nt......... tI" ..." deposits and prospects that have in comrnon the occurrence of porphyritic
tongue-like apophyses of deeply buried plutons of monzodiorite or
to granodiorite
composition. Such apical
centres of
hydrothermally developed
sulphide mineralization and rock alteration controlled
intensively fractured host
Two models are outlined, that is
Suvorov model with
and
Bozovici model
(Vlad ano Borcos, 1996). Their
are presented in
1, 2
18.

36

37

. . . ,." .....tM.J

3 - Model
de Fier: Fe-Cu Skarn Deposits
(M II in Fig. 19, Plate 1)

+
+

+
+

1...... ......1 21'--_------II

41 +

I slx

7l::1M
a
b

Fig. 18 - Banatitic porphyry copper models (ace. to Vlad, Borco, 1996).

Key: A. Model Suvorov; B. Model Bozovici. 1 - Supragetic crystalline schists; 2 - Getic crystalline schists; 3 carbonate rocks; 4 - monzodiorite and diorite to granodiorite plutons; 5 - subvolcanic and hypabissal apophyses
of dioritic to granodioritic composition; 6 - volcanic edifices of andesitic composition; 7 - mineralization: a)
porphyry copper; b) Cu skam.

DESCR1PTION. Magnetite + hematite, chalcopyrite + pyrite in crudc dar:k

and in magnesian skams.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock types. Granodiorite pluton intruding carbonate rocks. The carbonate
belong to
Supragetic nappe and to the Transylvanide and Apusenide Groups of
Nappes. The plutons belong to the Banatitic belt developed in the Apuseni Mts., BanatPoiana Rusca Mts., Eastern Serbia and Srednagora.
Age. "Laramian"
Structural type. The skarn association occurs near the
contact by
ditfusion/infiltration metasomatism (proximal skarns).
Depositional environment. Crystruline schists and sedimentary carbonate rocks
intruded by felsic plutons.
Major tectonic
Andean-type or island arc subduction-related magmatism.
Large sca1e zona1ity/associated deposit types. Contact aureole around the pluton:
Fe-Cu skarn -- Pb/Zn skarn -- polymetaJlic replacement or pyrite veins.
DEPOSIT DESCR1PTION
Mineralogy. Magnetite + hematite ludwigite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite,
galena.
minerals may be present.
A1teration. Dolomitic environment: grossularite + vesuvianite inner zone; diopside
+ phlogopite center; forsterite phlogopite, clinohumite outer
cruciphyre peripheral
zone. Retrograde alteration to tremolite, epidote, serpentine, truc. In places
temperature fassaite, spinel
Crucareous environment: andradite in zone~ pyroxene restricted outer zone; marble
peripherru zone. Epidote, chlorite, tremolite-actinolite as post-skarn minerals. In places
temperature spurrite and melilite (Magureaua Vatei).
Igneous rocks may be altered to diopside + grossularite (endoskarn).
Ore controls. Irregular or tabular iron oxides bodies in andradite skam or fractures
zones in marble. Magnetite + ludwigite magnesian skams. Associated
rocks are
barren.
Weathering. Fe-rich gossan.
.
Geochemical signature.
Cu,
Zn, Co, Bi. Strong magnetic anomalies.
Deposits: Ocna de Fier, Bioara, Mgureaua Vaei, Tincova.
/

Fig. 19 - Banatitic skam models (ace. to Vlad, 1990).

Key: 1 - granitoid pluton; 2 - dyke; 3 - Model Bia Bihoru1ui;
4 - Model Ocna de Fier; 5 - Model Dognecea.

Metallogenetic models in non-porphyry environment.

Apuseni Mts and South
Carpathian subbelts contain skam deposits and prospects related to granodiorite - granite
plutons. When wall-rocks are mainly
deposits occur near
contact
and
skarn deposits occur
contact. When wall-rocks are various
sedimentary rocks and coeval.or older igneous rocks, magnesian and calcic skams with Mo,
W, Bi, Cu, Pb, Zn
B
are found near and away
the pluton.

38

39

models are defined that is the Ocna de

model and the Dognecea model of
host rock with proximal~and distal skarn formation, respectively, and
8ihorului model with
formation through the
contact
of the pluton. These contrasts are the re suIt
processes that proceed to different extent in
response to similar
magmatism and wall-rocks of various origin. Tables 3, 4, 5
Figure 19 show their

TABLE 4 - Model Dognecea: Pb-Zn Surn Deposits

19, Plate 1)
(M III in
DESCRlPTION. Sphalerite + galena in dark calcic skarns.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock
Granodiorite pluton intruding
rocks.
carbonate rocks
belong to the Supragetic Nappe and to
Transylvanide and North Apusenide Groups of
Nappes. The plutons belong to the Banatitic belt developed in the Apuseni Mts., BanatPoiana
Mts.,
Serbia and Srednagora.
Laramian"
Structural type.
skarn system occurs hundreds of meters from intrusive by
infiltration metasomatism (distal skarns).
Depositional environment. CrystaHine schists and sedimentary carbonate rocks
intrucled by feisic plutons.
Major tectonic setting. Andean-type or island arc subduction-related magmatism.
Large scale zonality/associated deposit types. Contact aureole around the pluton:
-- polymetaJlic replacement or pyrite vens.
skarn -- Pb/Zn
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. SphaJerite + galena + pyrite magnetite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite,
pyrrhotite.
Alteration. Andradite restricted inner
Mn-salite to Mn-ferrosalite (Fediopside) center; Mn-hedenbergite outer zone; marble peripheraJ zone. Retrograde
to tremolite-actinolite, chlonte, epidote, ilvaite.
Ore controls. l'v1n-hedenbergite ilvite skarn contruns pipe-like or tabular Pb-Zn
orebodies.
Weathering.
with strong Mn oxide struns.
Geochemical signature. Zn, Pb, Mn, Cu,
Deposits: Dognecea, Ruschia,
Brustun.
in the
ore deposits have
mined
pre-Roman
and
century by such well-known geologists (from the Freiberg school) as B. von Cotta and F.
Accordingly, the deposits at Dognecea, Ocna de
Bia 8ihorului became
ali over
world.
have a rich
complex paragenesis, with up to 200 ore and
gangue minerals. Several minerals were described from
deposits
first time,
ludwigite, szaibelyite, veszelyite..etc.,
Udubaa et al. (1992).

TABLE 5 - Model Baita Bihorului: Mo-Bi-W-Cu Surn Deposits

(M I in Fig. 19, Plate 1)

DESCRIPTION. Molybdenite, scheelite, chalcopyrite,' Bi-minerals in caldc light

skams and magnesian skams.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock type. Granite (granodionte) pluton (batholith) intruding carbonate rocks and
earbonate-siliciclastic sequences. The earbonate roeks belong to the Getic Nappe andthe
Apusenide Group of Nappes. The plutons belong to the Banatitic belt developed in the
Apuseni Mts., Banat-Poiana Rusea Mts., Eastem Serbia and Srednagora.
Age: "Laramian"
Structural type. The skam system occurs near
contacts by
diffiJsion/infiltration metasomatsm (proxima! skams at Oravita and Baita Bihorului) and
hundreds of meters from the contact by infiltration metasomatsm (distal skams at Ciclova
and Baita BihoruJui).
Depositional environment. Contacts and roof pendants of pluton and thermal
aureoles of pluton and apical zones of stock that intrude carbonate rocks and carbonate
siliciclastic sequences.
Major tectonic setting. Andean-type or island arc subduction-related magmatism.
Large scale zonality/associated deposit types. Contact aureole around the pluton
Mo-W skarn -- Bi-W-Cu skarn --- B marble. "Pentametallic" veins, U-Cu
polygenetic, Pb-Zn replacement.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Scheelite + molybdenite + chalcopyrite + bismuthinite + Bi minerals
sphalerite, galena, arsenopyrite, lollingite, glaucodote, gold, bornite, tetrahedrite,
cubanite. Fluoborite, ludwigite, szaybellite and kotoite may be present.
Alteration. Dolomitic environment:' grossularite + vesuvanite inner zones; diopside
phlogopite center~ clinohumite + chondrodite phlogopite outer zone; calciphyre,
kotoite marble and brucite marble peripheral zones. Retrograde a1teration to talc,
serpentine, chlorite, tremolite. In places high temperature fassaite, forsterite, spin el.
Ca1careous and calcareous-siliciclastic environment: ribbon rock of wollastonite
and grossularite + vesuvianite alterning Jayers, metasomatised (skamified) hornfels is
diopside + wollastonite + grandite. Retrograde alteration to epidote, actinolite, chlorite.
The pluton may be altered to periskam and grossularite + vesuvianite endoskarn.
19neous rocks found as dikes throughout the contact aureole are
into
grossularite + vesuvianite skarn.
Ore controls. Tabular Mo-W and pipe-like (Cu-Bi-W; Pb-Zn) ore bodies in
magnesianskams. Mo-W impregnations, pods and veins in ribbon rock. Associated
igneous rocks occurring as dikes may be mineralized (Mo W stockwork in grossularite
vesuvianite skarn).
Weathering. In places enrichment zone with secondary Cu-sulfides, native copper
~nd cuprite
Geochemical signature. W, Mo, Zn, Cu, Bi, Au, Ag, B
Deposits: Bia Bihorului, Oravia, eielova.

41

40

Late Tertiary westward subduction during Neogene times (sensu Rdulescu and
1973) gave rise to volcanics
type and their deep-seated
corresporldents, that
rythmically from
to Lower
time, very
eXJ:lressed in
East Carpathians (Oa-Guti region, Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanie
ehain and Toroiaga-Brgu-ible subvoleanie zone) and in the South Apuseni Mts
(Metaliferi Mountains).
Ore deposits related to voleanics were considered during years as epitherrnaltsensu
strieto) mineralizations (Au-Ag-Te eharacter prevailing in the South Apuseni Mts and Au-Ag
and baSe-metal
Oa-Guti region) formed
several
in Badenian-Pontian
times. Genetica} models based on Neogene magmatism evolution and related metallogenesis
and significance of geological-geophysical evidence were provided by the South Apuseni Mts
and Baia Mare geotectonie settings (Ghiulescu, 1935; Ghiuleseu, Borco, 1968; Borco,
Andrei, 1984 ; Borco et
1994 a,b, 1997) and point to the intmate
between
seated intrusions and associated subvolcanic characters which, in turn, represent the
infrastructure superficial/surface volcanic piles.
.
More than 50 % of
total resources estimates of Romania is given
Neogene
metallogenesis
breccia pipe, veins and porphyry type found in two major units, the
Carpathians volcanic arc and the South Apuseni Mts volcanics. The most important metals
related to this event are gold, copper, lead and zinc.
The petrogenetic and metallogenetic characteristics of these Tertiary volcanic rocks
have been described by numerous authors, beginning in the
century. Comprehensive
reference works of more rece~t decades include those by Ghiulescu, Socolescu (1941),
Giuc et al. (1968 a,b, 1973), Rdulescu et al. (1973, 1981), lanovici et al. (1969, 1976),
Ianovici, Borco (1983), Borco (1976, 1994
1997),
ei al. (1973), Seghedi et al.
(1994), Udubaa (1970), Udubaa et al. (1984).
Sndulescu,

ot

[TI '
lJ
N

20 - Loeation of porphyry and epithennal accumulations in the schematic structural metallogenetic map of
the Metaliferi Mts. (ace. to
et
1998).
n.:....!dll~~!.!!!!:>...!!.!m!.i!.!l!!!W.la.!.L.!::Y!lli!!!ill.!!~!.!.!!!J:;!!.!...!lL!:!!!<...Elll:!..ill..!:lll~ill..Jl!.!H! .. 1 - Bucium
2 - Groi
Nappe; 2 Valea Mic-Glda Nappe;
1 - Cplna-Techereu Nappe; 2 - Curechiu-Stnija
3 - Cbeti
4 - Bejan Unit; 5 - Hospea Unit; 6 - Colii Trascului Nappe; 7 - Bedeleu Nappe; 8
Ramei Beds - Mesocretaceous-post-tectonic cover;
1 Bihor Autochthon; 2 Codru
Nappes system; 3 - Biharia Nappes system; 4 - Gosu Formation - post-tectonic
~=~"'-"-~~~~~!.!.!.!..!:~~~.!!.! 1 - Rapolt Crystalline; 2 - Boze Nappe; !::.:.....!Yrngm]~..lQ~:
Jurassic (ophiolites s.I.); 2 - Eocretaceous (granite-granodiorites); 3 - Upper Cretaceous- Paleocene (banatites); 4
- Neogene (mostly andesitic associations); 5 - Pliocene-Quaternary (basalts); G. Conventional signs: I - Mure
fault (South Transylvanian Fau!t); 2 - fractures system geologically determined; 3 - fractures system
geophysically deduced; 4 - Laramian nappes; 5 - Pre-Gosu Nappes; 6 - Meso-Cretaceous
78 - porphyry copper aceumulations; 9 - epithennal accumulation;
Eocretaceous
a) tholeiitic, b)
2 - Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene magmatites;.3 Neogene magmatites.
~~.mL!!m~~lli.Y~~illl!!AtiQ!1: 1. Baia de Arie; 2. Roia Poieni; 3. Roia Montan; 4. Rodu-Frasin; 5.
Conu; 6. Corabia; 7. Tarnia; 8.Trmpoiele; 9. Hane-Larga; 10. Stnija; 11. Muncceasca Vest; 12. Mllgura;
13. V. Tisei; 14. Rovina; 15. Colnic; 16. V. Morii; 17. Musariu; 18. Vlioara; 19. Blta; 20. Cinel-Draica; 21.
Voia; 22. Bolcana; 23. Hondol; 24.
25. Deva; 26.
27.Talagiu-Bratosin.

<

43

42
!
1

Neogene volcanicity/metallogenesis in the

South
Mountains (Metaliferi Mts)
The
volcanic activity of this unit evblved
to the Pontian
within intramontane bas ins which began
activity in the
NW-SE trending
fractures
Larami$1 system
During the Neogene segments of this fracture system were U"'vU~'''''.1
determined a new involvement of the
in new subsidence movements,
deposits
with the formation of numerous
thickening of
edifices
subvolcanic structures and metaHogenic processes. The intersection
tectono-magmatic (pre-Laramian) alignments, trending
points of the major
and NE-SW,
alignments,
constitute zones of
volcanic and metallogenetic mobility
Borco, 1
1976;
Borco, Andrei, 1984). A general image stresses otit that within the same post-tectonic
first developed a Paleocene mostly extrusive volcanism with altemations of ""' ....,..... ..,.
rhyolites included within a volcano-sedimentary formation
et al., 1986).
Mure Valley,
basalts, basanites are ta be found, which correspond to products
formed at
(Rdulescu et
rangmg
the expense
1985).
to the
of the
between 38 and 46 m.y. (Krautner,
Neogene volcanism Upper Pliocene-quaternary basait occur locally, i.e.
two Detunata
peaks in
eastern vicinity of
Bucium-Roia Montana volcanic zone
at Lucare.
are considered as intraplate
westernmost part of the Mure
magmatic
The
volcanism extended northwards and an the border of the Bihor massif,
but especially towards the west
Zarand basin, prolonging towards the Pannonian
Depression, a
in which most
the volcanic
are burried in
Neogene
of
volcanic activity generally
molasse (Ianovici et al., 1969).
1981; Rou et
1998)
proved by radiometric data
ta the
was marked by
sequences that can be grouped oel)en,oulg
products and the pre:sellce
tectonic
the petrochemical character, the age of
metallogenetic processes. The most important volcanic activity took place
the
Badenian,
and Pannonian (Borco, 1976), the generated extrusve and intrusive
regional
products
preceded by volcano-sedimentary formations that provide
correlation ..... "' ..I.ro..'"
It
that at
the Badenian
metallogenetic processes took place,
most quantitatively
qualitatively
ones
(Ghiulescu,
1941; Borco, 1976).
being the
andesitic
metallogenetic
of Badenian
locally and it is assocated
with
rhyodacites and
andesites.
mineralizations
to the
epithermal, mainly of auriferous type, without tendencies of primary variation, the
of native gold, gold-silver sulphosalts and only subordinately of goldcomposition
by
hydrothermal
products (adularization base
silicification - argillisation). The
this phase belong to two districts,
Roia Montan - Conu and

The second Sarmatian( metallogenetic phase of the greatest importance is associated

with the andesitic, dioritic arid quartz-dioritic subvolcanic structures. At present it is
considered that the essential element in the evolution of the magmatic processes and in the
position of the mineralizations is represented by the Neogene plutons lying at depths ranging
between O and - 1,500 m; taking into consideration these depths as well as the geotectonic
peculiarities specific to each zone, the succession of the vents with the location of the centres
of maximum volcanic activity and metallogenic intensity can be established. In such cases the
existing geological and geophysical data make possible the drawing out of a pattern of
geological evolution and formation of the metalliferous (porphyry and hydrothermal)
accumulations that may be applied to aH the Neogene vo1canic zones in the Apuseni Mts. A
genetic model in the Zlatna district can be Igeneralized in aH the Apuseni Mts Subprovince,
that is most of the deposits can be related to the subvolcanic bodies situated on the
protuberances of the plutons vertically representing the transition to the volcanic structures
and edifices, formed as a rule within the same phases of activity. Thus, special conditions
appeared (large zones with high values of the geothermal gradients and great tectonic
permeability) in which the metaHogenetic processes led to the accumulation of the
metalliferous concentrations of porphyry hydrothermal type in the interval of some columns
up to 1,500 - 2,000 high. The porphyry copper systems display the tendencies of primary
variation of the mineralizations. In general, the gold and gold-silver base metal hydrothermal
systems cross the zones with copper disseminated mineralizations; the superposition of the'
hydrothermal transformation products specific to the two types of mineralization is also quite
obvious. Locally there occur also tendencies of horizontal variation of the mineralizations,
with transitions from the cupriferous to the auriferous base-metal mineralizations and even to
the cinnabar ones (Zlatna volcanic zone). Such relationships enable the location of the
accumulations with respect to the erosion level, the position of the accumulations differing
from one zone to another and even within the same zone. There are cases in which the upper
part of the porphyry copper type deposits has entirely been eroded along with the whole
supposed succession of associated hydrothermal accumulations (Roia Poieni); in some other
cases the apical part of the porphyry copper structures reaches the surface level or undercrops
(50-100 m), the structures being thus crossed or bordered by ba se-metal and gold vein
systems (Valea Morii, Tarnia, Bolcana); sometimes, the porphyry structures lie at depths
ranging between 400 and 800 m (Musariu, West Muncceasca, Tlagiu, Voia). The latter case
provides representative examples in which the zonality of the mineralization and the
supposed genetic relationship existing between the porphyry and hydrothermal type
accumulations can be followed (Borco et aL, 1978; Udubaa et al., 1981; Borco et al., 1983,
1994; Vlad, Borco, 1996). The cogenetic relationships between the two porphyry and
epithermal mineralisation types formed in distinct sequences, but within the same process
(phase), are also pointed out by the results of the sulphur isotopic study (Borco et al., 1982;
Borco, Gaftoi, 1985).
The hydrothermal accumulations belonging to this Sarmatian phase show on the
whole a prevailingly gold-silver character. They include native gold, gold tellurides and gold
base-metal sulphosalts, gold base-metal sulphides in various parageneses and metallic
mineral associations indicating a mineralogical succession in four geochemically distinct
phases, often delimited also by tectonic discontinuities (superposed systems of mineralized
fissures, brecciations) (Borco, 1976; lanovici et al., 1969, 1976). Depending on the local

44

conditions, the metaHogenic succession

totally or partially, some
showing a
gre ater development or lacking
Vertically,
deposits show
intervals
with
of
formed, constituting as a rule the
the deposits
.within the same or in different ore bodies,
occur
various
copper or auriferous-pyrite ore
1960
attention
paid to
in which the
auriferous base-metal mineralizations with significant
contents (2-5
have intensely
metallic mineral
turned to account, especially native gold is stiH being identified.
association for this interval is formed mainly of pyrite
chalcopyrite,
that vary
mispickel
deposition
that
generalized 70 % of the
quantitatively; the enrichments in chalcopyrite are known more
Towards the final basemetal sequence and
beginning
gold
an association of tellurides
sylvanite, pagyagite,
hessite,
oecurs only
some deposits
ore
especially in Sermb, Faa Bii, present also subordinately in Stnija, Baia de
deposits,
or
with tetrahedrite; in other deposits there occurs an
assoclatlOn sulphosalts.
associate
such ores
Bucumdeposit (Ianovici et
1969, 1976).
Due to exploration works which have been carried out' (galleries, drillings) it could
hydrothermal accumulations \,AJ""''''.
established that in the lower part of thedeposits
prevailingly
pyrite
15 mass
of the ore bodies) pyrrhotite,
chalcopyrite; sphalerite
galena are subordinately omnipresent; hematite oecurs only
locally, sporadically also arsenopyrite and marcasite.
Although
copper dissemination mineralizations were
a long time
Coranda, Trmpoiele) and exploration works (Roia
during exploitation (Deva, Valea
Poieni, Musariu-Barza, Muncceasca-Zlatna), the identification of the corresponding
economic
were
mueh Iater type as well as of the
Calot,
(Ianovici et al., 1969, 1
1977; Ionescu, 1974; Andrei,
1974;
1974; Borco et al, 1
1976,1977,1978, 1983, 1989, 1994, 1998; Berbeleac et aL, 1976,
1
1981,1982, 1989, 1995; Vlad, 1983; Botinescu, 1980, 1983, 1984).
mined out; the Roia Poieni deposits are now being
The Deva deposit is
exploited;
accurnulations at Tarnia, Boicana
Rovina are
for exploitation;
other accurnulations (Trmpoiele, Hane-Larga, Muncceasca, Musariu, Voia, Talagiu as the
most important ones) are only partly explored. The most favourable forming conditions of
mineralizations are due to
(andesitic-dioritic) sequences
the major
structures and/or volcanic
which are usually located at the
of
ophiolitic
and Tertiary tectonomagmatic lineaments
EW, NE and NW,
respectively. The apical
these mineralized bodies is frequently loeated in Sarmatian
andesitie extrusive
at depth
come into contact with
and/or
metamorphic formations (most of thesituations) or even with metamoprhic formations
(locally at
Roia Poieni).
character of
copper
is weB
in most
the
succession and distribution the products two zones - a central potassic and a
marginal argillic ore ~ can
distinguished;
a few cases a phyllic zone
also
values and spatial distribution of
noticed (Borco et aL, 1978, 1983; Botinescu, 1984).
the copper contents are nearly directly relatedto the potassic alteration; therefore one can

delimit relatively
quasi-concentric zones with contents varying between 0.3
0.6 %
in the central potassic halo; which can be locally characterized by higher gold>
values,
of 0.7
and more.
pre:sellce of
in the copper mineralization is constant; a positive correlation
....",r',.,,,,,,>,,., copper and gold canbe established;
global Cu/Au ratio varies from one district to
another (Borco et al., 1983).
the Deva and Roia Poieni deposits, where the
basement is predominant1y crystalline, one can notice a concentration
towards the
depth of the molybdenite - 30-1 ppm compared to a decrease the I'n ...'....""r
and gold contents. Molybdenite
with lower values 40-90 ppm (Botinescu, unpub1.
data).
Conceptual ore forming models. In terms of tectono-magmatic features, porphyryepithermal relation, composition and intensity of mineralization and alteration
following
models have been identified (Vlad,
1996; Borco, Vlad, 1997):
- two
of
copper
that is Valea Morii porphyry epithermal
Roia Poieni porphyry with pyrite halo model;
model
Roia
- the non-porphyry environment is also represented by two models,
Montan composite system of brecCia pipe and S~crmb vein set.
main characteristics are presented in Tables 6, 8, 9 and Figures 21,

2km

x
)(

:0

:0

x
x
x

x
x

...

...

)( ~//+
+
+ ... ' +
., / ' +
+ + + ... ...
/'
I

-1-

...

++
I

-1-

-1-

x
-1

.... \

)(

-'-J
-2

.1+

/'+
+
/'+ +
...

...

+
+

...

...

+
+
+
+

...

-:-

Fig. 21 - Tertiary porphyrymodels in the South Apuseni Mts (ace. to Vlad,

1996).
Key: A. Model Valea Morii; B. Model
Poieni: 1 - syn-ore palaeosurface; 2 - level of erosion; 3 siliciclastic rocks of the
4 - Mesozoic
rocks; 5 - ophiolites; 6 - porphyry copper
7 - composite subvolcanicstructure; 8 culmination of pluton; 9 - pluton; 10 - fracture; 11 - Au-Ag
and Au-Ag-Pb-Zn sets ofveins.
.
',i.

47

46

TABLE 6 - Model Valea Morii-Diorite Type, Cu-Au Polyascendent Evolution

Epithermal Veius Halo (M IX in Fig. 21A, Plate 1)
DESCRIPTlON. Stockwork veinlets of chalcopyrite magnetite. bomite in
porphyritic intrusions of subvolcanic type
volcanic rocks.
GEOLOGICAL ENV1RONMENT
Rock types. Quartz andesite to quartz diorite and andesite flows.
Age:
Structural type.
porphyry copper system is centered on subvolcanic apophyses
corresponding to culminations of deep-seated plutons.
Depositional environment. Volcano-plutonic complexes
at the intersection
of the main ophiolitic, Laramian and Tertiary tectono-magmatic lineaments trending E-W,
NE-SW and NW-SE, respectively. The apical part of the mineralized system is commonly
located within Tertiary volcanic rocks, sandstones, conglomerates and pyroclastics.
depth
igneous rocks come in contact with Mesozoic sedimentary and ophiolitic rocks
and pre-Mesozoic metamorphic rocks. The Tertiary igneous assemblages occur in molasse
controUed by reactivat ion of early fracture systems.
Major tectonic setting. Back arc reactivization along extensional fault systems.
Large scale zonality- associated deposit types. Cu-Au stockwork in hydrothermally
altered subvolcanic body -- Au-Ag Te and Pb-Zn Cu veins in hydrothermally altered
volcanic rocks -. pyrite halo some intruded rock.s
Mesozoic ophiolites).
DEPOSIT DESCRlPTION
Mineralogy. Chalcopyrite magnetite with ilmenite Of rutile inclusions + pyrite
with rutile inclusions bomite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, galena, goJd, molybdenite veinlets
and chalcopyrite + magnetite + pyrite impregnations potassic zone.
AJteration. Potassic alteration (K feldspar + biotite with superposed anhydrite,
adularia, albite,
chlorite, actinolite, calcite) in subvolcanic bodies. Peripheral earIy
and
propylitic alteration (chlorite + actinolite + epidote + calcite).
The alteraton pattern is similar to the diorite type .
Ore controls. Veinlets and fractures of quartz; chlorite, epidote and sulphide are
closely spaced.
Weathering. Bleached country rock, "limonitization"
Geochemical signture:
Au,
Ti, Mn, Pb, Zn, Ag, Mo, Sb, Bi,
Ni
Deposits I Prospecs: Valea Morii, Musariu, Bolcana, Voia, Colnic, Tlagiu,
Hane-Larga, Trampoiele, Muncceasca W, Valea Tisei, Tarnia.

TABLE 7 - Model Roia-Poieni-Diorite Type, Cu-Mo Polyascendent Evolution

Pyrite Halo (M VIn in
21 B, Plate 1)
molybdenite In stockwork In
DESCRIPTION. Chalcopyrite + pyrite
hydrothermally altered porphyritic intruson.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock types. Quartz andesite to quartz diorite porphyry stocks and related breccia
intruding crystaHine basement, Cretaceous and T ertiary sedimentary rocks.
Sarmatian.
Structural type. High-Ievel intrusive porphyry contemporaneous with faults
breccia pipes.
.
Depositional environment. Plutonc cupola and related subvolcanic intrusion
tectonic alignments striking
or NW-SE in the Tertiary molasse basin.
19neous
assemblage penetrated in the crystaUine pre-Mesozoic basement and
flysch and
Badenian-Sarmatian molasse.
Major tectonic setting. Back arc reactivization along extensional fault systems.
Large scale zonruity associated deposit types. Not expressed.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Pyrite + chaicopyrite + molybdenite magnetite, hematite venlets
with subordinate pyrrhotite, bornite, sphalerite, galena, digenite, enargite-famatinite,
lusonite-stibiolusonite, tetrahedrite-tennantite in potassic zone.
AJteration. Potassic alteration (biotite + quartz Q-feldspar and anhydrite) in the
porphyritic intrusion, partly replaced by albite actinolite. Argillic alteration (kaolinite +
illite + montmorillonte alunite) at the margin of the subvolcanic body. Early
propylitization (calcite + chlorite + rutile + albite) in surrounding volcanic
The
alteration pattern s similar to
diorite type.
Weathering. Restricted chalcocite blanket and ....v'.,"'......
Geochemical signature. Cu,
Mo,
Mn, Au, Pb, Zn, As, Bi, Se, Ta.
Deposits Prospects: Roia Poieni, Bucureci-Rovina, Deva, Mgura,

48
49

TABLE 9 - Model Scrmb-Precious Metal Veins

(M
in Fig. 22B, Plate 1)

TABLE 8 - Model Roia Montan-Precious Metal Breccia Pipe and Veins ,

(M X in Fig. 22A, Plate 1) .
DESCRIPTION, Epithermal gold in volcanic rocks and associated sedimentary
rocks.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT.
Rock type. Dacite to rhyodacite and quartz andesite and associated volcanosedimentary andsedimentary siliciclastic rocks.
Age. Badenian
Structural type. Fracture and breccia minentlization in dacite flow above
subvolcanic plugs
.
Depositional environment. Volcano-plutonic complexes situated at the inters~ion
of the main ophiolitic, Laramian and T ertiary tectonomagmatic alignments in molasse
basins. The regional lineation is NW-SE and .exhibits local phreatomagmatic explosions
with associated ore formation. Breccia pipes as apex of the mneralized system occur in
the volcanic edifices or toward their margins. At depth the igneous rocks comein contact
with Mesozoic siliciclastic and ophiolitic rocks and pre-Mesozoic crystalline schists. .
Major tectonic setting. Back arc reactivization along extensional fracture systems.
Large scale zonality - associated deposit types. Epithermal gold (quartz-adularia),
polymetallic veins and replacement.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Pyrite + arsenopyrite + gold, subordinate sphalerite, chalcopyrite,
galena, alabandite, tetrahedrite. Peculiar proustite, pearceite, polybasite, argentite.
A1teration. Regional propylitization, quartz + sericite + adularia, argillic alteration.
Ore controls. lntimate association of quartz-adularia alteration with gold shoots.
Weathering. Bleached country rock, "limonitization"
Geochemical signature: Au, Ag, As, Sb, Bi, Ti, Se, TI.
Deposits: Roia Montan, Radu-Frasin, Cainel, Draica, partly Baia de Arie.

volcanic rocks and associated

DESCR1PTION. Epithermal Au-Ag-Te.
siliciclastic sequences, local polymetallic veins.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock types. Quartz andeste and andesite and associated siliciclastic sedimentary
and volcano-sedimentary rocks.
Age. Sannatian.
Structural type. Vein and stockwork sets in apical part of subvolcanic plugs.
Depositional environment. Volcano-plutonic complexes situated at the intersection
of the main ophiolitic, Laramian and T ertiary tectonomagmatic alignments in molasse
basins. The apex of the mineralized system is common1y located within Tertiary volcanic
and subvolcanic rocks and siliciclastic rocks. The basement consists of Mesozoic
siliciclastic rocks and ophiolites.
Major tectonic
Back arc reactivization along
fracture systems.
Large scale zonaJity - associated deposit types. Polymetallic veins or stockworks
and replacement, distal gold metasomatic disseminated.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Stage 1 is pyrite + pyrrhotite + arsenopyrite + sphaJerite + galena +
chalcopyrite + alabandite. Stage 2 is represented by common sufphides and nagyagite,
krennerite, silvanite, altaite, hessite, petzite, teUurium, tetrahedrite, boulangerite,
jamesonite, antimonite, arsen, gold
quartz + carbonate (mainly rhodocrosite ) + clay
mineraJs gangue. '
A1teration. Regional propylitization; chloritization, quartz + adulana, sericitization,
argillic alteration.
Ore controls. Tentency of horizontal and vertical zonaJity. Quartz + adularia
alteration is intimately associated with Te-Au-Ag mineralization, sericite and argillic
alteration i5 associated with Pb-Zn-Au-Ag mineralization and chloritization with pyritePb-Zn mineralization.
Weathering. Bleached country rock, "limonitization"
Baii, partly Baia de Arie.
Deposits: Scramb, Stnija,

50

51

NV

SE
Prunilor V.

800

Ambru

500

~J8)

/.. .

-0.5

~"-"

.t.O

II

_,-'\.

II

22 - Tertiary
models in the South Apuseni Mts.
to Borco, Vlad, 1997).
Key: A. Model Roia Montan; B. Model Scrmb: I - syn-ore palaeosurface; 2 - level of
3 rocks (asiliciclastic rocks ofthe Tertiary molasse: 4 volcanic products; 5 subvolcanic body; 6 Mesozoic ophiolitic and associated sedimentary rocks; b - crystalline schists and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks);
7- phreatomagmatic explosion breccia; 8 - culmination of pluton; 9 - plutons; 10 - breccia pipe; 11 - vein; 12 stockwork mineralization.

II

-500

II

II

II

II

II
II

II
II

II
II

II

-1000

At Baia
of breccia pipe was identified by Ghiulescu in 1958
(unpublished data). This was
by the percussive blast of some punctiform volcanic
eruptions,
with volcanic ash without lavas or
other form of liquid magma.
In most of the cases,
breccia pipe usually with pipe-like formes represents ideal structural
tn.ips richest
concentrations ( Ghiulescu, Pitulea, Ghiulescu, 1979) ( Figs.
24).

II

II

II

II

II
II

II

v
II

II

II

II

II
II

II
II

+ +

andesitic body
to Ghiulescu,
1983, with
completions)
1, 2, 3 - successive andesitic intrusions; 4
culmination; 5 ~
6crystalline
7 - breccia
8 - gold stockworks; 9 gold veins; 10 - fractures.
23 - Schematic section through

1....-_-'

II

II

II
II

II
II

II

II

II

+ + + +
+

+ +

1....---'

II

II
II

II

-1500

II

II

II

II

II

53

52

The most
product of this type of mineralisation is
by a
deposit of microcrystalline
intergrown with
crystals of pyrite,
filiform
gold bearing arsenopyrite. As crystallisation forms it is worth mentioning
omated by
crystals of gold bearing
The mineralisation occurs
as compact siliceous crusts a dark grey colour (black crusts covering the andesite blocks).
empty space between blocks is filled, more or
completely, by short and
of white quartz in association with small crystals
sulphides.
carbonates (calcite,
rhodochrosite) and
in the ................
is theprevailing
exceeding
is' better
(up to
90%), it is rieh in
quantitative relationship between gold, arsenic and silica is
Uil..,"...... ''', 1983).

900

v
700

600

SIlO
400

Neogene volcanicity/metallogenesis in the

300

II

""

I
I
I

VV""(+)

,,

200

I
I

I.IJ

v\

a.

100

II

,
,

,,
,
I

....

a.

V \

I
I
I

I
I

VV'f4

,,

-100

=:::

VI

t;,:::s.

I
I

-200

,-

!VV~u

,-

,,
Z

I.IJ

,
I

-300

II

-400

I
I
I
I

i'l

T'_".. .. _ ...

J ~.......

-500

<'.... _""

"--...

+
'++
I

"-7+

-----_#

24 representation of the Afini

breccia
(acc. to Ghiulescu et aL, 1979).
- pipe-like polygenous brecciform formation
of macroporphyry andesite and
with
crystalline schists; 2 - pipe-like
breccform formation with two andesite types
(macro- and microporphyry); 3 - pipe-like
polygenous
breccform
formation
with
microporphyry andesite and crystalline schists; 4
- brecciated microporphyry
5 -apex of
diffused mineralized microporhyry subvolcanic
body; 6 - Afini
7 -crystalline
8
- drilling; 9 level.

f9v~

The mineralising solutions penetrated

the andesite blocks, already affected by
hydrothel11lal alteration,
an impregnation of
metalliferous sulphides.
periphery to
developed as a metasomatosis, whose intensity decreased from
the core
the block, so that, in certain cases, it became sterile.
richest mineralisation
and metalliferous minerals in empty space.
was formed by the deposition of
including approximately 6% pyrite,
composltlOn
this mineralisatioin is relatively
3% arsenopyrite, 1%
0.2% hematite
0.1 %
0.05%
alabandine, 0.05% chalcopyrite, 0.01% galena and 0.01% gold and silver stibio-teUuride (Sb
(Niulescu et aL, 1957).

Mountains

The Oa-Guti
volcanic area repres'!nts~ distinct
sector of the
'
proceeding almost continuously from the West
.to the East
were formed in the same
geotectonic ..,... ~,,, .. ~.,'
volcanic and metallogenetic evolution (Fig. 25).
towards the Transcarpathian
' their igneous
built :tip the southem portion of
Viskovo-Beregovo
whereas the Pannonian-Pliocerte volcanic suites
with
base-metal and
mineralization. In the Guti Mts the volcanicity acted
and almost
from Badenian to .
giving
to numerous
metaUogertetic sequences of base-metal and Au-Ag "h~'1"';I('tp1"
significant economic
(Borco et al., 1973;
et al.~ 1973; Borco et
1996; Lang, 1979).
The recent geotectonic setting infered from geological-gophysical data
in
Oa-Guti region an
composed
plu,tons in genetical relations
with several fracture
that controlled
developmentlemplacement of the
'-"'J"'V''''.'',",U. 1964, 1965;
et a.,1994,Borco et
1973,
The pre-Neogene
consists of metamorphic rocks
a pre-Neogene latitudinal
and Cretaceous . . Paleogene sedimentary rocks,
system. The major ruptural line - Drago' Vod fault,)s situated on the southem
of the Guti Mts and extends, significantly;
strike (1 OO~ toward
up to
Carhbaba and 120 km toward West beyond
pluton as weU as the pluton
d.eli~eated in the O~ ,area occur in an uplifted compartment of the twsement. It is likely that
simIlar fractures strlkmg
are to be found north
Vod fault with extenS:lon
the Oa region and
to adjacent volcanic
Hungary and
anomalies
deep-seated plutons, too. Additionalregional
sets
especially
(Borco et aL, 1980).
cut the plutons promoting
tectonic
mainly of levogyre displacement. Such reactivation acted
.V"'.....'lU)' during the plutonic/volcanic events,
fracturation with important
metallogenetic
distri\:mtion (Borco et al., 1996).
,

""

Oa~-Guti

A'

54

55

Altemation of sedimentary with igneous sequences and

delineate three successive volcanic phases during ...".......... j'u ...u~. llQiCeIle
(Borco et al., 1973, 1994, 1996).
event is Badenian-Sarmatian and exhibits a
rhyodacite); ignimbrite and volcano-sedimentary ror:manOllS
lOc:ate:a on
south-eastem part of the Guti Mts and
.....","""~.rt in the Transcarpatian region and in the southem Hungary
The second event is mainly andesitic and polystadial.
the igneous products are widespread in both
three ore forming sequences related to Sarmatian
Pannol1an
(.U""'''''''J'~''''' and Pontian andesites. The most representative occurrences are found in
part of the Guti Mts and aH over the Oa Mts.
in the Pliocene.
The third event started at the end of Pontian
The character is mainly andesitic, with frequent extrusive ....~~~..
found in the northern
occurrences found in the Transcarpathian
chain.
In the Oa-Guti region, numerous
undertaken, yielding
activities. The Neogene
significant data concerning the structure, umeOllS
contact ""'Al''''''''',,",hll;:tn in surrounding rocks and its
pluton of the Guti area, especially
homogen~ous quartz-dioritic
emplacement preceded or acted
simultaneously with the early Sarmatian
of this kind is going to
be provided by investigation
ruptural
and radiometric
behaviour displayed by a co-operation team
and "Cuar" S.A. Baia
Mare.
Ore deposition is related to
1-''''''''''''''''' with
metallogenetic character
corresponding to ore forming events
et al., 1974 a, 1
1976, 1994, 1996; Stanciu,
a
continuous metallogenetic zone along
1972, 1973). These districts
southern border of the Guti massif, foHowing the eastward migration of the volcanic
activity.
Early metallogenetic
base-metal and gold mineralization,
confined to Sarmatian pyroxene andesites the Ilba-Nistru district. It delineates two NW-SE
metallogenetic alignments. The
'is a tectono-volcanic sensu
structure; vein sets are commonly normal on ts axis.
southem lineament s a fracture
......... v ...,

'"

~\ \~ ~~ :~: ~D'"
~-: D~
~
.:'

<<
<

rm

"
. ',

::J

o;

'" "

OI
...

el

;;:;

: ';',

'::::':

i5

{\

~..' \..1

o
J>

,""P"/V''''

------------------------.------------------------------------------------------------------------------------volcanics in the Alpinestructural setting ofthe Oa-Guti region

to
et al., 1994).
Key: 1 - Neogene molasse; 2 - Post-ore Upper Pontian-Pliocene andesites; 3, Sarmatian-Pontian andesites
(metallogenic phase); 4 - Badenian volcano-sedimentary formations; 5 - Paleogene flysch; 6 - metamorphic
10 x- Neogene pluton; II x - pluton culminations;
formations; 7 - fault; 8 - nappe; 9 x tectonic
12 x - Drago Vod transcrustal
13 x
fractures partly reactivated; 14 x fractures partly
15 main
16 - mining fieJds (1. Raca, 2. I1ba, 3. Nistru, 4.
Ssar, 5. Valea
7.
9. Valea Negrii, 10. Dealul Crucii, II.
12.
Baia Sprie-uior, 13.
16. Biu, 17. Vratec, 18. North Biu, 19. Jereapn)
Fig. 25 -

x Geophysical elements

57
56

sensu stricto with metallogenetic role; it contains breccia and impregnatioins bodies of local
Cu ~' ~Il'Tp..
The subsequent metaUogenetic phase is of prevailing Au-Ag character and was
formed in relation to Pannonian quartz andesites. The ore occurrences are distributed in the
that is the Ssar- Valea Roie district. The
central part
the
portion of the
most important alignment is found the South, in connection with a
sector of the
important Drago Vod fault. The Ssar and Valea Roie deposits represent vein groups with
numerous branches usually disposed normal to the axes of the lineament.
The
metallogenetic phase is
association with Pontian pyroxene andesites,
/ found especially in the central-eastern part of the massif. This phase is more complex,
showing an goldJbase-metal even
character, specific to almost alI deposits and with a
remarkable vertical
Major deposits are controlled by NE-SW fractures
the
signiticant Drago Vod fault. The following metallogenetic fractures are recognized from
. west toward east: Dealul Crucii - Herja - Baia Sprie - uior - Biu - Vratec and the tectonovo1canic alignment
with veins disposed normal to the axis. They show a
polystadial formation, with specific recurrences of Au .and base-metal mineralization;
complex breccia pipes with irfegular shape and large sizes are common. Along the same SWBiu - Vratec Au and base-metal deposits consist of
fracture system
Crucii ve in
related to subvolcanic bodies. The Cavnic-Roata tectono-volcanic alignment
comprises vein groups of similar polyascendant character, controlled by simultaneous ore
forming and tectonic brecciation.
The above-mentioned districts coritain sequences. of metallic/gangue associations
that can be used as geochemical markers or discriminative elements of those three
metallogenetic events.
1994; Kovacs et al., 1998) the Guti Mts
According to recent results (Lang et
metallogenetic activity developed 'in two main phases: the tirst phase took place in the
metallogenetic events from Uba - Nistru
Pannonian (11.5 - 10 m.y.), including
and Ssar - Dl. Crucii districts, and the second one is in the Upper Pannonian (9.4 - 7.9 m.y.),
including
Helja - Biu district. The metallogenetic activity in the Oa and ible
Mts is contemporaneous with the second phase ofthe Guti Mts (9.6 - 7.8 m.y.).
presence
of a gap (0.5 -1.5 m.y.) between the
of the epithermal mineralisations (adularia-sericite
type) and the host magmatic
in this region is very similar as compared to other
subduction-related occurrences wor1dwide.
l ' ....

..

~:W:::'E:Jl!..!:lli;~'.E..J!:!!J'.!!!.L%J::"!:!!;!!ill11!!~ ectono-l1na~~mc:ltic setting, alteration, zoning and

correspond to two models, that is Baia Sprie breccia (phreato-magmatic
. ore TrIl"""''''
explosion type) - ve in deposit with base-metals and precious metals, and Cavnic ve in deposit,
with base-metal and
(Vlad, Borco, 1997) (Tables 10, 11, Fig. 26).

Neogene metallogeny
in the Toroiaga-Brg'u- ible subvolcanic zone
The so-called subvolcanic zone
the Neogene volcanic chain of the East
Carpathians contain base metal ores mostly of vein type, with subordinate disseminated and
breccia-pipe ores. The host
are andesitic composition (Toroiaga, Rodna, Brgu) and

1klJl

1.Skm

!O

-1

--1

Fig. 26 - Tertiary epithennal models in the Oa-Guti Mts. (ace. to Borco, Vlad, 1997).
Key: A. Model Baia Sprie; B. Model Cavnic: 1 - syn-ore palaeosurface; 2 - level of erosion; 3 - volcanic
products; 4 - siliciclastic rocks of the Tertiary molasse; 5 - homf1S in Paleogene sedimentary host rocks; 6 subvolcanic body; 7 - phreato-magmatic explosion breccia; 8 - culmination of pluton; 9 - pluton; 10 - crystalline
schists; 11 - vein; 12 - stockwork mineralization.

display a much more complex structure and composition in the ible Mts. Here intrusive
rocks of monzodiorite and granodiorite composition form the central part of the massif. The
peripheral zones consist of rocks of andesitic composition and form either a nearly continuous
belt around the intrusive nucleus or small to very small bodies intruded into surrounding
Paleogene sedimentary rocks. The metallogeny of the ible massif is also a very complex
one, displaying a well-developed regional zoning, with high temperature associations
(pyrrhotite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, iron-rich sphalerite etc.) in the central part, being nearly
completely surrounded by a belt of. lower temperature associations (stibnite, kermesite,
cinnabar, berthierite, owyheeite etc.) (Fig. 27). In addition, in the southern part of the
intrusive nucleus the veins are slightly enriched in copper, a fact which parallel both alteration
types . (K-feldspar, biotite etc.) and mineral parageneses (veinlets of magnetite and
chalcopyrite) suggesting the presence of a hidden porphyry copper system (Udubaa et al.,
1983, 1994; Pintea, 1998).
The Toroiaga veins contain Cu~Pb-Zn ores with local gold enrichment zones. In
addition to the major common sulphides, numerous sulphosalts were described here, both Sbdominated (Steclaci, 1968) and Bi-dominated ' (Cook, 1997) . .Generaf features of the
petrography and geochemistry ofthe whole ore field are given by Borco (1967), Borcq et al.
(1982), Berza et al. (1981).
.

58

59

The Rodna ore

is related to subvolcanic rocks of andesitic composltlOn
intruding metamorphic rocks that host stratiform Pb-Zn ores in carbonate rocks. The
hydrothermal ores form both replacement,bodies in carbonate rocks and dissemination within

TABLE 10 - Model Baia Sprie-PolymetaUic and PreciousMetal Breccia

Pipe and Veins (M VI Fig. 26A. Plate 1)
DESCRIPTION. Epithermal
and polymetaHic veins and breccias.
GEOLOGIC AL ENV1RONMENT
Rock types. Quartz andesite and andesite and associated sedimentary rocks. The
igneous rocks belong to the Later Tertiary volcanic arc of the East Carpathians.
Age. Sarmatian-Pannonian, Pontian
Structural type. Epithermal system controlled by subjacent pluton situated in major
crustal fault.
Depositional
Volcano-plutonic complexes. Deposits related to
subvolcanic level undergoing phreatomagmatic explosion aIong reactivated NW-SE and
SW-NE regional fracture sets. The Late Tertiary pluton of quartz. diorite composition s
situated at 2 to 4 km depth. The metalliferous systems extend 1.5 km away from the apical
part of the plutonic culmination.
Major tectonic setting. Island-arc volcanic setting.
zonality/associated deposit types. Epithermal gold (quartz-adularia),
polymetallic veins.
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy. Early stage with pyrite + chalcopyrite + hematite, scheelite, magnetite,
wolframite in ch10rite + quartz + ankerite + barite gangue. Subsequent stage with
pyrrhotite + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + galena.
Alteration. Regional propylitization, ch1oritization, quartz + adularia, sericitization,
argillic alteration.
Ore controls. Tectonic: fractures and anastomosing fissural systems. Vertical
zoning: top to bottom Au-Ag -- Pb-Zn-Au-Ag -- Cu-Pb-Zn -- Cu +- W. Selective
of gold with quartz-adularia alteration, polymetallic ores with
argiHization and copper with ch1oritizat10n.
Weathering. Bleached country rock. "Limonitization".
Geochemical signature. Cu, Pb, Zn, Au, Ag, As, Sb, Bi, Se, Cd, G3., Te, Ti, W,
Co, Ni.
Deposits: Baia Sprie, Suior, partly Baiut-Varatic, VfTapului-Mihai~Nepomuc.
the breccia-pipes (as described by Socolescu et al., 1977). The ores contain iron-rich
sphalerites, pyrrhotite, pyrite,
as well as native gold' (mostly
the
Ag
and some sulphosalts (Udubaa, 1970, 1
1984).
Small ore occurrences exist also in the Brgu Mts, forming either veins (Pb-Zn-As
and some gol9-, e.g. Colibia)
impregnations in
and Paleogene
rocks. They are quite similar to the ore occurrences found in the southwards
situated C1imani Mts (e.g. Stnceni) (Peltz et aL, 1981).'

TABLE 11 - Model Cavnc-Base Metal and Precious Metal Veins

(M VII in Fig. 26B, Plate 1)
DESCRIPTION. Epithemial gold and polymetallic veins.
GEOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Rock
Quartz andesite and andesite and associated sedimentary rocks. The
igneous rocks belong to the Late Tertiary volcanic arc ofthe East Carpatmans.
Age. Sarmatian-Pannonian, Pontian
Structural type. Epithermal system 'controlled by subjacent pluton situated in major
crustal fault.
Depositional environment. Volcano-plutonic complexes. The mineralized system s
commonly located witmn volcanic rocks. It is centered on subvolcanic apophyses
corresponding to culmination of the quartz diorite pluton. The mineralized column is 1
lan mgh. At depth the igneous rocks come in contact ~th Early Teftiary siliciclastic rocks
converted into homfels. The sedimentary rocks are displaced along distensional N-S
fractures.
Major tectonic setting. Istand-arc volcanic setting.
Large scale zooality associated deposit types. Epithermal gold (quartz-adularia),
polymetallic vems.
'
DEPOSIT DESCRIPTION
Mineralogy.
stage with
+ chalcopyrite + hematite + magnetite
quartz chlorite, epidote gangue. Stage 2 is pyrite + sphalerite + galena + chalcopyrite +
arsenopyrite in quartz, adularia, carbonate, clay minerals and barite gangue. Stage 3
contains pyrite + galena + sphalerite + chalcopyrite + tetrahedrite in quartz and carbonate
(especially rhodochrosite) gangue. Last stage with pyrite + tetrahedrite + boumonite +
jamesonite + gold + realgar + orpigment in quartz, gypsum and carbonate gangue.
Alteration.
propylitization; chloritization, quartz + adularia, sericitization,
argillic alteration.
Ore controls. Tectonc: major fracture and related fault systems. A tendency of
vertical zoning from Cu-Pb-Zn bottom zone to Pb-Zn-AlJ-Ag toward top.
Weathering. Bleached country rock, "limonitization"
Geochemical signature. Pb, Zn, Cu, Au, Ag,
Cd, Ga, In,
Bi, Sb, Mn.
Deposit!: Cavnic, Roata, Herja, Ilba, Nistru, Dealul Crucii.

The Toroiaga and Rodna ore fields were exploited

many years (the Rodna mine is
dated 1 , when a significant silver production was yielded) and the ore bodies are mostly
exhausted. The ible area waS intensively explored.
resulted ore reserves
quite good
quality are partly oxidized, a fact hampering further mining activity. However, the exploration
of the southern part, showing features of a porphyry copper
.
largely
unexplored.

0'1
<O

fig. 27
map oflhe Tibles Igneous Complex (ace, 10 Udubasa el al., 1984),
Key: 1 - quartz monzodioritie rocks; 2 - dioriles
granodiorites, quartz andesites, dacites, pyroxene and homblende
andesites; 3
and dacites; 4 - pyroxene andesite, quartz
and andesitoidic rocks; 5 sedimentary roeks; 6 - contact
aureole; 7 - veins and disseminations; 8 - copper enriched ores and the
system; 9 disseminations;
inner zone of high
temperarure vein assemblages; II -external beII of lower temperarure vein
12 - tourmaline occurrenc~s; 13 -ternary diagrams
analytical data of the
primary ores (larger triangles) and limonites (sma!\er triangles).

8
4

12

1 ..::..:.... 1 7

3
1.....2:--=!J

6
2

11

Cu

13

1 Km

61

Neogene volcanicity/metallogenesis in the

Ciflimani-GuI'ghiu-Hal'ghita Mountains

The Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic chain

the largest occurrence
area of Neogene volcanics not only in Romania but also in the whole Carpathiarts. It consists
of a 160 km Iong continuous volcanic
with decreasing width, height and volume from
North to South.
..
chain displays a roughly median position
the
Carpathian structural
units (Upper Cretaceous to Paleogene "Transcarpathian Flysch ll unit in the north, the
"Crystalline-Mesozoic zone" unit in the
Cretaceous Flysch" unit 'in southeast) and the
Neozoic Transylvanian
Contrasting crusta) structure of
two major
is
by their crustal thickness as pointed out
magnetotelluric
investigations: about 40 km beneath the East Carpathians and about 30 km beneath the
Transylvaruan Basin (Stnic et al., 1986, 1990). The volcanc chain thus appears to be
spatially
to the structural boundaries between them,
South Harghita
segment that crosscuts the East Carpathian tectonic units.
of the Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita chain based on complex
tectonic
geophysical
suggest the
major NW-SE trending tectonomagmatic alignments (controUed probably by collision and subduction geometry), strike-slip
fractures (trending generally E-W) and distensionaI fractures (generally N-S trending) (Fig.
28). PostcoHisional compressive tectonism was stiH
in the outer
Carpathians
during volcanism in the Climani, Gurghiu and North Harghita segments of the chain, while
volcanic activity along the South Harghita chain, Le. the terminus segment, was coeval with
Pliocene to
extensional tectonism. This resulted in intrarnountain
formation in the nearby
and in within- plate alkali basaItic volcanism. in the neighboring
Mts. (Rdulescu et aL, 1973, 1981; Seghedi et al., 1994;.Balintoni et aL, 1996).
that the volcanic structures """",,",..,.,...,1">
Increasing arnount of geological data
to the C1imani-Gurghiu-Harghlta chain consist of a central volcanic zone with subvolcanic
intrusive .bodies in ts infrastructure, an intermediate zone corresponding to volcanic cone
(mainly consisting ,of lava flows)
a
mainly volcaniclastic zone. Explosivevolcaruc activity prevailed in alI the stratovolcanic edifices building up a chain
adjoining and partially overlapping composite
with well-developed peripheral
volcaniclastic aprons.
Typical calc-alkaline rocks ranging from basaltic (I1desites to dacites form the great
chain (Rdulescu, 1973; Peltz et aL;' 1973),rSmall volume of tholeiitic volcanic
bulk of
products and high-alumina basalts
in tile G~ Mts.
along-chain short distance
variation from' t)(pically calc:-alkaline to shosh"Ortit.1b-composition was pointed out in the
southemmost segmertt (Seghedi et
1986, 1987)~- .. , .
atypical along-arc
The whole Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita' chan.rwas the site
migration
the volcanism during Neogene and Quatemary times (Rdulescu et al., 1973,
et al., 1987). Volcanism began in the CIimani Mts at 9.5 m.y. over an area already
hosting
subvolcanic intrusions (10.5 - 9.8 m.y.). Volcanism ceased at about 0.2 m.y.
South Harghita at the end of a spectacular short-distance age progression along this chain
terminus (Szakacs et
unpubLdata).

62

63

28 - GeologicaJ sketch ofthe Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita volcanic chain with structural and. metallogenetic
features (ace. to
et al., 1994).
Key:
I - East Carpathian structural units (Crystalline-Mesozoic Zone and
Zone);
2 Flysch (Upper
3 Basin molasse (Miocene); 4 Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita
Intramountain depression
Pliocene to
5voleanic chain: a)
intrusions; b) voleaniclastic
e) stratovoleanic edifiees (CL =
FL Fncel-Lpuna, ST = Seaca - Ttarea, S = umuleu, CF
O Ostoro, le IvoCoeoiza, V =
LL = Luei.Lazu, C = Cucu, P
CM = Ciomadul); 6 - Caldera and craters
(topographie
!LJJ;;~!!!f...JillQ..jID!!~:&.ill1lJ.!J~~~Q!l...@QJl!J!Y!~.Jli!!LUilim~t!2!!: 7 - Major teetono-magmatie
alignments; 8 - Major strike-slipe faults; 9 - Major distensional fractures; 10 - other major fractures; Il
volcanism-related intrusions: a) outcropping; b) partially or totally inferred from geophysical data.
~~lt!!!J[.Qg!~~LLJj~~: 12 - outlines of
areas of hydrothermal
13 - porphyry copper
2. umuleu, 3.
4. Ivo-Cocoiza) (a); Porphyry-like alteration mineralization (5.
Climani, 6.
7. Jirca, 8. Vrghi, 9.
10. Sntimbru (b); 14 metal
15 - sulphur occurrenees: a)
(13. Negoiu
b) minor
occurrences (II. Dornioara, 12.
16 - cinnabar oecurrences (15.
16. Bile
17 - c1ay minerals deposit (17.
(14.
18 - iron ore (siderite) occurrences: a) major occurrences (18. Mdra, 19. Lueta-VIhia); b)
occurrence area.

LEGEND

4
BKm
.........-........

'--'

1:-:-:1
11 ,1,',',1

1=-=<=1

14

It :\:-.>
1>1
b c

f\

.............. 8
>

++ 9
10

.....-. , a

~!..+,1
,."
'

, ,, ..... b

"

... _ 1

is a
proving the existenee
several
types of
hydrothennal processes (Stanciu, 1984): 1) porphyry
systems
to intrusive
processes,
hydrothennai processes related to fractures, 3) postvolcanic activity,
and 4) geothennal anomalies
to weak
meteorie-hydrothennal mineralization.
Information on the Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita ehain is quite recent and, in places,
incomplete
to the faet
the surface observation is
limited by
scarcity of
outcrops;
works
especially
that only at several locations
1,200
Postmagmatie hydrothennal processes were focused in the infrastrueture of volcanic
........ u'"",,,,, and they induced transforinations within the prevolcanic
(intercepted in
boreholes at
and umuleu struetures),
voleaniclasties
and,
mostly,
stratovolcanic assemblage (Peltz et
19981, 1982).
alteration and mineralization were eontrolled by subvolcanie intrusions (andesite
andlor
or granodiorite/dacite) loeated at different
of the stratovolcanic edifices.
are especially loeated inside the craterial and
caldera areas where the intrusive processes took
the building up of the volcanic
edifiees
end ofthe
eruptive
most representative process developed in the Fncel-Lpuna (Lepe zone),
umuleu, Ostoro and Ivo-Cocoiza
are located
the major tectono-magmatic
all~~lent (Peltz et
1976; Staneiu, 1976, 1977) (Fig. 29). Considering alI the paragenetie
u.:>!.""".(L.;) (very complicated due to
metasomatic interferences in the multiwintrusive spaces
and
products), a zonal development of
and the superposition of the
hydrothennal products
on the generating intrusions can be observed. The suceession
is: biotite - amphibole- chlorites - argillie - tourrnaline alteration. The biotite alteration, and
subordinately the amphibolie one, both with innennost position, fonned
the
......:&l..,"'u'"' phase on an initial propylitie (autometamorphic type) background that in
preserves small
of fresh
The subsequent alterations are the result of hydrothermal
fluid
that gave
to transitional
roeks and
by eontamination with

,~~~Z,-:,:

--------- -~{:: Rrai~ .

-=--=.=:=-=. =-=. :==="';~: : ":~.~i.:

':.,... . '

12

.0

13

'.

a b

14
15
16
17

"

'C)
a

18

;,i

Fig. 28

65

64

the upper
the porphyry-copper
small
vugs
base-metal
sulphide veins are frequently found. Lateral passage towards fissural deposition and
stibnite impregnations are observed at Ivo-Cocoiza.
Climani caldera,
Partial aspects ofthe porphyry-type alteration are recogIllz~:a
argillic
at Mermezeu,
Seaca-Ttarca, Harghita-Bi (with near-surface .....," .... 'L .....
rocks) and Sntimbru-Bi areas (Pe1tz et al., 1982).
hydrothermal processes related to
postvolcanic tectonic activity appear
generally at the exterior and upper part of
porphyry
a common
alteration (propylitic-chloritic-argillic) took
around the endogenous
and breccias
with base-metal and gold
somewhat similar situation has been encountered at
(NWof
Mts.). In
Sntimbru-Bi and Ivo-Cocoiza
zones
the alteration is
and argillization accompanied by superposed carbonation and
"U'LV"',",,,,,,,,,,'U tourmalinization are prevailing (Vasilescu, 1
Peltz et al., 1974).
are controlled by nonNumerous minor areas with poor indications of
mineralized fractures and zones of brecciation surrounded by argillic
passing to silicic
hatos following circulation pathways.
areas
the
part of hydrothermal
processes with still
continuity at depth.
Harghita Mts.
This
type is
to
volcanism in
Climani
Harghita Mts. In Negoiu
Romnesc area
caldera solfatara-type, exhalations interacted with local
aquifers giving
to native sulphur and limonite deposition conformable
the
stratification
the
pile. The sulphur concentrations occur as lenses and
In a
silicification aureole formed in andesitic pyroclastics. Massive sulphur is' associated
pyrite, melnikovite and marcasite; subsequently, a less
association consisting
limonite, goethite
hydrogoethite
the sulphurlsulphide
(Murean,
1969;
1984). ,
westem and
eastem parts of the Climani-Gurghiu-Harghita Mts contain
numerous small iron (siderite)
closely
to
volcanoclastic formations
(Murean,
1981; Peltz et
1982; lanovici et aL, 1983). Among
two
accumulations are located at Mdra and VIhia. The mineral paragenesis displays low
"""AJ"VL"'jO,'~>J such as
siderite
Such types iron
deposits, considered to
generated under volcano-sedimentary or hydrothermal
methasomatic conditions, according to
(1992), represent a peculiar type of
hydrothermal"
Silica-saturated
provided suitable
coprecipitation.
At VIhia-Lueta iron ore has been mined more
200 years
and it is now
practically exhausted.
,",U'LUM""<-"

____1-.-:-:----:-:----:--

\Alteration mineralization-limit
. \ of the porphyry

,---

------

Volcanoclastic
formation

- I

...

...
+

...

...

+
+

+
+

...
...

...

+
+

...

...
...
...
+
...
+
+
.........
+
... Subvotcanic body
...

...

...

I
f

Fig. 29 - Hypothetic sketch showing the succession ofthe hypogene IJ"J.........'...,

chain (ace. to Stanciu, 1976).

argiHic alteration mostly occurring within the host

the porphyry
alteration is completed in
the Gurghiu Mts while in
Mts the hydrothermal process continued with an
intense tourmaline metasomatism accompanied by
formation of tourmaline-quartz veins
(Peltz et
1982a; Stanciu, 1984). There is not
evidence but it is
tbat such
formations may represent the final moments of the breccia pipe structures that are commonly
u..:)'l,v"",,,,.,,,y to copper mineralization located within stratovolcanic edifi,ces,
in the Andine
Cordillera in Chile and Argentina (Sillitoe, Sawkins, 1971).
.
metallic
occur as disseminations, fissures and blurred veinlets being
alteration
However, a
metallization was
observed in the propylitic zones, too. Pyrite is
aU alteration zones
the magnetitepyrrhotite-chalcopyrite
is associated
the internal
As the copper
interest
outlined
content is low, no zones
zone the metallic paragenesis is much simpler with pyrite as the characteristic mineral.
tourmalinic rocks contain pyrite with or without marcasite, sporadically molybdenite or
Late-stage intrusive breccias formed

certain fracture planes at

umuleu

and

MetaUogenesis in passive margin-related settings

Restricted
occurrences of Paleogene age are found at Cpu (Gilu Massif, North
Apuseni Mts) within epicontinental
The ores are represented
limonitic oolites
found in carbonatic,
and glauconitic cement (Vinogradov et
1963; Stoicovici,
Murean, 1964). Such sedimentary
ores were considered to
formed on the northwestem passive continental margin
the Transylvanian small ocean after unifitation of the
Apuseni
island arc with the North Apuseni Mts
block.

67

66

Sllear zone related ores

In the metamorphic rocks of the South Carpathians and to a

extent in the
composition,
always
Apuseni Mts
are severa! ore occurrences of
bearing or even gold-dominated, which can be ascribed to the shearzorte related ore type.
The first
approach was made by
(1978, unpubl. data) in ascribing the
named
ores at Valea lui Stan, Cptna Mts to this ore types, at that
"tectogenic". Later on, the data were published (Udubaa, Hann, 1988) and similar gold
Someul Rece (Apuseni Mts), Jidotia and Vliug (South Carpathians), have
ores,
heen
to belong to the shear zone related ores.
Udubaa et al. (1
needing a protore
Productive shear zones, as describeg
to act as
contain not only
but also polymetallic ones (partly
"pentametallic") (Figs.
31). Typically. shear zone related are the complex 6res of the
Fig. 31 -between the fahlband-like ores (TT-ibra-Tncava) + ND(Negule-Dni) and the
late (Alpine?) uranium mineralization (U pitchblende-thucholite) in the Leaota Mts., (ace.
et
1992)
Rocks arc Ca) micaschists and paragneisses with (b) sheared counter

Leaota Mts (considered to represent

granitoid by Vlad, ,LJ.u...., ..
(1984), where both gold ores and
ores exist andsometimes coexist in
same
spaee. The
is qUte similar to
of Skandinavian fahlbands. Further data on the
Leaota and
ore oceurrences are given by Udubaa (1987, 1993), Lupulescu
(1984) etc. It is to note that the
the above-mentioned zones is of
ages, Le. from Hereynian to Alpine,
reworked by later .."P....T'"
including
ones (e.g. at
brittle
small-sized
zones (SSSZ, ace.
et al., 1998)
epigenetic
show always
(mostly amphibolites) and
highly discontinuous
development of ore bodies or of
zones. However, the
content might locally
as high as 1
(e.g. Valea lui Stan).

MetaUogenesis in the post collisional-related settings

Burdigalian sandstones
to Miocene
East Carpathians
comprise minor stratabound base-metal ores (sphalerite, galena, subordinate amounts
(Sndulescu et
1988).
chalcopyrite) at

30 - Schematic representation ofthe gold protors from the central part ofthe South Carpathians, with
the gold migration directions in the alluvial formatOns (ace. Udubaa et
1992).
Key: 1 - Sebiel Series; 2 - manganiferous belt; 3 - nests oftitaniferolls hematte in quartz lenses; 4 - rocks
rich in kyanite; 5 - blastomylonite belt; 6 - migration directions of gold from protori;; 7 gold
concentrations (a especially associated to the shearing zones: I. Costeti-Horezu; II. Valea lui
III. Periani; b - secondary-alluvial); 8 - research areal.

Miocene-Pleistocene heavy minerals accumulations (fossil placers)

By prospecting and exploration
and by technologic studies, carried out in
the most favourable situations, three
areas with numerous accumulations
occurrences
with heavy
have been outlined: Getic Depression,
the most important, Banat and Moldavian Platform (Panin, Panin, 1969; Panin
1988; Jipa et
1985) (Fig. 32).

69

68

1)..'\1.:(15
.-

~7
_
8

~~.

Fig. 32 - Schematic distributian ofthe heavy minerals and alluvial gold accumulations in Romania.
Key: 1 - Sedimentary cover ofthe Moesian, Scythian and East-Europe~m platfonns.; 2 - Carpathian orogen;.3 - North
DOQrogean orogen; 4 - Carpathian foredeep; 5 -Intramontane depression; 6 -' Areals with occurrences and (a)
accumulations of heavy minerals (Ti-Zr+-Au); 7 - Areals with occurrences and (a) accwnulations of alluvial gold.
Representative accwnulations: 1. Glogova-Baboieti-Ohaba-ieti; 2, Malov-Hinova; 3, Mateeti-Alunu; 4,
Rureni; 5, Gemenea-Tigveni; 6, Mzgana-Onceti; 7, Mugeti-Igeti; 8, Bursucani-Zorileti-Pogana; 9, IanaCorodeti; 10, Codieti-Micheti; 11, Scheia-Tcua; 12, Chituc; 13, Perior; 14, Ivancla-Lumina-Rusu; 15, Sf.
Gheorghe-Buhuz; 16, Cardou Sfistofca; 17, Ditru; 18, Cibin Olt; 19, Pianu; 20, Cometi-Mihai Viteazu; 21, Arie
Valley; 22, Haeg; 23, Caransebe; 24, Bozovici.

--7.

~3
8

5
____ 10

33 showing the Sulina paleo-delta evolution and the formation of Srturile as

well as the genesis ofthe
mineral concentrations in the latter
to Panin, Panin, 1969).
IV underline the Sulina paleo-delta retreat and the simultaneous progression of
The figures 1, II,
the Srturile formation.
Key: 1 - Accumulation formations (Letea-Caraorman) and older isolated lttoral
2 -Srturile
accumulation formations and their
Iittoral bars; 3 minerals concentration; 4 meandering zones of Sulina and Sf. Gheorghe arms; 5 - marshes and lakes; 6 - limits gf the formation to
accumulation and isolated fossil bars; 7 - lines showing the shore evolution; 8 - Iimits of meandering zones
of the Danube arms; 9 - present-da)" shore; 10 - offshore currents; Il - movement of the shore-line (eros ion,
accumulation or equilibrium, transient sedimentation).

70
71

Getic Depression, the Jiu, Olt, Arge

Dmbovia
tbere is an
important potential of heavy mineral concentrations, identified or outlined by exploration
works and tecbnologic studies. Such concentrations are disposed at several levels at
part
.Pontian
the
of the
and
occur as
in tbe
Dacian upper horizon. The mineralogical composition is, in general, 'similar; the common
of:
amphiboles,
garnets, magnetite, hematite,
rutile, brookite, titanite, anatase, zircon, staurolite, apatite, kyanite, epidote,
xenotime, monazite, titanomagnetite. Among the heavy minerals, ilmenite represents
between 60 and 90%; zircon is represented mainly by
The
accumulations also
monazite, quantitatively better represented. In most cases gold
is found as well. Among the most important accumulations one may
Glogova,
Boboieti, Ohaba-ieti, Mateeti-Alunu, Malov-Hinova
Tigveni
32).
In
several occurrences
been identified,
similar with those in
the Timi Valley basin, between Orova, Caransebe and Lugoj. The association of the
minerals determined
concentrates
as follows:
ilmenite, gamets,
zircon, stauroIite, apatite, rutile, titanite, tourmaline, epidote, hornblende (Fig.
Similar accumulations of heavy minerals, with a significant geological potential,
are known the Moldavian
m
zone between
Prut
most representative accumulations are: Mugeti-Igeti-Bursucani, Pogana,
Corodeti, Cod~ti-Micleti, Scheia- Tcua.
presence
zircon concentrates has
pointed out at
sandy
of Kersonian, Meotian
Pontian-Dacian
most cases higher contents of
(up to 0.2%), n comparison with other
accumulations,
been
(Fig.
Recent deltaic and littoral accumulations
Danube
is located between
Moldavian Platform in
Nortb and
Dobrogean orogen in the South. The heavy mineral concentrations resuited by successive
removal
deposits and the
sand (Panin, Panin, 1969)
33). It is noteworthy that
mineral enrichment occurs in
important erosion areas,
the
fraction predominates where sands have accumulated. The oldest
levels
south-eastem Caraorman formation correspond to the Phanagorian
(3000-4000 years ago); they were formed by
erosion
SE Gheorghe 1
delta and the promotion of
Sulina
The
level
to
Letea
formation is younger (1000
it affected the Sulina Phanagorean delta while the
Chilia delta progni:ssed towards
minerals zones are exposed in
southem Caraorman formation,
and
the Srturile and
sandbanks.
heavy mineral fraction consists
gamet, ilmenite, magnetite, zircon,
rotile, titanite, monazite, epidote, staurolite, kyanite, tourmaline, apatite, amphiboles,
sillimanite,
and chromite. The Hmenite, zircon, magnetite and rutile contents
are of commercial nterest The distribution is fairly sporadic; in the Caraorman formation
it
between 2 and 150
and in the Letea formation between
and 50
The
and Chituc sandbanks contain major concentrations, 3-4 km long north of
Sfntu Gheorghe; they occur along the Chituc zone. Heavy
accumulations
kg)
inland margin.
external
of
Caraorman and Srturile

sandbanks
90%
The bottom alluvium and the suspended ......'4".''11' .......
Danube Delta contain 2-12 kg/t of
minerals.

Subactual and actual alluvial

mineral and gold accumulations

The
of the researches pointed out that numerous hydrographic basins the
rivers
Romania contain heavy minerals accumulations (Ti,
bearing) and
gold with a variable distribution, whose economic significance is to be determined (Jipa
et al., 1985; Panin et
1988). It is to note the actual alluvia
aUuvial terraces with
contents of
identified in the Bozovici-Caransebe-Orova,
basins, Pianu zone Transylvania Basin, Olt, Jiu-Arge rivers area and GemeneaTrgovite in the
Depression, Cometi-Mihai
zone (Turda), Drganului
VaHey-Poieni-Morlaca zone in
Apuseni Mountains and Ditru
(Fig.
Heavy minerals accumulations are also included in the sediments .;)f storage
which a quantitative prognosis has been determined, and at Bicaz.
at Porile de

the
The quantified metallogenetic analysis s focused on the assemblage
metaHiferous mineral resources with the total mineral potential (TMP) evaluated in
metal
tons and/or per
on types substances, which cumulates, according to
the systematics adopted by
the reserves (exploited + actual) and resources (Borco
et aL, 1997),
corresponds to
made
the
ommu[{cc (1997) conceming
of ore deposit, in agreement with
The potential is a150 rendered evident by
norms used by the Commission on the Geological Map ofthe World - Sub-commission
on Metallogenetic Map, thus establishing their
within the metaHogenetic units
representative
the Romanian territory (Table 12).
TABLE 12
SIZE OF THE BODIES (DEPOSITS/PROSPECTS)
SUBSTANCE
Pb ar Pb+Zn
Cu
Au +/- Ag
,Ma
Mn
Fe(+-Mn); Fe-T-V

1 - small ore

rtA",nC::'ltc:::

LIMIT BETWEEN THE SIZES (metric tons metall

2 and 1
3 and 2 ,
4and 3
4,000,000
1,000,000
50,000
10,000,000
1,000,000
50,000
50
10
500
50,000
200,000
5,000
500,000
100,000,000
5,000,000
10,000,000
100,000,000
1,000,000,000

2 - medium ore depasits; 3 - large depasits; 4 - very

depasits

72

73

The
metallogenetic
based on: (l) the assessment
of mineral potential including non-ferrous ores
Cu < OA %),
ores
and ferrous-ores
Mn, Fe < 15 %, Ti-V), (2)
relation of ore deposits to platetectonics
. (Cioflica, Vlad, 1984;
1986; Rdulescu et al., 1994; Vlad,
Borco, 1994, 1997) and the modelling studies
The
metallogenetic study
only to the global
of their mineability or non-mineability) estJlmated
accumulations
(metal
tons and/or per cent), which includes reserves (exploited and/or existent)
and resources.
u\.., . UL'''' ores which, as a matter
are best
represented on the
territory,
substances that can also be
'lentioned (especially uranium, molybdenum, tungsten, mercury,
nickel)
due to the
volumes have not
in the analysis as
carmot change
substantially
value of the estimated TMP.
main preliminary conclusions
information about
preferential
location
accumulations in
districts according to
metallogenetic
space-time evolution, about the metallogenetic specification, on the geotectonic units,
anc} geologic processes and about the geographic units; the assessment
about the
of the
of
on geologic processes and
the share of
the
within the yielding sources and.processes.
analysis methodology
possible the
the existing reserves
resources
to
tridimensional
technological and economic features,
scheme of representation of the
recently adopted by the Economic
for Europe (United Nations) (Figs. 34,
ores permit a
35).
determined for the
types of
clear differentiation of the economic reserves from the non-economic ones and take into
reserves whose
and economic
consideration the position of the
are to be better
The results obtained
the base-metal,
gold-silver and
ores confirm, for the main ores deposits, ore deposit
mining fields),
geo-economic
same
can contribute to the
development
fundamental
estabIishing of the policies and
aud applicative surveys (geologic and technologic) aud
mineral resources.
Space-time distribution and global estimation on metallogenetic districts
(Plate II, Table 13)
~4'U'U of Romauia's t"" ......
metallogenetic
intervals,
one with a distinct
"'p."."u,u ..._~. v .. which corresponds to: non-differentated
CaleaOnJlan cycle 4.34 %,
cycle 9.89 % and Alpine
accurnulation replreSiefl1rS only 0.89 %.
V ....

I The values mentioned in the text for the various units, types and
corresponding to the whole territory of Romania.

f ( u... ,

is associated with major

and metallogenetic
cycles 49.54 %,
36.0 %; the

processes are referred to TMP,

QUANTIFIED
UNQUANTIFIED
POSSIBLE
PROVED
PROBABLE
,

.., I "..
: p.R. "
, I ...
. .....I..:
p.P.R.
..0'1 "...
o

ll\

'1\

k.p.R.\

fipR. \
I I \

'1\
u

\ I I

~
~

ps.r.

\m.r.!

\ I

~~~~~_ _- L_ _~~~_ _~_ _~~~_ _- L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~~

DEGREE OF KNOWLEDGE
TRANSPOSITION OF THE ACTUAL STRUCTURE OF TIU: MINERAL
POTENTIAL IN THE PROPOSED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

Reserve from group audit partially inadequately placed

1\

.
' '.
...

Reserve from group out of audit and unclassified. partialJy cumuJated

Progllosis reserve

(Pl

P2), partially cumuJated andlor inadequately placed

CORESPONDENCES
i.R. + i.r. - Reserves and resources of immediate interest
m.R
== A + B + CI - reserves from group of audit
= C - reserves in extenson of ilie audil reserve
i.R.
p.R + p.r = P, P2 - prognosis reserves

P.R + p.r. - Reserves and resources of perspective

= B+
= CI

CI - reserves from out of audit

- unclassified rescrves
= reserves in extension of reserves out of audit
i.P.R.
= C 2 - unclassified reserves
p.P.R. + p.P. = P I P 2 - prognosis reserves
m.P.R.

r - Resources
m.r.

'" B+ CI - reserves from out of audit

Lr.

== CI - imclassified reservcs
== rescrves out of audit

== e2 - unclassified rcservcs
p.r. + ps.r. == P I P2 - prognosis reserves
Fig. 34 - System of reserves and resources c1assification and reconversionof the mineral
potential from the alpha-numeric system in the system adopted by CE-ONU.

74

75

MP MIN AL
POTENTIAL
RESERVES(mRESOURCES[R)
Geological

Ge~logical-technologiCal rl'search- economical ana'tysiS

a::

lV!

C
O

..J
<{

O
O

1-

Z
I.IJ

>-

1-

I.IJ
I.IJ

a..

....J

ro

"-

m r.

i r.

V!

va ua t Ion

Ig

II)

I I)

CGPMRI. CONVERTED GEOLOGICAL POTENTIAL

IN MEASURED RESERVESOF IMMEDIATE INIERESJ
3

rted CR"ri. Converted C r. Conveded

reserves and
reserves and
resources
resources of
resources of
immediate interest immediate interes

Q)

>

Te chnological . valuation

"51

CGPWR

:J

CONVERTED GEOlOGICAL
POTENTIAL IN IWORKABlE 1RESERVES
WHICH COUlD BE INDUST RIALlZED

E c

:::J O

o:;:;
O

1.

Economic

valuaiion

CONVERTED
CGPSP.
.GI OLOGICAL POTENTIAL IN
SA LEABLE PRODUCTS
L
1
2
3
I
1
,Q)

V!

ECONOMIC
1

Fig. 3'

I 2

-MARGI~~
ECONOMIC
UNDEFINED

ofanalysis and promotion ofthe

NOECONOMIC

potential

The non-differentiated Proterozoic cycles include mainly iron and manganese

accumulations, and subordinately lead-zinc ones occurring in two formations: the former,
Karelian metamorphic formations (PtZl) (38.18 %) and the latter, carbonate~ amphibolic
and micaceous formations (PtZ2-3) (11.35 %). Most of the potential distributed in the
Palazu district is represented by iron mineralizations. The accumulations related to the
carbonate, amphibolic and micaceous formations (PtZ2-3) are spread over Il districts or
metallogenetic zones in the South and East Carpathians and Central Dobrogea, of which,
from the TMP point of view, the most important are: Banat zone - Sebe Mts, as well as
Rzoare, Blazna Valley and Delineti - Trnova districts. Most of the potential can be
referred to the iron and manganese accumulations, and only to a lesser extent to the leadzinc accumulations. The size of ore deposit, except those at Palazu, Sebe Mts, Rzoare
and Blazna Valley which are of a medium size, ranges within the limits accepted for
smaH-sized accumulations.
As regards the mineability of the ores, regardless of the composition types, it is
to note that the majority of the accumulations within these cycles are hard to be mined
(situated at shallow depths, low contents, high degree of accumulations spreading) or unmineable.
The Caledonian cycle includes accumulations (mainly lead-zinc, copper and
manganese) which occur at three geological levels; the order of the TMP these are, as
follows: graphite formation with Cambrian lydites (2.98 %), Cambrian rhyolitic
volcanism (1.30 %) and extensional submarine basic volcanism (Ptz3 - Cb l ) (0.06 %),
respectively. In general, the accumulations have a simple composition, which includes
either manganese ores (Fe) (graphite formation with Cambrian lydites) or lead-zinc
ores ( copper, gold) (Cambrian rhyolitic volcanism and basic submarine one PtZ3 Cb l ), or copper ( lead zinc) (Cambrian rhyolitic volcanism). The major districts are in
the East Carpathians at Vatra Domei (manganese ore), Baia Bora and Fundu Moldovei
- Leu Ursului (lead and zinc ore, beside copper and subordinately gold). As regards the
size of the ore deposit, most of the accumulations are small-sized, except the ore
deposits from the Baia Bora district (Dealul Bucii - Cornul Nedeii and Gura Bii Mcrlu - Ivascoaia - Novicior ) which are medium-sized.
The mineability of the manganese ofes is reduced due to the low contents and
to the high degree of spreading of the mineralizations, while the lead-zinc ores raise
several problems particularly as regards the technology of recovery of the metals and the
obtaining saleable concentrates (e.g. in the districts Baia Bora and Fundu Moldovei Leu Ursului).
The Hercynian cycle contains various ore deposits (iron, lead - zinc in copper)
located in several geological levels, as follows: Devonian sub-marine basic volcanism
(9.68 %), Lower Carboniferous rhyolitic volcanism (0.17 %), Silurian extensional - type
basic formations (0.0001 %) and Permian granitic magmatism (0.0001 %). The most
important genetic units - districts - are related to the Devonian basic volcanism with
iron mineralisations (to which manganese is also associated in small amounts) (Teliuc Ruchita district, the third one as regards the value of the potential), as weB as to the
Lower Carboniferous rhyolitic volcanism with lead-zint mineralisations (to which
copper and in places gold are associated) (Muncel- Rapolt district). With one exception

77

76

(the Muncellead-zinc ore deposit of medium size), all the other accumulations are of
small
small
the mineability,
majority of the accumulations
contents of metals.
accumulations occur in
small-sized iron
Carpathians, which ..",,,,...,,,,,"'t'l1"
0.22 % of the Dotlennal
Alpine source
position are unknown.
ore composition
,.." ....,.""... cycle ""VJ'UQ,UI~ . ....,"yIJllyIU. . 'V' with the
types
copper, gold, iron and mangIJme1;e related to several
both
exogenous and particularly endogenous ones.
r'Lu'V1J,~ the exogenous
(4.48 %), mention
of
the accumulations related to the
epicontinental forrnations (3.04 %), with
of the TMP, and the
marine formations (0.10 %), and the
higher
Jurassic
formation~ (0.05 %) with
values of the TMP. Generally, the
nr()Ce:SSf~S are characterised by
iron accumulations manganese).
endogenous mineralisations represent 31.53 % which could be put in
,,"'......,,'.. with
spreading, island arc, subduction and collision geotectonic and
major metaUogenetic
are, as foUows: bimodl and alkaline rifting
magmlansm (
J 3 ; J I - J3) (1
subduction related to the
volcanism
(m pl) (7.37 %) ,and to Banatitic
(Cr2 - Pg 1) (5.47 %),
to collision
(?) (0.42 %) or to spreading processes (T2 J 3) (0.01 %); some
have an
source and position (0.04 %). Within the
Au , Ag), copper
Pb,
Au
in most
complex lead-zinc
Mo), gold (gold silver) ( Pb, Zn , Cu), iron ( Ti,U) and manganese accumulations
formed.
,.pnr", ..ri" the size of the ore
the accumulations are
smallMedium-sized ore deposits are rarely found, e.g. gold accumulations at Barza and
lVlOinUlllla. or lead-zinc
at Ghezuri - Penigher,
Biu,
From the point
the mineability, most
accumulations
related to the Alpine cycle are
are, however,
such as those
related to a part of the iron accumulations (particularly the
ones which are
difficult to
mined or are
among the
accumulations, the
orthomagmatic ones are difficult to
mined or have low
and the volcanoones are worked out or with low contents),
accumulations
(espeeially
related to the
proeesses or to
source aud position),
and
accumulations (related to shear zones with uncertain souree and position).
Small Au-Ag accumulations
Pb-Zn and Fe-Mn occurrences
the South
on1y 0.10 % of the TMP, their Alpine
the Apuseni Mts
being' uncertan.

Taking into account the

of the main accumulations and occurrences in
was
Romania, a
picture of different mineral associations OF
established as shown in
(Udubaa, 1992). Some minerals
by their
main elelllents) have formed practicaBy during the whole time interval since the
Precambrian tiU
i.e. iron-, copper, lead-zinc- and calcium (mostly calcite)
a
enrichment
certain time
such as
of Mo, Mn,
etc. Finally, there are time-bound mineral assemblages, i.e.
minerals of Au, Ag, Sb,
Regarding the species number, the richest mineralforming
are
related to the Neogene igneous activity, producing locally
clear and
remobiliz~tion of some elements from
basement.
conspicuous are such processes in Northern Romania (Baia Mare
where abundant
rhodochrosite appears associated with important vein sulphide assemblages
Cavnic
ore deposit,
1978). Much more complex seem to be the remobilization
Metaliferi Mts., where a
geochemic.al triad, Le. Au-Te-Mn, has
(mostly ophiolitic) in
in connection with the
role of the
........ "'.....0 at least Mn,
not Au and
too (Udubaa et al., 1985).
same
a
area" (in
sense of Routhier, 1977) rich in Mo has been found, which was
repeatedly activated during
Lower Cretaceous-Miocene time
some
molybdenite occurrences
mostly along
Mures
zone.

Productivity of the ore _",."",,,,a,, and geologic processes (Tabies 14 and 15)
The most productive
ore
terms of TMP are the volcanogenic Mare deposit is 38.17 %), followed by
sedimentary type with 66.36 % 'ofthem
orthomagmatic ores
by Fe < 15 %) with 1
%. The metasomatic ores
(skam
distal replacement) types are 4.48 %, hydrothermal veins breccia pipe type is
3.71 %, porphyry copper types are
% and
exogenous ores are 4.48 %.
An
metallogenetic approach
commodities Pb-Zn, "" ....-" ... Cu, Fe
Cu < 0.4 %,
< 15 % is
below.
Pb - Zn. The ore formation is widely distributed across the stratigraphic-time
and
Paleozoic occurrences
with 65 %
22.47 % of
scale.
TMP.
Tertiary subduction events yielded 15.26 % and 80.70 % the
Pb+Zn potential of the Alpine cycle.
m~ important genetic type is
hydrothermal
- breccia
computed as
% TMP, followed by volcanogenic
The deposits taken into consideration are
metamorphosed deposits with 30.87 %
commonly of small and medium size. Large deposits are represented by Cavnic-Roata
and
Sprie vein
and
volcanogenic deposit.
Cu. The ore formation shows a similar pattern compared to Pb-Zn occurrences.
Paleozoic ores 37.18 %
The
Alpine ores represent 58.12 % TMP and
Banatitic and Tertiary subduction events yielded 66.36 %
32.63 % of the total
volcanogemc
potential
the Alpine cycle. The most productive
type s
metamorphosed with 40.8 % TMP. Metasomatic types enclose 36.61 % TMP. Copper
aetlOslts in Romania are of small and medium
t::..

"UIIJUJ,,,",

78

Produetivity of ~ompo8itional

Table 14
of ~res aud ofyieldiug geological processes

ORE TYPES

GENETICj---":'::':"'::"';:":::;";;";:;"''''':':''-j

LEAC ZINC

4.36%

Ti,

. ..
..".."

COPPER
1.16%

CAIN
I

I
I

--,-I

I
I

GOLDSIL

MEZOZOIC

0.01%

0.003
0.0003
0.0001

Alpine accumulations with uncertaln

tRON
66.67%

S1)UI"Ce

el
el
el
el
el

arni posltion

Metamorphie fonnations (Ptz,)

Submarine basie volcenism D)
Carbonatie, amphibolie and mlcaceous fonnatians (PtZ2-3)

a2
al
a1

Banalilic magnalism calc-alkallne assoe. (CrrPg,)

PAlEOZOIC
2,4,13
12,13
osillon

13

PRECAMBRIAN

1.05
0.61
0.29
0.15
0.04

0.71
0.41
0.20
0.10
0.03

a1
al
al
al
al

MANGANESE
'9.53%

b1

bl
b1

bl
bl

36 - Schematic representation of different mineral groups P'Ylrlre;!:!:fl,l1 by their main metals

to Udubaa et al., 1992).

COPPER (Cu<0.4%)
2.02%
IRON (Fe<15%1
17.42%

'. 1. Hydrothennal; 2. Skam ; 3. Porphyry; 4. OrthomagmaUc; 5. Volcanogana; 6. Volcano-sedimentary; 7. Resldual;

8. Chemlcat preclpilallon; 9. AssocIaled 10 carbonale rocks; 10. Assoclaled to slilelelastic rocks; 11. Metamorphosed;
12. Tectogenous: 13. Polygenelie remobllised.
2 a iron, b mangan, elead" zinc, d copper, e gold + argen! (siza of aeeumulatlon according to Table 13)

d1-2
dl-2

79

c1;e1
a1;b1
el
al ;b1;C1
al;e1 :el

a1;b1

se

" EC, Easl Carpalhians;

Soulh Carpath!ans; AM -Apuseni Mon/aIM: TD" Transilvanian Depresion: SD South Dobrogea. CO Cenlral Dobrogea; ND North Dobrogea
a, iron. b. mangan. c, lead zinc, d copper. e ' gold .. argenl (size 01 accumufalion accordong 10 Table 13) ,
2.

ICollision (1)

119.47%

IIJI3%

47.86%

MSOC. TO CARBONATIC ROCKS METAMORPHOSED

0.12%

CHEMICAl PRECIPITATION METAMORPHOSED

VOlCAN0.5EDIMENTARY METAMORPHOSED

1.62%

3.14%

CHEII/UCAL PRECIPITATION

1.34%

RESIDUAl

2.48%

VOlCANO-8EDIMENTARY

0.116%

VOlCANOGENE

17.40%

PORPHYRY

6.3t%

SKARN

2.110%

HYDROlHERMAl

C% of total polllol:llli)

VOlCANOGENEMETAMORPHOSED

100%
ALPINE
100%
NON.fJlFFERENnATED-2.27"

ALPINE

Island arc magmalism ' tholeiitlc assoc. (J3-Cf,l

Neogene volcanism - calc-alkaline assoc. (m-pl)

ALPfNE
100%

100.00
30.53
6.65
57.89
4.93

b1

b1
a1

d1
81;d1
a1;e1;<1

1.02
10.39
88.59
0.08
Islllnd arc magmalism -Iholeiitic assoc. (Jl-Cr,)
Neoaene volcansm calc-alkaline assac. (m-pl)

Spreading Iholeiilie assoc. (f~-J31

100%

ALPINE

'a1

a1;d1

assoe. (J3,Cr,)
Island arc magma!lsm - tholeiilic

100%

<11-2

14.80
85.20
88.89
11.11
magnatism calc-alkaline Issac. (Cr2'Pg,)

ALPfNE

Bana/ilie magnatism calc-alkallne IISSOC. (CrrPg,)

"moda! T,..J, - D.N; alkalina J,..J 3 C.O)

magnatism calc-alkaline assoc. (Cr:rPg,)

volcaoism calc-ailleline IiISSOC. (m-pl)

ORE BEARING FORMATIONS

GEOTECTONIC
TYPES

GENETIC

Productivity

Table
types of ores aad

GEOLOGIC PROCESS -

F)

SIZEOF

ACCUMU-

00

81

- Ag. Gold mineralization is intimately assoCated with the Alpine cycle that
subduction event yielded 85.38 % TMP
provided 87.41 % TMP. The
epithermal systems and subordinately porphyry coppers. Barza and Roia Montana are
world class deposits and the rest are of small and medium
Fe. Iron metallogeny is characteristic of Precambrian to Alpine cycles, with '
~o
Lower Proterozoic
yielded 59.34 % TMP. Iron in Paleozoic is
special
% TMp'and increases during Alpine time to 19.67 % TMP and decreases during
1
genetic
Middle and Upper Proterozoic to 6.81 % TMP. The chemical sediments
type is the most important, promoting 80.18 % TMP. The Palazu Mare deposit is oflarge
size but its mineability is stiU problematic, due to hydrogeologic conditions and deep
Iocation. The remaining depositsare of small and medium size.
Cu < 0.4 %.
is in fact the class of porphyry copper assessed separately from
other copper ore types due to low-grade and difficulties in mineability. They are
assoCated with Banatitic and T ertiary magmatic subduction events and have small to
medium size. They may be
in economic terms due to the common presence
andlor Mo byproducts and
association with epithermal ''''''r'''......'
< 15 %. This type of lower contents ore is
no economic importance for the
Ditru alkaline massif
time being. Iron occurs orthomagmatic ores
with
yielding 92.43 % TMP. This is an intracontinentalrifting related setting during incipient
evolution of the Alpine cycle in the Carpathian realm.
Besides
major elements taken into account in the potential
ilie
metalliferous accumulations also contain several minor elements, among which at present
W,
Se,
Be, Sb are recovered directly the processing activity or indirect1y in
Co,
can be
the metallurgic process, in low amounts, whereas
Co, In, TI,
recovered (especially in metallurgy), with values compatible wor1dwide (Niulescu, 1962;
Borco et al., 1983; Pandelescu et al., 1986).
metallic elements possible to
One should also take into account ilie share of
recovered from ilie tailings or old dumps, which generally cumulate considerable
volumes, important particularly for
Ag, Pb, Zn and for the typical minor elements
(Borco et al., 1978).
Metallogenetic: spec:ialisation of the main stages of
geotec:tonic cydes/units and major geographic units
(Table 16)
quantiative
specialisation can
inferred from
variable
association of the main mineralisation types (ferrous, non-ferrous and precious metals),
of TMP) corresponding to
from the value
the ratio between ilie potentials (in
the ferrous (iron + manganese)
ores (lead + zinc + copper), as
from
the particular occurrence of some elements that determine the specific qualitative feature
like
W,
V, Au,
Taking into account ilie geotectonic settings of the Alpine cycle, one can
nhe,,,,... ,,,'. an increase of the complexitY of the metallogenetic process, also noticed
the
variety
the compositiooal
of ore. This evolution line
includes the n ..''' ....' .." ..
ofthe value ofthe
Fe+MnlPb+Zn+Cu from 65.78 in the rifting zone to 2.02 in the

IV

0.00
0.00

0.00
0.29

95.46
0.00
79.56
0.17

1.02
6.63

0.66
0,41

0.00
0.00
0.00
15.51
5.12
23.22
0.00
0.00
4.24
0.00
0.00
57.31
75.58
43.76
95.71
77.43
0.28 0.03
0.0001
0.00 100.00
0.00
4.03 0.39
0.00
0.06
2-".29 5.05
10.56 7.97
0.004
29.25 2.89
0.11
1.84 1.41
0.004
15.91 0.00
0.03

0.01
0.00
0.10
0.61

91.27
26.87
0.00
0.03

7.63
0.24

0.00
6.32

1.05
54.23

0.00
0.00
0.49
0.00
47.62

%
%

0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.53
12.79
47.89
5.21
13.64
1.25

%
%

86.44
2.1.19
92.58
87.36
35.40

Cu<O;4% Fe<15%

Mn

A
Fe

0.00
2.15
0.00
9.11

_ (':I"'m"';""'n

,.. Uneertain souree and position

- Banatites
- Neogene

- Rifting
- Spreading
-Island are
_ !!ita' .... .Lion

-_.......................
.. _--_..

",

Cu. Mn, Au+Ag Ti, V, Mo

Fe, Mn, Fe<15%
Cu<O.4%,
Fe<15% Fe,
Cu. Mn, Au+Ag Ti, V, Mo
Fe<15%, Fe. Pb+Zn, Cu, Mn
Cu
Pb+Zn, Cu, Mn
Fe, Pb+Zn, Cu<O.4%, Cu. Mn, Fe<1S%, Au+Ag
Fe, Pb+Zn. Cu Cu<O.4%, Mn
Fe, Pb+Zn, Cu<04o/c, Cu, Mn. Fe<15%, Au+Ag
Fe. Pb+Zn, Cu, Mn
Fe, Au+Ag, Mn

Fe,Mn

Fe<15%, Fe, Pb+Zn, Cu<O.4%

UNCERTAIN PRE41.PINE

ALPINE

Fe, Mn, Pb+Zn, Fe<15%, Cu

CALEDONIAN
HERCYNIAN-

-EXOGENOUS

0.02
0.02
0.001
0.00
0.02
}Il

PROTEtr'JI

Mn, Pb+Zn, Fe, Cu

Fe. Mn, Pb+Zn, Cu

0.70 0.08
21.29 9.60
1.64 0.07
0.00 0.00
7.98 1.88

T
E

Au+~g

Cu

M
Pb+Zn

COMMODITIES
GEOTECTONIC

r:~

evolution
of
tbe main
Quantitative metallogenetic specialization

(XI

83

zones
the island arc
6.59). The metallogenetic
complexity the subduction stages is rendered evident by the increase of the contents
of Au-Ag, and subordinately
Mo-W-B,
and
The ore composition of the Alpine cyc1es is relatively homogeneous, the
differences consisting only
the variation of the ratios between the associations of
ferrous and non-ferrous ores;
values
this ratio were recorded in the
Proterozoic cyc1es (190.61), and the lowest ones in the Caledonian cyc1e (5.29).
The geographic units that cumulate most of the potential are, as follows: South
ml. tons - iron,
Dobrogea (155.36 miI. tons, exclusively iron), East Carpathians (1
19aJlleS1e, lead-zinc, copper, the ferrous ores
in
amounts), South
Carpathians (78.17 miI. tons iron, manganese, copper and lead-zinc, the ferrous ores
prevailing), and Apuseni Mts 1.79 miI. tons copper, iron, gold-silver,
with diversified mineralisations and locally with significant concentrations
of gold-silver,copper and lead-zinc).
The economic aspects that include the
activity (since ancient
times)
the value of the potential of mineable reserves and resources point out the
importance of the geographic and/or geologic units. From this point of view it is to
mention
East Carpathians mainly
to their
and
ores potential
to
Cambrian rhyoHtic one. The ........ ,...."'.'1""' ..,,,..
associated to the Neogene volcanism
of the Apuseni Mts consists especially in the volumes aud quality
the gold-silver,
and copper ores associated to
Neogene volcanism and the ferrous,
lead-zinc
copper,

ores related to the Banatitic magmatism. The westem part the

South Carpathians (Banat and Poiana Rusc) proved also to be important if one
considers the iron accumulations associated to the Devonian sub-marine basic volcanism
Banatitic magmatism, through
porphyry
copper and lead zinc
and to
and copper mineralisations related to the Banatitic magmatism.

to correlate qualitative
interpretations of
Umle-g,Oal;e ore formation with quantitative data for
Romanian territory provides
valuable information about metallogenetic specialisation, intensity of metallization and
of mineral deposits.
The time-stratigraphic depositional sequences suggest the following
metallogenetic specialization
various geotectonic cycles that is better expres sed as
TMP:
Proterozoic cycle Middle and Upper Proterozoic cycles - Mn,
Cu, Pb,
Paleozoic
- Mn, Fe , Cu, Pb, Zn ( Au, Cr, Ni, Th, U, REE);
Upper Paleozoic cycle Cu, Pb,
(Mo, W, U, Th,
Mn, Mo
Bi, Cd, Hg,
Alpine cycle Pb,
Au, Ag,
Ni,
Th, TR).
The paragenetic features
the mineralisations point out the obvious tendency
metallogenetic specialisation that is
rendered evident
the ratio

84

85

which varies
1
the
Caledonian cycle.
of metaHisation is preferentially
"'! vQlcanicity in
volcano-plutonic
~v~,,,,,,,,,v,, of this kind yielded important
(metamorphosed)
that
Apuseni Mts. Their ec<mC'ml.C
LlU.U..., ....

Proterozoic non-differentiated
related ta major magmatic events:
granitoids during Upper
character in
skarn, porphyry
in the East

the size of the ore ' .... n' ...'" most of the accumulations are ,uuau.ou,,",u
being found at the lower !imit);
medium-sized ore deposits are:
Ka:;~OaJre (Mn-Fe), Sebes Mts (Mn);
Valley (Pb+Zn)', Buctii Hill
Ivscoaia - Novicior
Muncel
Gura Bii - Mcrlu
Ghezuri -Penigher
Baia Sprie (Pb+ZnCu-Au-Ag), Biut
Suior
Rosia Poieni
Cavnic
(Cu),
(CUAu), Barza (Au),
Montana
(Au). World
Au-Ag deposits at
Montana ar
Au, Ag
~ ..""t'Ti'." of the
....vlf/v" ..'-' at Cavnic and Baia Sprie
Romania.
to the size of
stresses out that
classification of the
Teliuc first places: Palazu (Fe),
the
(Fe), Vatra
(Mn-Fe), Cpus
one should
(Mn), Bisoara (Fe, Pb+Zn),
(Fe), Ocna de Fier (Fe,
most of TMP is either non-mineable ar worked out.
Quantitative and qualitative ch!lralcte.nSl:lllC)fi of the genetic types of mineralisations
the most
types which
most cases,
v'"' (or hard ta be mined), of
precipitation,
metamorphic formation
(47.86 %),
Dro,ces:ses (J j-h) (17.40 %), accumulations
ta metamorphosed
corresponding
non-differentiated
cycles (carbonate, amphibolic and micaceous
to the
graphite formations
%), as well as
to
metamorphosed siliciclastic
corresponding to the
and
formations (PtzZ-3) (5.94
the genetic
generated
of the
with a high
mineability mention should
hydrothermal, skarn, porphyry and metamorphosed volcanogenic
that yielded
accumulations of lead-zinc,
gold (silver) in the Alpine
and the last
Caledonian cycle.
Quantitative distribution
ore
regardless of the economic significance,
%) and manganese (9.53 %) ores are associated usually to the Proterozoic
Paleozoic geologic
representing 70 %.
(4.36 %)
18 %) ores,
are spread
interval, starting
up to the Neogene, the most productive geologic
Alpine ones
of the Miocene-Pliocene
Tbe gold-silver ores (0.01 %) are mostly
a.o.,)V"" .......,y to the Neogene volcanism (87.30 %), constituting,
with
concentration and metallisation,
the Metaliferi Mts.
(very

.JLF>UU'''.........

The data obtained can contribute to the delimitation of the

and
which, by the geo-economic characteristic
genetic models of the mineralization
accumulations,
discussion
research programmes.

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valorificare a minereurilor auro-argentifere la 1.01.1990. Report, G.I.R. archives.
Vlad, S., Borcos, M., Gabudeanu, B. (1988) Modele genetice ale principalelor tipuri de zacaminte din
Romania (model
model Patarsi). Report, G.I.R. archives.
.
Voda, AI., Zincenco, D. (1993) Studiu corelativ Iitostratgrafic, structural si metalogenetic al Seriei de Tulghes
din Carpatii Orientali.
S.C. Prospectiuni S.A.
Bucuresti.
-- , Muntean, M. (1994) Studiul structural si metalogenetic al metamorfitelor de
mediu si scazut din
Carpatii Orientali. Report, G.I.R. archives.

106

OTHER CONSULTED DOCUMENTS

Metallogenetie maps, se. 1:200,000

Metallogenetie maps, se. 1:50,000 (......,"'.,,:, ....rl for printing)
for printing)
Metallogenetic maps, second issue, se. 1:1,000,000
Map of the mineral resourees, se. 1:500,000 (prepared for printing)
Structural, magma tic, metallogenetie map of the Metaliferi Mountains, se. 1:200,000
Prognosis maps ofthe mineral resourees, se. 1:1,000,000; 1:500,000; 1:200,000 (unpublished)

Table 13
Systematics of the geological potential distributed on geotectonics cycles, geological processes and metaUogenetic districts/zones
GEOTECTONIC

No .

DISTRICT (O)

GEOLOGIC PROCESS -

Geo-

CYClES

ORE BEARING FORMATIONS

(0,4 lotal potential)

(% referred to eyele; ",4 referred to total potential)

CYCLES
PROTEROZOIC
NON-OIFFERENTIATEO
49 .54%

Metamorphie fonnalions (Ptz,)

Carbonatie, amphibo/ic and micaeeous fonnations (Ptz 2 -3 )
22.92',4
11.35%

CALEOONIAN
4.34,4

HERCYNIAN
9.89%

UNCERTAIN PRE-ALPINE
ALPINE
36.00%
otwhich:
Exogenous
12.43";' of lotal Alpine
EndClgenous
31 .53"'\' of total potential

Extensional submarine basic volcanism (Ptzl-Cb,)

1.44",\,; 0.06',4
Rhyolitic volcanism (Cb)
29.93'\'
1.3%

Graphitous fonnat i on with Iydites (Cbl

Volcano-sedimentary tonnations of extensional type (SI
0.49,4; 0.05',4
Submarine basic volcanism (O)
97.7S',\,; 9.U',\,
Rhyolitic volcanism (Lower Carboniferous)
Granitic magmatism (P)
Aeeumulalions with uncertain souree and posltion
Mesosoic carbonatic fonnations
Oetritial fonnations (Jl}
Marine tonnations (Cr)
Epi.:ontinental fonnations (Pg)
Rifting (bimodal T,.J, - N.D.; alkalin. J,.J I - E.C. )
45.02%; 16.21%

Spreading - tholei itic assoc. (T z.J l )

Island arc magmatism - tholeiitic assoc. (JI-Cr, ~
5.63',4
2.03%

Banatitic magmatism - c.lc .. lkalin. assoc. (Cr 2-Pg, )

IS.2',\,
5.47',\,

Neogene volcanism - calc..alkaline assoc. (m-pl)

22.48%
7.37%

graphic

ZONE (Z)
1
2
3
4
5

D. Palazu
D . Valea BlaznelGuset
D. Bazdaga
D. Razoare
Z . East Carpathians
D. Porumbacu-Arpas
Z. BanatMuntii Sebes
D. Delinesti-Tamova
D. Toplet
D. Valea Fierulul-Boutari
D . Annenis
D Altan-Tepe
D. Silvas-Boita-Lingina
D. Boclugea-Camena
D. Baia Borsa
D. Fundu Moldovei-Lesu U~ului
D. Cartlbaoa-oomaAnni
D. Balan Tulghes
D. Comana-Venetia
D . Vatra Domei
D. Anies
O. Rusa ia
D. Teliuc-Ruschita
D. lazuri-Cerbal
O. Muncel-Rapolt
D. Soimus-Dud
Z. W. Zone of South Carpathlans
O. Moneasa
D. Valea Mare-Suncuius
D. Campulung MOldovenesc
O. Capus-SavadisJa
D oitrau
D SomovaMarca
D. lulia-Eschibalac
D. Baia de Arama
O orocea

SD
E.C
E.C
E.C
E.C.
S.C
S .C.
S C.
SC .
S.C
S.C.

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36

SC .
N.D.
E.C .
E.C
E C.
E.C
SC
E.C.
E.C
E.C.
SC
SC .
SC .
A.M .
SC
AM
AM .
E.C
T.B.
E.C
N.C
ND .
SC
AM .

D Pamesti
D. Vorta-oealul Mare
O. Moldova Noua-Sasca

37
38
391
40

AM .
A.M.
A.M .
SC

D. Techereu

CD.

o . Oravita

41

S.C

O Ocna de Fier-Oogneeea
D. Tinccva
O. Ruschila

421
43
44

O Bocsa-Hauzesti
D liliecl-lapusnlcul Mare
D Poiana Rusea
O Baisoara

45
46
47
48

SC
SC
SC .
S.C
SC .
SC
SC
A.M.

O. Gilau
D. Baita-Hamagiu

49
50

A.M.
A.M.

O. Budureasa-Valea ragului
D V1adeasa
O. Borod-Comitel
D. Magureaua 'Ialei-Birt,"

51
52
53
54

A.M.
A.M .
A.M .
A.M .

D Tarna Mare
O lIoa-Nistru
O SasarValea Rosle
O oealu Crucii-Baiut
D. Huta-Ceneze
O. Toroi.aga
D Tioles
D Rodna
O Cal iman,

55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

E.C
E.C
E.C
E.C
Ee
E.C
EC
E.C
E.C

O Madaras
D Lueta-Vlahita
D Toplita Ciuc
O. Rosia Montana-Contu
D. Baita-Cainei-Draica
O Baia de Anes
O Buclum-Rosia POle'1!

64
E.C
65
E.C.
66
E.C
AM
67'
68 1 A.M
69
AM
70
A.M
1

O Zlatna-Stanlja

O Brad Sacaramo

Cotlision (?)
1.15%
0.42k

Accumulations with uncerta in source and posilior1l

0 . 10'~ ; 0.04%

Potential O Of Z r.te".d to:

COMMOolTIES

Genetic

I 71

A.M

72

A.M

I
I

D. Deva
O Talag iu

3
74

O. Nimaia-V Lucului
D. Valea lui Stan
Z East Carpalhians
D. Somesul Rece-Munte'e Sacel
D. Lupsa
D. Ranusa-Zimbru
O. Cioclovina
D Valiug-Sozoviei
D Rametea

75
76
77
7/3
79
80
81
82
83

A .M .

AM
S.C
SC
E.C.
A.M
A.M
A.M
SC .
S.C
AM .

Geo-tect

Total

process-% cycles-,4 potentlal-,4

11(8)
11(9)
119)
119)
119)
119)
11 10)
11 10)
11(6)
11(6)
116)
11(5)
11(5)
1.1(5)
11(5)
115)
11(5)
11(5)
11(5)
11(9)
11(6)
11 \5)
11(5)
11(5)
11(5)
11(5)
11(5)
11 (5)
7
8
8
4
13
2
5
5
4
4
6
5
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
1
1
5
6
6
6

1
1
1
1

3
1
3
1
3
3
1
3
12
12
13
12
13
13
13
13
13

100 Fe .
96.48 Pb+Zn; 0.07 Cu; 3.44 Fe.
87 .38 Pb+Zn; 12.62 Cu.
50.48 Mn; 49 . ~ Fe.
90.59 Pb+Zn; 9.41 Cu .
91.36 Pb+Z"; 8.64 Cu .
31.46 Fe: 68.54 Mn
87.80 Fe; 32.20 Mn
52.20 Fe: 47.80 Mn .
100 Fe .
100 Fe.
100 Cu.
100 Pb+Zn.
1.23 Cu : 98.71 Fe.
84 .61 Po+Zn : 15.30 Cu; 009 Au+Ag .
45.33 Po+Zn : ~ . 64 Cu: 0.03 Au+Ag
88 .67 Pb+Zn : 11 .33 Cu
1704 Pb+Zn : 82.96 Cu
100 po+Zn.
30 22 Fe: 69.78 Mn
10e Cu
100 Fe
gl69 Fe : 6.11 Mo .
100 Fe.
g5 .74 Pb+Zn; 4.21 Cu ' 0.05 Au+Ag
100 Cu
87 .36 Fe; 13.64 Mn .
73.42 Fe: 26 .58 Mn
100 Fe.
100 Fe .
IOD Fa.
100 F~
95.16 Pb+Zn. 4.8C Cu 004 Au+Ag
99 .45 Fe 0.3i' Cu 0.18 Mn
100 Cu
18 .44 PO~Zn 61.56 Cu
8299 Fe : 16 ~4 TI O 37 V
90 .91 Fe : 9.09 Ti.
100 Mn

100.00
2.83
0.01

43.06
0.23
0.10
46.48
5.88
0. 65
0. 16
0.27
0.32
68.11
31 .69
65 .15
14.37
3 27
16. 74
0.47
100 00
0 22
99 78
8/' .21
12.79
100 .00
100. 00
l CoaCOI
100.00
100 .00
100 001
100 00 1
95 45 '
0 29,
" 25
100 0C
0 21)
9 1 4S 1

00 1

94 .77 Pb"Zn : 5.23 Cu .

7.13 Po+Zn: 40.69 Cu: 0.002 Au .. Ag: 46 .03 re ; 015 Mo.
98 .33 Cu : 1.67 Mo .
83.10 Pc+Zn; 16.74 Cu: 0.01 Au+Ag : 015 Mo .
100 Cu
1.61 Po+!n; 0.49 Cu : 0.001 Au+Ag: 96 .68 Fe. 1.22 Mn.
11 .64 Pb+Zn. 88 .36 Cu : 0.001 Au.
100 Pb+Zn.
99 .41 Po+Zn : O 57 Cu : 0.02 Au
72 .22 Pb+Zn: 27 .78 Cu .
97 .20 Cu : 0.01 Au+Ag . 2.79 Mo .
99.99 Cu ; 0.01 Au
96 .57 Pb+Zn; 3.39 Cu : O 04 ,1.g .
99 .42 Fe; 0.58 Mn.
99 .99 PO; 0.01 A~
92 .29 Po+Zn : 7.48 Cu; 0.23 Au+Ag
84.68 Pb+Zn; 15.30 Cu : 0.02 Au+Ag
11 .09 Pb+Zn: 0.41Cu: O.OOlAu+Ag ; 88 .54 re .
86 .44 P!>+Zn; 13.50 Cu : 0.06 Au+Ag .
95.21 Pb+Zn : 4.74 Cu : 0.05 Au+A\l
99.72 Po+Zn : 0.25 Cu: 0.03 Au"Ag
95 .21 Fe : 4.79 Mn
95.03 Pb+Zn : 4.86 Cu : 0.11 Au+.A.g
80 .55 Pb+Zn : 1935 Cu : O 10 Au+AJl:
96 .42 Po+Zn; 2.67 Cu: 0.91 Au"Ag.
90.14 Po+Zn: 9 72 Cu : 0.14 Au~Ag .
100 Fe .
59.78 po"'Zn: 39.98 Cu : 0.24 Au+Ag .
92.14 Po+Zn; 7.74 Cu : 012 Au+Ag .
77.97 po"'Zn : 1.37 Cu : 0.07 Au+Ag : 0.16
2043 Fe.
97 .66 Ptl+Zn : 227 Cu : 0.07 Au+Ag
100 Fe
99 .83 Fe: 0.17 Mn
9809 Fe : 1.91 Mn
96.77 Fe 3.23 Mn .
100 Au+Ag
100 AU+ ~\l
97 .29 Po+Zn: 2.52 Cu : O 19 Au+~
81 .31 Po+Zn: 17. 12 Cu : 157 Au+Ag
99 .50 Cu: 0.07 Au+Ag: O 43 Mo
99 .82 Po"Zn: 0. 18 Au+Ag
99.78 Cu : O 22 Au+Ag
98 .32 Pb+Zn. 0.70 Cu : O 98 Au+ Ag.
99 .85 Cu : 0.15 Au+Ag
100 Cu
99.43 Pb+Zn: 0.57 Au+Ag .
100 Cu
99.99 Pb+Zn: O.OOIAg.
100 Au+Ag .
1.35 Pb+Zn: O 62 Cu; 0.003 Ag: 96.98 Fe: 1.03 Mn .
100 Au+Ag.
100 Cu.
100Cu.
100 Pb+Zn
100 Au+Ag .
92 .11 Fe: 7.69 Mn .

",'n.

O 10 '
4 21
14 .59 1
S 07
0.50
013
32 .26
0.09
0.12
182
002
026
0.06
4.13
34 50
0.04
0.14
2. 14
2.27
O 14
0.17
0.11
132
3.95
319
041
18 .75
0 29
0.38
0.29
2.S0
0.11
10.35
19 03
6.82'
7.44
0.02
O.GO C4 1

047
0.05
18 15

~ ;71
2 0' 1
2.03
0.34
0.07
0.50
0.51
O.OeOOl
98.88
0.Oe05
0.44
0.36
15.91
0.029
84.06

77.08
0.65
0.003
9.87
0.05
0.02
10.65
1.35
0.15
0.04
0.06
0.07
0.96
0.46
19.50
4.30
0.98
501
0.14
68.63
0.001
0.49
8529
12.51
1.71
0.001
100 .00 ,
3.56,
0.13
0.26
8'40
42.70
0.13
1.91
0.02
0012

5. 11 1
022

O OI
024
2.20
017
008
002
4.87
0.01
0.02
0.27
0.004
0.04
001
0.82'
523
0.'01
0.02
0.32
0.34
0.021
0.03 1
002
1
0 .2Q
0.80
065
0.08
3.82
0.06
0.08
0.C6
0.51
002
2. 11
3.6/'
1.39
1.51
0.005
O.OCOI
0.10
001
3.69
0. 11
0.47
041
0.41 1
007
0.01
0.10
0.01
0.00001
1.13
0.00001
001
0.004
0.02
0.00003
0.08

Size of

Claasl-

accumula- fication
tlon.'

38.18
12
0.32
cl-2
0002
cI
4.89
b2
0.03
el
0.01
cl
5.28
b2
0.67
al
0.07
al
0.02
al
0.Q3
al
0.04
dl
cI
0.04
al
0.02
0.85
el-2: dl
0.19
el : dl
0.04
el
0.22
el ; dl
0.01
el
bl
2.96
0.0001
dl
al
0.05
8.44
al
al
1. 24
el-2: dl
0. 17
0.0001
dl
0.22
b2
1.29
01
0.05
al
al
0.10
304
al
al
15.47
cI
0.05
0.89
al
0.01,
dl
dl
0.004
185
al
al
008
01
0.002
cI
0.09
0.60
cI : dl
028
d2
CI: dl
0.03
0.01,
dl
al : el
1.71
0.01
el : dl
el
0.01
el
0.10
O.COI
el
dl
0.01
0.003
dl
0.23
CI
1.69
al
0.002
el
0.01
cl
0.12
el
a1. el
0.12
0.01
cI
0.01
el
001
cI
0.07
al
0.29
el
0.23
cl2 : el
cI
0.03
1.38
el ; el
0.02
el2
al
0.03
0.02
cl: dl
0.18
el
el
0.01
0.76
el
1.40
al
al
0.50
al
0.55
0.002
el-2
0.00003
el-2
0.03
cI : el
0004
el
1.34
d2
0.04
cI: el
0.17
dl
cI : e2
O 15/
015
dl
dl
0.03
0.01
el
0.04
dl
0.002
cI
0.000003
81-2
0.41
al ; el
0 .000002
el
0.002
dl
0.001
dl
0.01
cI
0.00001
81
el
0.03

EC - East Carpathlans: SC - South Carpathians: AM -Apuseni Montains; TO - Transylvanian oepresion ; SD - South ooorogea . Co . Central Doorogea : No . North Dobrogea
1. Hydrothermal : 2 Skam ; 3. Porphyry; 4. Orthomagmatic: 5. Volcanogene; 6. Voleano-sedimentary: 7. Residual: 8. Chemieal preeipitation : 9 Assoeiated tO carbonate rocks ; 10. Associated to silieiclast rc rocks : " . MetamorpMsed: 12. Tectogenous; 13 . Polygenetic - remobilised
a - iron, b - mangan, c lead ~ zinc, d . copper, 8 - gold + argent

1 _

1_

Genetic
2
types

units'

DorZ
1
24
75

5
55
112
4
20
41
80
51
48
45
59

17
31
46
29
tl6
7
78
42
3

15
33
79
28
14
44
37

ti
2
43
19
64
9
39
72
36
16
50
10
68
36
71
61
69
6
70
34
35
65
63
40
26
27
52
12
58
54
57
32
18
11
22
21

74
60
49
13
30
25

56
47
71
62

23
63

73
76
87
81
53