Tapan-Kumar

PHYSICS

PHYSICS
ByINVESTIGATORY
o Nam
e:Ta
2016
panKum
ar
o Clas
s:
XII-A
o Roll:
o Sch
ool:
KV
Ran
Submitte
gpur
d to:i,ND
-36
-----Mr.P.K
o Sess
Sharma--ion:
201
6-17

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

PHYSI
CS

PHYSICS
INVESTIGATORY
2016

INDEX
S.
No.

Title

Acknowledgement

Certificate

Introduction
Experiment

5.

-Aim
-Materials required
-Observation
-Result

Bibliography

Acknowledgeme
nt
I would like to thank the CBSE,
for providing me the
opportunity to carry out this
investigatory project. I also
take this opportunity to
express my sincere gratitude
to my Physics teacher, Mr. P.K
Sharma, PGT Physics, for
guiding me and imparting a
sound base of knowledge
pertaining to this topic which
ensured the successful
completion of this project. I

would also like to thank him for

unending assistance to enable
completion of the exercise.

CERTIFICATE
This is to hereby certify that the
original and genuine
investigatory project has been
completed sincerely and
satisfactorily by Tapan-Kumar
of class XII Sc. Of Kendriya
Vidyalaya Rangpuri, New
Delhi, regarding his project
titled common base
transistor as per the CBSE

practical work requirement for

the session 2016-2017.

Teachers Signature

Examiners Signature

INTRODUCTION
A transistor is a three terminal active device. The terminals are
emitter, base, collector. In CB configuration, the base is common
to both input (emitter) and output (collector). For normal
operation, the E-B junction is forward biased and C-B junction
is reverse biased.
In CB configuration, IE is +ve, IC is ve and IB is ve.
With an increasing the reverse collector voltage, the spacecharge width at the output junction increases and the effective
base width W decreases. This phenomenon is known as Early
effect. Then, there will be less chance for recombination within
the base region. With increase of charge gradient within the base

region, the current of minority carriers injected across the

emitter junction increases. The current amplification factor of
CB configuration is given by,
= IC/ IE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

EXPERIMENT
AIM:
1. To observe and draw the input and output
characteristics of a transistor connected in
common base configuration.
2. To find current gain () of the given transistor.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:
1. A pnp Transistor
2. Regulated power supply (0-30V, 1A) and a 3-V battery

3.
4.
5.
6.

Voltmeter (0-30V)
Ammeters (0-50mA)
2 high resistance rheostats
Connecting wires

PROCEDURE:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the input characteristics, the output voltage V CE is kept
constant at 0V and for different values of VEB note down the values of IE.
3. Repeat the above step keeping VCB at 2V, 4V, and 6V. All the readings
are tabulated.
4. A graph is drawn between VEB and IE for constant VCB.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the output characteristics, the input IE is kept constant at
10mA and for different values of VCB, note down the values of IC.
3. Repeat the above step for the values of IE at 20mA, 40mA, and 60mA,
all the readings are tabulated.

4. A graph is drawn between VCB and Ic for constant IE

OBSERVATIONS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Least count of voltmeter Vi = 0.1V

Range of voltmeter Vi= 0-5 volts
Zero error of voltmeter Vi= No error
Least count of voltmeter V0 = 0.1V
Range of voltmeter V0=0 to 5V
Zero error of voltmeter V0= No error
Range of milli-ammeter= 0-50mA
Zero error of milli-ammeter= No error

Table for input characteristics

Sl.

Base-emitter
voltage VEB(V)

Emitter current IE (mA) for

VCB= 0V

VCB= -2V

VCB= -4V

2.5

3.0

4.2

4.6

4.8

20

21

26

4.9

38

48

Out of range

No
.

Table for output characteristics

Sl.

Base-collector
voltage VCB(V)

Collector current IC (mA) for

IE=5mA

IE=10mA

IE=20mA

4.5

9.0

19.0

5.0

9.0

19.5

5.0

9.0

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

5.5

9.5

19.5

No.

Table for transfer characteristics

Sl.

Emitter current IE Collector current IC (mA) for

(mA)
No
VCB= 0V
VCB= -2V
VCB= -4V
.
1

10

10

10

10

RESULT
1. The input, output and transfer characteristics are shown in
the adjoining graphs.
2. The current gain, =
3. The voltage gain, Av =

PRECAUTIONS
1. The supply voltages should not exceed the rating of the
transistor.
2. Meters should be connected properly according to their
polarities.

SOURCES OF ERROR
The transistor may be faulty.

BIBILOGRPAHY
Various books and websites were referred
while making this project:
1) Physics Textbook for class XII, Part-I,
NCERT
2) Physics Laboratory Manual for class XII,
NCERT
3) Wikipedia.org

4) ConnectUEdu
5) Youtube.com