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Abstract
The plastic buckling and collapse of long cylinders under combined internal pressure and axial compression was investigated through a
combination of experiments and analysis. Stainless-steel cylinders with diameter-to-thickness values of 28.3 and 39.8 were compressed to
failure at xed values of internal pressure up to values 75% of the yield pressure. The rst effect of internal pressure is a lowering of the
axial stressstrain response. In addition, at some plastic strain level, the cylinder develops uniform axisymmetric wrinkling. Under
continued compression, the wrinkles grow stably, gradually reducing the axial rigidity of the structure and eventually lead to a limit load
instability. All pressurized cylinders remained axisymmetric until the end of the test past the limit load.
The critical stress and wavelength were established using classical plastic bifurcation theory based on the deformation theory of
plasticity. The evolution of wrinkling, and the resultant limit state, were established by modeling a periodic domain that is one half of the
critical wavelength long. The domain was assigned an initial imperfection corresponding to the axisymmetric buckling mode calculated
through the bifurcation check. The inelastic material behavior was modeled through the ow theory of plasticity with isotropic
hardening. The variations of the axial response and of the limit strain with pressure observed in the experiments were reproduced well by
the model. Inclusion of Hill-type anisotropic yielding in all constitutive models was required for good agreement between predictions and
experiments.
r 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Circular tubes; Circular cylindrical shells; Combined axial compression-internal pressure; Plastic buckling; Collapse
1. Introduction
A pipeline in operation is under internal pressure. The
scenarios for developing axial compression, leading to
buckling and collapse outlined in Ref. [1], apply also to a
pressurized pipeline. The general features of plastic
buckling under axial compression and internal pressure
are similar to those of pure axial loading, outlined in Fig. 1.
The cylinder rst wrinkles at an increasing load. The
wrinkle amplitude grows, leading eventually to a limit load
instability. A pipeline will fail by localized collapse at this
strain, and as a result this constitutes a limit state. The
biaxial state of stress lowers the axial stress levels of the
various critical events described in Ref. [1] but, as will be
demonstrated, has a smaller effect on the corresponding
strains. In addition, the pressure has a stabilizing effect on
the axisymmetric mode, making a switch to non-axisymCorresponding author. Tel.: +1 512 4714 167; fax: +1 512 4715 500.
2. Experimental
Lee [2] reported results from buckling experiments on
cylindrical shells under combined internal pressure and
axial compression. The experiments were conducted on
tubes made of a soft aluminum alloy (Al-3003-0). The ends
of the tubes were clamped and, as a result, the onset of
wrinkling was masked and not reported. The stress at the
onset of collapse was measured for different loading paths.
Combined loading experiments on line pipe were
reported by Murray [3]. He used pipes of various lengthto-diameter ratios (L/D) with diameter-to-thickness ratios
(D/t) of 64.3 and 50.6. The majority of the tests involved
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856
Pressure
Transducer
Upper
Grip
Signal
Generator
Span
Set Point
Linear
Encoder
Test Specimen
Strain Gages
Set Point
Press.
Control
Extensometer
LVDT
Solid Insert
Locking Assembly
Rotating Stage
Volume
Control
Seals
Spacer
Span
Pressurizing
Fluid
Servovalve
Lower Grip
Pressure
Intensifier
LVDT
Volume
Feedback
ARTICLE IN PRESS
3.71
3.72
3.03
3.50
3.69
4.01
109.8 (757)
106.1 (732)
101.2 (698)
95.7 (660)
87.8 (606)
80.7 (557)
0.2800.363
0.3170.386
0.3820.446
0.4410.529
0.4550.584
0.5470.653
1.211.41
1.451.74
1.181.51
1.201.40
1.371.57
1.071.27
(664672)
(652668)
(621642)
(567581)
(519530)
(443456)
96.397.5
94.596.8
90.193.1
82.284.3
75.276.9
64.266.1
(69.7)
(138.5)
(207.6)
(275.9)
(327.2)
0
1011
2008
3010
4000
4744
(2.032.05)
(2.012.06)
(1.972.00)
(2.002.04)
(2.012.05)
(2.022.05)
0.07980.0807
0.07910.0810
0.07750.0787
0.07860.0803
0.07920.0806
0.07940.0808
28.13
28.16
28.82
28.28
28.21
28.15
eC (%)
sC ksi (MPa)
P psi (bar)
tmintmax in (mm)
D/t
t in (mm)
SAF4
SAF4
SAF4
SAF4
SAF4
SAF4
IPC5
IPC2
IPC1
IPC3
IPC4
IPC6
D in (mm)
Tube no.
Exp no.
Table 1
Specimen parameters and critical variables measured in axial buckling under internal pressure experiments (D/t 28.3)
lC =R
(2.04)
(2.04)
(1.98)
(2.02)
(2.03)
(2.04)
0.0802
0.0801
0.0781
0.0797
0.0800
0.0801
sL ksi (MPa)
2.2555(57.29)
2.2549 (57.27)
2.2521 (57.20)
2.2552 (57.28)
2.2557 (57.29)
2.2556 (57.29)
eL (%)
857
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IPC3
105.1 (725)
97.5 (672)
93.9 (648)
86.8 (599)
72.0 (497)
68.2 (470)
100
x
(ksi) 80
600
60
Axial Scans
40
20
0.2410.306
0.3200.363
0.3900.449
0.4290.474
0.5870.660
0.5660.672
eL (%)
sL ksi (MPa)
lC =R
1.89
1.31
1.52
1.59
1.49
1.89
858
0.861.01
0.891.05
0.740.88
0.780.96
0.730.87
0.750.90
(672684)
(648658)
(599612)
(555568)
(456468)
(416425)
97.499.2
94.095.4
86.888.8
80.582.4
66.167.8
60.361.6
0
932 (64.3)
1852 (127.7)
2772 (191.2)
3543 (244.3)
3996 (275.6)
eC (%)
sC ksi (MPa)
P psi (bar)
D = 28.28 P = 0.439
Po
t
-3
2
4
x/R
(1.391.44)
(1.361.41)
(1.391.43)
(1.401.43)
(1.371.45)
(1.411.47)
Fig. 2. Typical results for a compression under internal pressure test: (a)
recorded axial stress-shortening response and (b) axial scans showing
evolution of wrinkles in test section.
120
800
SAF 4
D
= 28.3
t
x
(ksi)
x
(MPa)
600
80
39.84
40.62
39.82
39.65
39.85
39.01
0.05460.0567
0.05370.0553
0.05480.0564
0.05510.0564
0.05400.0572
0.05550.0579
(b)
(1.41)
(1.38)
(1.41)
(1.42)
(1.41)
(1.44)
0.0555
0.0544
0.0555
0.0558
0.0555
0.0567
(56.16)
(56.11)
(56.18)
(56.19)
(56.17)
(56.23)
SAF5
SAF5
SAF5
SAF5
SAF5
SAF5
IPC11
IPC10
IPC7
IPC8
IPC9
IPC12
SAF 4
2
-2
2.2112
2.2092
2.2117
2.2121
2.2114
2.2137
tmintmax in (mm)
D/t
t in (mm)
D in (mm)
4
x / L (%)
-1
40
Tube no.
x / L
IPC3
Exp no.
200
0
0
(a)
Table 2
Specimen parameters and critical variables measured in axial buckling under internal pressure experiments (D/t 39.8)
400
SAF 4
D
= 28.28
t
P
= 0.439
Po
2
w
R
(%) 1
x
(MPa)
P
Po
0
0.147
0.299
0.439
0.581
0.688
400
200
0
0
4
x / L (%)
load. Interestingly, the wrinkling pattern remained axisymmetric throughout the test.
A total of six tests were performed for this D/t value.
The recorded stress-displacement responses are shown in
Fig. 3. The geometric variables and the critical parameters
of these tests appear in Table 1. Pressure lowers the
response and, as a consequence, the critical and limit
stresses are lowered also. This is demonstrated in Fig. 4a,
where the critical stress is plotted against pressure. By
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859
120
800
SAF 4
D
= 28.3
t
(ksi)
100
SAF 4
D
= 28.3
t
Experiments
Anisotropic
2
Anisotropic
Isotropic
600
1.5
80
500
Isotropic
60
Experiments
400
0.5
300
40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0
0
0.8
P /Po
(a)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P /Po
(b)
1
C
SAF 4
D
= 28.3
t
0.8
Isotropic
Anisotropic
0.6
0.4
Experiments
0.2
0
0
0.2
(c)
0.4
0.6
0.8
P /Po
Fig. 4. Critical stress (a), strain (b) and (c) axial half-wavelength (onset of wrinkling) as a function of internal pressure for D/t 28.3. Experiments and
predictions.
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860
Fig. 5. Wrinkled test specimens with D/t 28.3 tested at (a) P 0.147Po and (b) P 0.688Po.
whereas the one pure compression tube buckled in a nonaxisymmetric manner some time before the limit stress was
reached.
3. Analysis
3.1. Onset of axisymmetric wrinkling
The bifurcation into axially uniform wrinkling follows
along the same steps as those for pure axial compression
dex
dey
Es
given by
1=2
se s2x sx sy s2y
where
PR
and sx is the axial stress.
sy
3a
t
Here, R is the mid-surface radius of the tube and t is its
wall thickness. [Cab] are the instantaneous deformation
theory moduli which are derived from the inverse of the
following constitutive matrix:
1 q2sx bsy 2 ;
1=2
C 11 C 22 C 212
t
sC
and
R
3
"
#1=4
C 211
Rt1=2
lC p
12 C 11 C 22 C 212
%(
dsx
dsy
)
,
(3b)
where
!
1
1
1
a 2; b 1 2 2 ,
Sy
Sy Sr
1 E s se
b Es
b
1 and n^ s
n
.
q 2
4se E t se
2 E
2
Sy soy =so , Sr sor =so and fso ; sor ; soy g are the yield
stresses in the principal polar directions (x,r,y). Et and Es
are, respectively the tangent and secant moduli.
By contrast, the prebuckling deformation of the cylinder
depends on the path followed in the (sxsy) plane and, as a
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J.A. Paquette, S. Kyriakides / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 48 (2006) 855867
dex
dey
1 Q2sx bsy 2 ;
1 Q2asy bsx 2
where
1
E
1 .
Q 2
4se E t se
Thus, eC is the axial strain corresponding to sC and P in
such an incremental calculation that follows the stress
history.
120
SAF 4
Experiments
L
(ksi)
800
L
700
100
(MPa)
600
Analysis
80
500
60
o = 0.5%
S = 1.15
400
D
= 28.3
t
Sr = 0.85
300
40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P / Po
(a)
861
%(
dsx
)
(4)
dsy
5
SAF 4
(%)
Experiments
4
The evolution of wrinkling and the onset of axisymmetric collapse can be established by axially compressing a
120
3
x
Analysis
800
SAF 5
D = 39.8
t
(ksi)
x
600
80
2
C
1
P
Po
40
S = 1.15
Sr = 0.85
o = 0.5%
D
= 28 .3
t
0
0
(b)
(MPa)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P / Po
Fig. 6. Limit stress (a) and strain (b) as a function of internal pressure for
D/t 28.3. Experiments and predictions.
0
0.184
0.359
0.535
0.687
0.759
400
200
0
0
0.5
1.5
2
x / L (%)
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862
120
800
SAF 5
D = 39.8
t
(ksi)
700
100
SAF 5
Isotropic
D = 39.8
t
(%)
1.5
(MPa)
Experiments
Anisotropic
600
Anisotropic
80
Isotropic
500
60
300
40
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0
0
0.8
P / Po
(a)
Experiments
0.5
400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P / Po
(b)
C
R
SAF 5
D
0.8
Isotropic
= 39.8
t
0.6
Anisotropic
0.4
Experiments
0.2
0
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P / Po
(c)
Fig. 8. Critical stress (a), strain (b) and (c) half-wavelength (onset of wrinkling) as a function of internal pressure for D/t 39.8. Experiments and
predictions.
2pR
N xx deoxx N yy deoyy M xx dkxx dx
0
w a0
dw dx
ai cos
Nu
X
ipx
ipx
bi sin
and u b0 x
.
lC
lC
i1
(7)
Nw
X
i1
lC
2pRP
lC h
dxdqi
lC
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120
800
C
SAF 5
;i
700
100
80
Analysis
500
60
400
o = 1.2%
D
= 39.80
t
S = 1.11
Sr = 0.87
300
40
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
P / Po
(a)
3
D
= 39.8
t
(%)
SAF 5
o = 1.2%
Analysis
T
@:
and q a0 ; a1 ; . . . ; aN w ; b1 ; b2 ; :::::bN u
@qi
600
where
(MPa)
Experiments
(ksi)
863
Experiments
1
80
x
(ksi)
S = 1.11
Material Response
SAF 4
60
40
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
= 0.69
Po
D
= 28.15
t
20
4
5
x / C (%)
(a)
80
x
(ksi)
SAF 4
D = 28.3
t
600
SAF 4
500
Experiment
60
40
P
Po
20
0.5
1.5
x (%)
400
-3
300
= 0.600
200
20
= 0.69
Po
D
200
100
= 28.15
0
0
400 (MPa)
40
0
0.147
0.299
0.439
0.581
0.688
Analysis
o = 1.0x 10
(MPa)
60
100
0
0
0
x
(ksi) 80
300
200
Fig. 9. Limit stress (a) and strain (b) as a function of internal pressure for
D/t 39.8. Experiments and predictions.
100
= 0.600
400 (MPa)
P / Po
(b)
1.0 x10
500
-3
2.0 x10-3
Sr = 0.87
0
0.5 x10-3
(b)
5
x / C (%)
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864
120
800
SAF 4
x
(ksi)
D
= 28.3
t
x
120
(MPa)
80
40
Po
400
40
200
x / C (%)
(a)
100
40
Po
20
0
0.184
0.359
0.535
0.687
0.759
200
0
0.5
1.5
400
o = 1.2%
4
(%)
(MPa)
600
80
SAF 5
D
= 39.8
t
60
(b)
600
30
400
0
2
15
200
o = 0.5%
80
0
0
(MPa)
(ksi)
0
0.147
0.299
0.439
0.581
0.688
x
(ksi)
800
600
2
x / C (%)
Table 3
Three stressstrain responses adopted in parametric study
E Msi (GPa)
sy ksi (MPa)
28.2 (194.5)
28.2 (194.5)
28.2 (194.5)
80.0 (552)
85.0 (586)
88.0 (607)
76.95 (530.7)
82.70 (570.3)
86.70 (597.9)
9
15
30
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865
110
n
15
3
C
(MPa)
(%)
30
(ksi)
700
0.7
0.5
Po
90
600
15
500
15
70
30
15
400
0.9
30
50
30
0.8
0.7
0.5
0
30
20
30
0.7
300
P
Po
0.6
40
50
0.5
20
60
D/ t
(a)
30
40
50
D/ t
(b)
1.2
0.7
0.5
0
C
R
1
P
Po
0.8
0.6
15
30
0.4
0.2
20
(c)
30
40
50
60
D/ t
Fig. 14. (a) Effect of hardening parameter n on the critical stress for three pressure levels, (b) effect of hardening parameter n on the critical strain for three
pressure levels, and (c) effect of hardening parameter n on the wrinkle wavelength for three pressure levels.
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866
0.7
0.5
L
(%) 5
P
Po
3
9
15
n
30
2
1
0.9
o = 0.2%
0.8
0.7
20
30
40
50
D/ t
Fig. 15. Effect of hardening parameter n on the average limit strains for
three pressure levels.
Internal pressure interacts plastically with axial compression. The interaction results in a lowering of the axial
stressstrain response. J2-type plasticity with isotropic
hardening or its anisotropic counterpart can adequately
capture this interaction.
At some plastic strain level, the cylinder develops
uniform axisymmetric wrinkling. Under continued compression, the wrinkles grow stably, gradually reducing the
axial rigidity of the structure. This reduction in axial
rigidity eventually leads to a limit load instability. Beyond
the limit load, deformation localizes. Thus, the limit load
can be considered as the failure load of the structure. All
pressurized cylinders remained axisymmetric to the end of
the test past the limit load. By contrast, the pure
compression tests developed non-axisymmetric buckling
modes in concert with the observations of Ref. [1].
The stress at the onset of wrinkling was found to
decrease with internal pressure, whereas the critical strain
remained relatively unaffected. The wrinkle wavelength
increased rather signicantly with pressure. The critical
stress and wavelength were established using classical
plastic bifurcation theory based on deformation theory of
plasticity. By contrast, the corresponding strain was
evaluated using the ow theory of plasticity, due to the
non-proportionality of the stress history followed. Measured anisotropy was introduced in both models using
Hills quadratic anisotropic yield criterion. Inclusion of the
anisotropy was required for good agreement between
measured and calculated values of {sC, eC, lC}.
The evolution of wrinkling, and the resultant limit state,
were established by modeling a lC long periodic domain
assigned an initial imperfection corresponding to the
axisymmetric buckling mode calculated through the
bifurcation check. The model developed was discretized
by adopting kinematically admissible displacement functions. The inelastic material behavior was modeled through
the anisotropic ow theory of plasticity with isotropic
hardening. The variation of the limit strains with pressure
calculated for the two sets of experiments were found to be
in very good agreement with the measurements.
The limit strain is the design limit state of long cylinders
thick enough to buckle inelastically. The limit strain was
found to be strongly inuenced by the hardening of the
material, as higher hardening delays the development of
the limit load instability.
Acknowledgements
The work reported was conducted with nancial support
from a consortium of industrial sponsors. This support is
acknowledged with thanks.
References
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compressionPart I: Experiments. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 2006; accepted for publication.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
J.A. Paquette, S. Kyriakides / International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 48 (2006) 855867
[2] Lee LHN. Inelastic buckling of cylindrical shells under axial
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Proceedings of the Seventh Midwestern Mechanics Conference, vol. 1.
New York: Plenum Press; 1961; p. 190202.
[3] Murray DW. Local buckling, strain localization, wrinkling and
postbuckling response of a line pipe. Engineering Structures 1997;
19: 360371.
867
[4] Das S, Cheng RJJ, Murray DW, Wilkie SA, Zhou ZJ. Laboratory study
of local buckling, wrinkle development, and strains for NPS12 linepipe.
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[5] Bardi FC, Kyriakides S, Yun HD. Plastic buckling of tubes under
axial compressionPart II: Analysis. International Journal of
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