Merging Sequence Stratigraphy PDF

mfs
SB/TSE
TST
CS
Sequence Stratigraphy Model
Roger M. Slatt
Ductile
University of Oklahoma
and
Younane Abousleiman
Brittle
University of. Oklahoma
Strain
Merging sequence stratigraphy and

geomechanics for unconventional gas (and
oil) shales
None of the unconventional gas/oil shales are vertically

homogenous. All are stratified at a variety of scales with rocks
with different properties.Most of the time, the variations are
systematic rather than random and are thus predictable.
This is important to drilling and completions!!!!
100 ft.
Core
description
TSE
TSE
NO!!!
YES!!!
30m; 100ft.
Singh, 2008
TSE
SB/TSE
Pollestro et al, 2007
Typical Well Log Patterns of Barnett Shale
Longmaxi Shale, China

Gamma Ray (API)
Gamma-ray
100ft.
100 ft.
200ft.
Gamma Ray (API)
SB/TSE
Caney Shale
SB/TSE
SB/TSE
Fayetteville Shale
Gamma-ray
Austin Ch.
Gamma-ray
Gamma Ray
2000
SB/TSE
Onondaga Ls.
Buda Ls.
100ft.;33m.
50 ft.
SB/TSE
SB/TSE
Marcellus Shale
Woodford Shale
Eagle Ford Shale
Sequence Stratigraphy is based upon the premise that through geologic time, the oceans have risen and
fallen in a cyclic manner (i.e. rise and fall of sea level). Because of this, strata are deposited in a cyclical,
predictable manner.
Interval of Geologic time
Turnaround
Slatt, 2006
Shoreline moves seaward: shelf

becomes exposed and eroded.
Falling sea level
Lowstand
systems tract
Erosion Surface (sequence boundary-SB)
Shoreline moves landward
Rising sea level
Transgressive
systems tract
Transgressive
Surface of erosion (TSE)
Progradation
(regression)
SB/TSE
Shoreline moves seaward
Rising sea level
Regressive/Highstand
systems tract
Sequence Stratigraphy is based upon the premise that through geologic time, the oceans have risen and
fallen in a cyclic manner (i.e. rise and fall of sea level). Because of this, strata are deposited in a cyclical,
predictable manner.
Progradational RST/HST
(more clastic)
TST (CS) (clay/organics)
mfs
mfs
Sharp erosive base (SB/TSE)
CS
Turnaround
TST (CS)/HST
More biogenic (qtz/calcite)
Slatt, 2006
Sharp base (SB)

SB=sequence boundary
TSE=transgressive surface of erosion
TST=transgressive systems tract
CS=condensed section
mfs=maximum flooding surface
HST=highstand systems tract
RST=regressive systems tract
mfs
CS
Barnett Shale
SW
NE
SC
GRP-14
GRP-13
GRP-12
GRP-11
GRP-10
Forestbrg
Forestbrg
GRP-9
GRP-8
GRP-7
GRP-6
GRP-5
GRP-4
GRP-3
GRP-2
SB/TSE
.
st
300 ft
Condensed Section
GRP-1
TSE
Ellenburger/Viola
sc
Approximately 65 mi.
Viola
jp
Modified from
Singh(2008)
Woodford Shale
J. May, 2010
1000ft.
New Albany Shale

Bohacs and Lazar, 2010
Approximately 65mi.
Barnett Shale
L. Barnett Sh.
U. Barnett Sh,
Forestburg
Limestone
mfs
TST/CS
TSE
Ellenburger/Viola Ls.
mfs
CS
SB/TSE
TST
SB=sequence boundary
TSE=transgressive surface of erosion
TST=transgressive systems tract
CS=condensed section
mfs=maximum flooding surface
HST=highstand systems tract
RST=regressive systems tract
Progradational RST/HST
(more clastic)
TST (CS) (clay/organics)
Sharp erosive base (SB/TSE)
General Sequence Stratigraphic

Model
mfs
CS
Sequence Stratigraphy is based upon the premise that through geologic time, the
oceans have risen and fallen in a cyclic manner (i.e. rise and fall of sea level).
Because of this, strata are deposited in a cyclical, predictable manner.
3rd
Turnaround
Slatt, 2006
Global (eustatic) cycle: Intervals of

geologic time
2nd order10 -25

3rd order-- - 1- 3
Ma
Ma
2rd
Typical Well Log Patterns of Barnett Shale
22/15 = 1.5my= 3nd order
2nd order
sequence
3rd order sequences
Singh, 2008
3rd
TSE
3rd
2nd
SB/TSE
Pollestro et al, 2007
22my (2nd order)
Barnett Shale: Brittle-Ductile Couplets
Core
Scale 1:sequence set
GRP-14
GRP-13
GRP-12
GRP-11
GRP-10
Forestburg
GRP-9
GRP-8
GRP-7
GRP-6
GRP-5
GRP-4
GRP-3
Scale 2: sequence/parasequence
Log
GRP-2
Ductile
Brittle
Strain
Biogenic silica-/calcite-rich (brittle)

Clay-/organic -rich (ductile)
GRP-1
TSE
Viola
Organic-poor, more
brittle rocks
Organic-rich, more
ductile rocks
Core
Borehole
description Image Log
Core
7731.8
Thin section/Electron
microprobe
5 mm
100 ft.
7732
7732.2
100 m
Scale 3. Bedset/laminae set
Geomechanics of Shale Laminations

12.6MPaTensile
strength to breakage
7.1MPa tensile strength

to breakage
Sierra et al., 2010
Figure modified from Sierra et al.,
Barnett Shale: Brittle-Ductile Couplets
Core
GRP-14
1. Sequence Set Scale
GRP-13
GRP-12
GRP-11
GRP-10
Forestburg
GRP-9
GRP-8
GRP-7
GRP-6
GRP-5
GRP-4
GRP-3
2. Sequence/parasequence Scale
Log
200nm
Laboratory-induced tensile micro-fractures
4. Crystal structure scale

3. Bedset/Laminae set scale
GRP-2
GRP-1
TSE
Viola
Organic-poor, more
brittle rocks
Organic-rich, more
ductile rocks
Mineralogic affect on rock fracturability (brittleness)
Two common methods of mineral analysis of shales:

-XRD (x-ray diffraction
-FTIR (infra-red spectrometry
Brittle
Strain
FTIR Qtz (y) vs XRD Qtz
(x)
60.00
FTIR Qtz (wt%)
Where BI = brittleness index

Q = quartz (detrital, diagenetic, biogenic?)
C l = clay
Dol = dolomite
Lm = limestone (calcite)
TOC = Total organic carbon
(Wang and Gale, 2009)
Ductile
Stress
BI = (Q + Dol)/ (Q + Dol + Lm + Cl + TOC
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
How good are the data????
20.00
40.00
XRD Qtz (wt%)
60.00
Organic richness varies with lithofacies

(and gamma-ray log response)
Barnett Example
Lithofacies
Well #1
Well #2
Well #3
Well #4
Avg.
TOC
Std. D.
Avg.
TOC
Std. D.
Avg.
TOC
Std. D.
Avg.
TOC
Std. D.
Phosphatic deposit
6.2
6.08
0.9
6.8
1.6
0.7
Siliceous non-calcareous
mudstone
6.4
0.8
5.6
1.3
4.5
0.7
3.7
0.9
4.2
1.3
3.5
0.7
Calcareous laminae
3.7
4.2
1.1
3.5
0.5
Reworked shelly deposit
3.1
0.5
3.9
0.3
2.9
0.9
2.6
0.7
Micritic/Limy mudstone
1.3
0.1
1.5
0.3
1.2
0.5
Silty-shaly (wavy) interlaminated
1.8
0.5
Concretion
0.7
3.9
0.3
2.3
1.2
1.9
Siliceous calcareous mudstone
Dolomitic mudstone
Lithofacies
Characteristics
In situ Phosphatic deposit

Siliceous, non calcareous mudstone
Siliceous, calcareous mudstone
Calcareous laminae (bottom current
reworked) deposit
Micritic/ Limy mudstone
Reworked shelly deposit
Silty shaly (wavy) interlaminated deposit
Increase in
organic
richness
Decrease in
bottom water
oxygen
After Singh,
2008
XRD CORE MINERALOGY
ECS LOG
GAMMA LOG CORE DESCRIPTION STATIC IMAGE DYNAMIC IMAGE

0 100 200
300
(7490)
(7495)
(7500)
(7505)
(7510)
(7515)
(7520)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Quartz
Clay
Calcite
Dolomite
Tot Feldspar
Fluorapatite
Kerogen
Others
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Using mineralogy alone for

Fracability omits effect of laminations.
Longmexi (China)
Eagle Ford
Woodford
Oil drop emerging from
microfracture
Organo-porosity
Eagle Ford
Floccules
Eagle Ford
Woodford
Oil drops emerging
From shale matrix

3rd
Barnett
Coccolith (biogenic)
Coccolith (biogenic)
Several types of pores occur in

shale; some are connected.
Pellet
A
10u
m
Porosity: 2.08%
300
100%
250
80%
200
60%
150
40%
100
Area (m)
0.339
0.305
0.272
0.239
0.205
0.172
0.139
0%
0.105
0
0.072
20%
0.039
50
0.005
Frequency
Histogram
Frequency
Cumulative %
Quantifying porosity and

Pore size (area) distribution
mfs
SB/TSE
TST
CS
Sequence Stratigraphy Model
Ductile
Brittle
Strain
A few examples of possible effects of the variety of scales
He knew sequence
stratigraphy, of course!!
Relative length of hydraulic fracture

Relative length of hydraulic fracture
for sequence set brittle-ductile couplet for smaller brittle-ductile couplets
Bed/laminae/
crystal structure
lengths
B
r
i
t
t
l
e
D
u
c
t
i
l
e
Scale 1. Length
Scales 3/4
Scale 2:
Length
Scale 2.
Length
Scale 1.Length
Complexity of artificial fracture lengths

Slatt and Abousleiman, 2011
Post-hydraulic fracture 3D seismic survey, Barnett Shale (after Kui, 2010).

Azimuth,
N
W
E
S
6000 ft
(a)
N
(b)
Anisotropy
High
(c)
(d)
Low
Phantom horizon slices 10 ms above the Ordovician unconformity of the azimuth of anisotropy, , computed from (a) acoustic
impedance and (b) AVAz. Phantom horizons at the same level through the intensity of anisotropy, , computed from (c)
acoustic impedance and (d) AVAz. Overall, the results are similar. The drilling program consisted of horizontal wells oriented
NW-SE to better generate fractures parallel to the maximum horizontal stress oriented NE-SW. This image refutes this
widely-accepted hydraulic fracture model and shows the fractures have widely variable orientations, though these
orientations remain consistent in what we interpret to be fracture compartments.
Brittle-Ductile
Couplets
Quarry well
Frac barriers at the

3rd order scale??? If so, they can be
mapped or correlated both
regionally to locally using sequence
stratigraphic principles
Fracture gradient derived

from ECS, density, sonic
logs.
Subsurface well
Quarry well
Sierra, 2011
Upscaling the couplet concept through micro-seismic analysis

Sp
GR
-200
100 0
RHOB/ THPH
200 2.1/0
PEFZ
2.9/0.4
Monitoring
Well
Injection
Well
Top Barnett
Upper Barnett
Forestburg Limestone (Fracture Barrier)
Fault repeat?
Cored well for calibration

GRP9?
GRP8
GRP7
GRP6
GRP5
GRP4
Key
GRP3
Siliceous NonCalcareous mudstone
GRP 1
Siliceous Calcareous
mudstone with low calcite
Key
mudstone with high calcite
GRP2
7695.5
Phosphatic deposit
Dolomitic mudstone
7710
Quartz-rich; aver. bed thick isKey

GRP 1
0.2ft.=Fracturable
NonKey(breakable)Siliceous
Calcareous mudstone
GRP 1
GR (cpm)
Siliceous NonClay-organic500 rich;

bed mudstone
thickwithislow calcite
1000 aver.
1500
Calcareous
mudstone
GRP1
GRP
1 Key
Concretion
7722
Fossiliferous deposit
GR (cpm)
Different Fossil Assemblage
500
Top ViolaLimestone
500
1000
1500
7690 Siliceous NonCalcareous mudstone
7710
Non- 1500
Calcareous mudstone
Alternating silty shaly Siliceous

(wavy) bed deposit
GR (cpm)
GRP 1 Key7752.2
1500
1000
7690
0.4ft=Ductile
7690
7710
7695.5
7695.5
7710
7695.5
mudstone
with high calcite
7730
7710
Phosphatic deposit
7695.5
mudstone with
high calcite
7710
Phosphatic deposit
7730
7710
Phosphatic deposit
7722
7750
Phosphatic deposit
Dolomitic mudstone
Concretion
7722
Dolomitic mudstone
Concretion
7722
Siliceous NonCalcareous mudstone
Dolomitic mudstone
Concretion
7752.2
Alternating silty shaly
(wavy) bed deposit
Calcareous laminae
Ca
More Ductile
(low velocity)
More Brittle (high Velocity)
Seismic Map of velocities from Upper Woodford
TOC Map
TOC & Fracture Gradient

Well Placement Analysis
In the Lower Woodford
The BLACK circles show the
Highest TOC in the
Lower
Woodford.
FG Map
More clay-organics corresponds to

Higher fracture gradient (red).
psi/ft
FRACTURE PROPAGATION
The fractures will propagate in the
direction NE-SW axis (BLACK
arrows).
Well
direction
drilling
Apply natural fracture distribution to hydraulic fracturing??

Woodford chert (brittle)-shale (ductile) stratification
-Hydraulic fracturing generates fractures

-Proppant goes into both brittle chert and ductile clay
-After fracturing, the fractures in chert remain open
-But the ductile beds encase proppant and close??
Brittle Rock
Ductile Shale
Proppant
Ductile Shale
Badra, 2011
Modified from Terracina et al., 2010
None of the unconventional gas/oil shales are vertically

homogenous. All are stratified at a variety of scales with rocks
with different properties.Most of the time, the variations are
systematic rather than random and are thus predictable.
This is important to drilling and completions!!!!
100 ft.
Core
description
TSE
TSE
NO!!!
YES!!!

Merging Sequence Stratigraphy PDF

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mfs

Sequence Stratigraphy Model

University of. Oklahoma

Merging sequence stratigraphy and

None of the unconventional gas/oil shales are vertically

Typical Well Log Patterns of Barnett Shale

Longmaxi Shale, China

Gamma Ray (API)

Eagle Ford Shale

Shoreline moves seaward: shelf

Falling sea level

Shoreline moves landward

Rising sea level

Shoreline moves seaward

Rising sea level

Sharp erosive base (SB/TSE)

Sharp base (SB)

New Albany Shale

General Sequence Stratigraphic

Global (eustatic) cycle: Intervals of

2nd order10 -25

Typical Well Log Patterns of Barnett Shale

22/15 = 1.5my= 3nd order

3rd order sequences

22my (2nd order)

Barnett Shale: Brittle-Ductile Couplets

Biogenic silica-/calcite-rich (brittle)

Scale 3. Bedset/laminae set

Geomechanics of Shale Laminations

7.1MPa tensile strength

Sierra et al., 2010

Figure modified from Sierra et al.,

Barnett Shale: Brittle-Ductile Couplets

1. Sequence Set Scale

Laboratory-induced tensile micro-fractures

4. Crystal structure scale

Mineralogic affect on rock fracturability (brittleness)

Two common methods of mineral analysis of shales:

FTIR Qtz (wt%)

Where BI = brittleness index

BI = (Q + Dol)/ (Q + Dol + Lm + Cl + TOC

How good are the data????

XRD Qtz (wt%)

Organic richness varies with lithofacies

Reworked shelly deposit

Silty-shaly (wavy) interlaminated

Siliceous calcareous mudstone

In situ Phosphatic deposit

XRD CORE MINERALOGY

GAMMA LOG CORE DESCRIPTION STATIC IMAGE DYNAMIC IMAGE

Using mineralogy alone for

Oil drop emerging from

From shale matrix

Several types of pores occur in

Quantifying porosity and

Sequence Stratigraphy Model

A few examples of possible effects of the variety of scales

Relative length of hydraulic fracture

Complexity of artificial fracture lengths

Post-hydraulic fracture 3D seismic survey, Barnett Shale (after Kui, 2010).

Frac barriers at the

Fracture gradient derived

Upscaling the couplet concept through micro-seismic analysis