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Cryogenics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cryogenics
Applied Chemicals and Materials Division 647, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
Cryogenic Engineering Laboratory, #5119, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu,
Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 5 June 2014
Received in revised form 10 September
2014
Accepted 17 September 2014
Available online 28 September 2014
Keywords:
Mixed refrigerant
Two-phase
Evaporation
Condensation
Heat transfer coefcient
Microchannel
a b s t r a c t
Mixed refrigerant Joule Thomson refrigerators are widely used in various kinds of cryogenic systems
these days. Although heat transfer coefcient estimation for a multi-phase and multi-component uid
in the cryogenic temperature range is necessarily required in the heat exchanger design of mixed refrigerant Joule Thomson refrigerators, it has been rarely discussed so far. In this paper, condensation and
evaporation heat transfer coefcients of argonfreon mixed refrigerant are measured in a microchannel
heat exchanger. A Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger (PCHE) with 340 lm hydraulic diameter has been
developed as a compact microchannel heat exchanger and utilized in the experiment. Several two-phase
heat transfer coefcient correlations are examined to discuss the experimental measurement results. The
result of this paper shows that cryogenic two-phase mixed refrigerant heat transfer coefcients can be
estimated by conventional two-phase heat transfer coefcient correlations.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
As the demand for compact and efcient cryogenic JouleThomson refrigeration systems increases, two major technologies are
being employed. Firstly, a microchannel conguration is often utilized in the heat exchanger of such refrigeration systems. The
microchannel can increase the heat transfer area due to the small
hydraulic diameter of the channel; the area density of the heat
exchanger is increased within the same volume (compared to that
of a conventional heat exchanger). Therefore, a compact and high
effectiveness heat exchanger can be developed in the refrigeration
system. Besides, the heat transfer coefcient is larger than that of
the macrochannels due to its small hydraulic diameter; thus, the
higher performance can be achieved within the same volume of
heat exchanger. The second method to improve the efciency of
cryogenic refrigeration systems is to reduce the required work
from the compressor. When a JouleThomson refrigerator with a
single-component refrigerant is utilized to reach cryogenic tem Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 303 497 4866; fax: +1 303 497 6682.
E-mail addresses: sbaek@nist.gov (S. Baek), cheonkyu_lee@kaist.ac.kr (C. Lee),
skjeong@kaist.ac.kr (S. Jeong).
1
Tel.: +82 42 350 3039; fax: +82 42 350 8207.
2
Contributions of NIST, not subject to copyright in the United States.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cryogenics.2014.09.004
0011-2275/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
30
Nomenclature
Symbols
A
a
AAD
B
Bo
Clg
Cp
Cpw
Dh
E
F
Fr
G
g
h
H
i
k
m
M
N
Nu
Pr
Pr
Q
q00
R
Re
S
S
T
t95%
U
U
We
x
Xo
Xtt
Z
z
Greek symbols
k
the ratio of interface velocity to mean lm velocity
l
viscosity, Pa s
q
density, kg/m3
r
surface tension, N/m
s
shear stress, Pa
Subscripts
bc
bulk convective contribution
cond
condensation
eq
equivalent
evap
evaporation
exp
experimental
f
shear stress due to friction
He
helium
HT
heat transfer area
in
inlet
L
total length
l
liquid
LMTD
log mean temperature difference
lo
liquid only
lv
differential of latent (vaporliquid)
m
shear stress due to momentum
MR
mixed refrigerant
nb
nucleate pool boiling contribution
out
outlet
pred
prediction
sat
saturation
tp
two-phase
v
vapor
vo
vapor only
w
wall
31
400
Ar:R14:R23:R218:R134a
=29:21:7:9:31 mol%
Argon: 100%
350
5
Temperature (K)
300
250
5
High pressure
10 MPa
High pressure
2 MPa
200
150
Low pressure
0.1 MPa
100
50
-200
-100
se
pha
two-
100
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
tem
pera
ture
glide
Low pressure
0.1 MPa
34
200
100
200
300
400
Enthalpy (kJ/kg)
Fig. 1. The Joule Thomson cooling process with pure uid (Ar) and mixed refrigerant (Ar:R14:R23:R218:R134a = 29:21:7:9:31 mol%).
2. Experimental setup
2.1. Flow circulation loops
Figs. 2 and 3 show schematic diagrams of the experimental
setup, composed of two closed uid loops. The setup has two compressors, the microchannel heat exchanger, the pre-cooler, and the
LN2 bath. One helium compressor is employed to generate helium
ow, and another helium compressor generates mixed refrigerant
ow. The mass ow rate of the mixed refrigerant is measured by a
Coriolis ow meter. The helium mass ow rate is measured by
another mass ow meter. Four silicon diode thermometers are
attached to the surface of the inlet and outlet tubes of the heat
exchanger in order to measure the ow temperatures with respect
to the mass ow rates. Four pressure transducers are attached to
the inlets and outlets of the heat exchanger. Experiments are conducted inside a vacuum chamber in order to eliminate heat ingress
from convection during the course of the cryogenic experiment. All
the pipes inside the vacuum chamber are soldered to eliminate any
leakage of uids at cryogenic temperatures.
Temperature data are collected by a monitoring device. Mass
ow rate and pressures are collected by a data acquisition system.
All collected data are recorded by software on a personal computer.
The location of helium and mixed refrigerant compressors are
switched with each other to cause evaporation or condensation
of the mixed refrigerant. Fig. 2 depicts the ow scheme for condensation of the mixed refrigerant. The mixed refrigerant enters the
heat exchanger at 300 K from the mixed refrigerant compressor.
At the opposite side, the helium is cooled from the LN2 bath to
120 K, and then enters the test heat exchanger. The mixed refrigerant is condensed by the cold helium. The condensed mixed refrigerant heats again as it exits the vacuum chamber, and proceeds
back to the compressor. In Fig. 3, the mixed refrigerant is supplied
at 300 K and cooled at the LN2 bath to about 120 K. The mixed
refrigerant is heated by the warm helium and fed back to the compressor at a temperature of 290 K. Cold helium enters a water heat
exchanger to warm up and return back to the compressor.
32
Table 1
The boiling point and molecular mass of selected refrigerants.
Refrigerant
Argon (Ar)
R14 (CF4)
R23 (CHF3)
R218 (C3F8)
R134a (CH2FCF3)
87.3
145.3
191.1
236.4
246.8
39.948
88.00
70.01
188.02
102.03
Table 2
Specications of the PCHE used in the
experiments.
Specications
PCHE
Hydraulic diameter
Heat transfer area
Flow area
Length
Volume
Area density
0.340 mm
0.2024 m2
2.64e5 m2
0.55 m
0.136 L
1490 m2/m3
_ MR iin;MR iout;MR
Q_ MR m
33
280
Temperature (K)
Table 3
Uncertainty analysis.
Bubble point
Dew point
1400 kPa Const. Pressure
1000 kPa Const. Pressure
500 kPa Const. Pressure
200 kPa Const. Pressure
320
240
200
Number
Error
Temperature
Pressure
Mass ow rate
Gas chromatography
REFPROP calculation
4
4
2
1
1
Total uncertainty
160
120
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Entropy (kJ/kmol K)
Fig.
7. Temperature
entropy
(Ts)
diagram
(Ar:R14:R23:R218:R134a = 29:21:7:9:31 mol%).
of
mixed
refrigerant
1
1
1
hMR U hHe
where B is the total bias error and S is the standard deviation of the
data. Table 3 shows the error of the measurement and the total
uncertainty. The experimental results show an uncertainty of
around 5%.
4. Experimental results
(a)
Temperature (K)
Axial conduction of the heat exchanger is neglected as previously described. The heat transfer coefcient of the helium is analyzed in the previous research [12]. The heat transfer coefcients
were validated with the preliminary experiments. The equations
from Peng and Peterson [13] are used to obtain the heat transfer
coefcient and friction factor of single phase ow of helium.
The amount of heat transfer between two uids, calculated by
Eqs. (1) and (2), is measured and compared in Fig. 8. The heat balance error between helium and mixed refrigerant is less than 10%.
The uncertainty of the measured data is determined with the following equation,
2500
2000
(b)
Mass flow rate (g/s)
+10%
1500
-10%
1000
500
300
250
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Helium out
Warm up
Helium in
MR in
Condensing
MR out
200
150
100
10
Mixed refrigerant
8
Helium
6
4
2
0
Q_
U
;
AHT DT LMTD
5%
s
2
S
U B2 t 95%;v p
N
80
Measurement
2000
4000
6000
8000
Time (s)
Fig. 9. Experimental results on mixed refrigerant condensation process. (a)
Temperature at heat exchanger outlets with time and (b) mass ow rate of mixed
refrigerant and helium with time.
34
Temperature (K)
two phase
condensation
250
Temperature (K)
(a)
vapor
phase
200
(b)
150
MR
Helium
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
20
40
60
80
500
MR HTC
Linear fit
0
100
8
6
MR
Helium
2
0
1000
2000
3000
Time (s)
4000
5000
6000
150
200
250
vapor
phase
0
300
200
two phase
evaporation
150
Helium
MR
Single phase
cool down
250
Temperature (K)
1000
1000
50
10
100
2000
1500
150
300
1500
500
200
Helium HTC
2000
Helium in
Cool down
Helium out
MR out
Evaporating
MR in
250
100
single phase
warm up
100
0.0
300
300
100
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
35
60
80
100
120
MR
Linear fit
5000
140
6000
5000
2
20
6000
4000
4000
3000
3000
2000
2000
1000
1000
Helium
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
400
the given mass ux. The linear t to the data is performed and plotted as dash line in Fig. 14.
4.2. Validation experiment
Another experiment has been conducted to conrm the experimental two-phase heat transfer coefcient values of the mixed
refrigerant. Fig. 15 shows the experimental setup for the validation. The closed loop of the mixed refrigerant is comprised of the
compressor, the microchannel heat exchanger used in the previous
experiment, and the LN2 bath. In this setup, the mixed refrigerant
is circulated by the compressor and passes through the heat
exchanger. The mixed refrigerant from the heat exchanger is thermally conditioned by the LN2 bath to yield a constant temperature
of approximately 130 K, and then returns to the heat exchanger,
where its temperature increases to almost 300 K after passing
through it. This setup is similar to the JouleThomson refrigerator
operation except that the JouleThomson valve is substituted by
the LN2 bath to generate a constant cold temperature. Therefore,
condensation takes place in the high pressure (or hot) side and
evaporation takes place in the low pressure (or cold) side of the
heat exchanger.
1
1
1
U hcond hev ap
Fig. 16 shows the experimental values of the overall heat transfer coefcient calculated by Eq. (3) for increasing mass ux. The
linearly tted heat transfer coefcients for condensation and evaporation from Figs. 11 and 14 are used to calculate the overall heat
transfer coefcient using Eq. (6). The calculated overall heat transfer coefcients are displayed as a line to be compared with the
experimental values in Fig. 16. The calculated values and the
experimental values show similar increasing tendency with
respect to each other, which means that there is negligible heat
transfer resistance. Moreover, this experiment demonstrates that
the two-phase heat transfer coefcients, those determined separately from the mixed refrigerant-helium experiments, are correct,
because the overall heat transfer coefcients are a function of the
local heat transfer coefcients.
800
Experimenetal U
Calculated U (linear fit)
700
500
U (W/m K)
600
400
300
200
100
0
0
50
10 0
15 0
200
25 0
300
35 0
400
Fig. 15. Experimental setup for validation of measured heat transfer coefcients.
Fig. 16. The experimental overall heat transfer coefcient compared with the linear
tted experimental results.
36
Table 4
The condensation heat transfer coefcient correlations.
Author(s)
Correlations
Soliman [17]
sm sf 0:5
h 0:036 l ll Pr0:65
l
l
n=3
Dh G2 Dx P5
h
sm 4 qv Dz n1 an qqvl
; Rev o GD
lv
0:0523
0:261
0:105
0:522
ll
q
l
q
0:2
G2
1:8
sf 0:0225 q Rev o x 5:7 lv
1 x0:47 x1:33 qv
8:11 l l
1 x0:94 x0:86 qv
q0:5
Nu
Moser [19]
Nu
0:0344Re0:83
lo
0:0994
0:82
q 0:5
h
1 x ql
1
Pr0:35
; Relo GD
l
l
0:126Pr0:448
l
0:113Pr0:563
l
Rel
10:11025Pr0:448
l
Reeq
2=3
Prl0:815
19:1
3:24H
Reeq /lo Relo ; /2lo E Fr0:045
0:035
Wetp
tp
s
Chen [20]
0:252l1:177
l0:156
v
l
l2l
q2l g
G1xDh
h
Relo GD
; Nu khl
ll ; Rel
ll
Traviss [21]
1=3
Rel0:9 Prl
F2
0:476
FX tt 0:15jX 1
j; F 2 f Pr l ; Rel
tt 2:85X tt
0:4
0:89
Pr
1
2:22X
for annular
h kDl 0:023Re0:8
l
l
tt
h kDl FX tt
Dobson [22]
0:76
1x0:04
h hl 1 x0:8 3:8x p0:38
Shah [23]
flow regime
0:4
Nu 0:023Re0:8
tp Prl
h
Retp GD
l
the heat transfer coefcients as a function of quality (or temperature), mass ux, hydraulic diameter, and uid properties. The heat
ux is neglected in the selected correlations.
Table 4 summarizes the condensation heat transfer coefcient
correlation used in this paper. MATLAB and REFPROP [11] are utilized to calculate the condensation heat transfer coefcient as a
function of the temperature and quality. The PengRobinson equation of state is used for the calculation.
The condensation heat transfer coefcients are calculated as a
function of quality. Due to the unique characteristics of a mixed
refrigerant, the quality varies with the temperature. Therefore,
the heat transfer coefcient can be calculated as function of the
temperature. Fig. 17 displays the condensation heat transfer
coefcient of the given mixed refrigerant at various values of temperatures and at given mass ux and pressure. The predicted heat
transfer coefcients from Travis, Shah, Dobson, Cavallini show high
values at high quality (or high temperature), and show low values
at low quality (or low temperature). The heat transfer coefcient
values predicted by Moser, Soliman, and Chen show comparably
4000
3000
quality=0
quality=1
1000
140
160
180
hz dz
200
220
240
260
280
300
Temperature (K)
Fig. 17. Predicted condensation heat transfer coefcients with temperature at
G = 200 kg/m2 s, P = 800 kPa.
AAD
1 X jhexp hpred j
N
hexp
Travis:
AAD=795.4%
Shah:
AAD=584.4%
Dobson:
AAD=546.9%
Chen:
AAD=67.0%
Soliman :
AAD=274.9%
Cavallini:
AAD=473.9%
Moser:
AAD=486.8%
Dittues Boelter: AAD=60.3%
5000
2000
0
120
5000
Travis
Shah
Dobson
Chen
Soliman
Cavallini
Moser
Dittus Boelter
L 1
h
L
6000
4000
3000
2000
1000
100
200
300
400
37
Chen
Bennett-Chen
Gungor-Winterton
Liu-Winterton
Wattlet
Modified Gungor-Winterton
Silver-Bell-Ghaly
Granryd
6000
5000
4000
3000
quality=1
quality=0
2000
1000
0
120
140
160
180
200
220
Correlations
Chen [26]
h hnb hbc
hbc 0:023 kDl Re0:8
Pr0:4 ; Retp G1xD FX tt 1:25
tp 0:79 l 0:45 0:49 ll
kl cp;l ql
hnb 0:00122 0:5 0:29 0:24 0:24 T w T sat P l 0:24 P sat T w P l 0:75 S
BennettChen [27]
h hnb hbc
0:296
kl
0:8
0:4
hbc hl FX tt Pr
; hl 0:023
l
D Rel Prl
r ll
qfg
ifg
0:79
kl c0:45
ql0:49
pl
T w T sat P l 0:24 P sat T w P l 0:75 S
0:24
r0:5 ll0:29 h0:24
fg qfg
h Ehl Shpool
h
i0:8
0:55 0:5 0:67
kl
0:12
h
Pr0:4
log10 P r
M
q
1 x GD
l ; hpool 55P r
Dh
l
1
6 2
1:17
E 1 24000Bo1:16 1:37X 0:86
;
S
1:15
10
E
Re
tt
l
hl 0:023
LiuWinterton [30]
x 0:75
1x
0:41
ql
qv
1
S 1 0:055E0:1 Re0:16
l
Wattelet [31]
2:5
2:5 1=2:5
h hnb hbc
0:55
0:5 0:67 0:12
hnb 55M
q
P r log10 P r
SilverBellGhaly [34,35]
1
hm
hbc Fhl R
Z
h1c hvg
hm
hlo
280
300
Authors
GungorWinterton [28]
260
Table 5
The evaporation heat transfer coefcient correlations.
hnb 0:00122
240
Temperature (K)
x 0:85
1x
Fp
1A
0:7
ql
qv
Fm
0:85
F p 2:37 0:29 X1tt
h
i0:8 0:4
@i
F
lv
Cpv
Prl
kl
A C lgp x2 1x
; Cpw @T
l
Prv
Cp
x
kv
P
l
38
Chen : AAD=28.1%
Bennett-Chen: AAD=38.5%
Gungor-Winterton: AAD=32.9%
Liu-Winterton: AAD=24.8%
Wattlet: AAD=26.6%
5000
q''=~15 kW/m
6000
Nellis, Run F
2
G=255.79 kg/m s
2
q''=82.9kW/m
4000
3000
m2 s. The heat ux to the channel is larger than the current experiment, however, the heat transfer coefcient value shows similar
order of magnitude with the current experimental data.
The correlations that predict well the heat transfer coefcients
are evaluated again in terms of overall heat transfer coefcients.
The DittusBoelter equation and LiuWinterton equations are used
to calculate the overall heat transfer coefcients (U) with Eq. (6).
Fig. 21 shows the comparison of the overall heat transfer
coefcients between the prediction and experimental data. The
predicted overall coefcients show higher values than the experimental values, however the trend is very similar to the experimental data.
2000
Modified Gungor-Winterton:
AAD=32.4%
Silver-Bell-Ghaly: AAD=27.7%
Granryd: AAD=33.5%
1000
q''=~10 kW/m
0
100
200
300
400
6. Conclusions
Two-phase heat transfer coefcients of the argonfreon mixed
refrigerant are measured and estimated by the LMTD heat exchanger analysis. The condensation heat transfer coefcient shows low
values below 1000 W/m2 K for the given mass ux of 0250 kg/
m2 s. However, the evaporation heat transfer coefcient shows
high values around 5000 W/m2 K at 350 kg/m2 s. The overall heat
transfer coefcients are calculated using the experimentally
obtained local heat transfer coefcients, and these values are compared to the experimental overall heat transfer coefcients. This
comparison conrms that the local heat transfer coefcients are
correct and reasonable. The condensation and evaporation heat
transfer coefcients are compared to general two-phase heat
transfer coefcient correlations. Chen and DittusBoelter correlations serve well for the mixed refrigerant condensation heat transfer coefcient. The experimental evaporation heat transfer
coefcient is compared to the correlations developed for pure
and mixed refrigerants. The LiuWinterton correlation show the
minimum AAD with respect to the experimental data. These
results can be useful when designing microchannel heat exchangers for Joule Thomson refrigerators using argonfreon gases. More
experimental data of two-phase cryogenic mixed refrigerants in
microchannels are required for better estimation of the heat transfer coefcient that is valuable information for cryogenic heat
exchanger design parameters.
Acknowledgments
This research is supported by a grant from Space Core Technology Development Program of National Research Foundation
South Korea (NRF-2013-042033) funded by Ministry of Science,
ICT & Future Planning (MSIP).
1000
800
600
U (W/m K)
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400
200
100
200
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400
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