5.

Control del Pozo

Temas

Introduccin

Sistema de Control del Pozo

Seales de alerta

Control de influjos

Equipos

Introduccin

El control del pozo y su

monitoreo es parte integral de
las operaciones de perforacin

Control del pozo significa que

no se permite el flujo no
deseado de los fluidos de la
formacin al pozo o patada
(Kick)

El ingreso de fluidos desde la

formacin desplaza el fluido de
perforacin hacia las piscinas
de lodo

Introduccin

El objetivo es mantener un
balance entre los fluidos de la
formacin y de perforacin

El sistema de control debe

permitir:

Detectar

Cerrar en superficie

Remover fluidos

Asegurar el pozo

Sistema de Control
del Pozo

Las consecuencias de un
reventn:

Prdidas de vidas humanas

Prdida de equipos

Prdida de fluidos del

yacimiento

Dao al medio ambiente

Prdida de capital invertido

Inversin en volver a
produccin

Sistema de Control
del Pozo

La torre de perforacin debe

tener el equipo para mantener
medicin de:

Profundidad del pozo

Peso en la broca (WOB)

Carga en levantamiento
(hook load)

Velocidad de rotacin

Torque

Caudal de flujo del lodo

Sistema de Control
del Pozo

La torre de perforacin debe

tener el equipo para mantener
medicin de:

Tasa de Bombeo

Retorno del flujo

Presin de bombeo

Nivel en piscinas

Tasa de Penetracin

Propiedades de fluidos

Contenido de gases

ellbore, which lead to save the well from the blowout. However, there is
the formation to prevent additional influx of the formation fluid.
f control that is called tertiary control. This control is last control recently
as blowout5.2.1
prevention.
Figure
5.2 shows the different levels of well co
Well Control
Principles
Flujo desde
la formacin
of primary,
secondary,
and tertiary control. The primary control exists
Well control is implemented by basically two principles: i) primary control, and ii) secondary control. These two controls can restrict the fluid flow from the formation into
the wellbore, which lead to save the well from the blowout. However, there is another
Separator
line of control that is called tertiary control.
This controlPump
is last control recently developed as blowout prevention. Figure 5.2 shows the different levels of well control in
terms of primary, secondary, and tertiary control. The primary control exists for all
Adjusttable
Choke
Blowout
Separator
Pump
Preventer

Casing
Open Hole

Blowout
Preventer

Adjusttable
Choke

Pit

Casing

Pit

Open Hole

Strata of Minimum Fracture Resistance

Drill Pipe
Drill Collars

Drill Pipe
Drill Collars

Strata of Minimum Fracture Resistance

Formation Fluid

Formation Fluid

Permeable
Pressure
Permeable High
High Pressure
StrataStrata
Figure 5.1 Schematic of well control operations (redrawn from Bourguyan et al., 1986).

5.1 Schematic of well control operations (redrawn from Bourguyan et al., 1986).

Principios del Control

de Pozos

Bsicamente son dos

principios

Control Primario

Control Secundario

ltimamente se menciona un
tercer control pero se refiere al
proceso de recuperacin del
pozo despus del reventn

Control Primario
208

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING

Se define como la
confirmacin de que la presin
del lodo es mayor que la
presin de la formacin

Depth
208 FUNDAMENTALS OF
SUSTAINABLE DRILLING
ENGINEERING
Mud Pressure

Se altera cuando:

Depth

La presin de la formacin
se asumi equivocadamente
afectando el diseo del lodo

Cuando el peso de la
columna de lodo disminuye

Mud Pressure

Formation
Pressure
Formation
Pressure

Pressure

Pressure

Figure 5.3
Primary control
formation
pressurewith
controlmud
with mud
column(redrawn
(redrawn
Figure 5.3 Primary control
formation
pressure
control
column
from Ford, 2005).
from Ford, 2005).

drilling activities. The secondary control is more in depth and well man
ing activities by taking extra precautionary measures such as installati

WELL CONTROL AND MONITORING PROGRAM

AND MONITORING
PROGRAM
Disminucin del peso deWELL
laCONTROL
columna
de lodo
Original Mud Pressure

Depth

Mud Pressure Due to

Loss in Density (Mudweight)
Original Mud Pressure

Depth

Well Under Control

Mud Pressure Due to

Loss in Density (Mudweight)
Formation

Pressure

Loss of Well Control

Well Under Control
Loss of Well Control

Pressure Formation
Pressure

Figure 5.4 Loss of primary control due to mud density (redrawn from Ford, 2005).
Pressure
Mud Pressure
Lossses Occure
Figure 5.4 Loss of primary control due to mud density (redrawn
from When
Ford, 2005).
Depth

Original Mud Pressure

Mud Pressure When Lossses Occure

Depth

Formation
Original Mud Pressure
Pressure
Formation
Pressure
Pressure

209
209

Causas de bajo peso

del lodo

Ingresar a una formacin con

sobrepresin o presin anormal

Ingreso de gas al lodo

Contaminacin con crudo

Contaminacin con agua que

diluye el lodo

Medicin errada de la densidad

Remocin de los slidos

En la prctica se trata de
mantener 200 a 300 psi de
sobrebalance

Mud Pressure Due to

Loss in Density (Mudweight)

Causas de disminucin
en la columna de lodo

Formation
Pressure

Well Under Control

Loss of Well Control
Pressure

Durante la perforacin el
Figure 5.4
volumen del lodo que retorna
del anular debe ser igual al que
se inyecta en la tubera de
perforacin

Cuando se detiene el bombeo

no debe haber retorno

El volumen en las piscinas de

lodo debe ser constante

Esto no siempre sucede

Loss of primary control due to mud density (redrawn from Ford, 2005).
Mud Pressure When Lossses Occure
Depth

Original Mud Pressure

Formation
Pressure

Pressure

Figure 5.5 Loss of primary control due to reduction in fluid level at borehole (redrawn
from Ford, 2005).

If there is a large amount of overbalance, the rate of penetration (ROP) will

and as a result, cost of ROP/ft. will be increased which is an uneconomic
the mud weight is becoming less, the developed overbalance will be less an
risk of having a kick increases. The following dynamic factors affect the mu

Causas de disminucin
en la columna de lodo

Durante el Viaje:

Cuando se saca tubera del

pozo se remueve un
volumen equivalente que
disminuye la columna

Se debe llenar el pozo con

un volumen equivalente

Causas de disminucin
en la columna de lodo

Suaveo (swabbing)

Sucede cuando la tubera de

perforacin acta como un
pistn

Durante el ascenso de la
tubera crea una regin de
baja presin donde podran
ingresar los fluidos de la
formacin

El efecto contrario es
denominado surgeo, cuando
se ingresa tubera al pozo

Causas de disminucin
en la columna de lodo

Suaveo (swabbing)

El efecto se incrementa con:

Adhesin de lodo a la
tubera

Velocidad de sacado

Lodos con alto esfuerzo de

gel y viscosidad

Poco anular

Torta de lodo gruesa

Ineficiente limpieza de
recortes

Causas de disminucin
en la columna de lodo

Prdida de circulacin

Cuando se perfora una

formacin fracturada

El peso del lodo excede el

gradiente de fractura

Cuando se encuentra una

formacin altamente
permeable depletada

Control Secundario

Se activa cuando se ha
perdido el control primario

Se ha identificado aumento
continuo del nivel en la piscina
de lodo

Se detiene toda operacin

normal en el pozo

Las actividades se concentran

en ganar de nuevo el control
del pozo

Control Secundario

Se activa la BOP para cerrar el

espacio anular para suspender
el influjo desde la formacin

Se desplaza lodo mas pesado

para remplazar el influjo y el
lodo original. El flujo anular se
permite a travs de lineas
controladas

Se suspende bombeo y se
revisa suspensin de ganancias
en las piscinas de lodo

Se abre BOP y se continua con

la operacin con control
primario

Seales de Alerta

Un reventn no sucede de
repentinamente

El personal debe mantenerse

alerta a las seales

Aunque no siempre una seal

califica un reventn la suma de
seales puede llevar a
prevenirlo

Una vez se tengan seales se

debe estar alerta

Indicadores Primarios

Incremento en la tasa de
flujo de lodo en el anular

El lodo circula a tasa

constante y tal debe ser el
comportamiento en el
retorno

Al aumentar el retorno es un
indicativo de ingreso de
fluidos en el anular

Se debe mantener un
medidor de diferencial de
tasas de ingreso y retorno de
lodo

Indicadores Primarios

Incremento en el nivel de las

piscinas de lodo

Lo normal es tener un nivel

constante

Si aumenta el nivel es una

seal de ingreso de fluidos al
sistema

Este nivel debe registrarte

continuamente

El volumen del influjo es

equivalente a las ganancias
en las piscinas

Indicadores Primarios

Pozo fluyendo con la bomba

detenida

Con el apagado del bombeo

no debe haber flujo de
retorno

Si se presenta es seal de
que el influjo est
desplazando el lodo en el
anular

La presin de la formacin
es mayor a la de la columna
del lodo

Indicadores Primarios

Inadecuado llenado del pozo

durante viajes

Cuando se saca tubera

durante los viajes el volumen
de remplazo de lodo debe ser
equivalente al de la tubera que
sale

Si el llenado es menor los

fluidos de la formacin pueden
estar remplazando este
volumen

Indicadores
Secundarios

Cambio en la presin de
bombeo

El ingreso de fluidos de la
formacin puede causar el
floculado del lodo lo que
incrementa la presin de
bombeo

A medida que continua el

flujo la baja densidad del
influjo reduce el peso de la
columna y disminuye la
presin de bombeo

Este fenmeno tambin es

causado por washouts

Indicadores
Secundarios



%SJMMJOH
&OHJOFFSJOH

Drilling break

Es un incremento abrupto en la
tasa de penetracin

Puede ser ocasionado por:

Cambio de arcilla a arena

Disminucin del
sobrebalance

Puede indicar una formacin

con alta presin

Se recomienda hacer una

prueba de flujo para descartar
un ingreso de fluidos

'JH
o
%SJMMJOH
CSFBL
Tomado de Robello, Azar, Drilling Engineering

*OBEFRVBUF
ESJMMJOHNVE
XFJHIU

Indicadores
Secundarios

Reduccin en el peso de la
tubera

Cuando ingresan fluidos al

pozo en forma sustancial, se
reduce el peso de la sarta de
perforacin

Se deben haber presentado

simultneamente los otros
indicadores antes de cerrar
la preventora superior
(hydrill)

214

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUSTAINABLE DRILLING ENGINEERING

Deteccin de Influjo

Active Drilling Operations

Kick Indication

Primary Indicators

Flow Rate
Increase

Pit Volume
Increase

Flowing Well with

Pump Shut Off

Secondary Indicators

Change in
Pump Pressure

Improper Hole
Fill-Up during Trips

Drilling
Break

Gas Cut
Mud

Rasie Kelly above Rotary

Stop Pump
Is Well Flowing?

No

Yes
Close Hydrill
Note Pdp and Pann
Note Pit Gain
Calculate Nature of Influx
Calculate New Mud Weight
to balance from Pressure
Kill Well
Continue to Drill

Continue Drilling

Flow Check as needed

Anlisis de Presin
de Cierre

Cuando se ha cerrado el pozo

debido al influjo de fluidos de
la formacin, las presiones en
la tubera y en el anular nos
sirven para:

Presin de poro de la
formacin

Definir el tipo de lodo para

controlar el pozo

El tipo de influjo

Anlisis de Presin
de Cierre
Las presiones en tubera y
anular aumentan hasta que la
WELL CONTROL AND MONITORING PROGRAM 215
suma de la columna mas la
CONTROL AND
MONITORING
PROGRAM 215
en drill
superficie
a However
well ispresin
shut-in,WELL
the
pipe willigualan
contain
mud.
the annulus will now contain
WELL
ANDformacin

MONITORING
215gas, or water). Hence the hydrostatic presla
deand
la
bothCONTROL
mud
the
invaded PROGRAM
fluid (i.e. oil,

e drill pipe will contain mud. However the annulus will now contain
sure of the muds in the drill string and the annulus will be different. It is based on the
mud.flHowever
now Hence
contain the hydrostatic preseontain
invaded
uid (i.e. the
oil, annulus
gas, or will
water).
assumption
that
no
infl
ux
will
fl
ow
through
drill string. If the system is in equilibrium,
Las
en
tubera
(i.e.
oil,drill
gas,
or presiones
water).
the hydrostatic
presin the
string
and Hence
the annulus
will be y
diff
erent. It is based on the
the drill
pipewill
shut-in
pressure
beon
interpreted
as the amount by which bottomhole
be diff
erent.
It iscan
based
the
anular
diferentes
porque
oand
inflthe
ux annulus
will
flow son
through
drill string.
If the
system
is in equilibrium,
pressure
the
hydrostatic
mud
pressure.
Mathematically
w-in
through
drillexceeds
string.
the system
isasinthe
equilibrium,
pressure
can
be Ifinterpreted
amount
by which
bottomhole the expression can be
las
columnas
son
diferentes
al
be interpreted
the amount by which bottomhole
written
as:asmud
the
hydrostatic
Mathematically the expression can be
momentopressure.
del cierre

mud pressure. Mathematically the expression can be

Psidp Gm H vc

Pbh

Psidp Gm H vc Pbh
(5.1)
Gm H vc Pbh
(5.1)
where,
Psidp = shut-in drill pipe pressure, psi
= mud pressure
gradient, psi/ft
Gm pressure,
re,
psipipe
drill
psi
psi/ft
= total
vertical height of the mud column, ft
essureH
gradient,
psi/ft
vc
he
mudheight
ftthe mud column,
=ofbottomhole
(i.e. formation)
pressure, psi
Pcolumn,
rtical
ft
bh
on) pressure,
psi
hole
(i.e. formation)
pressure, psi
In terms of mud weight, formation pressure can be calculated as:

n pressure can be calculated as:

(5.1)

Hpressure
Hon
bh 0.052
sidp
P
PPsidp
be calculated
mvc
bh can
bhvc
om H vcas:

calculated
as:
where,
where,

om

(5.2)
vc

(5.1)

(5.2)

0.052
(5.2)
shut-in
pressure,
psi ppg
Psidp
= drill
original
mud
weight,
p drill
om=H
vc
-in
pipe
pressure,
psipipe
om
(5.2)
mud
weight,
ppg
e,original
psi weight,
=
mud
pressure
G
mud
ppg
pressurem gradient, psi/ft gradient, psi/ft
si/ft H
=the
total
vertical
height
of the
mud
Since
mud
weight
in the
drill
pipecolumn,
will be ftknown throughout the well control procevcheight
vertical
of
the
mud
column,
ft
ht,
ppgdrill
eown
mud
column,
ftwill
in the
drill
pipe
will
be
known
throughout
well
control
proce=Pbottomhole
(i.e.
formation)
pressure,
psithe
Pdure,
nweight
the
be
known
throughout
the well control
procethroughout
the
well
control
procegives
an
indication
of
bottomhole
pressure
(i.e.
the
drill pipe pressure gauge
bh pipe
omhole
(i.e.
formation)
pressure,
psi
sidp
psiadrill
sn)anpressure,
indication
of
bottomhole
pressure
(i.e.pipe
the
drill pipe
pressure
gauge procedure the furication
of bottomhole
pressure
(i.e.
the gauge).
drill
gauge
essure
(i.e.
the
pipe
pressure
gauge
acts
as
bottomhole
pressure
Thpressure
roughout
the
well control
pipeIn
will
be
known
throughout
the
well
control
proceterms
of
mud
weight,
formation
pressure
can
be calculated
as: the furressure
gauge).
Th
roughout
the
well
control
procedure
the
furmhole
pressure
gauge).
Th
roughout
the
well
control
procedure
throughout
the
well
control
proceout
the
well
control
procedure
the
further
infl
ux
of
formation
fl
uids
must
be
prevented.
In
order
to do this, (Psidp Gm H vc )
bottomhole
pressure
(i.e.
theas:
drillcan
pipebe
pressure
gaugeas:
d weight,can
formation
pressure
calculated
pressure
be
calculated
order
euge).
(i.e.
the
drill
pipe
pressure
gauge
En
trminos
de
Gradiente:
on
fluids
must
be
prevented.
Inslightly
order
)
Psidp
Gm Hconcept
formation
fluids
must
be
In
to
do
sidp
m H(important
vc
Gm Hto
ted.
In
to
do
this,
(Pprevented.
)doorder
Thmust
roughout
the
well
control
procedure
thethis,
furbe
kept
equal
or
above
P
.(PTh
is this,
isGan
of well control
vc )
sidp
vc
bh
P
P
0.052
H
(5.2)
he
well
control
procedure
the
furbh
sidp(an
om)ofvc
slightly
above
P
.
Th
is
is
an
important
concept
well
control
equal
or
slightly
above
P
.
Th
is
is
important
concept
of
well
control
P
G
H
must
be
prevented.
In
order
to
do
this,
bh
s0.052
an important
concept
of well
control
onPH
which
everything
else
isvc based
on.
is referred to as the
bh
sidp
m
vcSometimes this technique
P
0.052
H
(5.2)
(5.2)
bh
sidp
om
P
G
H
n
order
to
do
this,
(
)
om is vc
else
isPbhbased
on.an
Sometimes
this
technique
is methods
referred is
to
as to
thethisto
sidp on.mSometimes
vc
bove
. else
Th
important
concept
ofthe
well
ything
is
based
this control
technique
referred
as the
mes
this
technique
is
referred
to
as
constant
bottomhole
pressure
killing
due
reason.
where,
important
concept
of
well
control
ressure
killing
methods
due to this
reason.
ed
on.
Sometimes
this
technique
is
referred
to as
the the bottomhole pressure can be calculated as
mhole
pressure
killing
methods
due
to
this
reason.
due
to
this
reason.
Now,
if
we
consider
the
annulus
side,
his
technique
is
referred
to
as
the
=
original
mud
weight,
ppg
om due
ling
tothe
thisbottomhole
reason.
the methods
annulus
side,
pressure can
be calculated
as
consider
the
annulus
side,
the
bottomhole
pressure
can
be
calculated
as
ttomhole
pressure
can
be
calculated
as
equal
to
the
surface
annulus
pressure
plus
the
combined
hydrostatic
pressure of the
oppg
this
reason.
original
mud
weight,
ppg
us
side,
the
bottomhole
pressure
can
be
calculated
as
nnulus annulus
pressure pressure
plus the combined
hydrostatichydrostatic
pressure ofpressure
the
urface
plus
the of
combined
the
hole
pressure
can
be
calculated
as
mud
and
infl
ux.
Mathematically
the
expression
can
be written
as:
combined
hydrostatic
pressure
the
Since
the
mud
weight
in
the
drill
pipe
will
be
known
throughout
the of
well
control proceessure
plus
the
combined
hydrostatic
pressure
of
the
ematically
the
expression
can
be
written
as:
hydrostatic
mbined
pressure
of the
the
x.
Mathematically
the
expression
be written
as:
En
el
anular:
gives
an
indication
of can
bottomhole
pressure
(i.e. control
the drillprocepipe pressure gauge
dure,
Pthe
pe
will
known
throughout
well
control
procecan
bebe
written
as:
weight
in
pipe
will
be known
throughout
the well
the
expression
can
be
written
as:
sidp drill
be
written
as:a bottomhole
acts
as
gauge).
Thgauge
roughout
controlgauge
procedure the fur- (5.3)
tomhole
pressure
(i.e.
thepressure
drill pipe
pressure
Psiann
G(i.e.
Gmdrill
H mthe
Pwell
an
indication
of
bottomhole
pressure
pipe
pressure
i H i the
bh
P
G
H
G
H
P
(5.3)
i of
mwell
m control
ther
infl
formation
flH
uids
must
bethe
prevented.
Inprocedure
order to do
this,
(Psidp Gm H vc )
e).
Th
roughout
theG
procedure
furPi ux
Gbhmroughout
P(5.3)
(5.3)
H
G
(5.3)
Pbhsiann
mhole
pressure
control
the
furi H i Th
m
bhthe well
i
m H msiannPbhgauge).
(5.3)
be
kept
equal
or
an this,
important
G.mTh
H vcisto
tormation
bemust
prevented.
In
order
to
do this,above
(Psidp
)isdo
where,
bh
Gm H vcof
fluids must be slightly
prevented.
InPorder
(Psidp concept
) well control
which
everything
else
isisbased
on.
Sometimes
this technique
is referred to as the
e Pbhon
. or
Th
isPis an
important
concept
of
well
control
=
shut-in
annulus
pressure,
psi
qual
slightly
above
P
.
Th
is
an
important
concept
of
well
control
bh
siannpsi
ulus
pressure,
re,
psi
constant
bottomhole
pressure
killing
methods
this
reason.
on.
Sometimes
this
technique
is referred
totechnique
as
thedue to
-in
annulus
pressure,
psi
=
infl
ux
pressure
gradient,
psi/ft
G
ything
else
is
based
on.
Sometimes
this
is
referred
to as the
i psi/ft
ure
gradient,
nt,
psi/ft
Now,
if
we
consider
the
annulus
side,
the
bottomhole
pressure
can be calculated as
g methods
due
to
this
reason.
ux
pressure
gradient,
psi/ft
=
vertical
height
of
the
infl
ux
or
kick,
ft
H
mhole
pressure
killing
methods
due
to
this
reason.
ht
ofequal
the
infl
ux
kick,
ftannulus
nfl
ux
or
kick,
toi ft
theorsurface
plus the
side,
the
bottomhole
pressure
canpressure
be calculated
as combined hydrostatic pressure of the
ical
height
of
the
infl
ux
or
kick,
ft
=
vertical
height
of
mud
in
the
annulus
influx, ft.=asHvc Hi
H
onsider
the
annulus
side,
the
bottomhole
pressure
canaftbeercalculated
ht
of
mud
in
the
annulus
aft
er
infl
ux,
ft
.=
H

H
m
in
the
annulus
aft
er
infl
ux,
ft
.=
H

H
mud
and
infl
ux.
Mathematically
the
expression
can
be
written
as:
vc
ure
plus
the
combined
hydrostatic
pressure
of thei
vc
i
r
infl
ux,
ft
.=
H

H
icalerheight
ofvcftmud
inthe
annulus
after influx,hydrostatic
ft.= Hvc Hpressure
i
urface
annulus
pressure
the combined
of the
infl
ux,
Hiplus
i
vc
e aft
expression
can.=
beHwritten
as:
216
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING
H
can of
bemud
calculated
from
the
displaced
volume
ofthe
mud
measured at surface
(i.e.ENGINEERING
the pit
placed
volume
measured
at surface
(i.e.
the
pit
x.
Mathematically
the
expression
can
be
written
as:
om
the
displaced
volume
of
mud
measured
at
surface
(i.e.
pit
i
P
G
H
G
H
P
(5.3)
ud measured
at
surface
(i.e.
the
pit
siann
i del
i
m m
bh en Piscinas:
area
Hiof
puede
calcularse
volumen
aofofmud
thefrom
annulus
i.e.:
ulated
the
displaced
volume
of
mud
measured
at surface
gain)
and
the
cross-sectional
area
of
the annulus
i.e.: (i.e. the pit
measured
at
surface
(i.e.
the
pit
ctional
the
annulus
i.e.:
Gm H m Pbh
(5.3)
where, V
cross-sectional
area
the
Vpit Psiann V
Gi Hof
Gmannulus
H m Pbhi.e.:
(5.3)
s i.e.:
where,
i
pit
pit
Hi
(5.4)
Vpit
H
(5.4)
H
(5.4) bbls
= pit gain volume,
(5.4)
=
shut-in
annulus
pressure,
psi
P
i
V
i
Aannsiann
pit
Aann
A
A
ann
H
=
cross-sectional area of(5.4)
the annulus, bbls/ft
(5.4)
gradient,
psi/ft
ann
psi Gi = influx pressure
i
-in
annulus
psiAannof the influx or kick, ft
vertical height
Hi =pressure,
psi/ft
circulating
pressure
as:
= vertical psi/ft
height of mud inInitial
the annulus
after infl
ux, ft.=isHcalculated
Hi
Hm ftgradient,
x pressure
ux
or kick,
vc

Anlisis de Presin de Cierre

Anlisis de Presin de Cierre

Ejemplo 5.1
Un pozo de 8 1/2 pulgadas de dimetro, se ha perforado hasta una profundidad de 7500
pies con un lodo de 12.5 ppg. Si la presin de formacin en este punto es de 4500 psi,
calcule: i) El sobre balance sobre la presin de la formacin, ii) En caso de usar un lodo de
10.5 ppg cual sera el sobre balance? y iii) Si el nivel de fluido en el anular cae 250 pies
por llenado inadecuado cual sera el efecto sobre la presin de la formacin?

Final circulating pressure is calculated as:

Pfc Pp
Pfc Pp

km

km
om

(5.6)
(5.6)

where,
om
where,
Pfc = final circulating pressure, psi
final
circulating
pressure, psi
Pfc ==kill
mud
weight, ppg
km
km = kill mud
1" weight, ppg
Example
5.1:5.1
A 8 1diameter
hole is drilled up to 7500 ft. with a density of 12.5 ppg. If
"
Ejemplo
Example
5.1:pore
A 28 pressure
diameter
holepoint
is drilled
uppsi.
to 7500
ft. with
a density
of 12.5
ppg. If
the
formation
at this
is 4500
Calculate
i) mud
pressure
overbalUn pozo de 8 21/2 pulgadas de dimetro, se ha perforado hasta una profundidad de 7500
the above
formation
porepressure,
pressure ii)
at this
4500 psi.
Calculate
i) mud
pressure
ance
the pore
if thepoint
mudisdensity
is 10.5
ppg, what
would
be theoverbaloverpiesabove
con
un ifpore
lodo
ppg.
Si ladensity
presin
de to
formacin
en
este
ance
ifthe
theannulus
mud
is 10.5
ppg,
would
be thepunto
over- es de 4500 psi,
balance,
and the
iii)
thepressure,
flde
uid 12.5
levelii)in
is dropped
250what
ft. due
to inadequate
calcule:
i) El
la
latoformacin,
En caso de usar un lodo de
balance,
iii)sobre
iftripping,
the flbalance
uidwhat
levelwould
insobre
thebe
annulus
is dropped
250 ftpressure?
. due toii) inadequate
hole
fill upand
during
thepresin
effect
onde
bottomhole
10.5
cual sera
el sobre
balance?
nivel de fluido
en el anular cae 250 pies
hole
fillppg
up during
tripping,
what would
be the y
effiii)
ectSi
onelbottomhole
pressure?
Solution:
por
llenado inadecuado cual sera el efecto sobre la presin de la formacin?
Given data:
Solution:
= total
HGiven
data:vertical height of the mud column = 7500 ft
vc
1" of the mud column = 7500 ft
=
total
vertical
height
H
dh vc = hole diameter = 8 "
1
dh = hole diameter = 28
om1 = original mud weight
2 1 = 12.5 ppg
poreweight
pressure
4500ppg
psi
Pf om1==formation
original mud
1 == 12.5
mudpore
weight
2 = 10.5
ppg psi
om
formation
pressure
= 4500
Pf 2 ==original
Drop
vertical
height
the mud
column
Hann
original
mud of
weight
2 = 10.5
ppgin the annulus = 250 ft
om2==
Hann = vertical height of the mud column in the annulus = 250 ft
Required
data:
Datos
solicitados:
pressure overbalance at 7500 ft
i) Pob1 = mud
Required
data:
overbalance
at at
7500
ft. ftif mud density is 10.5 ppg
ii)i)Pob2
mudpressure
pressure
overbalance
7500
Pob1= =mud
iii)ii)EffPect=on
bottomhole
pressure? at 7500 ft. if mud density is 10.5 ppg
mud
pressure
overbalance
ob2
iii) Effect on bottomhole pressure?
The overbalance at a depth of 7,500 ft.can be calculated by Eq. (4.34a) which can be
modifi
ed for overbalance
as: of 7,500 ft.can be calculated by Eq. (4.34a) which can be
The overbalance
at a depth

Anlisis de Presin de Cierre

Hann = vertical height of the mud column in the annulus = 250 ft

Required data:
i) Pob1 = mud pressure overbalance at 7500 ft
ii) Pob2 = mud pressure overbalance at 7500 ft. if mud density is 10.5 ppg
iii) Effect on bottomhole pressure?

Anlisis de Presin de Cierre

The overbalance at a depth of 7,500 ft.can be calculated by Eq. (4.34a) which can be
La presin
de sobre balance se calcula usando la Ecuacin (4.34a)
modified for overbalance as:

Pob1 0.052

om1

H vc

Pf

0.052

12.5 ppg

7500 ft

4500 psi

375 psi

WELL CONTROL
AND
MONITORING
PROGRAM
WELL
CONTROL
AND
MONITORING
PROGRAM
217
Th
e
overbalance
at
a
depth
of
7500
ft
.
if
mud
density
is
10.5
ppg
as:
Cuando se usa lodo de 10-5 ppg:

Pob 2

Pob 2 om
0.052
0.052
2 H vc

Pf
P H vc0.052

om 2f

0.052
ppgft
10.5
ppg 10.5
7500

7500
ft
4500 psi

217

4500 psi

405 psi405 psi

El pozo
semud
encontrara
en riesgo
denegative
un the
influjo.
If the
density
is decreased,
the
sign
implies
that
the wellthat
would
underIf
the
mud density
is decreased,
negative
sign
implies
the be
well
would be underbalanced
by 405 psi
the with
consequent
risk of an risk
influx.
balanced
by with
405 psi
the consequent
of an influx.
If thede
fluid
level
in the
annulus
dropped
, the
effpeso
ectftwould
reduce
thetoppg,
Iflathe
fluid
level
inreduce
the is
annulus
is by
dropped
byel
250
, the
ecttowould
be
reduce
Si la altura
columna
se
en 250
ft250y ftcon
deeffbe
lodo
de 12.5
la the
bottomhole
pressurepressure
by:
bottomhole
by:

presin de sobre balance se reduce en:

Pbhp 0.052 12.5 ppg
P
0.052 12.5250
ppgft
bhp

162.5 psi
250
ft 162.5 psi

This result indicates that there would still be a net overbalance of 212.5 (i.e. 375 162.5)
result indicates
would
be abalance
net overbalance
of 212.5
Este resultado
que anthat
sethere
tendra
unstill
sobre
de: 212.5
psi.(i.e. 375 162.5)
psi. This indica

psi.

5.4.2

Type of Influx and Gradient Calculation

5.4.2

Type of Influx and Gradient Calculation

If we combine Eqs. (5.1) and (5.3), the influx gradient can be calculated as:

Pbhp

12.5 ppg

0.052

250 ft

162.5 psi

This result indicates that there would still be a net overbalance of 212.5 (i.e. 375 162.5)
psi.

Tipo de Influjo y Clculo de Gradientes

5.4.2

Type of Influx and Gradient Calculation

Combinando
las (5.1)
ecuaciones
(5.1)
If we combine Eqs.
and (5.3), the
inflyux(5.3):
gradient can be calculated as:
Gi

Gm

Psiann

Psidp

Hi

(5.7)

It is para
noteddefinir
that the
abovedeexpression
Gua
el tipo
influjo: is given in this form because Pann Pdp,

due to the lighter fluid being in the annulus. The type of fluid can be identified from
the gradient calculated utilizing Eq. (5.7). Different references report different ranges of
0.075 < Gi < 0.25 psi/ft
Gas
data for identifying the fluid types. However, the following are as a guide.

0.26 < Gi < 0.30 psi/ft

Mezcla petrleo-gas
0.31
< 0.40
psi/ft 0.075 <Mezcla
petrleo
y condensado
Gi < 0.25de
psi/ft
.
a) A <
gasGikick
is recognized:
b) An<oil
< Gi < 0.3 psi/ft
0.41
Giand gas mixture kick: 0.25Agua
c) An oil and condensate mixture kick: 0.3 < Gi < 0.4 psi/ft
d) A water kick: 0.4 < Gi psi/ft

For example, if Gi is found to be above 0.25, this may indicate a mixture of gas and oil.
If nature of influx is not known, it is usually assumed to be gas, since this is the most
severe type of kick.

5.4.3

Kill Mud Weight Calculation

The mud weight required to kill the influx and would provide the overbalance while
drilling ahead can be calculated from Eq. (5.1) as:

vc

bh

ob

where,
WELL CONTROL AND MONITORING PROGRAM 215
WELL
CONTROL AND MONITORING PROGRAM 215
Gk = kill mud pressure gradient, psi/ft
Pob = overbalance pressure, psi
well is shut-in,
the drill pipe will contain mud. However the annulus will now contain

Clculo del peso de lodo para controlar el pozo

well is shut-in, the drill pipe will contain mud. However the annulus will now contain
both mud
mud and
andthe
theinvaded
invadedfluid
fluid(i.e.
(i.e.oil,oil,gas,
gas, or
water).
Hence the
hydrostatic
both
water).
Hence
hydrostatic
pres-presSubstituting
Eq. (5.8) into
Eq. (5.9),
the finalorform
of the
abovethe
equation
can be written
sure of
ofas:
themuds
mudsininthe
thedrill
drillstring
stringand
and
annulus
erent.
is based
on the
sure
the
thethe
annulus
willwill
be be
diffdiff
erent.
It isItbased
on the
assumptionthat
thatno
noinfl
influxuxwill
willflow
flowthrough
through
drill
string.
If the
system
in equilibrium,
assumption
drill
string.
If the
system
is inisequilibrium,
La drill
Ecuacin
(5.1) pressure
permitecan
calcular
la presin
deamount
la formacin.
Sin
embargo, normalmente
Psidp
Pob
the
pipeshut-in
shut-in
beinterpreted
interpreted
as
the
by which
bottomhole
the
drill pipe
pressure can
be
as
the
amount
by
which
bottomhole
(5.10)
Gk mud
Gm el
se
requiere
controlar
o
matar
pozo
con
una
presin
de
sobre
pressure
exceeds
the
hydrostatic
pressure.
Mathematically
the
expression
can
218
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING
ENGINEERING
pressure exceeds the hydrostatic mud pressure.
be be que no alcance
H vcMathematically the expression canbalance
218
FUNDAMENTALS
OF SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING ENGINEERING
written
as:
el gradiente
de fractura
de la formacin:
written
as:
It is noted that the pit gainGvolume
PbhandPobthe casing pressure (i.e. Psiann) do not appear
(5.9)
k H vc (V)
218 inFUNDAMENTALS
OFindicate
SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING
ENGINEERING
Eq. (5.10) which
that
both
parameters
do not have any role over kill
mud
PG
G
H
P
(5.1)
Psidp
G
H
P
(5.1)
H
P
P
(5.9)
sidp
m
vc
bh
m
vc
bh
k vc
bh
ob
design and calculations.
where,
pressure
can
bevccalculated
Gkgradient,
H
Pbhpsi/ft
Pin
(5.9)
= kill mud
pressure
ob terms of mud weight as
where,Gk Formation
where,
where,
Pob = overbalance pressure, psi
shut-indrill
drillpipe
pipepressure,
pressure,
==shut-in
psipsi
PPsidp
G
sidp = kill mud pressure gradient, psi/ft
k
where,
Pbh psi/ft
Ppsi/ft
0.052 om H vc
(5.11)
sidp
=
mud
pressure
gradient,
=
mud
pressure
gradient,
Gob
PG
m
m
==overbalance
pressure,
psi psi/ft
G
Substituting
Eq. (5.8)
into gradient,
Eq. (5.9),
the final form of the above equation can be written
kill mud
pressure
k
column,
ft ft
H
totalvertical
verticalheight
heightofofthe
themud
mud
column,
HPvcvc ==total
as: =kill
overbalance
pressure,
psi la Ec.in(5.9):
mud la
weight
can
be calculated
terms
of mud weight as
Remplazando
Ec.
(5.1)
en
(i.e.
formation)
pressure,
psipsi
PP obTh==e bottomhole
bottomhole
(i.e.
formation)
pressure,

bh
bh
Substituting
Eq. (5.8) into Eq. (5.9), the final form of the above equation can be written
Pob of the above equation can be written
fisidp
nal form
as:Substituting Eq. (5.8) into Eq. (5.9), thePP
sidp
(5.12)
In
cancan
beom
calculated
as: as:
(5.10)
Gk km Gpressure
Inas:terms
termsof
ofmud
mudweight,
weight,formation
formation
pressure
be
calculated
m
0.052 HHvc
vc
P
Pob Eq. (5.12) can be written as:
sidp
If we consider overkill
mud
as
a
safety
margin,
PP G Psidp
H
(5.2)(5.2)
PsidpandomPthe
Psidp
0.052
H
(5.10)
Gm0.052
ob vc
En Ittrminos
dethedensidad
del
lodo:
bh kvolume
om
vc
is noted that
pit bh
gain
(V)
casing
pressure (i.e. Psiann) do not appear
(5.10)
Gk Gm
H vc
in Eq. (5.10) which indicate
that both H
parameters
do
not
have
any
role
over
kill
mud
vc
P
where,
sidp
where,
design and calculations.
(5.13)
km
om
ok
It Itisisnoted
that
the
pit
gain
volume
(V)
and
the
casing
pressure
(i.e.
P
)
do
not
appear
=
original
mud
weight,
ppg
siannnot appear
om
=
original
mud
weight,
ppg
0.052
H
noted
that
the
pit
gain
volume
(V)
and
the
casing
pressure
(i.e.
P
)
do
Formation
pressure
can
be
calculated
in
terms
of
mud
weight
as
vc
om
siann
ininEq.
(5.10)
which
indicate
that
both
parameters
do
not
have
any over
role kill
overmud
kill mud
Eq. (5.10) which indicate that both parameters do not have any role
Since
the
mud
weight
drill
pipe
will
bebe
known
throughout
thethe
wellwell
control
procewhere,
design
and
calculations.
Since
the
mud
weightininthe
the
drill
pipe
will
known
throughout
control
procedesign
and
calculations.
Pbhof bottomhole
Psidp 0.052pressure
H vc (i.e. the drill pipe pressure gauge
(5.11)
om
gives
an
indication
dure,
P
overkill
mud
weight
for safety
margin,
ppg
ok = pressure
Formation
can
be
calculated
in
terms
of mud
weight
Formation
pressure
can
be
calculated
in
terms
of
mud
weight
as as
gives
an
indication
of
bottomhole
pressure
(i.e.
the
drill
pipe pressure gauge
dure,
Psidp
sidp
acts as a bottomhole pressure gauge). Throughout the well control procedure the furactsTh
asTh
bottomhole
pressure
gauge). Th
the weight
well
control
e akill
mud
weight
can can
be calculated
in roughout
terms
of mud
as as procedure the fure kill
mud
gradient
be calculated
in terms
of mud
weight

Clculo del peso de lodo para controlar el pozo

Ejemplo 5.2: Determinar la densidad para controlar el pozo y el gradiente respectivo para
una presin de cierre en tubera de 600 psi a una profundidad de 12000 pies y un lodo de
14.5 lb/gal.

Example
Determine
kill mud density and kill mud gradient for a shut-in drill
culating5.3:
pressure
of thethe
system.
pipeOFpressure
of 600 psi
at a depth
of 12,000pipe
ft. If pressure
the original
weight
14.5 ppg
of mud
600 psi
at aisdepth
of 12,000 ft. If th
220 FUNDAMENTALS
SUSTAINABLE
DRILLING
ENGINEERING
Solution:
and
the slow circulating pump pressure is 850
psi,the
findslow
out also
the initialpump
and fipressure
nal cir- is 850 psi, fin
and
circulating
culating
pressure
culating pressure of the system.
Given
data:
0.636
psiof/ the
ft system.
12.23
ppg = 600 psi
pressure
m Psidp = shut-in drill pipe
Solution:
0.052 1 ft
column 12,000 ft
Hvc = total vertical height of the mud Solution:
Given
data:
Example 5.3: Determine
mud mud
density
and=kill
mud
for
a shut-in drill
original
weight
14.5
ppggradient
omthe=kill
Given
data:
drill
pipe pressure
= original
600 psi= 850
Psidp
pipe pressure of 600 psi
depth
of
12,000
ftpump
. If the
mudpsiweight
is 14.5
ppg
slow circulating
pressure
Ppat =a=shut-in
=
shut-in
drill
pipe pressure = 600 psi
P
=
total
vertical
height
of
the
mud
column
12,000
ft
H
sidp
vc pump la
Ejemplo
5.2:
Determinar
densidad
controlar
yand
el
gradiente
respectivo
para 12
and
the slow
circulating
pressure
is 850para
psi, find
out alsoHel
thepozo
initial
fi
nal cir=
total
vertical
height
of
the
mud
column
Required
data:
= original
mud weight = 14.5 ppg
om
vc
culating
pressure
of
the
system.
una presin de cierre
en
tubera
de
600
psi
a
una
profundidad
de 12000 pies y un lodo de
killcirculating
mud weight,
ppgpressure = 850 psi
pump
Pp km = =slow
om = original mud weight = 14.5 ppg
14.5 lb/gal. Use unGkfactor
seguridad
de 0.5 lb/gal.
= killde
mud
gradient, psi/ft
Pp = slow circulating pump pressure = 850 psi
Solution:
Required
data:
Pic = initial circulating pressure, psi
km = kill mud weight, ppg
Given data:
Required data:
P
final circulating pressure, psi
Gk fc = =kill
mud gradient,
= 600 psipsi/ft
Psidp = shut-in drill pipe pressure
km = kill mud weight, ppg
Pic = initial circulating pressure, psi
height of the
mud
column
12,000using
ft G
Hvc = total vertical
= killasmud gradient, psi/ft
Th
weight
can
be calculated
Eq.
k (5.12)
Pfce kill= mud
final circulating pressure, psi
P

Clculo del peso de lodo para controlar el pozo

= original mud weight = 14.5 ppg

= initial circulating pressure, psi
ic
Psidp = 850 psi
600 psi
P(5.12)
pump
pressure
Pp = slow circulating
=asfinal14.5
circulating
pressure,
psi
fc
The kill mud
weight
can
be
calculated
using
Eq.
ppg
15.5
ppg
km
om
0.052 H vc
0.052 12,000 ft
Required data:
Psidp
600 psi
The kill mud weight can be calculated using Eq. (5.12
=
kill
mud
weight,
ppg
ppg weight can
14.5 ppg
km
If we consider
an overkill mud
weight of 0.5 ppg as a safety
margin,15.5
Kill mud
km
om
H vc (5.13) as:
0.052
0.052 12,000 ft
Gk = kill mud gradient,
psi/ft
be calculated
using Eq.
Psidp
600 psi
Pic = initial circulating
pressure,
psi mud
If we consider
an overkill
weight of 0.5 ppg as a safety
can
Psidp
km margin, Kill mud weight
om
H
0.052
0.052
12,000 ft
Pfc = final circulating
15.5 0.5 16.0 ppg vc
pressure,
be calculated
usingpsi
Eq.
km
om (5.13) as:
ok
0.052 H vc
Psidp
If weEq.
consider
an overkill mud weight of 0.5 ppg as a s
e kill
mud
gradient
can
be
calculated
using
(5.14)
as
The kill mud weight Th
can
be calculated
using
Eq.
(5.12)
as
15.5 0.5 16.0 ppg
km
om
ok
be calculated using Eq. (5.13) as:
0.052 H vc
GK = 0.052600
* psi
mK = 0.052 * 16 ppg = 0.832 psi/ft
Psidp
P
Psidp
The kill mud gradient can be
sidpcalculated using Eq. (5.14) as600 psi
ppg
15.5
ppg
14.5
G 0.052 om
0.052 14.5 ppg
0.804 psi / ft ok 15.5 0.5
km
km
om
ft
0.052 H vc k om 0.052
12,000
H vc
12,000 ft 0.052 H
vc
Psidp
600 psi
Gmud
ppg
psi
ft
0.052
14.5
0.804
/calculated
k
omof 0.5 ppg0.052
Th
e
kill
mud
gradient
can
be
using Eq. (5.
If we consider an overkill
weight
as
a
safety
margin,
Kill
mud
weight
If we consider there isHno
overkill
pressure,
the
initial
circulating
pressure
is
calculated
ft
12,000
vc
be calculated using Eq.
(5.13)
as:
using Eq. (5.5) as:
om

Clculo del peso de lodo para controlar el pozo

Ejemplo 5.3: Durante una perforacin y llegando a un objetivo de 8500 pies, con un
tamao de pozo de 7 pulgadas, se not una ganancia en piscinas de lodo de 10 bbls. El
pozo se cierra y se registran presiones de tubera y anular de 650 psi y 800 psi,
respectivamente. El arreglo de perforacin consiste de 650 pies de botellas (drill collar) de
4 3/4 pulgadas de dimetro externo y el resto es tubera de perforacin de 3 1/2 pulg. El
peso del lodo es de 10.2 lb/gal. Identifique el tipo de influjo y disee el lodo para controlar
el pozo con un factor de seguridad de 250 psi de sobre balance.

Solution:

Given data:
Hvc = total vertical height of the mud column =
dh = hole diameter = 7 in
Vpit = pit gain volume = 10 bbls
Pdp = shut-in drill pipe pressure = 650 psi
= shut-in
annulus
pressure
ann
Ejemplo 5.3: Durante una perforacin y llegando a un Pobjetivo
de 8500
pies,
con=800
un psi
HBHA = bottomhole assembly length = 650 ft
tamao de pozo de 7 pulgadas, se not una ganancia en piscinas de lodo de 10 bbls.
El
"
3
dc =
= 4 = 4.75
pozo se cierra y se registran presiones de tubera y anular
decollar
650outer
psi ydiameter
800 psi,
" 4
1
respectivamente. El arreglo de perforacin consiste ded 650= pies
de botellas
(drill
collar)
de
drill
pipe
diameter
=
3
=
3.5
dp
WELL CONTROL
AND MONITORING
PROGRAM
219 de 3 1/2
2 pulg. El
4 3/4 pulgadas de dimetro externo
y el resto
es tubera
de perforacin
= mud weight = 10.2 ppg
m
peso del lodo es de 10.2 lb/gal. Identifique el tipo de influjo y disee el lodo para controlar
Pob = overbalance pressure = 250 psi
Solution:
el pozo con un factor de seguridad de 250 psi de sobre balance.

Clculo del peso de lodo para controlar el pozo

Given data:
Hvc = total vertical height of the mud column = 8500 ft
dh = hole diameter = 7 in
Vpit = pit gain volume = 10 bbls
Pdp = shut-in drill pipe pressure = 650 psi
Pann = shut-in annulus pressure =800 psi
HBHA = bottomhole assembly length = 650 ft
"
3
dc = collar outer diameter = 4 = 4.75
"
1 4
ddp = drill pipe diameter = 3 = 3.5
2
= mud weight = 10.2 ppg
m
Pob = overbalance pressure = 250 psi

Required data:
a. Type of influx
b. m = new mud weight in ppg

Nature of influx:
The vertical height of the influx can be calculated u

Hi

Vpit
Aann

10 bbls
dh2 dc2 / 4

10bbls
72

4.752
4

0.17
in2

(Here, H i is less than bottomhole assembly length,

3
V
=
pit
gain
volume
=
10
bbls
pit
dc = collar outer diameter = 4 = 4.75
"
Pdp = shut-in drill pipe pressure
1 4= 650 psi
= shut-in
annulus pressure
ddp P=anndrill
pipe diameter
= 3 ==800
3.5 psi
HBHA = bottomhole assembly 2length = 650 ft
= mud weight = 10.2 ppg 3 "
m
= collar outer diameter = 4 = 4.75
Pob d=
c overbalance pressure = 250 psi
"
1 4
ddp = drill pipe diameter = 3 = 3.5
2
Required data:
Ejemplo 5.3: Durante
y llegando a un objetivo de 8500 pies, con un
=una
mudperforacin
weight = 10.2 ppg
m
a. Type
of
infl
ux
overbalance pressure
Pob 7=pulgadas,
tamao de pozo de
se not= 250
unapsiganancia en piscinas de lodo de 10 bbls.

Clculo del peso de lodo para controlar el pozo

b.

= new mud weight in ppg

El

pozo se cierra y se
registran presiones de tubera y anular de 650 psi y 800 psi,
Required data:
Nature of
infl
ux: de perforacin consiste de 650 pies de botellas (drill collar) de
respectivamente.
arreglo
a.ElType
of influx
The vertical
height ofexterno
the
influx
can
be calculated
using
(5.4) as
weight
in
ppgresto
4 3/4 pulgadas
deb. dimetro
y el
es tubera
deEq.
perforacin
de 3 1/2 pulg. El
m = new mud
peso del lodo es
de 10.2
Identifique el tipo de influjo
y disee el lodo para controlar
Nature
of infllb/gal.
ux:
3
ft balance.
el pozo con un Th
factor
deheight
seguridad
de
de
sobre
e vertical
of the infl
ux250
can10
bepsi
calculated
using
Eq. (5.4) as
bbls
Vpit
0.178 bbls
10 bbls
3
H i (5.4)
389.6 ft
Usando la Ec.
ft
2
2
2
2
2
Aann
dh dc / 4
710bbls4.75
ft
2 bbls
Vpit
0.178
10 bbls
in
2 389.6 ft
Hi
4
144
in
2
2
2
A
d2 d2 / 4
7

4.75

ft
in2
2
4
144
in
(Here, H i is less than bottomhole assembly length, 650 ft)
ann

Hi es menor que
la altura
total
las botellas
delength,
perforacin
(Here,
H is less
thande
bottomhole
assembly
650 ft) de 650 ft.

Assuming a imud pressure gradient of 0.53 psi/ft, the type of influx can be calculated
Usando la Ec.
paraaas:
definir
el tipo
de influjo:
using(5.7)
Eq. (5.7)
Assuming
mud
pressure
gradient
of 0.53 psi/ft, the type of influx can be calculated
using Eq. (5.7) P
as:

Psidp

800 650
Gi Gm
0.145 psi / ft
Psiann Psidp 0.53 800 650
Hi
389.6 0.145 psi / ft
Gi Gm
0.53
H i 0.075 < Gi389.6
Corresponde
a
un
gradiente
de
gas:
psi/ft
As long as, the influx pressure gradient <is 0.25
within
the range Gas
0.075 0.25 psi/ft,
siann

As long as, the influx pressure gradient is within the range 0.075 0.25 psi/ft,

using Eq. (5.7) as:

Gi

Gm

Psiann

Psidp

800 650
0.53
389.6

Hi

0.145 psi / ft

Clculo
del
peso
de
lodo
para
controlar
el
pozo
As long as, the influx pressure gradient is within the range 0.075 0.25 psi/ft,

the type of influx is probably gas.

New mud(5.10)
weight:para calcular el peso del lodo para controlar el pozo:
Se usa la Ecuacin
The new mud weight or kill mud weight can be calculated using Eq. (5.10) as:

Gk

Gm

Pdp

Pob

H vc
0.636 psi / ft

0.53 psi / ft

650 psi

250 psi

8500 ft

the new mudOFweight

would beDRILLING
as:
220 Hence
FUNDAMENTALS
SUSTAINABLE
ENGINEERING
El nuevo peso de lodo:
m

0.636 psi / ft
0.052 1 ft

12.23 ppg

Example 5.3: Determine the kill mud density and kill mud gradient for a shut-in drill
pipe pressure of 600 psi at a depth of 12,000 ft. If the original mud weight is 14.5 ppg
and the slow circulating pump pressure is 850 psi, find out also the initial and final circulating pressure of the system.
Solution:
Given data:
Psidp = shut-in drill pipe pressure = 600 psi
Hvc = total vertical height of the mud column 12,000 ft