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Resumen
A partir del descubrimiento de las clulas precursoras, se ha incrementado la cantidad
de grupos de investigacin que dedican sus esfuerzos a entender los fenmenos de la diferenciacin celular en particular, as como el inters
por la biologa del desarrollo en general. El presente artculo revisa los trminos y conceptos
bsicos y actualizados de la diferenciacin celular, enfocndose en las clulas precursoras neurales, imprecisamente llamadas clulas madre.
Se comentan y se discuten los factores que pueden influir en la diferenciacin celular neural, as
como su potencial uso en la terapia clnica para
el tratamiento de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Las clulas precursoras se caracterizan
por ser capaces de autorreplicarse, as como por
generar diversos tipos celulares mediante un proceso denominado diferenciacin. Los mecanismos moleculares que permiten regular esta
diferenciacin involucran factores extrnsecos e
intrnsecos a la clula y es posible lograr dirigir,
en el laboratorio, la diferenciacin in vitro de precursores multipotenciales hacia fenotipos celulares determinados, dependiendo de las condicio-
Autor corresponsal:
Rojas Mayorqun AE, Departamento de Investigacin Bsica, Instituto de Geriatra, Institutos Nacionales de Salud, Mxico, D.F., Tel. 01 (55)
5573 8686 / 01 (33) 36852038, Correo Electrnico: argelia.rojas@gmail.com
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da a uno o dos linajes exclusivamente. Sin embargo, en la mdula sea se puede localizar un
tipo especial denominado CP del mesnquima,
capaz de producir tipos celulares de diversos
tejidos como: hueso, cartlago, sangre, grasa y
tejidos conectivos. A pesar de estar presentes
en muy pequeas cantidades, las CP del mesnquima son responsables del mantenimiento
de ciertos tejidos especializados, mediante el
reemplazo, a travs de divisiones asimtricas,
de las clulas perdidas.
Diferenciacin del linaje neuro-glial
La formacin del sistema nervioso
en vertebrados comienza durante el desarrollo embrionario con la neurulacin, a partir
de la formacin de la placa neural. Las clulas neuroepiteliales originadas del ectodermo
Figura 1. Cruzando el ro de la diferenciacin. Los linajes estn indicados de la siguiente forma: generalmente aceptado
(lnea gruesa), reconocido por algunos autores (lnea contnua), relaciones hipotticas (lnea discontnua). PNM precursor neural multipotencial, PG precursor glial, POG precursor oligodendroglial, ZSV zona subventricular (Tomado de
Ortuo Sahagn et al., 2011).
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Figura 2. Modelo experimental para la induccin de la diferenciacin de PNM in vitro. Se realizan cultivos de gla
envolvente (GE) inmunopurificada, de los cuales se obtiene el medio condicionado, con el que posteriormente se induce
la diferenciacin de clulas precursoras neurales multipotenciales (PNM) embrionarias, cultivadas como neuroesferas.
Despus de 24 h la gran mayora de las clulas presentan un fenotipo similar a la GE y co-expresan GFAP y p75 (RojasMayorqun et al., 2008; Rojas-Mayorqun et al., 2010). DIV das in vitro.
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Figura 3. Modelo hipottico de la diferenciacin inducida de PNM hacia clulas de fenotipo aldainoglial. A Cuando
la PNM est proliferando expresa niveles elevados de Csnk1e y de ciclina D1, lo cual puede indicar una activacin de la va
de sealizacin de Wnt (Rojas Mayorqun et al., 2008). B El medio condicionado de la GE induce en las PNM la expresin
de una isoforma de tenascina C (Tn-C), as como de IGF-BP5, adems de inducir el incremento en la expresin de BMPr1A
y de la carboxipeptidasa Z (CPZ), todo lo cual puede inactivar la va de Wnt. Por otra parte, induce el incremento en la expresin de Mash1, as como la disminucin de la expresin de Csnk1e y de ciclina D1, lo cual puede dirigir la diferenciacin
de la PNM hacia una clula de fenotipo aldainoglial (Rojas-Mayorqun et al., 2008; Rojas-Mayorqun et al., 2010).
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Conclusiones
Para aspirar a estos logros, es importante superar la barrera de los modelos experimentales; desde los modelos in vitro, pasando por los
modelos in vivo y posteriormente el reto es llevar
esos resultados a la terapia humana. Justamente
por esta razn deben conocerse, con la mayor precisin posible, los mecanismos de regulacin de la
diferenciacin celular de las CP, pues solo as se
podr completar el conocimiento bsico que derive
en una futura y exitosa aplicacin teraputica.
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