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CELULAR
LA TEORA CELULAR
In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying afterdinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. When Schwann
heard Schleiden describe plant cells, he was struck by the similarity of
these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The two
scientists went immediately to Schwann's lab to look at his slides.
Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells the next year. He
summarized his observations into three conclusions about cells:
1) The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living
things.
2) The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building
block in the construction of organisms.
3) Cells form by spontaneous generation , similar to the formation of
crystals.
LA TEORA CELULAR
In 1838, Theodor Schwann and Matthias Schleiden were enjoying afterdinner coffee and talking about their studies on cells. When Schwann
heard Schleiden describe plant cells, he was struck by the similarity of
these plant cells to cells he had observed in animal tissues. The two
scientists went immediately to Schwann's lab to look at his slides.
Schwann published his book on animal and plant cells the next year. He
summarized his observations into three conclusions about cells:
1) The cell is the unit of structure, physiology, and organization in living
things.
2) The cell retains a dual existence as a distinct entity and a building
block in the construction of organisms.
3) Cells form by spontaneous generation , similar to the formation of
crystals.
CAMBIOS DE ENTROPA
En una reaccin:
A B
ENTALPA
Adems de calor, la clula intercambia energa con el medio en forma de
trabajo: PV y VP
ENTALPA
En la mayora de los sistemas biolgicos V y P son muy pequeos
por lo que
Hsistema = -h
H o S?
A veces es difcil predecir la probabilidad de un proceso
ya que esta depende tanto del cambio de entalpa como
del cambio de entropa
Por ejemplo, un sistema que entrega calor al medio:
Hsistema: (espontneo),
y disminuye su entropa Ssistema: + (no espontneo)
Proceso espontneo o no???
ENERGIA LIBRE
La funcin combinada G relaciona los cambios de
entropa y de entalpa en el sistema
G = H TS
o:
Gs = Hs - TSs (a T ctte)
"el cambio de energa libre de un sistema es igual al
cambio de entalpa de este sistema menos el cambio
de entropa del sistema multiplicado por la
temperatura absoluta".
G = -h - TS
LA CONSTANTE DE EQUILIBRIO
En la reaccin
A + B AB
se define la constante de equilibrio como:
Kequil = [AB]equil / [A]equilx[B]equil
LA CONSTANTE DE EQUILIBRIO
En un proceso (por ejemplo) de sntesis:
met-pro-leu-glut-asp-tryp + ser ser-pro-leu-glut-asp-tryp-ser
(A + B A-B)
Se puede establecer que:
G = G0 + RTln[AB]/[A][B]
REACCIONES ACOPLADAS
La reaccin A + B
A+B+ C F+G + H
Gtotal= G1+G2+G3
G = 25.1 KJ/mol
G = -85.9 KJ/mol
G = -27.0 KJ/mol
3Fe2++O2+2H+ 3Fe3++ OH + OH
G = 25.1 - 85.9 - 27 = -87.6 KJ/mol
ENERGA DE ACTIVACIN
En ocasiones una reaccin qumica es posible desde el
punto de vista termodinmico pero no ocurre
espontneamente.
Por ejemplo, la oxidacin de celulosa a CO2 y H2O es,
del punto de vista de su G, muy favorable pues libera
gran cantidad de calor al medio y tiene un S positivo,
pero no ocurre espontneamente.
ENERGA DE ACTIVACIN
X X Y
CATALISIS
Los catalizadores bajan la energa de activacin de un proceso sin modificar
el E total
CATALISIS
Por lo tanto, los catalizadores aumentan la velocidad de una reaccin
CONCLUSIONES
Las clulas son organismos que deben crear un orden
interno para sobrevivir y proliferar. Este orden es termodinamicamente posible debido a un continuo gasto de energa,
parte de la cual es entregado al medio en forma de calor.
Los principios termodinmicos del universo se aplican a la
organizacin de la materia viva. Por ejemplo, la constante de
equilibrio es funcin del cambio de energa libre y establece
la probabilidad de ocurrencia de un proceso.
Para que los reactantes pasen a productos se requiere de
energa de activacin. Los catalizadores disminuyen esta
energa aumentando la probabilidad de ocurrencia.
The equilibrium constant for the conversion of the disaccharide sucrose to the
simple sugars glucose and fructose is 140,000. What can you conclude about
the reaction: sucrose + H2Oglucose + fructose?
A. It is a closed system.
B. It never reaches equilibrium.
C. It is spontaneous, starting with sucrose.
D. The equilibrium constant increases when the starting concentration of
sucrose is increased.
E. At equilibrium, the concentration of sucrose is much higher than the
concentrations of glucose and fructose.
Exergonic reactions:
A. release energy
B. are spontaneous reactions
C. have an equilibrium constant greater than 1
D. can be coupled to endergonic reactions
E. All statements are true
Activation energy is
A. energy that must be added to get a reaction started, which is recovered as the
reaction proceeds
B. difference in energy between reactants and products
C. energy that is lost as heat
D. The free energy of the process
E.
The interconversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P) is a part of the glycolytic pathway:
DHAP G3P
The value of G0 for this reaction is +1.8 kcal/mol at 25C.
(a)
(b) What is the equilibrium constant at 25C? (RT = 596 Kcal/mol 0K)
(c)