TECHNICAL SHARED SERVICES

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
FIELD DATA
PROCESSING

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
FACTORS AFFECTING
AMPLITUDE

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
FACTORS AFFECTING
AMPLITUDE

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

TECHNICAL
SHAREDAND
SERVICES
AMPLITUDE
PHASE SPECTRA
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

TECHNICALFOURIER
SHAREDTRANSFORM
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate
Geoscientist Training
Forward Fourier transform

Inverse Fourier transform

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

ConvolutionalSERVICES
Model of Seismic Data
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

ConvolutionalSERVICES
Model of Seismic Data
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
2DSHARED
GeometrySERVICES
Configuration
TECHNICAL

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
2DSHARED
GeometrySERVICES
Configuration
TECHNICAL

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
2DSHARED
GeometrySERVICES
Configuration
TECHNICAL

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

10

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
2D SEISMIC DATA
RAW GATHER
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Reff : Seismic Data Processing, O Yilmaz

11

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
2D SEISMIC DATA
RAW GATHER
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Reff : Seismic Data Processing, Drijkoningen

12

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
2D SEISMIC DATA
RAW GATHER
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Reff : 3D Marine Seismic Data Processing, Dave Boreham

13

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
SEISMIC
DATASERVICES
RAW GATHER
TECHNICAL
SHARED

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist
Training
3D SEISMIC
DATA

14

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
COMMON GATHER
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
COMMON SHOT GATHER
A set of seismic traces having the same shot point
COMMON RECEIVER GATHER
A set of seismic traces having the same receiver point
COMMON MID POINT
A set of seismic traces having the same mid point
COMMON DEPTH POINT
A set of seismic traces having the same depth point

COMMON REFLECTION POINT

A set of seismic traces having the same reflection point
COMMON OFFSET
A set of seismic traces having the same offset
15

SEISMIC
PARAMETER SHARED
DESIGN
TECHNICAL

SERVICES
SEISMIC DATA
SORTING
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC
PARAMETER SHARED
DESIGN
TECHNICAL

SERVICES
COMMON MID POINT
(CMP) CONCEPT
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
COMMON REFLECTION POINT
(NO DIP)

COMMON REFLECTION POINT

(WITH DIP)

17

SEISMIC
PARAMETER SHARED
DESIGN
TECHNICAL

SERVICES
COMMON MID POINT
(CMP) CONCEPT
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
1st shot
2nd shot

3rd shot

4th shot

5th shot

6th shot

18

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
BASIC SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING SEQUENCE
EXPLORATION
DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Geometry
Noise Editing / Attenuation
Amplitude Correction
Deconvolution
Static Correction
Velocity Analysis
Residual Static Correction
NMO (Normal Move Out)
Stack
DMO (Dip Move Out)
Migration
19

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

GEOMETRYSERVICES
/ LABELLING
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

LABELLING IS ASSIGNING THE RECORDS TO THE SHOT POINT AND RECEIVER

POSISITION (COORDINATES) AND GEOMETRY SPREAD (TEMPLATE)

RIGHT GEOMETRY

WRONG GEOMETRY
20

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
GEOMETRY
/ LABELLING
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist
Training
LINEAR MOVEOUT
APPLIED

RIGHT

WRONG

21

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
GEOMETRY
/ LABELLING
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

WRONG

RIGHT
22

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
GEOMETRY
/ LABELLING
TECHNICAL
SHARED SERVICES

EXPLORATION
DEPARTMENT
2D Seismic geometry checking based on offset
Graduate Geoscientist Training

23

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
FK NANLYSIS
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

RAW DATA

F-K ANALYSIS

24

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
FK ANALYSIS
TECHNICAL
SHARED
SERVICES

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

25

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
FK FILTER
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

F-K FILTER
26

SEISMIC
DATA
PROCESSING
BANDPASS
FILTERSERVICES
FOR FREQUENCY
TECHNICAL
SHARED

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

NO FILTER

5-15 Hz

10-20 Hz

15-25 Hz

ANALYSIS

20-30 Hz

25-35 Hz
27

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
NOISESERVICES
EDITING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate
Geoscientist
NOISE EDITING
IS DELETING NOISY Training
TRACES WITH SPIKES, DC OFFSET OR
MONOFREQUENCY SIGNAL (POWERLINE INDUCTION)

BEFORE EDITTING

AFTER EDITTING
28

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

AMPLITUDESERVICES
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SPHERICAL DIVERGENCE
Seismic amplitude correction based on the decrease in
wave strength with distance as a result of geometry
spreading
SURFACE CONSISTENT AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
A concept use for determining and applying seismic
amplitude correction based on statistical study of shot
point, receiver, CMP or offset gathers
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL
A system in which calculate gain automatically of
individual channel/trace and independently of other
channel

29

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
AMPLITUDE
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate
Geoscientist Training
SPHERICAL DIVERGENCE CORRECTION COMPENSATE THE ENERGY LOSS BY
SPHERICAL WAVEFRONT DIVERGENCE

R A W DA TA

A fter S pherical Divergence

Correction
30

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
AMPLITUDE CORRECTION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

RAW DATA

GAIN 3 db/s

GAIN 6 db/s

31

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
AMPLITUDE
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SURFACE CONSISTENCE METHOD

BEFORE SURFACE CONSISTENCE

AMPLITUDE CORRECTION

AFTER SURFACE CONSISTENCE

AMPLITUDE CORRECTION

32

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
AMPLITUDE
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SURFACE PROBLEM
33

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
AMPLITUDE
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

AFTER SURFACE CONSISTENT AMPLITUDE CORRECTION

34

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
AMPLITUDE
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist
Training
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL
(AGC) METHOD
(OPERATOR LENGTH)

35

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
EXPLORATIONDECONVOLUTION
DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

A process designed to restore a waveshape to the form it had

before it underwent a linear filtering action (convolution)
SPIKING DECONVOLUTION :
The desire wavelet is a spike or impulse
GAP/PREDICTIVE DECONVOLUTION :
Use of information from the early part of the trace to predict and
deconvolve the latter part of the trace. Some types of systematic noise
such as reverberation and multiples can be predicted and eliminated.
WAVE-SHAPING (WIENER) FILTER :
A causal filter which will transform an input into a desire output as nearly
as possible

(Reff : Robert E Sheriff)

36

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
The seismic
trace
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

In order to obtain a clean wavelet of known character, a

seismic processing step called deconvolution is applied.
37

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
EXPLORATION DECONVOLUTION
DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
CONVOLUTION :
Change in waveshape as a result of passing through a linear filter

38

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
MODEL ING

RC(t)

AI(t)

S(t)

W(t)

INVERSION

AI : Acoustic impedance

RC : Reflection coefficient

W : Wavelet

S : Seismic trace

39

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Convolution
Graduate Geoscientist
Training

ck=ai*bj
Mechanic:
1. ai is fix array, bj is moving array
2. Reverse moving array bj
3. Multiply in the vertical direction
4. Add the products and write as output ck
5. Shift array bj one sample to the right and repeat steps 2 and 3

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION
EXPLORATION
DEPARTMENT
Convolution
is commutative
Graduate Geoscientist
Training
A*B = B*A

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Correlation
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Not commutative
Mechanics similar to
convolution without
reversing the moving
array
Measure the similarity
of two time series

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
AUTOCORRELATION: Correlation signal with itself

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

BEFORE DECONVOLUTION

AFTER DECONVOLUTION
(PREDICTIVE/GAP)
44

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

BEFORE DECONVOLUTION

AFTER DECONVOLUTION
(PREDICTIVE/GAP)

45

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
GAPTraining
TEST
Graduate Geoscientist

RAW DATA

2ms GAP

4ms GAP

8ms GAP

16ms GAP

32ms GAP

46

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DECONVOLUTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist
Training
GAP
TEST

NO DECON

2ms GAP

4ms GAP

8ms GAP

16ms GAP

32ms GAP
47

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
STATIC CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SURFACE ELEVATION

WEATHERING ZONE

DATUM

Correction applied to seismic data to compensate for the effect

of variations in elevation, weathering thickness, weathering
velocity or reference to a datum
Traveltime correction for near surface variations determines from first
arrivals on offset traces
48

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

TECHNICAL STATIC
SHAREDCORRECTION
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
UNCORRECTED
CORRECTED
Graduate
Geoscientist Training

49

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
REFRACTION STATIC
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Firstbreak
Time travel
Diping layer

Firstbreak data
Diping layer

50

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
STATIC CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

UNCORRECTED

CORRECTED

51

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
NMO CORRECTION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
NMO velocity follow hyperbolic aproaching
base on relation :

x2
t t 2
v
2

x
1
t NMO to 1

VNMOto

2
o

t
t0

V1
V2
V3
V4
52

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

NMO CORRECTION
TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

NMO CORRECTION
TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

NMO CORRECTION
TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

CMP GATHER

NMO CORRECTED

NMO & MUTE

55

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

NMO CORRECTION
TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

56

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
NMO CORRECTION

EXPLORATIONCONSTANT
DEPARTMENT
VELOCITY ANALYSIS
Graduate Geoscientist Training

57

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

NMO CORRECTIONSERVICES
/ VELOCITY ANALYSIS
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

SEMBLANCE

UNCORECTED

CORECTED

CMP GATHER

VELOCITY SCAN

STACKED
58

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
VELOCITY
ANALYSIS
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

INTEGRATION OF SEISMIC PROCESSING

AND INTERPRETATION
59

SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING

VELOCITY
SECTION
TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

60

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
RESIDUAL STATIC
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

RESIDUAL STATIC CALCULATE INDIVIDUALTRACE SHIFT WITHIN CMP

CORRECTED CMP GATHER AND COMPENSATES IT TO AVERAGE LEVEL

61

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
RESIDUAL STATIC
CORRECTION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

BEFORE CORRECTED

AFTER RESIDUAL CORRECTED

62

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DIP MOVE
OUT (DMO)

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

63

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
DIP MOVE
OUT (DMO)

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training
DMO effectively corrects for the reflection points smear that result when
reflectors have dip

64

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

DIP SERVICES
MOVE OUT

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

65

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

DIP SERVICES
MOVE OUT

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

AFTER DIP MOVE OUT

BEFORE DIP MOVE OUT

66

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
MIGRATION
Graduate Geoscientist Training

MIGRATION is an inversion operation involving rearrangement of

seismic information elements so that reflection and difractionare plotted
at their true location

67

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
MIGRATION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
RAY TRACING
MODELLING
Graduate Geoscientist
Training

68

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
MIGRATION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

69

TECHNICAL SHARED
SERVICES
MIGRATION
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

BEFORE MIGRATION

AFTER MIGRATION

Reff : Seismic Data Processing, O Yilmaz

70

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
MIGRATION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

BEFORE MIGRATION

AFTER MIGRATION

Reff : Seismic Data Processing, O Yilmaz

71

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
MIGRATION

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Stack Section

Time Migrated Section

Depth Section
72

SEISMIC
DATA PROCESSING
TECHNICAL
SHARED

SERVICES
EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
MIGRATION
Graduate Geoscientist Training
KIRCHHOFF
Migration by integrating along diffraction curves
FINITE DIFFERENCE
Migration based on the parabolic approximation to the scalar wave equation
(Claerbout and Doherty, 1972). It uses the principle of downward continuation.
KIRCHHOFF and FINITE DIFFERENCE approaches are based on the same
equation but differ in term of solution which are integral solution and differential
solution.
FREQUENCY-WAVE NUMBER (F-K)
Migration by shifted the data phase in F-K domain
STOLT METHOD for constant velocity medium and small dips
PHASE-SHIFT METHOD - allows vertical variation in velocity and is accurate for
dips up to 90 degrees.
73

TECHNICAL SHARED SERVICES

EXPLORATION DEPARTMENT
Graduate Geoscientist Training

Terima kasih

74