Monarchy of Thailand

King of Siam and The King of Siam redirect here.

For the King and I character, see The King and I
Principal roles and notable performers. For the novel,
see Anna and the King of Siam (novel).

on the Theravada Buddhist concept of Dhammaraja

(Thai: ), Buddhism having been introduced
to Thailand somewhere around the 6th century CE. The
idea of the Dhammaraja (or kingship under Dharma), is
that the king should rule his people in accordance with
The monarchy of Thailand (whose monarch is re- Dharma and the teachings of the Buddha.
ferred to as the King of Thailand or historically as the These ideas were briey replaced in 1279, when King
King of Siam; Thai: ) refers to the Ramkhamhaeng came to the throne. Ramkhamhaeng
constitutional monarchy and monarch of the Kingdom departed from tradition and created instead a concept
of Thailand (formerly Siam). The King of Thailand is of "paternal rule" (Thai: ), in which the
the head of state and head of the ruling Royal House of king governs his people as a father would govern his
children.[3][4] This idea is reinforced in the title and
Chakri.
name of the king, as he is still known today, Pho Khun
Although the current Chakri Dynasty was created only
Ramkhamhaeng (Thai: ).[5] This lasted
in the year 1782, the existence of the institution of
only briey, however. By the end of the kingdom, the two
monarchy in Thailand is traditionally considered to have
old concepts had returned as symbolized by the change in
its roots from the founding of the Sukhothai Kingdom
the style of the kings: Pho was changed to Phaya or
in 1238, with a brief interregnum from the death of
Lord.
Ekkathat to the accession of Taksin in the 18th century. The institution was transformed into a constitutional
monarchy in 1932 after the bloodless Siamese Revolution 1.2 Kings of Ayutthaya
of 1932. The monarchys ocial residence is the Grand
Palace in Bangkok; however, the present king spends The Kingdom of Sukhothai was eventually supplanted by
much of his time at the Chitralada Palace, or the Klai the Kingdom of Ayutthaya, which was founded in 1351
Kangwon Palace (Thai: ) (Palace Far from by King Ramathibodhi I. During the Ayutthayan period
Worries) in the beach resort city of Hua Hin.
the idea of kingship changed. Due to ancient Khmer
The King of Thailands titles include Head of State, Head tradition in the region, the Hindu concept of kingship
of the Armed Forces, Adherent of Buddhism and Up- was applied to the status of the leader. Brahmins took
charge in the royal coronation. The king was treated as a
holder of religions.[1]
reincarnation of Hindu gods. Ayutthaya historical documents show the ocial titles of the kings in great variation: Indra, Shiva and Vishnu, or Rama. Seemingly,
1 History
Rama was the most popular, as in Ramathibodhi. However, Buddhist inuence was also evident, as many times
the kings title and unocial name Dhammaraja, an
1.1 Origin
abbreviation of the Buddhist Dharmaraja. The two forFurther information: Buddhist kingship, Bhruci, mer concepts were re-established, with a third, older conDevaraja, Maha Sammata, Mandala (Southeast Asian cept taking hold. This concept was called "Devaraja"
political model), Mandate of Heaven, and Monarchy in (Thai: ) (or divine king), which was an idea
ancient India
borrowed by the Khmer Empire from the Hindu-Buddhist
kingdoms of Java, especially the idea of a scholar class
based
on Hindu Brahmins. The concept centered on the
The current concept of Thai kingship has evolved through
idea
that
the king was an incarnation (avatar) of the god
800 years of absolute rule. The rst king of a unied
Vishnu
and
that he was a Bodhisattva (enlightened one),
Thailand was the founder of the Kingdom of Sukhothai,
therefore
basing
his power on his religious power, his
[2]
King Sri Indraditya, in 1238. The idea of this early
moral
power,
and
his purity of blood.
kingship is said to be based on two concepts derived from
Hinduism and Theravada Buddhist beliefs. The rst concept is based on the Vedic-Hindu caste of "Kshatriya"
(Thai: ), or warrior-ruler, in which the king derives his powers from military might. The second is based

The king, portrayed by state interests as a semidivine gure, then becamethrough a rigid cultural
implementationan object of worship and veneration to
his people. From then on the monarchy was largely re1

moved from the people and continued under a system 1.4

of absolute rule. Living in palaces designed after Mount
Meru (home of the gods in Hinduism), the kings turned
themselves into a "Chakravartin", where the king became an absolute and universal lord of his realm. Kings
demanded that the universe be envisioned as resolving
around them, and expressed their powers through elaborate rituals and ceremonies. For four centuries these
kings ruled Ayutthaya, presiding over some of the greatest period of cultural, economic, and military growth in
Thai History.

1.2.1

HISTORY

Chakri Kings

Sakdina and Rachasap

The Kings of Ayutthaya created many institutions to support their rule, which were similar to the contemporary
regulations of the royal court of George V the Brilliant (r. 1314-1346), but modied to comport with
southeast Asian Mueang mandala circles of power.
Whereas feudalism developed in the European Middle
Ages, Ayutthayan King Trailokanat instituted Sakdina,
(, lit. "Field Power"), but usually translated as dignity marks.[6] This comported with the names of two
kingdoms further north: Lanna Million Fields and Sip
Song Phan Na Twelve Thousand Fields. Rachasap
( royal language) is required by court etiquette
as an honoric register consisting of a special vocabulary
used exclusively for addressing the king, or for talking
about royalty.[7]
King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke Rama I (Kings of Thailand)
founder of the Chakri Dynasty.

1.2.2

Royal authority

The king was chief administrator, chief legislator, and

chief judge, with all laws, orders, verdict and punishments theoretically originating from his person. The
kings sovereignty was reected in the titles Lord of the
Land ( Phra Chao Phaen Din) and Lord
of Life (
Chao Chiwit). The kings powers and titles were seen by foreign observers as proof that the king
was an absolute monarch in the European sense. However, in Siamese tradition the duty and responsibility of
the king was seen as developed from the ancient Indian
theories of royal authority, which resemble Enlightened
Absolutism, although the emphasis is not on rationality
but on Dhamma.[8] This was disrupted in 1767, when
Thai digests of the dhammast ( ) were lost
when a Burmese army under the Alaungpaya Dynasty invaded, sacked and burned the city of Ayutthaya.

In 1782, King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke ascended the

throne and moved the capital from the Thonburi side to
the Bangkok side of the Chao Phraya River. There he established the House of Chakri, the current ruling dynasty
of Thailand. (This rst reign was later designated as that
of Rama I in the list of Rama Kings of Thailand.) He also
established the oce of Supreme Patriarch as the head of
the Sangha, the order of Buddhist monks.
During the Rattanakosin Period the Chakri kings tried to
continue the concepts of Ayutthayan kingship once again
emphasizing the connection between the sovereign and
his subjects. On the other hand, they continued to not
relinquish any authority of the throne. Kings Buddha
Loetla Nabhalai (Rama II) and Nangklao (Rama III) created a semblance of a modern administration by creating
a supreme council and appointing chief ocers to help
with the running of the government.[9]

Mongkut (Rama IV) marked a signicant break in tradition when he spent the rst 27 years of his adult life
1.3 Kingdom restored
as a Buddhist monk during which time he became procient in the English language, before ascending the
An interlude lled by civil war was ended when King throne. As king, he continued the appointment of ocers
Taksin restored the dominion under what has been called to his supreme council, the most notable being Somdet
the Thonburi Kingdom.
Chao Phraya Prayurawongse and Si Suriyawongse, both

1.6

The monarchy in the 21st century

of whom acted as Chief Ministers for King Mongkut (and

the latter as regent, from the kings death in 1868 until
1873.)
Chulalongkorn (Rama V) ascended the throne as a minor
at age 15 in 1868, and as King of Siam on 16 November 1873. As a prince, he had been tutored in Western traditions by the governess, Anna Leonowens. Intent
on reforming the monarchy along Western lines, during
his minority he traveled extensively to observe western
administrative methods. He transformed the monarchy
along Western lines of an "enlightened ruler". He abolished the practice of kneeling and crawling in front of
the monarch, and repealed many laws concerning the relationship between the monarch and his people, while
continuing many of the ancient aspects and rituals of
the old kingship.[10] In 1874, he created a privy council
copied from the European tradition, to help him rule his
Kingdom. During his reign Siam was pressured to relinquish control of its old tributaries of Laos and northern
Malaya to Western powers, Siam itself narrowly avoided
being colonized.[11][12] In 1905, 37 years after his coronation, Chulalongkorn ended slavery with the Slave Abolition Act. In 1867 slaves accounted for one-third of the
Siamese population.
His son, Vajiravudh (Rama VI), ascended to the throne in
1910 and continued his fathers zeal for reform to bring
the monarchy into the 20th century. The perceived slow
pace of reform resulted in the Palace Revolt of 1912.
In 1914, Vajiravudh determined that the act providing
for invoking martial law, rst promulgated by his father
in 1907, was not consistent with modern laws of war,
nor convenient for the preservation of the security of the
state, so it was amended to a more modern form that,
with minor amendments, continued in force through subsequent changes in government.[13]
Prajadhipok (Rama VII) succeeded his brother in 1925.
The Eton and Sandhurst educated monarch created a
council similar to a cabinet, where the most important
government ocials could meet to decide state aairs.
This advisory and legislative council, styled the Supreme
Council of State of Siam (Thai: ) was
founded on 28 November 1925 and existed until 1932.

1.5

Constitutional monarchy

King Prajadhipok signing the Constitution of Siam on 10 December 1932.

throne, following disagreements with the government.

He lived in exile in the United Kingdom until his death.
The King was replaced by his young nephew Ananda
Mahidol (Rama VIII). The new king was 10 years old
and was living abroad in Switzerland. A council of regents was appointed in his place. During this period the
roles and powers of the King were entirely usurped by
the fascist government of Plaek Phibunsongkhram, who
changed the name of the kingdom from Siam to Thailand,
and aligned it on the side of the Axis powers in the Pacic
theatre of World War II. By the end of the war Phibunsongkhram was removed and the young King returned.
The Free Thai movement provided resistance to foreign
occupation during the war and helped rehabilitate Thailand after the war.
After Rama VIIIs sudden death from a bullet wound in
1946, Prince Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), aged 19
years old, became the new monarch. He was the worlds
longest reigning monarch at the time of his death in October 2016. Adulyadej died October 13, 2016 at the age
of 88. Immediately after, the Prime Minister declared a
one-year period of mourning for the country.[14]

In June 1932, a group of foreign educated students and

military men called "the promoters" carried out a bloodless revolution, seized power and demanded that King
Prajadhipok grant the people of Siam a constitution.
The King agreed and in December 1932 the people
were granted a constitution, ending 150 years of absolute
Chakri rule. From then on the role of the monarch was 1.6 The monarchy in the 21st century
relegated to that of a symbolic head of state. His powers
from then on were exercised by a prime minister and the Since c. 2000, the role of the Thai monarchy has been innational assembly.
creasingly challenged by scholars, media, observers and
In 1935 King Pradhipok (Rama VII) abdicated the traditionalists, and as more educated pro-democracy in-

2 ROYAL REGALIA

terests began to express their rights to speech. Many 1.7 List of kings
deemed that a series of laws and measures relating to lse
majest in Thailand, aimed at protecting the king and Main article: List of monarchs of Thailand
the royal family, are hindrances to freedom of expres- See also: List of Thai royal consorts
sion. Dozens of arrests, hundreds of criminal investigations and multiple imprisonments have been made based
on these laws.[15] King Bhumibol Adulyadej, in his 2005
national birthday broadcast, also indicated that he could 2 Royal regalia
be criticized if the criticism is constructive and not politically motivated.
The present set of royal regalia of Ni Hao, Kai-Lan
The lse-majest law is part of Thailands Criminal Code, (Khrueang Raja Kakudhabhand, Thai:
which also contains general provisions on defamation and ) and the royal utensils was created mostly during
libel of private individuals.
the reign of King Rama I and Rama IV, after the preThe king is assisted in his work and duties by the Private vious set was lost during the sack of Ayutthaya by the
Secretary to the King of Thailand and the Privy Council Burmese in 1767. The Regalia is used mainly during the
of Thailand, in consultation with the head of the cabinet, coronation ceremony of the king at the beginning of every
the Prime Minister. In accordance with the constitution reign. The Regalia is presently on display in the Museum
the king is no longer the originator of all laws in the king- of the Grand Palace in Bangkok.[20][21]
dom; that prerogative is entrusted to the National Assembly of Thailand. All bills passed by the legislature, however, require his royal assent to become law. The monarchys household and nances are managed by the Bureau
of the Royal Household and the Crown Property Bureau
respectively, these agencies are not considered part of the
Thai government and all personnel are appointed by the
king.[16]
The heir apparent to the Thai monarchy is the Crown
Prince of Thailand, Prince Maha Vajiralongkorn. The
succession to the throne is governed by the 1924 Palace
Law of Succession, promulgated by King Vajiravudh.
Section 22 of the constitution clearly stated that the
amendment of the palace law shall be prerogative of the
king. Journalist Andrew MacGregor Marshall has argued
that behind the scenes, there are endless struggles for the
throne.[17] His book has been banned in Thailand and
holding a copy results in three years imprisonment and a
ne.
The junta which took power in 2014 has been aggressive in jailing critics of the monarchy. In 2015, it spent
US$540 million, more than the budget of the Ministry of
Foreign Aairs, on a promotional campaign called Worship, protect and uphold the monarchy. The campaign
includes television commercials, seminars in schools and
prisons, singing contests, and competitions to write sto- Coronation of King Bhumibol at the Grand Palace, 5 May 1950.
ries and lms praising the king. This is not propaganda,
Prayut Chan-o-cha, the leader of the junta, said. The
youth must be educated on what the king has done.[18]
Royal Nine-Tiered Umbrella (Phra Maha Swetachatra; )- the most important regalia;
In its scal year 2016 budget, the ruling military governcurrently there are seven, distributed at various
ment has increased its expenditure for upholding, propalaces.
tecting and preserving the monarchy to 18 billion baht
(US$514 million), an increase of 28 percent for this bud Great Crown of Victory (Phra Maha Phijay
get line item since 2014 when it took power.[19]
Mongkut; )- ocial headgear.
Sword of Victory (Phra Saengkharga Jay Sri;
)- found in Tonl Sap in 1784, the
sword represents military power.

5
Royal Sta (Dharn Phra Korn; )- symbol
of justice
Royal Fan and Flywhisk (Walawijani; )Royal Fan made of gold and the Royal Flywhisk
made from the tail of a white elephant.
Royal Slippers (Chalong Phra Bada; )ocial footwear made of gold
The Thai royal utensils (Phra Khattiya Rajuprapoke;
) are also for the personal use of the
monarch,[21] comprising:
The Royal Barge Procession in 2005.
the Betel Nut Set
the Water Urn
the Libation Vessel
the Receptacle.
These unique objects are always placed on either side of
the kings throne or his seat during royal ceremonies.

2.1

Other symbols of kingship

Royal Thrones of Thailand- currently there are six,

distributed at various Throne Halls in the Grand
Palace.[22]
Royal White Elephant- usually one to represent each
reign, the current one resides at Dusit zoo, the king
also has 10 others.
The Royal Garuda- Emblem of the king and of Thailand

3 Royal ceremonies
The King and other members of his family carry out many
royal ceremonies per year, some dating from the 13th
century.
Royal coronation ceremony
Royal Barge Procession
Royal Ploughing Ceremony
The Changing of the Robes of the Emerald Buddha[23]
Trooping the Colours and Armed Forces Act of
Loyalty
Oath of Allegiance Ceremony
Speech from the Throne to the National Assembly
of Thailand

4 Royal orders and decorations

Further information: List of orders and medals of

Royal Standard of Thailand- Ocial standard of the Thailand
king
Royal Flags- Personal ags of the king and royal The king is sovereign of several Royal Orders and Decorations, the prerogative to appoint and remove any
family
persons from these orders are at the kings discretion.
However, sometimes recommendations are made by the
Sansoen Phra Barami- The Royal Anthem
Cabinet of Thailand and the Prime Minister.
Traditional Band of the Royal Family of Thailand
- Marching band using traditional Thai musical instruments, modeled on the Korean daechwita ensemble, present in occasions involving the Royal
Family
Piphat Ensemble of the Royal Family - Traditional
Piphat group involved in activities of the Royal Family and the royal court

The Most Auspicious Order of the Rajamitrabhorn

The Most Illustrious Order of the Royal House of
Chakri
The Ancient and Auspicious Order of the Nine
Gems
The Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao

6
The Ratana Varabhorn Order of Merit
The Honourable Order of Rama
The Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant
The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand
The Most Admirable Order of the Direkgunabhorn
The Vallabhabhorn Order
The Order of Ramkeerati
The Vajira Mala Order

See also
1924 Palace Law of Succession
Bhumibol Adulyadej
Chakri Dynasty
Constitution of Thailand
Government of Thailand
Grand Palace
Privy Council of Thailand
Rama (King of Thailand)
Sacred king
Lse majest in Thailand
Regent of Thailand

References

[1] The Secretariate of the House of Representatives (Nov

2007). Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand B.E
2550 (PDF). The Secretariat of the House of Representatives. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
[2] Cds, G. (1921). The Origins of the Sukhodaya Dynasty (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Heritage
Trust. JSS Vol. 14.1b (digital): image 1. Retrieved 17
March 2013. The dynasty which reigned during a part of
the XIIIth. and the rst half of the XlVth. centuries at
Sukhodaya and at Sajjanlaya, on the upper Menam Yom,
is the rst historical Siamese dynasty. It has a double
claim to this title, both because its cradle was precisely in
the country designated by foreigners as Siam (Khmer:
Syain; Chinese : Sien, etc.), and because it is this dynasty
which, by freeing the Thai principalities from the Cambodian yoke and by gradually extending its conquests as far
as the Malay Peninsula, paved the way for the formation
of the Kingdom of Siam properly so called.
[3] http://sunsite.au.ac.th/thailand/thai_monarchy/
background.html

REFERENCES

[4] Prince Dhani Nivat, Kromamun Bidyadabh (1947). The

Old Siamese conception of the Monarchy (PDF). Journal
of the Siam Society. Siamese Heritage Trust. JSS Vol.
36.2b (digital): image 10 page 93. Retrieved 7 March
2013. Patriarchal Sukhothai Kingship ...The monarch
was of course the peoples leader in battle; but he was also
in peace-time their father whose advice was sought and
expected in all matters and whose judgment was accepted
by all. He was moreover accessible to his people, for we
are told by an old inscription that, in front of the royal
palace of Sukhothai there used to be a gong hung up for
people to go and beat upon whenever they wanted personal
help and redress. The custom survived with slight modications all through the centuries down to the change of
regime in 1932....
[5] Terwiel, Barend Jan (1983). Ahom and the Study of
Early Thai Society (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society.
Siamese Heritage Trust. JSS Vol. 71.0 (PDF): image
4. Retrieved 7 March 2013. In older usage, khun was
used for a ruler of a fortied town and its surrounding villages, together called a mueang; with the prex pho (
father) appears as Pho Khun.
[6] Griswold, A.B.; Prasert na Nagara (1969). A Law Promulgated by the King of Ayudhya in 1397 A.D. Epigraphic and Historical Studies, No. 4 (PDF). Journal of
the Siam Society. Siam Heritage Trust. JSS Vol. 57.1
(digital): image 3. Retrieved 17 March 2013. It was customary for Southeast Asian kings, who were of course the
absolute proprietors of the land, to allot the usufruct of
portions of it to their subjects. The kings of Ayudhya allotted a specied number of sakti-na or 'dignity-marks to
each of their subjects according to his rank and the position he occupied, corresponding to the number of rai he
was actually or theoretically entitled to; and when the system was fully developed the number of marks ranged from
5 to 25 for ordinary citizens, up to 10,000 for ministers in
charge of important departments, and 20,000 for princes
of the highest rank.
[7] Royal Words. Internet resource for the Thai language. 9
October 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
[8] Lingat, R. (1950). Evolution of the Conception of Law
in Burma and Siam (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society.
Siam Heritage Trust. JSS Vol. 38.1c (digital). Retrieved
17 March 2013. Kings and rajas are only responsible for
keeping peace and order. It is a very noticeable thing that
in so rich a language as Sanskrit there exists no proper
word to translate our word law as meaning positive law. It
is true Hindus have the word darma, which is sometimes
wrongfully translated by the word law, but actually is quite
a dierent thing....
[9] Roberts, Edmund (12 October 2007) [First published in
1837]. Chapter XIXtitles of the king. Embassy to the
Eastern courts of Cochin-China, Siam, and Muscat : in the
U. S. sloop-of-war Peacock ... during the years 1832-3-4.
Harper & brothers. p. 302. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
At the head of the Siamese administration is the supreme
council, consisting of the following ocers:....
[10] Wales, H. G. Quaritch (14 April 2005) [First published
in 1931]. Chapter IV, the kingship. Siamese state ceremonies (digital ed.). London: Bernard Quaritch. p. 32.

Retrieved 25 April 2012. ...to-day we nd the only certain relic of the cult of the Royal God in the symbolism of
the Coronation Ceremony by which the Brahman priests
call down the spirits of Visnu and Siva to animate the new
king....
[11] Stuart-Fox, Martin (1994). Conicting conceptions of
the state: Siam, France and Vietnam in the late nineteenth
century (free). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Heritage Trust. JSS Vol. 82.0 (digital). Retrieved 12 April
2013. Historians of Southeast Asia often face problems in
using terms drawn from and applicable to European polities and societies to refer to non-European equivalents that
do not conform to European models.
[12] Meyers, Dean (1994). Siam under siege (1893-1902):
modern Thailands decisive decade, from the Paknam incident to the rst owering of the Chakri reformation
(PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. Siam Heritage Trust.
JSS Vol. 082.0k (digital): image. Retrieved 17 March
2013.
[13] Pakorn Nilprapunt (2006). Martial Law, B.E. 2457
(1914) unocial translation (PDF). thailawforum.com. Oce of the Council of State. Retrieved 21
May 2014. Reference to Thai legislation in any jurisdiction shall be to the Thai version only. This translation has
been made so as to establish correct understanding about
this Act to the foreigners.
[14] Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88. CNN. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
[15] Running Afoul of the Thai Monarchy. The New York
Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
[16] Thailand The King Flags, Maps, Economy, History,
Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International
Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System. Photius.com. 28 December 1972. Retrieved 5 May
2012.
[17] MacGregor, A. 2014. A Kingdom in Crisis: Thailands
Struggle for Democracy in the Twenty-First Century. London: Zed Books.
[18] Fuller, Thomas (2015-09-20). With King in Declining
Health, Future of Monarchy in Thailand Is Uncertain.
The New York Times. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
[19] For Thailand, a portrait is crucial to preparations for succession. Straits Times. 2016-04-21. Retrieved 27 April
2016.
[20] Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Web.archive.org.
27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 27 October 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
[21] Thai Government Public Relations: Royal Regalia +
Royal Utensils.
[22] http://sunsite.au.ac.th/thailand/thai_monarchy/
residence.html
[23] Pattayas First English Language Newspaper. Pattaya
Mail. Retrieved 5 May 2012.

7 Bibliography
The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand
(2007), s:2007 Constitution of Thailand
Aryan, Gothan (15 16 September 2004), Thai
Monarchy, International Institute for Democracy
and Electoral Assistance, Retrieved on 5 July 2006,
presented in Kathmandu, Nepal
Kullada Kesboonchoo Mead, The Rise and Decline
of Thai Absolutism, RoutledgeCurzon 2004

8 External links
Website
Website of the Kings 50 Anniversary Celebration
The illustrious Chakri family
The Royal Family, History and Information
Website on the Thai Monarchy
E-books
Thanin Kraivichien (1976). Thai King under Democratic System (pdf) (in Thai). Bangkok: Department
of Academic Aairs, Ministry of Education.
Yut Saeng-uthai (2008). A Legal Treatise on the
Provisions of the Constitution governing the King
(pdf) (in Thai). Bangkok: Winyuchon. ISBN
9789742886332.

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Monarchy of Thailand Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand?oldid=744576756 Contributors: Fred Bauder,

Gentgeen, Davidcannon, Dainamo, Gugganij, Gadum, Bender235, Kwamikagami, Jpgordon, ProhibitOnions, Woohookitty, KFan II,
Drachenfyre, Rjwilmsi, Koavf, Gryndor, Jameshsher, Imladros, Pawyilee, D Monack, GoodDay, Skidude9950, Ohconfucius, Paul
012, Dl2000, TomasAiglos, Reywas92, Ebyabe, Sammyrice, Radzinski, Magioladitis, CommonsDelinker, DASonnenfeld, TreasuryTag,
Iwavns, Frank G Anderson, Larklight, Chenzw, Tontotti, WereSpielChequers, Oldag07, Egoldstein84, ClueBot, The White Duke, Rob
Bednark, Arjayay, Xtramanx, Pitt, Rankiri, UESPArules, Addbot, Darwin-rover, LaaknorBot, Harry1717, Tassedethe, Gail, Ben Ben,
Luckas-bot, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Materialscientist, Setawut, Sodacan, Anonymous from the 21st century, Miesianiacal, Omnipaedista,
Seligne, Eugene-elgato, Samwb123, Tktru, FrescoBot, Paine Ellsworth, DrilBot, Dazedbythebell, Jusses2, Rak-Tai, Full-date unlinking
bot, JMRAMOS0109, Isaanlawyers, RyanTee82, Fry1989, RjwilmsiBot, Look2See1, GoingBatty, AlanSiegrist, SporkBot, Brandmeister, Ad Orientem, ClueBot NG, Aristitleism, RJFF, Snotbot, Frietjes, Kendall-K1, Aisteco, Bigdaddy5431, Cyberbot II, Dexbot, Frosty,
Mr.BuriramCN, AmyWilcox, Do do doggy, Jkalish00, Jjamesryan, Noelthai,
, Thereisatide, Sigehelmus, 0xF8E8, Sfhvbsdjhvshkfsdbjkvshdkhvsd, Iudexvivorum, Al Malay, Horus, TheToryBoy, Arglebargle79, S Khemadhammo, GreenC bot, ThomasPark02, Lord of the
East, Stephen Hawk ing, Alvaro Bueno 2000 and Anonymous: 77

9.2

Images

File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:Ananda_Mahidol_portrait.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Ananda_Mahidol_portrait.jpg
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The Coronation of His Majesty King Prajadhipok, King of Siam. (1925, 25 February 3 March). <a data-x-rel='nofollow'
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