GAP Unit Two SG Chapters 2-3

Carson Garrett

Chapter Two
Pages 45-49
***Always keep your key term packet out whenever you take notes from
Rubenstein. As the terms come up in the text, think through the significance of the
term.
1. The worlds population is highly clustered, or concentrated in certain
regions. FOUR major population concentrations are identified in the text.
Shade and label the areas of these concentrations on the map in red. TWO
smaller concentrations, or emerging clusters, are also identified. Shade and
label these areas on the map in blue.

1.

Define ecumene:

the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement

1.

Define arithmetic density:

the total number of objects in an area

1.

Define physiological density:

the number of people supported by a main unit of arable land

1.

What occurs when the rate of physiological density increases?

The population increases.

1.

Define agricultural density:

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Key Issue 2: Why Is Global Population Increasing?

Pages 50-55

1. Define crude birth rate (CBR):

the total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society
1.
Define crude death rate (CDR):
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in a year for every 1000 people alive in a
society
1.
Define natural increase rate (NIR):
the percentage by which a population grows in a year, computed by subtracting CDR from CBR, turned
into percents
1.
2.2%

What is the NIR today?

1.
When did the global NIR peak, and what was it?
the global NIR peak was 2.2% in 1963, and has declined sharply since 1990
1.
About how many people are being added to the worlds population each
year?
82 million
1.
Define doubling time:
the rate of natural increase affects doubling time, which is the number of years needed to double the
population assuming a constant rate
1. In what world regions is most growth occurring?
South Asia - , Saharan Africa , East Asia ; Southeast Asia : Latin America : Southwest Asia : North
America
1.
Define total fertility rate (TFR):
measures the number of births in a society, it is the average number of children a woman will have
1.

What is the dependency ratio?

an important way to compare the age of structure among countries is the dependency ratio, which is the
number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number in their productive
years, it is a percentage
1.

What age groups are categorized as dependent?

age 0-14, and age 65+

Pages 56-63

* This is an ESSENTIAL KEY ISSUE!!!! You will be required to draw and

explain the DTM!!!!! You will also need to be able to read population
pyramids and connect them to stages of the DTM!*
1. The demographic transition is a process of change in a societys
population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural
increase to a condition of crude birth and death rate with several stages and
every country is in one of the stages.
1.
Fill in the chart below with characteristics describing each stage in the
demographic transition model (CBR, CDR, NIR, etc.). Characterize the amount of
growth of each stage (low, high, decreasing (aka moderate) etc.).
Stage 1
-most human history
spent here
-high CBR and CDR,
no NIR
-low growth

Demographic Transition Model

Stage 2
Stage 3
-result of industrial
-low CBR and CDR,
revolution and medical
NIR moderate
revolution
-decreased growth
-high growth
-population continues to
-low CDR, normal CBR,
grow, but CBR drops
high NIR
because children are not
such an asset

Stage 4
-very low CBR and
CDR, and possibly
decreasing NIR
-CBR - CDR = 0, is no
population growth
(NPG)
-no growth

1. In the chart below, which represents the four stages of demographic

transition, identify the country and where it is located which is in that stage
and briefly describe how it got to that stage. Use the DTM samples and
population pyramids on pages 56-57 to help you with this.
Stage 1
No country in stage 1

Stages of the Demographic Transition Model

Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
-Chile - Birth rates
-Denmark - has had no
-1950 Africa and
declined
change in population
Asia entered
since 1970
-Europe and North

America (1750s),
Industrial Revolution
-Cape Verde
-Afghanistan
1.

The shape of a pyramid is primarily determined by what demographic rate?

It is primarily determined by the crude birth rate in the community

READ ALL ABOUT POPULATION PYRAMIDS

Complete the table below to describe the views/theories of various population

theorists:
Thomas Malthus
-argued world's rate of population
increase was far outrunning the
development of food / supplies
-stated if CBRs continued to be so
high, 50 yrs later we would be
running out of food.

1.

Neo-Malthusians
-India might grow faster than its
food supply
-they argue that two
characteristics of recent
population growth make
Malthuss predictions even
frightening than before
-scared of proposal

Critics of Malthus
-many geographers consider
Malthuss predictions unrealistic
because Neo-Malthusians put the
world's food supply fixed rather
than future expanding
-with more people food
production will increase

Where has Malthuss theory proven right?

The world population has grown, and the rice production was accurate.
1. In what ways was Malthus mistaken?
The rate of production has grown faster, the wheat production increased twice as fast as predicted, and the
population estimate is inaccurate.
1.
Identify the two big breaks in the demographic transition and their
causes.
a. The first break
The sudden drop in the death rate that comes from technological innovation - has been accomplished
everywhere
b. The second break
The sudden drop in the birth rate that comes from changing customs - has yet to be achieved by many
countries
1.
What would characterize a possible stage 5 of the DTM?
A very low CBR, and increasing CDR, Negative NIR
1.
Two important indicators of health in a country are infant mortality rate (IMR)
and life expectancy.
a.
Define infant mortality rate:
The annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age, compared with total live births
b.
Define life expectancy:
measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality
levels

Chapter 3

1.
Using figure 3-1, briefly state what one would expect to occur, in terms of
migration, in each stage of the demographic transition model, as it is applied to a
migration transition.
MIGRATION TRANSITION
As Applied to the Demographic Transition Model
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3 & 4
Low NIR, high CBR, high
High NIR, high CBR, rapidly
3: Declining NIR, rapidly
CDR
declining CDR
declining CBR, declining CDR
4: Low NIR, low CBR, low
CDR
High daily or seasonal mobility
in search of food.

1.

High international migration

and interregional migration
from rural to urban areas.

High international immigration

and intraregional migration from
cities to suburbs

What are Ravensteins two laws for distance in relation of migrants?

1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same
country.
2. Long distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of
economic activity.
1.
Migration may be classified as either international or internal. What is the
difference?
A permanent move from one country to another is international migration. Internal migration is a
permanent move within the same country.
1.
What types of push factors are usually responsible for voluntary
migration?
Cultural, economic(not enough jobs), etc.
1. What types of push factors are usually responsible for forced migration
(refugees)?
Violent action of other people, when somebody gets sent back to their
country, because they've been living their life illegally.
1.
1.

Define interregional migration:the movement from one region of a country to another

Define intraregion migration:the movement within one region
1. What is the most famous example of large-scale interregional
migration in the U.S.?

The opening of the American West (Gold Rush)

2. For what two reasons have people been migrating to the South in
recent years?
1. Job Opportunities
2. Warmer Climate
Russia
Where?

Why?

West to East and North

Crowded in west (by Europe0

How?
Encouraged factory construction near raw materials, forced migration to open steel mills, hydraulic
power, mines
Later voluntary : higher wages, vacation, earlier retirement
Failed - harsh climate and too remote!
1. What are push factors and pull factors?
Push - induces people to move out of their present location
Pull - induces people to move into a new location
1.
Complete the chart below with specific examples of push and pull factors and
where people are being pushed from and pulled to.
Push Factors
Political

slavery

political conflict
refugees

- internally displaced
person (IDP)
- asylum seekers
Environmental

-Water : too much or too little is the

biggest threat
- Natural Disaster

(Economic)

Few jobs available

Pull Factors

Freedom from political

factors or war

- Mountains
- Seasides
- Warm Climates
Available Jobs

(Most Common
Reason)
1.
Define guest worker: Immigrants from poorer countries immigrate
temporarily to obtain jobs
2.

Explain why China and Southwest Asia are major destinations for migrants

China - Booming Economy

Southwest Asia - Wealthy oil producing countries
1. Define intervening obstacle:

Environmental or political features that hinders migration.

1.
Briefly describe the role of physical geography in examining intervening
obstacles and migration.

Sea, Mountains, and Deserts are hard to cross.

1.
Briefly describe the role of transportation in examining intervening
obstacles and migration.

Easier to cross.
1.
Briefly describe the role of political concerns/laws in examining intervening
obstacles and migration.
Passport or Visa
1.

What did the Quota Act (1921) and the National Origins Act (1924) do?

Established quotas
1.

How did they favor immigration from certain regions?

1924 - favored Europe - 2% of number of people already

here could come from Europe.
1.

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the existing quota laws?

Hemispheres rather than individual countries.

1.

How was immigration law further changed in 1978? And presently?

Global quota of 290,000 and max. of 20,000 / country

1. U.S. immigration law gives preferences to groups. Identify those

preferences.
1. Family Reunification
2. Skilled Workers
3. Diversity
1.

Define brain drain:

Large - Scale emigration of talented workers

1. Define chain migration:
Migration of people because relatives or members of the same nationality are already there
1.

What are undocumented immigrants?

Migrants entering without proper documents.

1.

Where do most undocumented immigrants in the U.S. come from?

58% from mexico

1.

Complete the following chart from the reading about migrants.

Characteristics of Migrants

Gender

Men / more women to US today

Age

Adult - 25-39
Educati
on

Less likely to have H.S. diplomas