Manual Equipo Lecho Fluidizado - WL225e

Experiment Instructions
WL 225
Fluidisation and
Heat Transfer
WL 225
Heat Transfer System

Fluid Bed and Fluidisation
PG11 323_284
PG7 323_279
0,8
DIN
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany
10/99
0,4
1,2
1,6
bar
Kl.1,6
Fliebettdruck
0,8
DIN
0,4
1,2
1,6
bar
Kl.1,6
Druck im Verteilerraum
Distribution chamber pressure
NW5 234_113
Experiment Instructions
Please read and follow the instructions
Publication-No.: 916.000 00 A 225 12
02/09
WL 225

10/99
Table of Contents
1
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Unit Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1
Unit Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2
Function of the Test Stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Safety Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.1
Hazards for Life and Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2
Hazards for Unit and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Theoretical Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.1
Pressure Loss in Fluid Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2
Pressure Curve in the Fluid Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3
Loosening Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4
Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1
5.2
5.3
Placing in Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.1
Filling the Glass Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
5.1.2
Cleaning the Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.1.3
Emptying the Glass Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.1.4
Cleaning the Sintered Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Measuring the Pressure Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.2.1
Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.2.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Measuring the Pressure Distribution in the Fluid Bed . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5.3.1
WL 225

5.3.2
5.4
5.5
10/99
5.6
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Determining the Loosening Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

5.4.1
5.4.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Measuring the Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

5.5.1
5.5.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Heat Transfer As a Function of the Immersion Depth . . . . . . . . . . . 30

5.6.1
5.6.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.1
Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
6.2
Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.3
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
WL 225

Introduction
In fluid beds, granules of a solid material are held
in suspension by a fluid flowing through the bed.
The solid material thus takes on the character of a
fluid. This applies both to the fluid mechanic and
thermodynamic properties of the material.
10/99
Fluid beds are in use in a wide range of applications in engineering, e.g.:
Gas Flow with

Transport of Solid Mate-
Large Gas Flow
Fluid Bed
Medium Gas Flow

Granules
Solid Bed
Small Gas Flow
Fig. 1.1
Tempering baths with even temperature distribution
Powder coating plant
Drying plant
Furnaces
Using the WL225 Heat Transfer System, Fluid

Bed and Fluidisation unit experiments can be
performed on solid and fluidised masses of granulated solid materials. In particular, the conditions
that lead to the fluidised state or a fluid bed can be
investigated. Furthermore, experiments can be
performed on the heat transfer characteristics in a
fluid bed. The unit can be used for training in the
areas of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and
heat transfer. The range of experiments covers the
following topics:
-
Observation of the fluidisation process
Influence of granule size on the fluidisation

process
Fluid permeability of the solid mass and also

the fluid bed
Pressure curve across the bed
Pressure required for various flow rates
Heat transfer for various flow rates
Separation of mixtures of varying granule size

(sedimentation)
Fluidisation of
Solid Material Masses
1 Introduction
WL 225

The unit is designed as a table unit. All controls
and measuring devices are clearly laid out on a
panel. A light source fitted behind the glass measuring cylinder enables the fluidisation process to
be observed with ease.
A height adjustable heater with a defined heated
area enables the heat transfer to be measured.
A generously dimensioned air filter retains any
particles that are lifted or drawn off the mass.
10/99
The test stand requires a supply of compressed air

in addition to an electrical supply.
The unit is intended for use for educational purposes.
1 Introduction
WL 225

Unit Description
2.1
Unit Layout
10
11
12
13
14
PG11 323_284
TD5A
10/99
PG7 323_279
15
Durchflu
Flow
0,8
DIN
0,4
1,2
1,6
bar
Kl.1,6
Druck im Verteilerraum
Distribution chamber pressure
17
Fliebettdruck
7
18
0,8
DIN
0,4
1,2
1,6
bar
Kl.1,6
Eingangsdruck
Inlet pressure
106,00x6,30
210_124
19
122,00x3,00
210_184
5
4
20
NW5 234_113
Vordruck
Admission pressure
21
2
1
Fig. 2.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
25
24
Table Support with Panel

Sintered Disc
Master Switch
Background Lighting
Switch for Background Lighting
Adjuster for Heater Power
Heater
Displays for Temperature and Pressure
Air Filter
Fluid Bed Temperature Sensor
Handle for Adjusting the Heater
Pressure Measuring Sensor
2 Unit Description
23
22
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Air Inlet Temperature Sensor

Air Flow Rate Regulator Valve
Pressure in the Distribution Chamber
Variable-Area Flowmeter
Air Feed Pressure
Overpressure Valve
Air Feed Pressure Adjustment
Compressed Air Connection
Glass Cylinder with Fluid Bed
Air Feed Hose
Air Distributor
Distribution Chamber
WL 225

The test stand is designed as a table unit. All
components, controls and displays are clearly laid
out on a panel.
The entire electrical circuit is protected behind the
panel.
2.2
Function of the Test Stand

The function of the system is explained using the
system schema.
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The fluid bed is generated in a glass cylinder (1).

For this purpose, compressed air is blown through
the granules of solid material from below. To distribute the air evenly, the base of the glass cylinder
consists of a porous sintered metal plate (2).
4
1
6
5
2
3
T1
T2
T3
P1
P2
P3
Heater Temperature
Fluid Bed Temperature
Air Inlet Temperature
Fluid Bed Pressure
Pressure in the Distributor Chamber
Inlet Pressure
Fig. 2.2
F1
V1
V2
V3
E1
Flow Rate Measurement 10 - 124 l/min

Air Regulating Valve
Pressure Reducer for Inlet Pressure 0.01 - 3.0 bar
Safety Valve 0.5 bar
Heater Power 100 W
System Schema
2 Unit Description
WL 225

The necessary air pressure underneath the sintered
plate in the distribution chamber (3) is measured
using the manometer P2.
NOTE! A safety valve V3 limits the pressure in
the distribution chamber to 0.5 bar.
The air leaves the cylinder at the top via a dry paper
air filter (4). In this way any particles drawn off from
the mass are securely retained and no material is
lost.
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The air flow is adjusted using the fine regulation

valve V1. One device is provided for the measurement of the flow rate. The flow rates are measured
using a directly indicating variable-area flowmeter,
F1 in the range 10 - 124 l/min.
Using the pressure reducer V2, the feed pressure
can be kept constant independent of the pressure
of the compressed air supply. The pressure set
can be measured using the manometer P3.
To measure the change in pressure across the
height of the mass, a height adjustable measuring
probe with an electronic pressure sensor P1 is
provided.
For experiments on heat transfer in the fluid bed,
the glass cylinder contains a horizontal cylinder (5)
that can be heated electrically. To be able to
investigate the influence of the depth of the immersion in the fluid bed, the cylinder can be adjusted
in height. The heater power can be adjusted using
a phase control (6). An electronic Wattmeter E
indicates the power.
The surface temperature T1 of the cylinder (heater) is measured using a thermocouple and displayed digitally.
2 Unit Description
WL 225

NOTE! To prevent the heater overheating, the
heater is switched off automatically if the maximum permitted surface temperature of 200C
is exceeded.
10/99
An immersion sensor T2 indicates the temperature

of the fluid bed. The temperature T3 of the compressed air entering the glass cylinder is measured
using a PTC sensor and also displayed digitally.
2 Unit Description
WL 225

Safety Instructions
The instruction manual, in particular the safety instructions, is to be
carefully read through prior to placing the unit in operation.
Prior to starting an experiment, the participants are to briefed on the
safety aspects and the correct usage of the unit.
3.1
Hazards for Life and Limb
10/99
RISK of electric shock!

-
The opening of the back panel and changes to

the electrical systems are only to be performed
by qualified personnel.
Prior to opening the back panel and working on

the electrics, unplug the unit from the mains.
Protect the electrical system from water and

moisture.
RISK OF BURNS!
-
When removing the glass cylinder, there is a

risk of burns caused by the hot heater.
Do not remove or adjust safety devices such

as the thermal cut-out or overpressure valve.
RISK OF FIRE!
-
3 Safety Instructions
Only fill the glass cylinder with particles of solid

material that is not flammable. Do not fill the
glass cylinder with water, flammable liquids or
substances. Do not use flammable gases.
WL 225
3.2

Hazards for Unit and Function

ATTENTION!
When using materials that melt (plastics) as the
mass, ensure that these do not melt on the
heater. If this occurs, it is strongly recommended not to use the heater. For safetys sake,
position the heater above the mass.
If material melts onto the heater, it will become

unusable as on the removal of the melted material, the delicate surface thermocouple will
very likely be damaged.
For this reason, it is recommended to use

mineral material for the mass.
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ATTENTION!
-
With very small size granules (<0.05 mm,

dusts), it is very difficult to demonstrate a fluid
bed as the material will tend to form clumps. This
also applies to damp materials.
ATTENTION!
-
At high air flow rates, the filter may become

clogged by the large amount of material removed from the mass, this can cause the safety
valve to trip. In this case the filter should be
cleaned by tapping it and the air flow rate
reduced.
ATTENTION!
-
Do not operate the unit unsupervised.
WL 225

ATTENTION!
Only operate the unit indoors in dry rooms in
which there are no flammable or caustic gasses, vapours or dusts.
10/99
WL 225

Theoretical Principles
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The term fluid bed describes a finely granulated

layer of solid material (mass) that is loosened by
fluid flowing through it to such an extent that the
particles of solid material are free to move to a
certain degree. The layer of solid material takes on
properties similar to those of a fluid.
Solid Bed
Fluid Bed
Removal of
Solid Material
p
Fig. 4.1
To characterise a fluid bed, the pressure loss of

the fluid flowing through the bed can be used. As
the fluid flows through the granulated material,
initially the pressure below the granulated material
rises with increasing air speed. This occurs until
the pressure forces match the weight of the mass
and the material becomes suspended. With further
increasing flow rate, the layer is put in motion and
reaches a fluid state. The pressure loss, also with
further increasing flow rate, is almost constant.
From a certain flow rate, the top particles no longer
fall back into the fluid bed; they are drawn along
by the fluid flow and removed.
The characteristics of the transfer of heat from a

heated body to the surroundings also change on
the formation of a fluid bed. In the solid bed, the
w
wlo
transfer of heat is determined to a large extent by
the very low conductivity of the mass of particles.
Relationship Between Heat TransDue to the point contact between the particles and
fer Coefficient and Pressure Loss
the fluid filled intervening space, this heat transfer
is lower than for solid material. Part of the heat is
also drawn off by the fluid flow. As a result, the
transfer of heat increases slowly with the fluid flow.
However, as soon as the particles are in motion,
the transfer of heat is defined by the moving particles. Due to the higher specific heat capacity of the
particle material, the transport of heat also increases significantly, and with it the coefficient of heat
transfer.
4 Theoretical Principles
10
WL 225

As a result, it is possible to achieve a extremely
even temperature distribution in the fluid bed, as
in a mixed fluid. Contrary to fluids, it is possible to
realise very large temperature ranges in such heat
baths due to the temperature resistance of the
particle materials. This is an advantage over heat
baths that use, e.g. molten metals. In these baths
the lower operating temperature is limited by the
melting point, the upper by the boiling point.
10/99
Fluid beds are also used in a wide range of applications in industrial processes. In the fluid beds
gaseous and solid or liquid reaction components
are thoroughly mixed and brought into contact with
each other. This also applies to the application of
fluid beds in fluid bed furnaces that are used to
incinerate problem materials without damaging the
environment.
11
WL 225
4.1

Pressure Loss in Fluid Beds

From the equilibrium of drag, weight and lifting
force for a flow through the fluid particle mass, the
following is obtained for the pressure loss p
p g 1
f
h ps.
p
Here f is the density of the fluid,
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p the density of the particle,

ps the density of the mass of particles,
and h the height of the mass.
4.2
Pressure Curve in the Fluid Bed

The equilibrium of drag, weight and lifting force
occurs not only at the base, but at any height within
the mass. As in the previous section, it can be seen
that the pressure loss changes in a linear relation
to the height of the mass. As a result, the pressure
curve from the base to the surface reduces linearly
to zero. With y as the immersion depth in the mass,
the following applies
p
py h y .
4.3
Loosening Speed
This term refers to the fluid speed at which the
mass of solid matter is transformed into a fluid bed.
The speed of the fluid in the space between the
particles can be calculated from the Reynolds
number, the particle diameter and the kinetic viscosity of the fluid
12
WL 225

Re
wlo d lo f .
p
The related fluid speed over the entire cross-section of the mass is calculated using the voids
fraction as
w
wlo
10/99
The voids fraction defines the size of the hollow

space portion in the material mass. It is calculated
from the density of the particle material and the
average density of the mass
1
ps
p
From the equilibrium of the pressure loss and

particle drag, the relationship between the dimension-less parameters Re and Ar is defined
3 1

2

Relo 42.86 1
13.11104Ar
1
The Archimedes number Ar is calculated from

the density, particle diameter and viscosity of the
fluid
Ar
g d3p
2

p
f
.
f
13
WL 225
4.4

Heat Transfer
The coefficients of heat transfer can be calculated using the following relationship

dp/wB

cg .
Here , , cg are the conductivity, density and

specific heat capacity of the fluid. wb is the mean
speed of the air in the fluid bed.
10/99
The topic of heat transfer is not discussed further

here are this is very complex and requires special
material parameters.
14
WL 225

Experiments
5.1
Placing in Operation
-
Set up the unit of a level table.
Connect to the mains.
Switch on the unit using the master switch and

check all electrical displays are functioning.
Close regulator valve V1.
Connect the supply of compressed air (6-10

bar, 300 l/min). Connect using commercially
available quick action coupling NW7.2.
Adjust the inlet pressure P3 to 1 bar using

pressure regulator V2.
10/99
5.1.1
Filling the Glass Cylinder

Prior to experiment, the glass cylinder must be
filled with the required mass. To practice operating
the unit, it is recommended to use initially one of
the two sample materials supplied with the unit.
This are granulated aluminium oxide Al2O3
(corundum) of two different particle sizes and bulk
densities:
ZWSK54:
dp = 0.250mm, ps = 1810 kg/m3
ZWSK100:
dp = 0.100mm, ps = 1760 kg/m3
The particle density for both is:

p = 4000 kg/m3.
5 Experiments
15
WL 225

Raise the Heater and
Pressure Sensor
Pull up the heater and pressure sensor.
Remove the air hose on the underside of the

distribution chamber.
Undo the 3 bolts in the top cover. Hold the glass

cylinder firmly during this process.
Once the bolts have been completely undone,

the glass cylinder and air filter can be removed
downwards. Whilst removing the glass cylinder, take care not to damage the heater, pressure sensor and temperature sensor.
The air filter can now be removed from the

glass cylinder.
Fill the glass cylinder with the required mass. A

bulk height of between 70 and 100 mm is
recommended.
Replace the air filter on the glass cylinder.

During this process ensure that the air filter sits
centrally in the rebate in the lid.
Fit the glass cylinder and air filter to the top from
below and fix in place using the 3 bolts. During
this process, ensure that the bolts are tightened
evenly and that the glass cylinder is exactly
vertical.
NOTE! The fluid bed is very sensitive to tilting
of the glass cylinder. A tilt will result in the
formation of air pockets only on one side.
Reconnect the air hose to the distribution

chamber.
PG11 323_284
PG7 323_279
10/99
NW5 234_113
Fig. 5.2
Removing the Air Hose and

Undoing the Bolts
PG11323_284
NW52
34_113
Fig. 5.3
Removing Glass Cylinder

and Air Filter
NW5 234_113
Fig. 5.1
Filling the Glass Cylinder
5 Experiments
16
WL 225
5.1.2

Cleaning the Air Filter

If the air filter becomes blocked with particles
drawn off in the air flow, it must be cleaned as
described below.
Tap out the air filter on a firm surface. Material

removed from the air filter can be added back
to the mass.
Blow out the air filter using compressed air from

the outside.
ATTENTION! Dust is produced. If necessary,
blow out the air filter outdoors.
Emptying the Glass Cylinder

Dismantle the glass cylinder and air filter as
shown in Fig. 5.1.
Pour the material out of the glass cylinder. To

remove material stuck to the glass, tap the
cylinder and turn it at the same time.
Using compressed air from the connection to

the distribution chamber, blow out the pores on
the sintered plate. Material stuck to the plate
can be removed using compressed air from
inside.
ATTENTION! Dust is produced. If necessary,
blow out outdoors.
ATTENTION! Under no circumstances

wash out the glass cylinder with water. This
will result in the small particles being washed
into the pores in the sintered plate and clogging
them.
5.1.3
Dismantle the glass cylinder and air filter as

shown in Fig. 5.1.
Blowing Out the Air Filter

with Compressed Air
10/99
Fig. 5.5
Fig. 5.4
Emptying and Cleaning the

Glass Cylinder
5 Experiments
17
WL 225
5.1.4

Cleaning the Sintered Plate
Unbolt the distribution chamber.
Remove the sintered plates, during this process take note of the position of the sealing
ring.
Blow out the sintered plate with high pressure

compressed air.
Refit the sintered plates, replace the sealing

ring and refit the distribution chamber.
10/99
If the sintered plate is clogged, the plate can be

cleaned as described below.
5 Experiments
18
WL 225

5.2
Measuring the Pressure Loss
5.2.1
Performing the Experiment

In this experiment, a mass with a mean particle
diameter of dp = 0.100mm of type ZWSK100 is
used.
The bulk height is h = 85mm..
10/99
The pressure sensor is slid all the way down to

measure the pressure just above the base. The
heater is initially left switched off. To make the fluid
bed easier to see, the background lighting can be
switched on.
5 Experiments
Adjust flow rate F1 to minimum (approx. 8

l/min) using regulator valve V1.
Read off and note flow rate F1 and pressure

P1.
Increase flow rate in small steps and observe

the mass.
Continue to note flow rate F1 and pressure P1.
As soon as the first particle movements are

seen, the loosening speed has been reached.
Note the related flow rate F1.
Repeat the measurements until a flow rate of

70 l/min is reached. Then reduce the flow rate
in the same steps until the initial value of 8 l/min
is reached again.
19
WL 225
5.2.2

Evaluation
Example results are summarised in the table below.
In the second line, the mean speed associated with
the flow rate is given. This is calculated from the
cross-sectional area of the glass cylinder,
Az=95cm2, and the flow rate in l/min as:
The measured results can be shown in a diagram.

Pressure Loss Against Flow Rate
Q in l/min
10
15 first
20
25
30
40
50
60
70
movement
w in m/s
p in mbar
increasing
p in mbar
reducing
0.014
0.017
0.026
0.035
0.044
0.053
0.070
0.088
0.105
0.122
6.0
9.9
17.2
16.2
16.5
16.7
16.5
16.5
16.4
16.3
4.5
8.2
13.7
16.4
16.5
16.7
16.6
16.5
16.4
16.3
20
Pressure Loss p in mbar
10/99
Q
w
in m/s.
6Az
16
12
8
wlo
0
Fig. 5.6
5 Experiments
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
Fluid Speed w in m/s
0.10
0.12
Pressure Loss Against Flow Rate
20
WL 225

10/99
It is characteristic that with increasing flow rate, a

pressure overshoot occurs initially. This marks the
lossening speed wlo. This effect cannot be seen
with decreasing flow rate.
5 Experiments
21
WL 225

5.3
Measuring the Pressure Distribution in the Fluid Bed
5.3.1

used.
10/99
The pressure sensor is initially slid all the way down

to measure the pressure just above the base. The
exact position of the pressure sensor can be measured using calipers between the handle and the
gland in the lid.
5.3.2
Adjust flow rate F1 to approx. 40 l/min using

regulator valve V1.
Read and note P1.
Raise pressure sensor 10 mm and note pressure P1.
Repeat measurements until the pressure sensor has reached the surface.
Evaluation
Example measurement results are given in the
following table.
Plotting the measured results yields a linear relationship.
Pressure Distribution in the Fluid Bed

Flow Rate 40l/min
Height Above
the Base in
mm
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
85
p in mbar
increasing
16.3
15.0
13.0
11.2
9.3
7.3
5.0
2.7
1.0
5 Experiments
22
WL 225

Pressure Loss p in mbar
20
10/99
16
12
10
Fig. 5.7
20
30 40 50 60 70 80
Height Above the Base in mm
90
100
Pressure Distribution in the Fluid Bed
The maximum pressure loss measured of
p 16.3 mbar will now be compared with the

theoretical value.
The following applies for ZWSK100:
Bulk density ps 1760 kg/m3,
Particle density p 4000 kg/m3,
Fluid density f 1.25kg/m3.
The bulk density is h= 0.085m
p g 1
f
h ps.
p
1.25
p 9.81
1 4000 0.085 1760

5 Experiments
23
WL 225

p 1483 Pa 14.8 mbar.
10/99
This value matches the measurement extremely

well.
5 Experiments
24
WL 225

5.4
Determining the Loosening Speed
5.4.1

Two different masses are used in this experiment:
dp = 0.100mm of type ZWSK100
dp = 0.250mm of type ZWSK54
Slid the pressure sensor all the way down.
10/99
The loosening speed wlo is determined using two

masses.
-
Carefully increase flow rate F1 using regulator

valve V1 and observe the mass. As soon as the
first particles on the surface start to move,
monitor pressure P1. If this falls slightly or
remains constant, the loosening speed has
been reached and the associated flow rate
should be noted.
Repeat measurement using the other mass.

5.4.2
Evaluation
The following values were measured:
dp = 0.100mm , w = 0.0263m/s
dp = 0.250mm , w = 0.149m/s
The measured values are now to be compared with
theory. First the Archimedes number is calculated.
The viscosity of air is = 16106 m2/s.
For dp = 0.100mm
Ar =
9.81 0.00013 4000 1.25
= 122.
2
1.25
6
1610
=1
5 Experiments
1760
= 0.56.
4000
25
WL 225

0.56

2 1
Relo 42.86 1 0.56 13.11104122
10.56

0.321
0.625
wlo 0.0001 16106 0.051 m/s .
The fluid speed calculated across the entire crosssection of the mass is calculated using the voids
fraction as
10/99
w 0.0510.56 0.0288 m/s .
This value matches very closely with the measured

value of w=0.0263m/s.
For dp 0.250mm the same calculation yields
Ar 1915

0.5475
Relo 4.178
wlo 0.267m/s
These give for the fluid speed
w 0.146 m/s
This value also matches very closely with the
measured value of w = 0.149m/s.
5 Experiments
26
WL 225

5.5
Measuring the Heat Transfer
5.5.1

In this experiment a mass with a mean particle
used.
Adjust the height of the heater such that it is around
30 mm deep in the mass.
10/99
Adjust the heater power to 30 W.

-
Adjust flow rate F1 to 10 l/min using regulator

valve V1.
Wait about 5 min until the heater has stabilised

thermally.
Read and note the heater temperature T1 and

the fluid bed temperature T2.
Increase flow rate in small steps and repeat

measurement.
NOTE! The temperatures vary significantly over

time due to the formation of air pockets in the fluid
bed. It should be attempted to read a mean value.
The heater power should also be checked and
adjusted if necessary.
5 Experiments
27
WL 225
5.5.2

Evaluation
The coefficient of heat transfer can be determined from the heater power, the heater surface area
and the temperature difference between heater
surface and fluid bed.

P
, with T T1T2
T A h
10/99
The heater surface area is calculated from the area

of the cylindrical sleeve and the open face.
d2
Ah d L 4 .
Using a diameter of d=1cm and a length of L=4cm,
the surface area is
Ah 13.35cm2 1.335103 m2 .
Here the dissipation of heater into the bracket is
ignored.
Heat Transfer in the Fluid Bed
P= 30W
t=30 mm
Q in l/min
w in m/s
T1 in C
(Heater)
T2 in C
(Fluid Bed)
T in K

in W/m2K
10
15
20
30
40
50
60
0.017
0.026
0.035
0.052
0.070
0.088
0.105
125
128
88
62
59
63
61
33
37
45
38
37
37
37
92
91
43
24
22
26
24
244
247
522
936
1021
864
936
The curve of the coefficients of heat transfer

corresponds very closely to the theoretical predictions (Section 4). Below the loosening speed wlo
the coefficient is very low as expected. As soon as
5 Experiments
28
WL 225

the loosening speed wlo is exceeded, increases
rapidly and reaches at w = 2 .. 3 wlo a maximum.
With further increasing speed, then drops again.
1000
10/99
in W/m K
1200
Coefficient of Heat Transfer
800
600
400
200
0
0
Fig. 5.8
5 Experiments
0.02
0.04
0.06
Speed w in m/s
0.08
0.100
Coefficient of Heat Transfer in Fluid Bed
29
WL 225

5.6
Heat Transfer As a Function of the Immersion Depth
5.6.1

used.
Adjust the heater power to 30 W.
10/99
Adjust flow rate F1 to 100 l/min using regulator

valve V1.
-
Adjust the height of the heater such that it is

above the surface. This is height t=0.
Wait around 5 min until the heater has stabilised thermally.
Read and note the heater temperature T1 and

the fluid bed temperature T2.
Lower the heater in steps and repeat measurement.
The heater power is to be checked during the

experiment and adjusted if necessary.
5.6.2
Evaluation
Also in this experiment, the coefficient of heat
transfer is calculated from the heater power, the
heater surface area and the temperature difference between the heater surface and the fluid bed.
=
5 Experiments
P
, with T = T1T2
T Ah
30
WL 225

Heat Transfer in the Fluid Bed

P=30W

Q = 100 l/min
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
T1 in C
(Heater)
208
103
103
103
109
119
119
119
119
T2 in C
(Fluid Bed)
28
32
34
35
36
38
39
38
37
T in K
in W/m2K
180
71
69
68
73
81
80
81
82
125
316
325
330
308
277
281
277
274
10/99
Depth t in mm
Outside of the fluid bed (t=0), the coefficient of heat

transfer is very low. It increases until the heater is
fully immersed and then drops slightly with increasing depth.
Heater Not Immersed at All
Heater Not Fully

Immersed
in W/m K
500
400

300
200
100
Fig. 5.9
5 Experiments
10
20 30 40 50
Depth t in mm
60
70
80
90
Coefficient of Heat Transfer in the Fluid Bed
31
WL 225

Appendix
6.1
Technical Data
Dimensions
LxBxH
Weight:
900 x 455 x 850

approx 60
mm
kg
10/99
Supplies
Electrical
230 V, 50 Hz, 16 A
Alternatives optional, see type plate
Compressed Air
Connection: Quick Action Coupling
Requirement, max.:
300
Pressure min.:
2
Process Container
Volume:
Cross-Section:
Material:
Capacity:
Safety Devices
Safety Valve
Heater Cut-Out
2.150
95
Glass
approx. 1
200
Heater
Heater Power, adjustable:
Surface Area:
0.5
C
0 - 100
13.35
NW7.2
l/h
bar
litres
cm2
litre
bar
W
cm2
Measured Parameters and Displays

Temperature
Air Inlet
Measuring Range:
0 - 100 C
Heater Surface, Fluid Bed temperature
Measuring Range:
0 - 400 C
6 Appendix
32
WL 225

Flow Rate
Variable-Area Flowmeter:
Pressure
Electronic Pressure Sensor
Measuring Range
Spring Tube Manometer
10 - 124
l/min
0 - 25
0 - 1.6
mbar
bar
10/99
Displays for Electronic Measurement

LCD Displays, 3 1/2 digit
Background Illumination
Compact Fluorescent Light E27, 13
Sample Material Supplied

Granulated Aluminium Oxide Al2O3 (corundum
ZWSK54:
dp = 0.250mm, ps = 1810 kg/m3
ZWSK100:
dp = 0.100mm, ps = 1760 kg/m3
Particle Density of Al2O3: p = 4000 kg/m3.
6 Appendix
33
WL 225
Symbols and Units
10/99
6.2

6 Appendix
cm2, m2
Ah
Ar
Az
c
d
dp
g
h
L
p

Q
Re
s
T
w
Heater Surface
Archimedes Number
Cross-Section of the Mass
Specific Heat Capacity
Diameter
Particle Diameter
Gravity
Height of the Mass
Length
Pressure
Flow Rate
Reynolds Number
Entropy
Temperature
Speed
Voids Fraction
Thermal Conductivity
W/m2K
Viscosity
m2/s
Density
kg/m3
cm2, m2
kJ/kgK
mm, m
mm, m
m/s2
mm, m
mm, m
bar, N/m2
l/min
kJ/kgK
C,K
m/s
W/m2K
34
WL 225
6.3

Index
A
Aluminium oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Archimedes Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
B
Background Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Bulk Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
10/99
C
Cleaning the Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Cleaning the Sintered Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Coefficient of Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 14, 28, 30
D
Dry Paper Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
E
Emptying the Glass Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
F
Filling the Glass Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fluid Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fluid Bed Furnaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
H
Heat Bath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 14
Heater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
I
Immersion Depth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
L
Loosening Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 21, 25
M
Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Material that Melts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Measuring the Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
O
Overheating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6 Appendix
35
WL 225

P
Particle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Particle Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Placing in Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pressure Curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Pressure Distribution in the Fluid Bed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Pressure Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 12, 19, 23
Pressure Loss Against Flow Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Pressure Reducer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Pressure Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
10/99
R
Reynolds Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
S
Safety Instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Safety Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Sample Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Surface Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
System Schema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
T
Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Temperature of the Compressed Air. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Temperature of the Fluid Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Theoretical Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
U
Unit Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
V
Variable-Area Flowmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Voids Fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
W
Water Jet Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Wattmeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Appendix
36

Manual Equipo Lecho Fluidizado - WL225e

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Experiment Instructions

Heat Transfer System

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

Please read and follow the instructions

Publication-No.: 916.000 00 A 225 12

Heat Transfer System

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

Function of the Test Stand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Hazards for Life and Limb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Hazards for Unit and Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Pressure Loss in Fluid Beds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Pressure Curve in the Fluid Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Filling the Glass Cylinder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Cleaning the Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Emptying the Glass Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Cleaning the Sintered Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Measuring the Pressure Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Measuring the Pressure Distribution in the Fluid Bed . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Heat Transfer System

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

Determining the Loosening Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Measuring the Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Heat Transfer As a Function of the Immersion Depth . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Performing the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Symbols and Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Heat Transfer System

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

Fluid beds are in use in a wide range of applications in engineering, e.g.:

Gas Flow with

Large Gas Flow

Medium Gas Flow

Small Gas Flow

Tempering baths with even temperature distribution

Powder coating plant

Using the WL225 Heat Transfer System, Fluid

Observation of the fluidisation process

Influence of granule size on the fluidisation

Fluid permeability of the solid mass and also

Pressure curve across the bed

Pressure required for various flow rates

Heat transfer for various flow rates

Separation of mixtures of varying granule size

Heat Transfer System

The test stand requires a supply of compressed air

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

The unit is intended for use for educational purposes.

Heat Transfer System

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

Table Support with Panel

Air Inlet Temperature Sensor

Heat Transfer System

Function of the Test Stand

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

The fluid bed is generated in a glass cylinder (1).

Flow Rate Measurement 10 - 124 l/min

Heat Transfer System

All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany

The air flow is adjusted using the fine regulation

Heat Transfer System

Here f is the density of the fluid,

p the density of the particle,

Here , , cg are the conductivity, density and