91568-10 PowerSupplyRegulators IG ED3 PR3

F.A.C.E.
T
Basic Electricity and Electronics
Power Supply Regulators
Instructor Guide
Edition 3 91568-10
THIRD EDITION
Third Printing, March 2006
Copyright March, 2003 Lab-Volt Systems, Inc.
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ISBN 0-86657-233-3
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Table of Contents
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation............................................................... 1-1
Inventory of Workstation ........................................................................................................ 1-1
Minimum Computer Requirements.................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment and Supplies..................................................................................................... 1-1
Equipment Installation ............................................................................................................ 1-1
Software Installation ............................................................................................................... 1-1
Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum ............................................................... 2-1
Getting Started ........................................................................................................................ 2-2
Screen Buttons ........................................................................................................................ 2-3
F.A.C.E.T. Help Screens and Resources................................................................................. 2-4
Internet Access ........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Instructor Annotation Tool...................................................................................................... 2-5
Student Journal........................................................................................................................ 2-5
Assessing Progress .................................................................................................................. 2-6
Real-Number Questions and Answers .................................................................................... 2-8
Recall Values in Text ............................................................................................................ 2-10
Safety .................................................................................................................................... 2-11
Section 3 Courseware ............................................................................................................. 3-1
Unit 1 Circuit Board Familiarization.................................................................................... 3-1
Exercise 1 Circuit Location and Identification .................................................................... 3-2
Exercise 2 Power Supply Regulator Introduction................................................................ 3-7
Unit 2 Shunt Voltage Regulator........................................................................................... 3-13
Exercise 1 Shunt Regulator Operation............................................................................... 3-14
Exercise 2 Line Regulation ................................................................................................ 3-20
Exercise 3 Load Regulation ............................................................................................... 3-24
Unit 3 Series Voltage Regulator........................................................................................... 3-35
Exercise 1 Series Regulator Operation .............................................................................. 3-36
Exercise 2 Line Regulation ................................................................................................ 3-40
Exercise 3 Load Regulation ............................................................................................... 3-45
Unit 4 Voltage Feedback Regulation................................................................................... 3-57

Exercise 1 Voltage Feedback Regulator Operation ........................................................... 3-58
Exercise 2 Voltage Feedback Load Regulation ................................................................. 3-64
Exercise 3 Active Foldback Current Limiting ................................................................... 3-69
Unit 5 Current Regulator..................................................................................................... 3-79
Exercise 1 Current Regulator Operation ............................................................................ 3-80
Exercise 2 Current Regulator Line Regulation .................................................................. 3-85
Exercise 3 Current Regulator Load Regulation ................................................................. 3-89
Unit 6 Three-Pin IC Regulator ............................................................................................ 3-99
Exercise 1 Regulator Operation & Voltage Regulation................................................... 3-100
Exercise 2 Current Regulation and Power Efficiency...................................................... 3-105
Unit 7 DC to DC Converter................................................................................................ 3-115
Exercise 1 Operating Characteristics ............................................................................... 3-116
Exercise 2 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency ................................................................ 3-120
Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers ................................................. A-1
Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs) .........................................................B-1
Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting ....................................................... C-1
ii
Introduction
This Instructor Guide is divided into three sections and the appendices. It provides a unit-by-unit
outline of the Fault Assisted Circuits for Electronics Training (F.A.C.E.T) curriculum.
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation contains a list and description of
equipment and materials required for all units in this course of study as well as installation
instructions.
Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum provides a description of the courseware
structure, instructions on getting started with the multimedia presentation, and an explanation of
student-progress assessment methods.
Section 3 Courseware includes information that enables the instructor to gain a general
understanding of the units within the course.
The unit objective

Unit Fundamentals questions and answers
A list of new terms and words for the unit
Equipment required for the unit
The exercise objectives
Exercise Discussion questions and answers
Exercise Procedure questions and answers
Review questions and answers
CMs and Faults available
Unit Test questions and answers
Troubleshooting questions and answers (where applicable)
Appendices include the questions and answers to the Pretest and Posttest plus additional specific
information on faults and circuit modifications (CMs).
Please complete and return the OWNER REGISTRATION CARD included with the CDROM. This will assist Lab-Volt in ensuring that our customers receive maximum support.
iii
THIS
iv
SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY

AND INSTALLATION
THIS
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation
SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION

Inventory of Workstation
Use this section to identify and inventory the items needed.
Minimum Computer Requirements
100% compatible WindowsPC with Windows98 second edition or newer, NT, 2000, Me or XP;
Pentium class CPU, (Pentium II or newer); 126 MB RAM; 10 GB HDD; CD-ROM drive; SVGA
monitor and video card capable of 32-bit color display at 1024 x 768 resolution and sound
capabilities.
Equipment and Supplies
The following equipment and supplies are needed for Power Supply Regulators:
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
Description
F.A.C.E.T. base unit
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
POWER SUPPLY REGULATION CIRCUITS circuit board
Student Workbook
Instructor Guide
Equipment Installation
To install the hardware, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.
Software Installation
Third Party Application Installation
All applications and files that the courseware launches, or that are required for the course should
be installed before the courseware. Load all third party software according to the manufacturers'
directions. Install this software to the default location and note that location. (Alternatively, you
can install this software to a different location that you designate.) Remember to register all
software as required.
No third-party software is required for this course.
Installation of Courseware and Resources
To install the courseware and resources, refer to the Tech-Lab (minimum version 6.x) and
Gradepoint 2020 (minimum version 6.x) Installation Guide.
1-1
Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation
1-2
SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T

CURRICULUM
THIS
Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum
SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T. CURRICULUM

Overview
F.A.C.E.T. curriculum is multimedia-based courseware. The curriculum gives students hands-on
experience using equipment and software closely associated with industry standards. It provides
students with opportunities for instruction in academic and technical skills.
All courses are activity-driven curricula. Each course consists of several units containing two or
more exercises. Each unit begins with a statement explaining the overall goal of the unit (Unit
Objective). This is followed by Unit Fundamentals. Next is a list of new terms and words then
the equipment required for the unit. The exercises follow the unit material. When students
complete all the exercises, they complete the Troubleshooting section and take the Unit Test.
The exercises consist of an exercise objective, exercise discussion, and exercise procedures. The
Exercise Conclusions section provides the students with a list of their achievements. Every
exercise concludes with Review Questions. Available circuit modifications (CMs) and faults are
listed after the review questions. Additional specific information on CMs and faults is available
in Appendix B.
2-1
Getting Started
Desktop
After the Tech-Lab System is installed, the TechLab icon appears on the desktop.
1. Click on the TechLab icon.
2. The student clicks on LOGON and selects his or her name.
3. The student enters his or her password and clicks on OK. (If he or she is creating a password,
four alphanumeric characters must be entered. The system will ask for the password to be
entered again for verification. Keep a record of the students' passwords.)
4. The previous two steps are repeated until all members of the student team have logged on.
Click on Complete and then Yes.
5. When the Available Courses menu appears, students click on the course name.
6. A window with the name of the course and a list of units for that course appears. Students
click on the unit name. The unit title page appears and the students are ready to begin.
Selecting Other Courses and Exiting the Courseware
1. Clicking on Exit when in a unit returns the student to the list of units for that course.
2. If students wish to select another unit, they click on it.
3. If students wish to exit F.A.C.E.T, they click on the X symbol in the upper right corner.
4. If students wish to select another course, they click on the Course Menu button. The
Available Courses menu screen appears. They may also exit F.A.C.E.T. from this screen by
clicking on the LOGOFF button.
2-2
Screen Buttons
If you click on the F.A.C.E.T. logo on the top right of the unit title page the About screen
appears. It acknowledges the copyright holder(s) of video and/or screen-capture material used in
the topic.
The Menu button calls these menus:
when on an exercise menu screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
when on an exercise screen, it calls the Exercise Menu.
when on a unit screen, it calls the Unit Menu.
The Bookmark button marks the current screen. A student can click on the button at any time in
the lesson. The second time the student clicks on the button, the page displayed when the button
was first clicked will return to the screen. Any bookmarks used during a lesson are not saved
when the student logs out of the lesson.
The Application Launch button opens third-party software.
Click on the Resources button to view a pop-up menu. The pop-up menu includes access to a
calculator, a student journal, new terms and words, a print current screen option, the Lab-Volt
authored Internet Website, and a variety of F.A.C.E.T. help screens.
The Help button aids students with system information. On certain screens the Help button
appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the Help button will access Screen Help
windows (context-sensitive help).
The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students will have unrestricted access to all
search engines and web sites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.
Use the Exit button to exit the course.
The right arrow button moves you forward to the next screen.
The left arrow button moves you backward to the previous screen.
2-3
F.A.C.E.T. Help Screens and Resources

There are three ways to access F.A.C.E.T. help screens and other resources.
System Help
Students access System Help by clicking on the Help button at the bottom of the screen when the
button does not appear to be depressed. The menu selections access a variety of system help,
navigation, and information windows.
Screen Help
On certain screens, the Help button appears to be depressed. On these screens, clicking on the
Help button will access Screen Help windows. This is information specific to the content of that
particular screen.
Resources
Students click on the Resources button to access the following windows.
Calculator
F.A.C.E.T. 32-Bit Microprocessor Help
F.A.C.E.T. Analog Communications Setup Procedure
F.A.C.E.T. Digital Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T. Electronics and Troubleshooting Help
F.A.C.E.T. Fiber Optic Communications Help
F.A.C.E.T. Math Help
Internet Link
New Terms and Words
Print Current Page
Student Journal
2-4
Internet Access
There are two ways for students to access the Internet:
The Internet button opens an Internet browser. Students have unrestricted access to all search
engines and websites unless the school administration has restricted this usage.
The Resources button pops up a menu that includes access to the Lab-Volt
authored Internet website. If students wish to access this site when they are not in
the lesson, then they must go to http://learning.labvolt.com.
NOTE: The Lab-Volt Internet site does not have content-filtering
software to block access to objectionable or inappropriate
websites.
Instructor Annotation Tool

The annotation tool gives the instructor the ability to add comments or additional information
onscreen. Refer to the Tech-Lab and GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide for detailed
information.
Student Journal
The student journal is an online notebook that each student can access while they are logged into
TechLab. The journal allows students to share notes with other students in their workgroups.
When used in conjunction with GradePoint 2020, the instructor may post messages, review, edit,
or delete any journal note.
2-5
Assessing Progress
Assessment Tools
Student assessment is achieved in several ways:
Exercise questions
Unit tests
Pretest and Posttest
Troubleshooting questions
Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions

Throughout the unit material, exercise discussion, exercise procedure, and troubleshooting
sections there are several types of questions with instant feedback. These questions occur in the
following formats:
Multiple choice
True-false
Real-number entry
In most cases, when your students encounter a question set, they must answer these questions
before continuing. However, there are cases where students may progress to the next screen
without answering the questions. Lab-Volt recommends that you encourage your students to
complete all questions. In this way, students reinforce the material that's presented, verify that
they understand this material, and are empowered to decide if a review of this material is
required.
Review Questions
At the end of each exercise, there are review questions. The student receives feedback with each
entry. Feedback guides the student toward the correct answer.
Unit Tests
A unit test appears at the end of each unit. The test consists of 10 multiple-choice questions with
the option of having feedback. The Tech-Lab System defaults to no feedback, but the instructor
can configure the test so that students receive feedback after taking the test. You can randomize
questions in the unit test. Use the Tech-Lab Global Configurator to make feedback available,
randomize questions, and select other configuration options if desired. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.
2-6
Pretest and Posttest

Every course includes a pretest and a posttest. These are multiple choice tests. Refer to the Tech
Lab Quick-Start Guide for detailed information on how to record student competency gains.
Grading
Student grades are based on exercise questions, troubleshooting questions, a unit test, and a
posttest. The default weighting value of the unit test and the threshold for passing the unit test
can be adjusted by using the Global Configurator of the Tech-Lab System. Refer to the Tech Lab
Quick-Start Guide for detailed information.
Student Progress and Instructor Feedback
Unit progress is available through the Unit menu. The Progress window allows the instructor and
student to view the percentage of the unit completed, number of sessions, and time spent on that
unit. The Progress window shows whether the Unit Test was completed. If the test was
completed, it indicates whether the student passed based on the scoring criteria.
2-7
Real-Number Questions and Answers

Throughout F.A.C.E.T. courses students may encounter real-number questions such as the one
shown below. Answers to real-number questions are graded correct if they fall within an
acceptable tolerance range.
The computer
saves this input
value so that it can
be recalled for use
in later questions.
The answer to the question posed in the illustration above does not involve a recall value from a
previous question. It appears in the Instructor Guide (IG) as shown in the box below.
The information in the IG tells you where the question is located and the range of acceptable
answers. In this case, the acceptable answers fall within the range of the nominal answer plus or
minus 5 percent tolerance: (15 5%).
e1p1 stands for
Exercise 1 Procedure screen 1
Location: Exercise Procedure page:
se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a
VS =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: V1

Nominal Answer: 15.0
Min/Max Value: (14.25) to (15.75)
Value Calculation: 15.000
Correct Tolerance Percent = true
Correct Minus Tolerance = 5
Correct Plus Tolerance = 5
This is the name the computer uses internally

to identify the input value. In this case, 14.5
will be stored under the name V1.
NOTE: The recall value V1 is not the same as
the voltage V1. The recall label does not
appear onscreen.
In this case, the answer to this question is not
based on a value recalled from a previous
question. Therefore, the Value Calculation is
equal to the Nominal Answer.
The word "true" tells you that the tolerance is
calculated as a percent.
2-8
A second example (shown below) illustrates an answer that the computer grades using a value
recalled from a previous question.
When a real-number question is based on a recall value from a previous question, the Min/Max
Value shown in the Instructor Guide is based upon a calculation using the lowest and highest
possible recall value. It represents the theoretical range of answers that could be accepted by the
computer. (It is not the nominal answer plus or minus the tolerance.)
To find the actual range of answers that the computer will accept onscreen, you must use the
actual recall value (14.5 in this example) in your calculations; see below.
Location: Exercise Procedure page:
se1p5, Question ID: e1p5c
Any letter enclosed in "#" signs refers to a

recall value from a previous question.
IT =
Since the value for #V1# is 14.5, the

computer will accept answers in the
following range as correct:
mA
Recall Label for this Question: I1

*
Min/Max Value: (6.477) to (11.93)
Value Calculation: #V1#/1650*1000
14.5/1650*1000 25% or
8.79 25% or
6.59 to 10.99
This calculated range is different from the
Min/Max Value shown in the IG, which
was based upon a calculation using the
lowest and highest possible recall value.
NOTE: After four incorrect answers, students will be prompted to press <Ins> to insert the
correct answer if this feature has been enabled in the configuration settings. When the question is
based on a value recalled from a previous question, answers obtained using the Insert key may
not match the nominal answers in this guide.
2-9
Recall Values in Text

Sometimes numbers displayed on screen are values recalled from input on previous screens.
Because these numbers are recall values, they will change for each student.
The value of 10
was recalled
from a previous
screen.
The Instructor Guide lists the recall label in place of a number in this question.
This is a
recall label
for a value
recorded in a
previous
question.
The correct
answer will
depend on the
value the student
recorded in the
previous question.
Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

IR2 = VR2/R2
= #V4#/3.3 k
=
mA
Recall Label for this Question: I1
Min/Max Value: (2.489) to (3.164)
Value Calculation: #V4#/3.3
2-10
Safety
Safety is everyones responsibility. All must cooperate to create the safest possible working
environment. Students must be reminded of the potential for harm, given common sense safety
rules, and instructed to follow the electrical safety rules.
Any environment can be hazardous when it is unfamiliar. The F.A.C.E.T. computer-based
laboratory may be a new environment to some students. Instruct students in the proper use of the
F.A.C.E.T. equipment and explain what behavior is expected of them in this laboratory. It is up
to the instructor to provide the necessary introduction to the learning environment and the
equipment. This task will prevent injury to both student and equipment.
The voltage and current used in the F.A.C.E.T. Computer-Based Laboratory are, in themselves,
harmless to the normal, healthy person. However, an electrical shock coming as a surprise will
be uncomfortable and may cause a reaction that could create injury. The students should be made
aware of the following electrical safety rules.
1. Turn off the power before working on a circuit.
2. Always confirm that the circuit is wired correctly before turning on the power. If required,
have your instructor check your circuit wiring.
3. Perform the experiments as you are instructed: do not deviate from the documentation.
4. Never touch live wires with your bare hands or with tools.
5. Always hold test leads by their insulated areas.
6. Be aware that some components can become very hot during operation. (However, this is not
a normal condition for your F.A.C.E.T. course equipment.) Always allow time for the
components to cool before proceeding to touch or remove them from the circuit.
7. Do not work without supervision. Be sure someone is nearby to shut off the power and
provide first aid in case of an accident.
8. Remove power cords by the plug, not by pulling on the cord. Check for cracked or broken
insulation on the cord.
2-11
2-12
SECTION 3 COURSEWARE
SECTION 3 COURSEWARE
THIS
Unit 1 Circuit Board Familiarization
UNIT 1 CIRCUIT BOARD FAMILIARIZATION
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Identify the circuit blocks and major components on the POWER SUPPLY REGULATION
CIRCUITS circuit board.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
No Questions
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
integrated circuit (IC) - any electronic device in which active and passive elements are
contained in a single package.
discrete - an individual circuit component, complete in itself, such as a resistor, diode, capacitor,
or transistor, used as an individual and separable circuit element.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-1
Exercise 1 Circuit Location and Identification

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Be familiar with the functional circuit blocks on the POWER SUPPLY REGULATION
CIRCUITS circuit board. Use the circuit board to locate and identify circuit components.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion page: se1d5, Question ID: e1d5a
Can a two-post connector simultaneously select both resistive loads (R5 or R6 and R7) on the
SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block?
a. yes
b. no
The variable power supply used to energize the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit
block has which polarity?
a. positive
b. negative
On the CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block, maximum load current is required when R3 is
set to its
a. maximum CW position.
b. midpoint position.
c. maximum CCW position.
The VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block is an improved series voltage
regulator because of
a. a variable voltage reference diode.
b. a passive feedback amplifier.
c. an active feedback amplifier.
d. a variable load resistor.
3-2
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p1, Question ID: e1p1a
1. Refer to your POWER SUPPLY REGULATION CIRCUITS circuit board. VR1 and U1 are
a. discrete devices.
b. IC devices.
c. passive devices.
d. transistors.
2. The positive variable supply on your base unit
a. powers your test equipment.
b. powers the DC TO DC CONVERTER circuit block.
c. provides the output voltage of the circuit regulators.
d. provides input voltage for several circuit regulators.
3. Which circuit block uses a PNP transistor?
a. CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block
b. VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block
c. Both of the above.
d. None of the above.
4. Which circuit block has a transistor labeled Q1 in parallel with the circuit load resistor?
a. SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block
b. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block
c. CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block
5. On the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block,
a. R5 is the circuit output load resistor.
b. CR1 is the voltage controlling element of the circuit.
c. Q1 is in series with the circuit output load resistance.
d. Q1 is in parallel with the circuit output load resistance.
3-3

6. Which circuit block uses an error amplifier?
a. CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block
b. VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block
c. IC REGULATOR circuit block
d. All of the above.
7. Which circuit block requires an inductor?
a. IC REGULATION circuit block
b. DC TO DC CONVERTER circuit block
c. VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block
8. Which circuit block can be configured to regulate output voltage or output current?
a. IC REGULATOR circuit block
9. Which circuit block is not energized by the positive variable base unit power source?
a. IC REGULATOR circuit block
d. CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block
10. To increase the load across Q1 of the SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block,
a. remove R6 and R7 from the circuit.
b. set R6 to the maximum CCW position.
c. set R6 to its midpoint.
d. set R6 to the maximum CW position.
3-4
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1
1. In all of the circuit blocks, a two-post connector is used to connect the
a. reference voltage.
b. transistors.
c. filter capacitors.
d. dc power source to the regulator input.
2. The circuit block that uses a 15 Vdc power supply in addition to the positive variable supply
is the
a. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block.
b. VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block.
c. IC REGULATOR circuit block.
d. CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block.
3. The circuit that has transistor Q1 in parallel with the load resistance is the
b. SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block.
c. CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block.
d. VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block.
4. The circuit block that contains a 16-pin DIP IC is the
a. DC TO DC CONVERTER circuit block.
b. SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block.
c. VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block.
d. SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block.
5. The circuit block that contains a three-pin IC is the
c. IC REGULATOR circuit block.
d. DC TO DC CONVERTER circuit block.
3-5
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-6
Exercise 2 Power Supply Regulator Introduction

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Configure and operate two power supply regulation circuits. Verify results by measuring circuit
voltages.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
No Questions
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
4. Does the regulator output voltage change significantly when the load resistance is reduced?
a. Yes, there is a significant change in output voltage.
b. No, the output voltage is very stable.
6. Measure the output voltage of your shunt regulator. Did VO change significantly when the
input voltage to the regulator was reduced by 10% (from 10 Vdc to 9 Vdc)?
a. yes
b. no
7. Based on your observations, does the shunt regulator control the output voltage with changes
in line voltage and load resistance?
a. yes
b. no
13. Based on your voltage readings, does the regulator maintain a near constant output voltage as
the load resistance is changed?
a. yes
b. no
3-7

15. Measure the output voltage of your regulator. Based on your reading, does the IC
REGULATOR circuit block maintain a near constant output voltage as the input voltage is
reduced?
a. yes
b. no
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The value of the line voltage (VI) is set at the
a. output of the dc power supply.
b. output of the regulator.
c. input side of a regulator.
d. Q1 transistor collector terminal.
2. The positive variable supply for the regulator on your circuit board
a. is hardwired to the regulator.
b. is fixed at 15.0 Vdc.
c. is connected to the regulator circuit with a two-post connector.
d. is a variable supply adjusted by a potentiometer on each circuit block.
3. The output voltage (VO) is the voltage drop across the
a. load resistance.
b. Q1 control transistor collector and emitter terminals.
c. zener diode in the circuit.
d. program resistor.
4. Which statement applies to the IC REGULATOR circuit block?
a. Rheostat R2 is used to set the circuit input voltage.
b. R5 is the circuit load resistor.
c. R3 provides short circuit protection.
d. The base unit positive voltage potentiometer is used to adjust the regulator output voltage.
3-8

5. The SHUNT REGULATOR and IC REGULATOR circuit blocks compensate for changes in
a. line voltage.
b. load resistance.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-9
UNIT TEST
Depending on configurator settings, these questions may be randomized onscreen.
Location: Unit Test Question page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
The POWER SUPPLY REGULATION CIRCUITS circuit board contains
a. six circuit blocks.
b. eight circuit blocks.
c. five circuit blocks.
d. four circuit blocks.
The purpose of a power supply regulation circuit is to
a. provide a constant voltage or current with changes in the load resistance or line
voltage.
b. maintain a constant load resistance.
c. maintain a constant line voltage.
d. prevent load short circuits.
The circuit block that requires a two-post connector to connect the dc power supply to the circuit
is the
The circuit block that receives its dc power supply from another circuit block is the
b. DC TO DC CONVERTER circuit block.
d. SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block.
The CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block contains
a. an NPN transistor.
b. a PNP transistor.
c. three NPN transistors.
d. a negative dc power supply.
3-10

The VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block contains a(n)
a. shunt control transistor.
b. error amplifier.
c. IC voltage regulator.
d. PNP series pass transistor.
Parallel resistors R1 and R2 in the SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block
a. are the load resistors.
b. limit changes in the line voltage.
c. limit the current to safe values when the output is shorted.
d. set the controlled output voltage value.
If the line (input) voltage of a shunt voltage regulator varies by 10%, the circuit output voltage
a. will not change significantly.
b. will change significantly.
c. must decrease by 10%.
d. must increase by 10%.
If the load resistance of an IC regulator increases by 10%, the circuit output voltage
a. must increase by 10%.
b. must decrease by 10%.
c. will change significantly.
d. will not change significantly.
Transistor Q2 and resistors R3, R4, and R5 in the VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION
circuit block compose the
a. error amplifier circuit.
b. line voltage control circuit.
c. protection circuit.
d. feedback circuit.
3-11
3-12
Unit 2 Shunt Voltage Regulator
UNIT 2 SHUNT VOLTAGE REGULATOR
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the operation, line regulation, and load regulation of a shunt voltage regulator.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
No Questions
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
shunt voltage regulator - a type of regulator that uses a parallel element to control output voltage
when line voltage or load voltage changes.
line regulation - the ability of a voltage regulator to maintain a constant output voltage for
variations in line voltage.
load regulation - the ability of a voltage regulator to maintain a constant output voltage for
variations in load resistance.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-13
Exercise 1 Shunt Regulator Operation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe shunt voltage regulator operation by using a typical voltage regulator circuit. Verify
results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
The output voltage (VO) equals
a. VZ.
b. VBE.
c. VZ + VBE.
d. VZ VBE.
If the current through RS does not change but the load current increases, the current through Q1
will
a. increase.
b. not change.
c. decrease.
An increase in line voltage
a. has a small effect on VO because IC decreases.
b. has a small effect on VO because IC increases.
c. has a significant effect on VO because IC is constant.
d. has a significant effect on VZ.
3-14
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
3. Measure the voltage drop across circuit reference diode CR1 (VZ), and enter your value in the
table.
VZ =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VCR1
Nominal Answer: 5.1
Min/Max Value: (4.59) to (5.61)
Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p3, Question ID: e1p3c
4. Measure the voltage drop across the base-emitter junction of Q1 (VBE), and enter your value
in the table.
VBE =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VBE
Nominal Answer: 0.7
3-15

Based on your table values, calculate the expected output voltage (VO) of your circuit.
VO =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VOC
Nominal Answer: 5.8
*
Value Calculation: # VCR1 + VBE #
6. Measure the output voltage of your circuit. Based on your reading, do VZ and VBE determine
the output voltage of your circuit?
a. yes
b. no
8. Measure the output voltage of your circuit. Based on your reading the voltage of the zener
diode
a. has increased.
b. has not changed.
c. has decreased.
d. did not affect the output voltage.
11. Based on your VR4 indication, increasing the circuit load (decreasing the resistive value of
the load)
a. reduces the current through Q1.
b. does not affect the current through Q1.
c. increases the current through Q1.
NOTE: Min/Max Values shown are based upon a calculation using the absolute lowest and
highest recall value. By using the actual input in your calculations, you will determine the correct
value.
3-16

12. Based on your observations, the Q1 collector current is inversely related to the load current.
Does this mean that a load resistance change requires a change in total circuit current (current
through R1 and R2)?
a. yes
b. no
14. Based on the voltage drop indication, total circuit current
a. significantly varies as the load varies.
b. significantly varies because the load voltage varies.
c. is nearly constant since the total circuit current divides between Q1 and the load
resistance.
15. Since Q1 and RL are in parallel, the current through R1/R2 is nearly constant
a. because an increase in IRL generates a decrease in IC.
b. because a decrease in IRL generates an increase in IC.
c. All of the above.
18. As the input voltage of your circuit is varied, the direction of the R1/R2 voltage drop
a. is opposite to that of the input voltage.
b. is identical to that of the input voltage.
c. cannot be determined.
19. Based on your observations, if VI increases and VO is constant, then
a. VRS does not change since IC is constant.
b. VRS decreases since IC is decreased.
c. VRS increases since IC is increased.
d. IRL must increase.
3-17

20. Based on your observations, if VI decreases and VO is constant, then
a. VRS does not change since IC is constant.
b. VRS decreases since IC is decreased.
c. VRS increases since IC is increased.
d. IRL must increase.
22. Based on the output voltage indication, your circuit no longer regulates the load voltage
because
a. Q1 does not conduct.
b. Q1 cannot share part of the total circuit current.
c. without Q1, the circuit is reduced to a simple series resistive circuit.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Q1 of your shunt regulator circuit is forward biased. The collector current of Q1 varies due to
a. a change in base current or a change in load resistance.
b. a change in the voltage of the circuit zener diode.
c. Either of the above.
2. If the input voltage to the regulator decreases, Q1 collector current
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. fluctuates.
d. remains the same.
3. If the current drawn by the load of a shunt regulator circuit increases,
a. regulating transistor current increases.
b. regulating transistor current may increase or decrease.
c. regulating transistor current decreases.
d. output voltage (VO) increases.
3-18

4. Collector current of Q1 reaches a maximum value when
a. load current decreases to minimum.
b. load current increases to maximum.
c. load resistance decreases to zero.
d. base voltage decreases to zero.
5. If zener diode CR1 is replaced with a device having a lower voltage,
a. the regulating transistor becomes damaged.
b. VO decreases.
c. VO is unpredictable.
d. VO increases.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 1 TOGGLE
CM 2 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-19
Exercise 2 Line Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the percentage of line regulation of a shunt voltage regulator. Obtain the required data
with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
No Questions
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
VO(max) =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VOMAX

Min/Max Value: (4.981) to (6.739)
5. Move your multimeter to the circuit output. Measure the minimum output (load) of your
regulator circuit. Enter your reading to two decimal places.
VO(min) =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VOMIN
Min/Max Value: (4.956) to (6.705)
3-20

6. Using the output voltages you measured, calculate the percentage of line regulation. Enter
your result to two decimal places.
VO(max) = #VOMAX# Vdc
VO(min) = #VOMIN# Vdc
VO(max) VO(min)
% Line Regulation = x 100
VO(min)
=
%
Recall Label for this Question: None
*
Min/Max Value: Value Calculation 30%
Value Calculation: # ( ( VOMAX VOMIN ) / VOMIN ) * 100 #
7. Based on your results and observations, a low line regulation (such as 0.5%) indicates that a
small change in line voltage should produce
a. a significant change in output voltage.
b. no change in output voltage.
c. a slight change in output voltage.
11. Based on your observations, your circuit drops out of regulation at an input voltage of about
a. 10 Vdc.
b. 8 Vdc.
c. 6 Vdc.
d. 4 Vdc.
NOTE: To compensate for tolerance accumulation overflow, Min/Max Values are not shown.
3-21

12. As the input voltage is reduced below a critical value, your circuit no longer maintains a
regulated output voltage. Regulation is lost because.
a. Q1 no longer conducts.
b. Q1 conducts about 50% of the load current.
c. Q1 is saturated (conducts all of the load current).
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. On your circuit, the collector current of Q1
a. increases if the line voltage increases.
b. decreases if the line voltage decreases.
c. shares part of the total circuit current.
2. Four regulation circuits are evaluated for a certain application. The unit with the most
effective line regulation is the unit with a line regulation of
a. 0.015%.
b. 0.02%.
c. 0.75%.
d. 1.0%.
3. As line voltage increases, collector current of a shunt regulator transistor
a. increases.
b. decreases.
c. stays the same.
d. is cut off.
4. In the shunt regulator circuit you studied, a loss of regulation occurred when the value of the
input voltage
a. exceeded the zener diode voltage.
b. fell below the zener diode voltage.
c. varied.
3-22

5. Line regulation is the ability of a regulator circuit to compensate for
a. load changes.
b. source voltage changes.
c. failure of the zener diode.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-23
Exercise 3 Load Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe and calculate load regulation. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
No Questions
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2. Monitor VRS as you vary the circuit load (R6 control) from end to end. Is there a significant
change in VRS?
a. yes
b. no
3. Based on your meter indication, IRS is nearly constant. Since IRS is constant and IRL varies,
which circuit current compensates for the change in load current?
a. Q1 collector current
b. CR1 current
c. Q1 base current
5. Based on your observations, the Q1 collector current and load current
a. increase together.
b. change in opposite directions.
c. decrease together.
d. Either (a) or (c).
3-24

6. Based on your observations, load variations have little effect on the output voltage because the
currents through Q1 and RL
a. are added to the total circuit current.
b. are subtracted from the total circuit current.
c. do not change the total circuit current.
7. Set R6 to its maximum CW position. Measure the minimum output voltage (due to minimum
load resistance). Enter your reading to two decimal places.
VO(min) =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VOLOW
Min/Max Value: (4.947) to (6.693)
8. Remove R6 and R7 from your circuit by removing the two-post connector (no load
resistance). Measure the maximum output voltage. Enter your reading to two decimal places.
VO(max) =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VOHIGH
Min/Max Value: (4.998) to (6.762)
3-25

9. Use your measured output voltages to calculate the percentage of load regulation of your
circuit.
VO(min Rload) = VO(min) = #VOLOW# Vdc
VO(max Rload) = VO(max) = #VOHIGH# Vdc
VO(max) VO(min)
% Load Regulation = x x 100
VO(min)
=

*
Value Calculation: # ( ( VOHIGH VOLOW ) / VOLOW ) * 100 #
11. Observe VO, VR4, and VRS with a voltmeter. Based on your readings
a. Q1 is not conducting.
b. most of the circuit input voltage is dropped across R1 and R2.
c. the low load resistance has caused the regulator to drop out of regulation.
3-26
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Which of the given load regulation figures is expected to generate the smallest load voltage
variation?
a. 0.8%
b. 8%
c. 20%
d. 100%
2. Load regulation is a measure of the effectiveness of a regulation circuit compensating for
a. changes in the load resistance.
b. power surges.
c. failure of the regulator transistor.
3. In a properly functioning shunt regulator circuit, the current through the series dropping
resistance
a. increases as load current increases.
b. decreases as load current decreases.
c. is less than the transistor current.
d. remains nearly constant as load current increases.
4. The shunt regulator transistor current is greatest when
a. load current is maximum.
b. no load is connected.
c. load resistance is minimum.
d. load current is half of its maximum value.
5. If the load current drawn from a shunt regulator increases beyond the maximum value that the
circuit was designed to provide, the
a. regulator transistor may be damaged.
b. zener diode may be damaged.
c. regulator transistor will be cut off.
d. output voltage will increase.
3-27
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-28
UNIT TEST
In a power supply without a regulator circuit, an increase in load resistance causes the output
voltage to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. fluctuate.
The output voltage of the circuit shown is approximately equal to the sum of the voltage drops
across
a. CR1 and the parallel combination of R1 and R2.
b. the load resistance (RL) and R4.
c. CR1 and the base-emitter junction of Q1.
d. CR1, R3, and the parallel combination of R1 and R2.
Changing the value of CR1 on the circuit shown to a higher voltage causes the output voltage to
a. decrease.
b. initially increase then resume its former value.
c. fluctuate.
d. increase.
Opening the zener diode circuit causes the regulator circuit to
a. act as a voltage divider.
b. cease regulation.
c. raise the output voltage.
An increase in the line voltage of the circuit shown causes Q1 to
a. conduct harder.
b. conduct less.
c. cease conduction.
d. overheat.
3-29

When the output load current increases, the
a. Q1 collector voltage decreases.
b. output voltage increases.
c. Q1 collector voltage increases.
d. Q1 base voltage decreases.
When the voltage of a zener diode in a shunt regulator circuit is changed, the change in output
voltage equals
a. twice the amount of zener diode voltage change.
b. half of the amount of zener diode voltage change.
c. the amount of zener diode voltage change.
If the line voltage increases, the voltage drop across parallel resistors R1 and R2
a. decreases.
b. increases.
c. remains constant.
If the line voltage applied remains constant while load current increases, the voltage drop across
parallel resistors R1 and R2
a. decreases.
b. increases.
c. remains essentially constant.
A regulated power supply is specified to control the output between 4.5 Vdc and 5.5 Vdc over a
range of 0-10A. The load regulation of the power supply is
a. 0.02%.
b. 0.2%.
c. 2.0%.
d. 22%.
3-30
TROUBLESHOOTING
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba2, Question ID: trba2a
4. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the shunt voltage regulator circuit is working
properly by doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already
adjusted VI to 10.0 Vdc.
Measure VO (RL = 1.1 k).
VO (RL = 1.1 k) =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: M21
Min/Max Value: (4.672) to (7.008)
5. Readjust R6 fully clockwise (CW) so that RL equals 100.
Measure VO (RL = 100).
VO (RL = 100) =
Vdc
*
Min/Max Value: (4.485) to (7.288)
Value Calculation: # M21 #
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrba4, Question ID: trba4
7. The faulty component is
a. Q1 (shorted base-collector junction).
b. Q1 (shorted base-emitter junction).
c. CR1 (short between cathode and anode).
d. Q1 (open circuit to base).
value.
3-31
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb2, Question ID: trbb2a

4. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the shunt voltage regulator circuit is working
properly by doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already
adjusted VI to 10.0 Vdc.
VO (RL = 1.1 k) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (4.672) to (7.008)
5. Readjust R6 fully clockwise (CW) so that RL equals 100.
VO (RL = 100) =
Vdc
*
Min/Max Value: (4.485) to (7.288)
Value Calculation: # M23 #
Location: Troubleshooting page: ttrbb4, Question ID: trbb4
b. Q1 (shorted base-emitter junction).
c. CR1 (short between cathode and anode).
d. Q1 (open circuit to base).
value.
3-32
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 1
Fault 2
3-33
3-34
Unit 3 Series Voltage Regulator
UNIT 3 SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Describe the operation, line regulation, and load regulation of a series voltage-regulating circuit.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
No Questions
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
series regulator - a voltage-regulating circuit that uses a series pass transistor.
pass transistor - a name commonly applied to a series regulating element because all output
current must pass through this device.
bleeder resistor - a resistor that is connected across a circuit to provide a minimum circuit load.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-35
Exercise 1 Series Regulator Operation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe series voltage regulator operation. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Location: Exercise Discussion Page: se1d3, Question ID: e1d3a
If VBE is 0.7 Vdc and VRL is 5.8 Vdc, then
a. VCE of Q1 must equal 6.5 Vdc.
b. VCR1 must equal 6.5 Vdc.
c. VI must equal 6.5 Vdc.
d. VI must equal 5.1 Vdc.
3-36
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2a
2. Measure the voltage across CR1, and enter your value in the table.
VZ =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 5.1
Min/Max Value: (4.335) to (5.865)
Location: Exercise Procedure Page: se1p2, Question ID: e1p2c
3. Measure the voltage across VBE of Q1, and enter your value in the table.
VBE =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (.503) to (.6808)
4. Based on the table, the output voltage of your circuit equals
a. #VCR1# Vdc.
b. #VBE# Vdc.
c. # VCR1 + VBE # Vdc.
d. # VCR1 VBE # Vdc.
6. CM 9 is activated to electrically replace CR1 of your circuit. Based on your meter indication,
the decrease in output voltage is caused by
a. an increase in the value of the zener diode.
b. a decrease in the value of the zener diode.
3-37

7. Toggle CM 9 by clicking on <CM> to determine the change of output voltage, VBE, and VZ.
Based on your observations, the change in output voltage is primarily due to the change in
a. VBE.
b. VZ.
9. Measure the voltage drops across the R2/R3 parallel network, Q1 (VCE), and R4 (in parallel
with R7). The sum of these voltages
a. is not related to the circuit input voltage.
b. is essentially equal to the circuit input voltage.
c. indicates a series circuit relationship with the circuit input voltage.
d. Both (b) and (c) apply.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Location: Review Questions Page: se1r1, Question ID: e1r1
1. A series voltage regulator
a. uses a pass transistor in shunt with the load.
b. uses a pass transistor in series with the load.
c. cannot regulate output voltage if load current changes.
d. conducts less as load current increases.
2. When the zener diode voltage of a series voltage regulator is reduced, the circuit output
voltage
a. increases.
b. does not change.
c. decreases.
d. first decreases then increases.
3. The initial output voltage of a series voltage regulator equals
a. VI VZ.
b. VZ + VBE.
c. VZ VBE.
d. VZ.
3-38

4. On the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block, the regulating transistor
a. is in series with the circuit load.
b. is in series with the circuit input voltage.
c. conducts all of the load current.
5. On the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block,
a. VI = VR2 + VCE + VRL.
b. VRL = VZ VBE.
c. VI = VR3 + VCE + VRL.
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 9 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-39
Exercise 2 Line Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the percentage of line regulation for a series voltage regulator. Verify results with a
multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
A decrease in line voltage
a. requires an increase in pass transistor voltage (VCE).
b. does not affect pass transistor voltage.
c. requires a decrease in pass transistor voltage.
3-40
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2. Measure the output voltage of your circuit, and enter the value in the table. Be precise.
(Line Voltage at 10 Vdc) VO =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VL1
3. Reduce the line voltage of your circuit to 6.0 Vdc. Be precise. Measure the new output
voltage of your circuit. Enter your value in the table.
(Line Voltage at 6 Vdc) VO =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VL2
Min/Max Value: (3.066) to (5.704)
3-41

4. Based on your data, compute the percentage of line regulation of your circuit.
VO at 10V line VO at 6V line
VO at 6V line
=
%
*
Value Calculation: # ( ( VL1 VL2 ) / VL2 ) * 100 #
5. Based on your data, is there a significant change in output voltage as the line voltage is varied
between 6V and 10V?
a. yes
b. no
7. Based on your observations, output voltage regulation occurs because pass transistor voltage
drop (VCE)
a. decreases as line voltage increases
b. increases as line voltage decreases.
c. opposes the change in line voltage.
d. aids the change in line voltage.
3-42
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In this circuit, the input voltage increases from 7 Vdc to 10 Vdc. As a result,
a. VCE and IC increase.
b. VCE and IC do not change.
c. VCE and IC decrease.
d. the output voltage increases by 3V.
2. In a series voltage regulator, a change in line voltage generates a substantial change in
a. the zener diode voltage.
b. the base-emitter voltage of Q1.
c. load current.
3. Effective line regulation protects against
a. normal power line variations.
b. input resistor failure.
c. failure of the zener diode.
d. changes in load resistance.
4. If a faulty zener diode allowed the base voltage of the regulating transistor to vary,
a. line voltage regulation would be improved.
b. line voltage regulation would be less effective.
c. line voltage regulation would not be affected.
d. VO would decrease.
5. An increase in line voltage causes the largest voltage increase across which of the following
circuit components?
a. CR1
b. R2 and R3
c. Q1
d. R7
3-43
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-44
Exercise 3 Load Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the percentage of load regulation of your circuit. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
An increase in load resistance (decreased load current) causes a small increase in load voltage
and
a. an increase in VCE.
b. no change in the conduction of Q1.
c. a decrease in VCE.
d. no change in VCE.
A decrease in load resistance (increased load current) causes a small decrease in load voltage and
a. an increase in VCE.
b. no change in the conduction of Q1.
c. a decrease in VCE.
d. no change in VCE.
3-45
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2. Measure the no load output voltage (VONL = VR4) of your circuit. Enter your reading with 2
decimal places; for example, 4.12.
VONL =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VONL
VOFL =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VOFL

3-46

VO at no load VO at full load
% Load Regulation = x 100
VO at full load
=
%
Recall Label for this Question: 00
Nominal Answer: # 4.55
*
Value Calculation: # ( ( ( VONL VOFL ) / VOFL ) * 100 )#
6. If your circuit load resistance is decreased to a very low value, will your circuit maintain its
voltage regulation?
a. yes
b. no
8. Measure the voltage drop (VCE) across the pass transistor. Based on your voltmeter
indication,
a. Q1 is no longer in conduction.
b. Q1 is at maximum conduction.
c. Q1 is a short circuit (0).
d. IB of Q1 is reduced to zero.
9. Measure VRS (R1//R2). Compare your voltage to that of the circuit input voltage (10 Vdc).
Based on your comparison,
a. Q1 is not saturated.
b. the circuit output is overloaded.
c. minimum load current flows.
3-47

10. Measure the base-emitter junction of Q1 (the emitter is negative with respect to the base).
Based on your reading, the output overload
a. causes Q1 to become reverse biased.
b. has little effect on base-emitter voltage.
c. reduces the base current to zero.
11. Measure the voltage drop across the zener diode (CR1). Based on your voltage indication, the
output overload
a. does not affect the zener diode.
b. drops the zener diode out of regulation.
c. forces excessive current through the zener diode.
12. Based on your observations, an output circuit overload condition
a. forces Q1 into cutoff.
b. has no effect on circuit operation.
c. drops the circuit out of regulation.
13. Pass transistor Q1 dissipates power in the form of heat. The amount of power (in watts)
dissipated by Q1
a. equals the load current multiplied by the load voltage.
b. equals the total circuit current multiplied by the input voltage.
c. equals the Q1 collector current multiplied by the voltage drop (VCE) across Q1.
d. cannot be determined without a wattmeter.
3-48
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. If the output voltage of your regulator circuit varies between 5V and 4.8V, the load regulation
is about
a. 0.042%.
b. 0.42%.
c. 4.2%.
2. When the load resistance connected to a series voltage regulator decreases, the output voltage
a. increases very slightly.
b. decreases very slightly.
c. stays exactly the same.
d. decreases substantially.
3. On the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block, a decrease in the value of load
resistance causes the Q1 base-emitter voltage to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
d. fluctuate.
4. On the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block, a low value of load resistance (or a
short circuit) causes the conduction of the pass transistor to
a. decrease to nearly zero.
b. increase to a high value.
c. increase until the transistor is destroyed.
d. stay the same.
5. On the SERIES VOLTAGE REGULATOR circuit block, the series pass transistor can
regulate the load voltage because
a. VCE adds to or subtracts from the circuit input voltage.
b. Q1 conduction varies as the load is changed.
c. Q1 is not operated in its saturated mode.
3-49
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-50
UNIT TEST
Location: Unit Test Page: sut1, Question ID: ut1
The output voltage of the series regulator shown is approximately equal to the zener voltage of
CR1 less the voltage across the
a. emitter-collector of Q1.
b. emitter-base of Q1.
c. load resistance.
d. series resistors.
The conduction of this regulating transistor is controlled by the
a. base-emitter forward bias.
b. breakdown value of CR1.
c. load resistance.
d. series dropping resistor.
Changing CR1 to a lower zener voltage causes the output voltage to
a. decrease.
b. increase.
c. decrease initially then return to its former value.
d. increase initially then return to its former value.
The main purpose of parallel resistors R2 and R3 is to
a. reduce the collector voltage of Q1.
b. allow regulator operation over a wide range of load current.
c. protect Q1 against damage under short circuit conditions.
d. increase available bias current for CR1.
With an increase in line voltage (VI), a series voltage regulator
a. pass transistor overheats.
b. decreases conduction of the pass transistor.
c. turns off the pass transistor.
d. increases conduction of the pass transistor.
3-51

Increasing the base-emitter forward bias of the pass transistor
a. causes the resistance of the transistor to increase.
b. causes the resistance of the transistor to decrease.
c. causes no change in transistor resistance.
d. causes only a decrease in transistor conduction.
If the zener voltage of CR1 is changed, the change in output voltage equals
a. half of the change in zener voltage.
b. twice the change in zener voltage.
c. the change in zener voltage.
A series voltage regulator cannot compensate for
a. moderate line voltage variations.
b. moderate load fluctuations.
c. output short circuits.
d. moderate line and load variations.
A bleeder resistor is connected across the output terminals of a regulator circuit to
a. protect the pass transistor from an output short circuit.
b. reduce pass transistor power dissipation.
c. establish pass transistor base bias voltage.
d. provide a minimum load current for the regulator.
A small voltage increase at the output of a series regulator circuit could indicate that the
a. line voltage increased.
b. load current decreased slightly.
c. load resistance increased.
3-52
TROUBLESHOOTING
3. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the series voltage regulator is working properly
by doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already adjusted
VI to 10.0 Vdc.
VO (RL = 120) =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: m25
Min/Max Value: (3.544) to (5.316)
4. Remove the two-post connector at R7 (RL = 10 k).
Measure VO (RL = 10 k).
VO (RL = 10 k) =
Vdc
*
Value Calculation: #m25#
b. Q1 (open base-emitter junction).
c. CR1 (open circuit to ground).
d. R1 (open circuit to VI).
value.
3-53

3. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the series voltage regulator is working properly
by doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already adjusted
VI to 10.0 Vdc.
VO (RL = 120) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (3.544) to (5.316)
4. Remove the two-post connector at R7 (RL = 10 k).
VO (RL = 10 k) =
Vdc
*
value.
3-54

b. Q1 (open base-emitter junction).
c. CR1 (open circuit to ground).
d. R1 (open circuit to VI).
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 5
Fault 6
3-55
3-56
Unit 4 Voltage Feedback Regulation
UNIT 4 VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operation of a voltage feedback regulator circuit that uses active foldback
current limiting.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals Page: sf4, Question ID: f4a
The purpose of the feedback (error) amplifier is to
a. reduce the load regulating ability of the regulator.
b. reduce the line regulating ability of the regulator.
c. control the conduction of the pass transistor.
d. multiply the value of the circuit reference voltage.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
foldback - a protective circuit that reduces output current and voltage below peak levels under
overload conditions.
feedback - a signal coupled from the output of a circuit back to input.
current-sensing resistor - a resistor that develops a voltage drop that is proportional to the load
current.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-57
Exercise 1 Voltage Feedback Regulator Operation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operation of a voltage feedback regulator. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Current flows through R1 (collector current of Q3) when
a. VBE of Q3 is about 0.7 Vdc.
b. Q3 is reverse biased.
c. the feedback voltage exceeds VCR1 by less than one diode drop.
Adjusting the output voltage potentiometer (R7) of the VOLTAGE FEEDBACK
REGULATION circuit block
a. varies the conduction of the error amplifier (Q3).
b. determines the initial voltage drop (VCE) of the pass transistor.
c. has essentially no effect on the circuit reference voltage.
3-58
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2. Use your voltmeter to monitor the voltage drop across CR1 as you vary R7 (output voltage
adjust) from end to end. Based on your observations, the zener diode voltage
a. does not significantly change.
b. provides a stable circuit reference voltage.
3. Adjust the R7 control to its approximate midpoint. Measure the base voltage (VB) of Q3 (with
respect to circuit common), and compare it to the zener diode voltage. Based on your
comparison,
a. Q3 conducts because VB is about one diode drop greater than the zener diode voltage.
b. Q3 does not conduct since VB is about one diode drop greater than the zener diode voltage.
c. Q3 is reverse biased.
d. VZ and VB equal each other.
4. Monitor VCE of the pass transistor (Q1) as you vary R7 (output voltage control) from end to
end. VCE varies
a. to maintain a constant output voltage.
b. because R7 affects the conduction of Q3, the pass transistor driver.
c. because the base current of the pass transistor is directly controlled by the setting of R7.
d. because R7 affects the circuit reference voltage.
5. As you adjust R7 in a CW direction, the circuit output voltage increases. VO increases
because
a. the circuit reference voltage increases.
b. the circuit reference voltage decreases.
c. VCE decreases, IB of Q1 increases, and IC of Q3 decreases.
d. VCE increases, IB of Q1 decreases, and IC of Q3 increases.
3-59

6. As you adjust R7 in a CCW direction, the circuit output voltage decreases. VO decreases
because
a. the circuit reference voltage increases.
b. the circuit reference voltage decreases.
c. VCE decreases, IB of Q1 increases, and IC of Q3 decreases.
d. VCE increases, IB of Q1 decreases, and IC of Q3 increases.
VCE =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VCE

Nominal Answer: 4.8
10. Again monitor VCE of the pass transistor. Compare your reading to that observed with a 10V
line voltage (# VCE # Vdc). Does VCE change as the line voltage is reduced?
a. Yes, VCE decreases as the line voltage is decreased.
b. Yes, VCE increases as the line voltage is decreased.
c. No, VCE is essentially constant as the line voltage is decreased.
11. Based on your observations of circuit performance, a change in circuit input voltage and a
change in output voltage
a. requires a change of pass transistor voltage drop.
b. have no effect on the pass transistor voltage drop.
c. requires a change in the circuit reference voltage.
d. must oppose each other.
13. CM 6 is activated to prevent Q3 conduction. Note your voltmeter response as you increase
the positive variable supply (circuit input) voltage. Is your circuit in regulation?
a. yes
b. no
3-60

14. Based on your observations, the circuit output voltage increases because
a. Q1, the pass transistor, is saturated (low VCE).
b. the pass transistor base current is no longer controlled.
c. Q3 does not affect the pass transistor base current.
17. Based on your observations, can your regulator compensate (maintain a constant output
voltage) for changes in the circuit reference voltage?
a. yes
b. no
18. The reference voltage of your circuit is increased by CM 4.Does the output voltage of your
circuit increase by approximately the same amount of your reference voltage change.
a. yes
b. no
3-61
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. To vary the conduction of the series pass transistor, the error amplifier
a. varies the circuit reference voltage.
b. controls the base current of the pass transistor.
c. varies the circuit output voltage.
d. varies the circuit input voltage.
2. If the output voltage of the VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block increases,
conduction (collector current) through the error amplifier transistor (Q3)
a. increases.
b. does not change.
c. decreases.
d. oscillates.
3. If the output voltage of the VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block decreases,
conduction (collector current) through the error amplifier transistor (Q3)
a. increases.
b. does not change.
c. decreases.
d. oscillates.
4. The voltage feedback regulator is a type of
a. series regulator.
b. shunt regulator.
c. current regulator.
5. A change in line voltage (circuit input voltage)
a. generates an equivalent voltage change in the circuit reference voltage.
b. does not affect pass transistor base current.
c. affects only the collector current of the error amplifier.
d. is offset by a change in the pass transistor voltage drop.
3-62
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 6 TOGGLE
CM 6
CM 4
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-63
Exercise 2 Voltage Feedback Load Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Determine the load regulation of a voltage feedback regulator by using measured values. Verify
results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
In your voltage feedback regulator, the circuit load current flows through the
a. Q3 control circuit.
b. Q1 pass transistor.
An increase in circuit load (decrease in the resistance of R10)
a. decreases VF.
b. does not affect VF.
c. increases VF.
d. does not affect VCE of Q1.
A decrease in circuit load (increase in the resistance of R10)
a. generates a decrease in VF.
b. does not affect VF.
c. generates an increase in VF.
3-64
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
VB =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VBQ3

Nominal Answer: 4.0
VCE =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VCEQ1

Min/Max Value: (4.408) to (4.872)
7. Measure VO of your circuit. Compare your reading to the initial circuit output voltage of 5.00
Vdc. Does an increase in the circuit load (step 6) increase or decrease the circuit output voltage?
a. decrease
b. increase
8. Use 5.00 Vdc (the initial load output voltage) and your present reading to calculate the
percentage of regulation of your circuit.
% Load Regulation =
%
Nominal Answer: 0.6
3-65

9. Based on your load regulation calculation, does the feedback voltage regulator circuit exhibit
better output voltage control than an emitter follower (1% to 4%) type of series regulator?
a. yes
b. no
10. Use your voltmeter to measure the base voltage of Q3 (not the base-emitter voltage) with
respect to circuit common. Compare your reading #VBQ3# Vdc, the base voltage with minimum
circuit load resistance. Your comparison indicates that Q3 conduction has
a. increased.
b. not changed.
c. decreased.
11. Measure VCE of Q1 and compare your reading to #VCEQ1# Vdc, the pass transistor voltage
drop at minimum circuit load. Based on your reading, the pass transistor conduction has
a. increased.
b. not changed.
c. decreased.
12. As the load resistance decreased (load current increased), VCE of Q1
a. increased in order to decrease the load voltage.
b. did not change in order to maintain a nearly constant load voltage.
c. decreased in order to increase the load voltage.
3-66
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. As the load resistance of the VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block is varied,
a. the circuit reference voltage compensates the base current of the pass transistor.
b. the voltage drop across the pass transistor is altered but pass conduction does not change.
c. load voltage and load current remain exactly constant.
2. An increase in circuit output voltage causes the base voltage of an error amplifier to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain unchanged.
d. decrease and then increase.
3. Increasing the circuit load resistance causes the voltage drop across a pass transistor to
a. increase.
b. remain the same.
c. decrease.
d. oscillate.
4. On the VOLTAGE FEEDBACK REGULATION circuit block, load current is decreased when
the
a. error amplifier is cut off.
b. pass transistor is saturated.
c. Q3 error amplifier collector current (IC3) increases.
d. Q1 base current (IB1) increases.
5. CM 4 is activated to increase the value of CR1 to about 5.1 Vdc. Within design limits, this
circuit value change
a. prevents output voltage regulation from occurring.
b. has little effect on output voltage regulation.
c. allows a load change to significantly vary output voltage.
3-67
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 4 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-68
Exercise 3 Active Foldback Current Limiting

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the foldback current limiting protection circuit of a series voltage feedback
regulator. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Transistor Q2 conducts. As a result,
a. pass transistor conduction increases.
b. pass transistor conduction decreases.
c. output voltage increases because Q2 adds to load current.
d. output current increases because Q2 adds to load voltage.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
3. Use your voltmeter to measure the base-emitter voltage of Q2. Based on your reading (and its
polarity), Q2 is
a. forward biased and conducting.
b. reverse biased and not conducting.
5. Based on your output voltage (load voltage), is your circuit in its normal mode or overload
mode of operation?
a. overload
b. normal
6. Based on your circuit performance, should Q2 be in conduction or at cutoff?
a. at cutoff
b. in conduction
3-69

7. Measure the base-emitter voltage of Q2. Based on the voltage and its polarity, Q2 is
a. at cutoff (reverse biased).
b. in conduction (forward biased).
8. In step 4 of this procedure, you decreased the circuit load resistance until the load voltage
dropped off (about 4 Vdc). Due to this change, Q1
a. was not affected but Q2 conduction decreased.
b. conduction decreased but Q2 was not affected.
c. conduction decreased and Q2 conduction decreased.
d. conduction decreased and Q2 conduction increased.
10. Based on your circuit performance and observations, an overload condition
a. causes Q2 to become forward biased and bleed base current away from the pass transistor.
b. increases VCE of Q1 and decreases the conduction of Q1.
c. forces the output voltage and current to fold back.
11. When your circuit is in overload, does the power dissipation of the pass transistor increase or
decrease?
a. increases
b. decreases
13. Based on VCE of the pass transistor, Q1 is
a. saturated.
b. near cutoff.
c. cut off.
11. Measure VCE of Q2 (the emitter of Q2 is negative with respect to the collector of Q2). Based
on your readings, Q2
a. is near saturation.
b. is near cutoff.
c. bleeds most of the Q1 base current.
d. Both (a) and (c).
3-70

15. Based on your observations, a severe circuit output overload
a. drives Q1 near cutoff.
b. maximizes Q2 conduction.
c. minimizes Q1 conduction.
16. Based on your observation, the Q2 foldback protection transistor
a. is forward biased for specified circuit loads.
b. is reverse biased for low to moderate circuit overload conditions.
c. is forward biased for severe current overload conditions.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. With a severe output overload,
a. pass transistor base current decreases and VCE increases.
b. output (load) voltage and current increase.
c. foldback protection transistor base current decreases.
2. When load current is decreased, the voltage drop across R5
a. increases.
b. fluctuates.
c. decreases.
d. remains constant.
3. During normal voltage regulator operation, foldback transistor Q2 is
a. conducting.
b. cut off.
c. forward biased.
d. maintaining the output voltage.
3-71

4. In a voltage feedback regulator, the specified value of the maximum allowable load is
exceeded. The output voltage
a. is held constant despite increasing load current.
b. reduces to zero.
c. gradually decreases.
d. decreases sharply.
5. When foldback transistor Q2 becomes active, the voltage across
a. R4 cuts off Q2.
b. R3 exceeds the voltage across R5 by about 0.6 Vdc.
c. R5 is reduced.
d. R5 exceeds the voltage across R3 by about 0.6 Vdc.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-72
UNIT TEST
During normal operation, the pass transistor (Q1) current is primarily affected by
a. Q1 base-emitter voltage.
b. the breakdown value of CR1.
c. load resistance.
d. resistor R5.
Changing zener CR1 to a higher voltage value causes the output voltage to
a. increase.
b. increase as current decreases.
c. decrease.
d. become unregulated.
Increasing the value of R8 in the output voltage feedback driver string causes the circuit
reference voltage to
a. increase.
b. decrease.
c. remain the same.
Under normal load conditions, load resistance decreases. The base current of the pass transistor
(Q1)
a. forces an overload condition.
b. increases.
c. decreases.
d. is essentially constant.
If the error amplifier base circuit shown above opens,
a. the circuit cannot regulate output voltage.
b. output voltage decreases.
c. no pass transistor base current can flow.
d. no current can flow through the zener reference diode.
3-73

A feedback voltage regulator with a foldback current limiting circuit can compensate for
a. overcurrent conditions.
b. load resistance variations.
c. output short circuits.
During normal operation of a feedback voltage regulator circuit, the load resistance increases.
The output voltage should be
a. much higher.
b. much lower.
c. slightly lower.
d. unchanged.
The current limiting foldback circuit is
a. a passive protection circuit.
b. an active protection circuit.
c. an inactive protection circuit.
d. an accurate type of voltage regulator.
The values of R3, R4, and R5 determine the
a. maximum output current.
b. regulator output voltage.
c. regulator accuracy.
d. regulator reference voltage.
Once the initial output voltage of your voltage regulator is set, variations of load resistance cause
a. a variation in the base current of the error amplifier.
b. a variation in the conduction of the error amplifier.
c. the pass transistor VCE voltage to change.
3-74
TROUBLESHOOTING
5. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the voltage feedback regulation circuit is
working properly by doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you
have already adjusted VI to 10.0 Vdc.
Measure VO (RL = 1.1 k ).
VO (RL = 1.1 k ) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 5.0
Min/Max Value: (4) to (6)
6. Adjust R10 to its approximate midpoint (RL = 600).
VO (RL = 600) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 5.0
*
Value Calculation: #M29#
a. Q1 (shorted base-emitter junction).
b. Q3 (open base-collector junction).
c. CR1 (Low resistance across the cathode and anode).
d. Q2 (shorted base-emitter junction).
value.
3-75

5. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the voltage feedback regulation circuit is
working properly by doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you
have already adjusted VI to 10.0 Vdc.
VO (RL = 1.1 k) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 5.0
6. Adjust R10 to its approximate midpoint (RL = 600).
VO (RL = 600) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 5.0
*
a. Q1 (shorted base-emitter junction).
c. CR1 (Low resistance across the cathode and anode).
d. Q2 (shorted base-emitter junction).
value.
3-76
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 3
Fault 4
3-77
3-78
Unit 5 Current Regulator
UNIT 5 CURRENT REGULATOR
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operation of a current regulator.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
No Questions
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
current source - a power source whose output is stated in terms of current. A current source
provides a fixed value of current independent of the load.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-79
Exercise 1 Current Regulator Operation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operation of a transistor current regulator. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
If VCR1 equals 3.3 Vdc and VBE equals 0.6 Vdc, then a constant current of 8.8 mA requires that
R1 equal
a. 31.
b. 3068.
c. 306.8.
d. 30.7.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2. Use a voltmeter to measure VCR1 of your circuit.
VCR1 =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 3.3
Min/Max Value: (2.805) to (3.795)
VBE =
Vdc

Min/Max Value: (0.603) to (0.737)
3-80

4. Based on your data, the voltage across R1 is
a. #VCR1# Vdc.
b. #VBE# Vdc.
c. #VCR1# Vdc + #VBE# Vdc.
d. #VCR1# Vdc #VBE# Vdc.
6. Use your voltmeter to measure the base-collector (VBC) voltage of Q1. Based on your reading
and the polarity indication, the base-collector junction is
a. reverse biased, as it should be.
b. zero biased because Q1 is active.
c. forward biased.
d. forward biased because Q1 is active.
8. Based on your observations,
a. VBC increases as load resistance decreases.
b. VBC decreases as load resistance increases.
c. excessive load resistance causes the base-collector junction of Q1 to become forward biased.
IR1 =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: IR1

Nominal Answer: 9.0
3-81

IR4 =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: IR4

Nominal Answer: 9.0
12. Based on your current calculations, is the current set by R1 about the same as the output
current (IR3 or IR4) of your circuit?
a. Yes, the set current and output current are about the same.
b. No, the set current does not equal the output current due to the offsetting base current of Q1.
14. Based on your observations, the CM
a. caused an increase in the value of R1 because load current decreased.
b. had no effect on the value of R1 because load current and the value of R1 are not related.
c. caused a decrease in the value of R1 because load current increased.
d. had no effect on the value of R1 because Q1 isolates the input side of the circuit from the load
side.
16. Based on your circuit performance,
a. the set current of your circuit has increased.
b. the circuit reference voltage has increased.
c. the base-emitter voltage of Q1 is essentially constant.
3-82
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. On the CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block, a change in the value of R1 causes a change
in
a. the load (IR3) current.
b. the Q1 collector emitter voltage.
c. load (VR3) voltage.
2. The CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block is designed to provide
a. a constant load voltage.
b. a constant load current.
c. All of the above.
3. Zener diode CR1 maintains a constant voltage drop across
a. the Q1 base-collector junction (VBC).
b. the load resistance (RL).
c. the Q1 emitter and collector terminals (VCE).
d. R1 and the base-emitter (VBE) junction of Q1.
4. Within design limits, the load current of the CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block
a. depends on the value of load resistance.
b. is maximum if Q1 is near saturation.
c. is not affected by the value of load resistance.
d. is minimum if Q1 is near cutoff.
5. In a transistor current regulator, the load resistance becomes too great; therefore, the
a. transistor becomes saturated.
b. transistor becomes cut off.
c. collector voltage decreases.
d. base-emitter junction becomes reverse biased.
3-83
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 17 TOGGLE
CM 16 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-84
Exercise 2 Current Regulator Line Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the percentage of current regulator line regulation. Verify results with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
If the circuit line voltage (VI) increases, IK
a. increases because VCR1 increases slightly.
b. remains constant because VCR1 does not change.
c. decreases because VCR1 decreases slightly.
If the circuit line voltage (VI) decreases, IK
a. increases because VCR1 increases slightly.
b. remains constant because VCR1 does not change.
c. decreases because VCR1 decreases slightly.
3-85
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
IL(max) =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: ILMX

Nominal Answer: 9.1
IL(min) =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: ILMN

Nominal Answer: 8.6
IL(max) IL(min)
IL(min)
=
%
*
Value Calculation: # ( ( ILMX ILMN ) / ILMN ) * 100 #
3-86

Based on your observations,
a. the zener diode voltage tends to increase as the line voltage is increased.
b. line voltage has no effect on the voltage of the zener diode.
c. the zener diode voltage tends to decrease as the line voltage is decreased.
d. Both (a) and (c) apply.
10. Monitor VBE of Q1 at a line voltage of 10 Vdc (the current setting) and then at 8 Vdc. Based
on your observations, VBE
a. shows a significant change in value as the line voltage is varied.
b. is essentially constant as line voltage is varied.
c. cancels the change in line voltage.
11. Based on your circuit performance and observations, a line voltage change causes a load
current change because
a. the change in VCR1 is compensated by a change of VBE.
b. VR1 is not altered by a change of line voltage.
c. VR1, altered by the line voltage change, essentially sets the circuit load current.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. On the CURRENT REGULATOR circuit block, the base current of Q1
a. equals the circuit load current.
b. equals the current through R1.
c. is much less than the load current.
d. provides the proper zener diode current.
2. To measure the line regulation of a current regulator,
a. vary the circuit load resistance between specified limits.
b. maintain a constant load resistance and vary the line voltage between specified limits.
c. maintain a constant line voltage and vary the load resistance between specified limits.
d. vary the line voltage and the load resistance between specified limits.
3-87

3. When the line voltage of a current regulator is increased, the load voltage increases because
the load current
a. does not change.
b. increases.
c. decreases.
d. decreases, then increases above its original value.
4. Line regulation of your circuit is primarily determined by the change of
a. VCE of Q1.
b. VBE of Q1.
c. VR1.
d. VCR1.
5. When the line voltage to your current regulator is increased,
a. VBE of Q1 is essentially constant.
b. VCR1 increases.
c. the circuit load current and voltage increase.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-88
Exercise 3 Current Regulator Load Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Calculate the percentage of load regulation of a current regulator. Verify results with a
multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
Within the regulating range of the circuit, a change in load resistance causes a change in the
a. R2 current.
b. zener diode voltage.
c. voltage across R1.
d. circuit input voltage.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
IL(min) =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: ILMIN

Nominal Answer: 9.0
IL(max) =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: ILMAX

Nominal Answer: 9.0
3-89

6. Based on the load regulation formula, the load regulation of your circuit is
a. less than 1%.
b. 5%.
c. 50%.
d. 100%.
7. Set R3 to the minimum test load position (where VCE is 2.0 Vdc). Then move your voltmeter
across the base-collector junction of Q1. Based on your reading, the base-collector junction of
Q1 is
a. forward biased.
b. not biased.
c. reverse biased.
8. As you monitor VBC, set R3 to its maximum CW position. Based on your observation, the
base-collector junction
a. remains forward biased.
b. is not biased.
c. remains reverse biased.
9. Based on your observations, the specified range of load resistance (R3 setting)
a. places Q1 in and out of saturation.
b. maintains Q1 in its active operating region.
c. places Q1 in and out of cutoff.
10. Your circuit maintains current regulation because Q1
a. is placed in and out of saturation.
b. operation is between saturation and cutoff.
c. is placed in and out of cutoff.
12. Monitor your voltage reading as you set R3 to its maximum CW position. Based on your
observation, the base voltage
a. is essentially constant.
b. varies with the change of load resistance.
3-90

14. Monitor your voltage reading as you set R3 to its maximum CW position. Based on your
observation, the base-emitter voltage
a. is nearly constant.
b. varies significantly.
15. Based on your observations, a change in load resistance does not significantly affect load
current because
a. VB of Q1 is essentially constant.
b. Q1 remains in its active region.
c. the change of VBE is not significant.
18. Based on your observation, your circuit maintains current regulation
a. over the entire R3 setting range.
b. between the minimum load resistance setting (maximum CW position of R3) and about
50% of the R3 load setting.
c. Between the 50% load setting and the maximum resistance load setting (maximum CCW
position of R3).
19. As the load resistance of your circuit is increased above a critical value, current regulation is
lost because
a. the base-collector junction of Q1 is no longer reverse biased.
b. Q1 remains in its active region.
c. the increase of load voltage increases the voltage across the collector-emitter of Q1.
3-91
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. As you vary the circuit load resistance of the current regulator, the base-collector junction
reverse bias of Q1
a. increases as the load resistance increases.
b. does not change.
c. decreases as the load resistance is decreased.
d. decreases as the load resistance is increased.
Location: Review Questions page: se3r2, Question ID: e3r2l
2. To maintain load current regulation, Q1 must be
a. in the saturation region.
b. at cutoff.
c. in its active region.
d. in conduction.
3. As the load resistance of a current regulation circuit is varied, the load voltage changes
because load current
a. varies.
b. increases.
c. is essentially constant.
d. decreases.
4. A current regulator has a load current of 49.7 mA with a 10 k load resistance and a load
current of 50 mA with a 1 k load resistance. What is the percentage of calculated load
regulation?
a. 1.6%
b. 1.0%
c. 0.16%
d. 0.6%
3-92

5. Load regulation in your circuit is not perfect because an increase of load resistance causes
a. an increase in load voltage.
b. a decrease in VCE and VBC.
c. a small decrease in VR1.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-93
UNIT TEST
A current regulator maintains a constant
a. load (output) current.
b. load resistance.
c. input current.
d. reference voltage.
Transistor Q1 acts as a(n)
a. input resistance.
b. shunt transistor.
c. constant current source.
d. reference voltage circuit.
Transistor Q1
a. is in parallel with the load.
b. controls the load voltage.
c. is in series with the load.
d. controls the current through CR1.
If the line voltage (VI) to a current regulator increases, load
a. current decreases significantly.
b. current remains at a constant level.
c. current increases significantly.
d. voltage increases significantly.
Increasing the zener diode voltage causes an increase in
a. output current.
b. the voltage drop of R1.
c. output voltage.
3-94

In this circuit, an increase in load resistance causes the
a. base voltage to increase.
b. collector (output) voltage to increase.
c. emitter voltage to increase and the base voltage to decrease.
d. the voltage drop across R1 to increase.
The voltage drop across R1 (VR1) equals
a. VCR1 + VBE.
b. VBE.
c. VCR1 VBE.
d. VCR1.
If the load resistance of a current regulator is reduced to 0 (a short circuit), the circuit
a. output current essentially equals the constant current value.
b. will be damaged due to excessive output current.
c. transistor is in cutoff.
d. transistor is in saturation.
Current regulator A has a line regulation percentage of 1.5%, and current regulator B has a line
regulation percentage of 0.5% for the same line voltage change and load resistance. The line
current regulation ability of
a. regulator A is better than that of regulator B.
b. regulators A and B is about the same.
c. regulator B is better than that of regulator A.
d. regulators A and B is very poor.
A current regulator can maintain a fairly constant current output if Q1 is
a. saturated.
b. in its active region.
c. at cutoff.
d. None of the above because the state of Q1 is not important.
3-95
TROUBLESHOOTING
VO (RL = 100) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (0.792) to (1.188)
VO (RL = 600) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (0.784) to (1.176)
a. Q1 (open base-emitter junction).
c. CR1 (open circuit to the anode).
d. R1 (shorted).
3-96

VO (RL = 100) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (0.792) to (1.188)
VO (RL = 600) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (0.784) to (1.176)
a. Q1 (open base-emitter junction).
d. R1 (shorted).
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 10
Fault 11
3-97
3-98
Unit 6 Three-Pin IC Regulator
UNIT 6 THREE-PIN IC REGULATOR
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operation of an adjustable three-pin integrated circuit power supply regulator.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals page: sf5, Question ID: f5a
Based on your general knowledge of series pass feedback voltage regulators, the op amp (series
pass base drive current) output drive current
a. increases when VO decreases.
b. remains constant when VO is constant.
c. decreases when VO increases.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
integrated circuit (IC) - any electronic device in which passive and active elements are
contained in a single package.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
3-99
Exercise 1 Regulator Operation & Voltage Regulation

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate and measure the voltage regulation of a three-pin IC regulator. Verify results with a
multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
R3 can generate a constant current through R2 because
a. VR3 is a constant voltage.
b. the VADJ output is a constant current.
c. R2 is variable.
d. VO is variable.
Adjusting R2 (changing the resistance of R2)
a. varies the programming voltage of the LM317.
b. does not affect the value of programming current.
c. has no effect on the regulated output voltage.
3-100
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
3. Measure VR3 with your voltmeter.
VR3 =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VR3
Min/Max Value: (1.125) to (1.375)
4. Measure VR2 with your voltmeter.
VR2 =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (3.375) to (4.125)
5. Does the sum of VR3 and VR2 equal the set value of the circuit output voltage?
a. yes
b. no
6. Use your voltmeter to monitor VR3 as you vary R2 from end to end. Why is VR3 essentially
constant?
a. The circuit output voltage does not change.
b. VR3 is equal to the IC reference voltage.
c. The current through R2 does not change.
d. The circuit line voltage does not change.
3-101

7. Use your voltmeter to monitor VR2 as you vary R2 from end to end. Why does VR2 change?
a. The circuit output voltage does not change.
b. The constant programming current flows through R2.
c. The current through R2 changes.
d. The circuit line voltage does not change.
9. Monitor your circuit output voltage as you disconnect R5 from your circuit. Based on the
change in output voltage, the IC regulator has
a. excellent load voltage regulation.
b. poor load voltage regulation.
12. Measure the output voltage of your circuit. Based on your reading, the IC regulator has
a. excellent line voltage regulation.
b. poor line voltage regulation.
14. Measure VCE. Based on your reading, the IC regulator will drop out of regulation if the
operating voltage across the internal series pass transistor is about
a. 10 Vdc.
b. 5 Vdc.
c. 1.6 Vdc.
16. Measure the output voltage of your circuit. Your reading indicates that the
a. output voltage approximately equals the value of the IC reference voltage.
b. voltage drop across R2 is essentially zero since the resistance of R2 is near 0.
c. output voltage approximately equals the voltage drop across R3.
18. Monitor your circuit output voltage. Based on your reading, VO is approximately 0V because
a. VD is a negative voltage.
b. VR3 is a positive voltage.
c. VD is used to offset or cancel VR3.
3-102

21. Monitor your circuit output voltage. Based on your reading, VO is approximately 3.6V
because
a. VD is a negative voltage.
b. VR3 is a positive voltage.
c. the output voltage is reduced by an amount equal to VD.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. On this circuit, an increase in the value of R3 will cause the regulator output voltage to
a. increase.
b. remain the same.
c. decrease.
d. increase or decrease.
2. The value of the program resistor (R3)
a. sets the programming current (IP).
b. sets the IC regulator reference voltage drop (VREF).
c. adjusts the output voltage to a specific value.
d. improves the IC regulator transient response.
3. Potentiometer R2
a. determines the output voltage range.
b. provides a load resistance for an IC voltage regulator.
c. sets the programming current (IP).
d. sets the output voltage to a specific value.
4. The voltage drop across R3
a. always equals the drop across R5.
b. varies with the input voltage.
c. equals the constant voltage of the IC regulator (VREF).
d. determines the set value of VO.
3-103

5. If an IC regulator drops out of regulation,
a. the voltage drop across the regulator (VCE) may be lower than about 1.5 Vdc.
b. line voltage may be too low for proper operation.
c. the load current may be excessive.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-104
Exercise 2 Current Regulation and Power Efficiency

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate three-pin IC current regulation and determine IC power dissipation. Verify results
with a multimeter.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
In this circuit,
a. the constant current value (IK) is 10 mA.
b. load current remains essentially constant as RL is varied.
c. load voltage can vary between 0 Vdc and 5 Vdc.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
2. Based on the circuit configuration, which resistor serves as the circuit output load?
a. R1
b. R2
c. R3
d. R5
3. To determine the constant current output of your circuit (also the load current), use
a. VR1/R1.
b. VR2/R2.
c. VR3/R3.
d. VO/(R3 + R2).
3-105

4. Monitor VR3 as you vary R2 from end to end. Based on your observations,
a. load current varies with load resistance change.
b. load current is essentially constant and is not affected by variations in load resistance.
c. constant circuit current varies directly with load resistance.
d. constant circuit current varies inversely with load resistance.
5. Monitor VR2 as you vary R2 from end to end. VR2 varies because
a. the circuit is defective.
b. IR3 varies.
c. IR2 varies.
d. the resistance of R2 varies.
7. Move your voltmeter to the circuit input voltage. Adjust this voltage to 8.0 Vdc. Move your
voltmeter back across R2. Based on your reading, the drop in line voltage
a. reduces the circuit load current.
b. has essentially no effect on the circuit load current.
c. increases the circuit load current.
d. increases the IC reference voltage.
10. Measure the voltage drop (a positive value) across R1.
VR1 =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: ( .29 ) to ( .354)
3-106

11. Based on the voltage drop across R1, #VR1# Vdc, what is the total input power of your
circuit?
PT =
W
Recall Label for this Question: PT
Min/Max Value: ( .161) to ( .197)
12. Use the constant current value of your circuit and VR2 to determine the power dissipated by
the load (PR2).
PR2 =
W
Recall Label for this Question: P2
Min/Max Value: (0.0747) to (0.0913)
Value Calculation: .083
13. Based on a total circuit input power of #PT#W and a load power of # P2 * 1 #W. What is the
power efficiency of your circuit?
%PE = (PR2/PT) x 100
a. 150%
b. 100%
c. # ( P2 / PT ) * 100 #%
d. 25%
14. Your circuit generates a nearly constant output current. As a result, the power delivered from
the circuit source voltage
a. increases as the load resistance is increased.
b. is essentially constant as the load resistance is varied.
c. decreases as the load resistance is decreased.
d. drops to zero when the load resistance dissipation drops to zero wattage.
3-107
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. In the current regulator configuration, VR3
a. varies with load changes.
b. is essentially constant.
c. equals VR2.
d. varies with line voltage changes.
2. In the IC current regulator circuit, the load current is
a. set by diodes CR2 and CR3.
b. half of the input current.
c. essentially the same as the program current.
d. determined by the value of the load resistance.
3. The program resistor (R3)
a. controls the internal reference voltage.
b. limits the output current.
c. sets the value of the load current.
d. protects the device from output shorts.
4. When a three-pin IC current regulator is operated within specification limits, a change in
a. line voltage or load resistance does not change the load current.
b. the line voltage changes the load current.
c. the load resistance changes the load current.
d. the value of the program resistor does not change the load current.
5. The power efficiency of your IC regulator is expressed as a per centage and relates the
a. power dissipated by the load and programming resistor.
b. power dissipated by the IC and the load resistor.
c. total power delivered to the circuit and the power dissipated by the load.
d. power dissipated between the input and output resistors.
3-108
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-109
UNIT TEST
A three-pin IC power supply regulator can be used
a. to regulate the input voltage to the regulator.
b. to control load voltage and current simultaneously.
c. to control load voltage or current.
The program resistor of a three-pin IC power supply connects between the
a. OUT and ADJ pins of the IC.
b. OUT and IN pins of the IC.
c. IN and ADJ pins of the IC.
d. ADJ pin of the IC and ground.
The reference voltage drop (VREF) within a three-pin IC regulator
a. varies with the load.
b. is constant.
c. depends on the value of the program resistor.
d. depends on the current or voltage control.
Press the HELP button to view the schematic. The voltage drop across the program resistor
(VR3) in this circuit always equals the
a. load voltage drop.
b. voltage drop across R1.
c. voltage drop across the IC.
d. reference voltage drop (VREF) of the IC regulator.
Press the HELP button to view the schematic. When this three-pin IC regulator controls load
voltage,
a. R5 is used as the load.
b. R2 is used as the load.
c. R3 is used as the load.
d. R3 sets the output voltage.
3-110

Press the HELP button to view the schematic. When this three-pin IC regulator controls load
current,
a. R5 is used as the load.
b. R2 is used as the load.
c. R3 is used as the load.
d. R2 sets the load current.
Press the HELP button to view the schematic. The CR2, CR3, R4, and 15.0 Vdc power supply
circuit
a. provides short circuit protection to the three-pin IC regulator.
b. provides a constant reference voltage (VREF) for the regulator.
c. permits regulation of output voltages higher than the input voltage.
d. permits setting the controlled output voltage near 0 Vdc.
When a three-pin IC regulator is used as a constant voltage regulator, the
a. load current decreases with an increase in the load resistance.
b. program current is constant.
c. current through the IC regulator equals the sum of the load and program currents.
When a three-pin IC regulator is used as a constant current regulator, the
a. output voltage increases with an increase in load resistance.
b. load current essentially equals the current through the regulator.
c. value of R3 sets the load current.
If the input power to a three-pin IC regulator is 50 mW, and the power consumed by the load is
20 mW, the power efficiency is
%PE = (Pload/Pline) x 100
a. 40%.
b. 60%.
c. 250%.
d. 66%.
3-111
TROUBLESHOOTING
5. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the IC regulator is working properly by doing a
performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already adjusted VI to 8.0
Vdc. Measure VO (No load - R5 not connected).
VO (No load) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 3.0
Value Calculation: 3.
6. Using a two-post connector, connect R5 into the circuit so that RL equals 100.
VO (RL = 100) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 3.0
*
Min/Max Value: (2.736) to (3.276)
a. R1 (shorted).
b. ADJ pin (shorted to ground).
d. rheostat R2 (open connection to R3).
value.
3-112

5. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the IC regulator is working properly by doing a
performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already adjusted VI to 8.0
Vdc. Measure VO (No load - R5 not connected).
VO (No load) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 3.0
6. Using a two-post connector, connect R5 into the circuit so that RL equals 100.
VO (RL = 100) =
Vdc
Nominal Answer: 3.0
*
Min/Max Value: (2.736) to (3.276)
a. R1 (shorted).
b. ADJ pin (shorted to ground).
d. rheostat R2 (open connection to R3).
value.
3-113
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 7
Fault 8
3-114
Unit 7 DC to DC Converter
UNIT 7 DC TO DC CONVERTER
UNIT OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operation of an IC switching regulator configured as a dc to dc converter.
UNIT FUNDAMENTALS
Location: Unit Fundamentals Page: sf6, Question ID: f6a
In this circuit,
a. C1 maintains load voltage and, in turn, is charged by the energy stored by L1.
b. CR1 is reverse biased when Q1 is on.
c. CR1 is forward biased when Q1 is off.
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
NEW TERMS AND WORDS
pulses - abrupt changes in voltage or current.
duty cycle - the amount of time a device operates as opposed to its idle time; the ratio of time on
to total time.
ripple - a slight variation in the output voltage of a power supply related in frequency or input
power frequency.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED
Multimeter
Oscilloscope, dual trace
3-115
Exercise 1 Operating Characteristics

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate the operating characteristics of a dc to dc converter. Verify results with an
oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
If the on duty cycle of the free-running oscillator waveform were increased, the transistor switch
would
a. conduct for a longer interval of time.
b. not be affected.
c. conduct for a shorter interval of time.
d. not conduct at all.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
5. The reference and feedback voltage are about the same because the
a. circuit is not operating properly.
b. circuit is operating properly.
c. reference voltage is connected to the INPUT() of the IC.
d. IC input voltage is about 1.2 Vdc.
VO =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: CVO

3-116

7. Use your voltmeter to measure the output voltage of your DC-to-DC Converter. Based on your
reading, can the output voltage be calculated accurately?
a. yes
b. no
8. CM 20 is activated to alter the ohmic value of R3. Based on the output voltage change of your
circuit, R3
a. decreased.
b. and the reference voltage decreased.
c. increased.
d. and the reference voltage increased.
10. Based on your waveform, diode CR1 is reverse biased when the U1 switching transistor is
a. on, or saturated.
b. off, or nonconducting.
c. on, or nonconducting.
d. off, or saturated.
11. Move channel 1 of your oscilloscope to the TIMING test point of your DC TO DC
CONVERTER circuit block. The free-running oscillator frequency is about
a. 100 kHz.
b. 50 kHz.
c. 25 kHz.
d. 60 or 50 Hz.
13. Based on the relationship of the waveforms,
a. the transistor is on when the ramp is above the reference line.
b. the transistor is off when the ramp is below the reference line.
3-117
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. CM 19 is activated to increase the value of R4. This change causes a(n)
a. decrease in output voltage.
b. increase in output voltage.
c. change in the IC reference voltage.
d. increase in the IC input (VCC) voltage.
2. In the dc to dc converter, the voltage drop across divider resistor R3 (VR3) is essentially equal
to the
a. voltage drop across the load resistor.
b. input voltage.
c. reference voltage (VREF).
d. voltage drop across inductor L1.
3. When the internal IC transistor switch of U1 is on,
a. the collector voltage is slightly higher than VO, and L1 discharges.
b. the collector voltage is slightly above O Vdc (at saturation), and L1 becomes charged.
c. VO is higher than the set regulated value.
d. the oscillator signal is ramping down (logic 0).
4. During the ramp up duration above the reference line of the timing signal, the IC transistor
switch of a dc to dc converter is
a. saturated.
c. cut off.
d. oscillating.
5. During the ramp down duration below the reference line of the timing signal, the IC transistor
switch of a dc converter is
a. saturated.
c. cut off.
d. oscillating.
3-118
CMS AVAILABLE
CM 20 TOGGLE
CM 19 TOGGLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-119
Exercise 2 Voltage Regulation and Efficiency

EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Demonstrate regulation and power efficiency of a dc to dc converter. Verify results with a
voltmeter and an oscilloscope.
EXERCISE DISCUSSION
If the output voltage of a dc to dc converter varies above and below its nominal set point,
a. VREF will vary.
b. VR3 (feedback voltage) will remain constant.
c. Q1 on time will remain the same.
d. Q1 duty cycle will vary.
EXERCISE PROCEDURE
VO =
Vdc
Recall Label for this Question: VO

Nominal Answer: 9.9
5. Based on the change of circuit output voltage from #VO# Vdc, the dc to dc converter
a. does not possess good load regulation.
b. possesses excellent load regulation.
3-120

9. Based on your circuit waveforms, one complete regulation period corresponds to about
a. 200 ms.
b. 20 ms.
c. 2 ms.
d. 1 ms.
10. Based on your waveforms, the internal switching transistor of IC U1 has a boost (charging)
phase interval of about
a. 100% of the total regulation cycle.
b. 50% of the total regulation cycle.
c. 25% of the total regulation cycle.
d. 1% of the total regulation cycle.
11. Based on your waveforms, the internal switching transistor of IC U1 switches at
a. a higher frequency than the actual output ripple frequency.
b. the same frequency as the actual output ripple frequency.
c. a lower frequency than the actual ripple frequency.
12. Based on your waveforms, the interval during which U1 is not switching corresponds to
a. an initial output voltage greater than the desired output voltage.
b. the interval in which the circuit inductor does not contribute energy to the output.
c. a decreasing output voltage.
16. Based on your observation of the output voltage change versus input voltage change, does
the dc to dc converter possess good line voltage regulation?
a. yes
b. no
3-121

II = VR1 /R1 =
mA
Recall Label for this Question: IT

Min/Max Value: (71.19) to (87.01)
PI = IT x VCC =
mW
Recall Label for this Question: PIN

Min/Max Value: (284.4) to (347.6)
PO = (VRL x VRL)/RL =
mW
Recall Label for this Question: POUT

Min/Max Value: (174.6) to (213.4)
20. Based on a typical 30% power efficiency for a series pass regulator, your dc to dc converter
a. is much more efficient.
b. has about the same power efficiency.
c. is much less efficient.
d. has 100% power efficiency.
3-122
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. If the circuit load of a dc to dc converter is increased (load resistance decreased), the amount
of energy switched by the IC must
a. decrease.
b. increase.
c. remain the same.
d. be inverted.
2. Energy from L1 adds to the circuit load voltage when
a. VREF is less than VR3.
b. VO is greater than VREF.
c. VREF is greater than VR3.
d. VR4 equals VR3.
3. When VI decreases, VO is maintained constant by the comparator
a. decreasing the duty cycle of the transistor switch.
b. maintaining a constant output.
c. increasing the duty cycle of the transistor switch.
d. turning off the transistor switch.
4. The power efficiency of a dc to dc converter using an IC switching regulator is high because
a. the transistor switch has a low resistance.
b. the oscillator uses little power.
c. of the compact size of the IC.
d. the transistor switch consumes little power when switching very rapidly between
saturation or cutoff.
5. The slight ac variation in the output voltage is called
a. impedance.
b. inductive reactance.
c. ripple.
d. capacitive reactance.
3-123
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None
3-124
UNIT TEST
An IC switching regulator configured as a dc to dc converter can regulate an output voltage
a. higher than the input voltage.
b. lower than the input voltage.
c. of opposite polarity to the input voltage.
The transistor in a dc to dc converter
a. is switched rapidly between saturation and cutoff.
b. is operated in the linear region.
c. is operated at an on/off frequency equal to the oscillator frequency.
d. protects the circuit from short circuits.
The set value of the output voltage in a dc to dc converter is determined by the
a. oscillator frequency.
b. duty cycle.
c. ratio of the voltage divider resistors.
d. reference voltage value.
When the transistor switch is off during normal operation of a dc to dc converter,
a. the collector voltage is slightly higher than VO, and the inductor discharges through the
diode.
b. the collector voltage is slightly above O Vdc (at saturation), and the inductor becomes
charged.
c. there is no current flow through the diode.
d. the comparator and oscillator outputs are both logic 1.
Within the switching regulator IC, the duty cycle of the transistor switch is controlled by
a. the comparator circuit.
b. the oscillator circuit.
c. feedback voltage.
d. the reference voltage.
3-125

When the controlled output voltage of a dc to dc converter decreases due to a momentary load
change, the transistor switch duty cycle
a. increases.
b. increases temporarily and then returns to the original value.
c. decreases.
d. decreases temporarily and then returns to the original value.
When the controlled output voltage of a dc to dc converter increases due to an increase in the line
voltage, the transistor switch duty cycle
a. increases.
b. increases temporarily and then returns to the original value.
c. decreases.
d. decreases temporarily and then returns to the original value.
If the output voltage of a dc to dc converter is above the initial set value,
a. the internal IC oscillator turns off.
b. the transistor switching action continues.
c. the transistor switch turns off.
d. feedback voltage decreases.
The output load power of a dc to dc converter equals
a. VI x IRL.
b. VO2/R5.
c. VO2/(R4 + R3).
d. VO/IRL.
Ripple in the output voltage of a dc to dc converter is caused primarily by
b. changes in the line voltage.
c. the transistor switch turning rapidly on and off.
d. variations in the reference voltage.
3-126
TROUBLESHOOTING
5. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the dc to dc converter is working properly by
doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already adjusted
VCC to 4.0 Vdc.
VO (RL = k) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (7.538) to (12.56)
6. Using a two-post connector, connect R6 into the circuit so that RL equals 500
VO (RL = 500) =
Vdc
*
a. VREF (shorted to ground).
b. CR1 (open anode-cathode junction).
c. U1 pin 12, timing (shorted to ground).
d. R3 (open connection to ground).
value.
3-127

5. Before a circuit fault is introduced, verify that the dc to dc converter is working properly by
doing a performance check. Check the load regulation. Remember, you have already adjusted
VCC to 4.0 Vdc.
VO (RL = k) =
Vdc
Min/Max Value: (7.538) to (12.56)
6. Using a two-post connector, connect R6 into the circuit so that RL equals 500
VO (RL = 500) =
Vdc
*
a. VREF (shorted to ground).
b. CR1 (open anode-cathode junction).
c. U1 pin 12, timing (shorted to ground).
d. R3 (open connection to ground).
value.
3-128
CMS AVAILABLE
None
FAULTS AVAILABLE
Fault 9
Fault 12
3-129
3-130
Appendix A Pretest and Posttest Questions and Answers
APPENDIX A PRETEST AND POSTTEST QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

PRETEST
1. The purpose of a power supply regulation circuit is to
a. maintain a constant load resistance.
b. provide a constant output voltage (VO) or load current (IL) with changes to the load
resistance (RL) or line voltage (VA).
a. load (RL) changes.
b. failure of the regulator reference voltage.
c. input voltage (VA) changes.
a. power surges.
b. changes in the load resistance (RL).
a. power supply regulator.
b. power supply regulator and load resistance.
c. reference voltage.
d. load resistance (RL).
5. If a power supply did not have a regulator circuit, an increase in the load resistance would
cause the output voltage to
a. decrease.
b. remain the same.
c. fluctuate.
d. increase.
6. Four regulation circuits are evaluated for a certain application. The regulator with the most
effective line regulation is the one with a line regulation specification of
a. 0.02 percent
b. 0.75 percent
c. 0.015 percent
d. 1.0 percent
A-1
resistors
b. remains nearly constant as load current increases.
c. decreases as load current increases.
d. is less than the transistor current.
8. A shunt regulator is designed to maintain nearly constant load voltage for changes in
a. transistor current.
b. zener voltage.
c. line (input) voltage or load resistance.
9. In a shunt regulator circuit, a change of line voltage or load current causes a change in base
current. Base current change forces a change in
a. collector current.
b. line voltage.
c. output voltage.
10. The total current through a shunt regulator approximately equals the sum of the current
through the transistor and
a. the circuit load resistance.
b. line voltage.
c. zener diode.
11. Typically, line regulation is determined with load resistance
a. at zero.
b. at various levels.
c. held constant.
12. Typically, load regulation is determined with the line voltage
a. at zero.
b. held constant.
c. at various levels.
13. A series regulator
a. uses a pass transistor in series with the load.
b. uses a pass transistor in parallel with the load.
c. cannot regulate the output voltage if load current changes.
d. conducts less as the load current increases.
A-2

a. input resistor failure.
b. failure of the zener diode.
c. changes in load resistance.
d. normal power line voltage variations.
15. In a series voltage regulator circuit, a bleeder resistor is used to maintain a
a. minimum circuit load current.
b. maximum circuit load current.
c. minimum line voltage.
a. increases.
b. stays about the same.
c. decreases.
d. decreases no more than 1.5 Vdc.
voltage
a. increases.
b. does not change.
c. decreases.
b. the base-emitter voltage of the pass transistor.
c. load current.
19. A series voltage regulator cannot control the output voltage for
a. output short circuits.
b. moderate line voltage variations.
c. moderate load fluctuations.
a. shunt regulator.
b. series regulator.
A-3
21. A characteristic of the voltage feedback regulator is the

a. ease of adjusting the output voltage value.
b. ease of output current adjustment.
c. elimination of a reference voltage.
d. use of complementary transistors.
22. During normal operation of a feedback voltage regulator circuit, the load resistance increases.
a. much higher.
b. unchanged.
c. much lower.
d. slightly lower, then resume its normal level.
23. A foldback limiting circuit is a(n)
a. passive protection circuit.
b. active protection circuit.
c. inactive protection circuit.
d. accurate type of voltage regulator.
24. In a voltage feedback regulation circuit the purpose of the feedback (error) amplifier is to
25. In voltage feedback regulator operation, a change in line voltage (circuit input voltage),
26. In active foldback current limiting with a severe output overload,
27. Increasing load resistance causes a voltage feedback regulator to
a. decrease load current.
b. decrease output voltage.
c. increase load current.
d. increase output voltage.
A-4
28. A current regulator maintains a constant

a. load resistance.
b. input current.
c. load (output) current.
29. The current regulator is a type of
a. series and shunt regulator.
c. shunt regulator.
30. If the line voltage to a current regulator increases,
a. load current decreases significantly
b. load current increases significantly.
c. load voltage increases significantly.
d. load current remains at a constant level.
31. In a transistor circuit regulator, the load resistance becomes too great; therefore, the
32. If the load resistance of a current regulator is reduced to 0 ohms (a short circuit), the circuit
33. A 3-pin IC power supply regulator can be used
b. to simultaneously control load voltage and current.
34. For good IC voltage regulator control, the difference between the input voltage (VA) and the
set output voltage (VO) should never be less than
a. 1.0 Vdc
b. 3.0 Vdc
c. 1.2 Vdc
d. 2.5 Vdc
A-5
35. If the input power to a 3-pin IC regulator is 50 mW and the power consumed by the load is
NOTE: Power Efficiency(%) = (POUT/PIN) x 100
a. 60 percent.
b. 40 percent.
c. 250 percent.
d. 66 percent.
36. The reference voltage drop within a 3-pin IC regulator
b. is constant.
d. depends on current or voltage control.
37. An Integrated Circuit (IC) is any electronic device in which passive and active elements are
a. explosive.
b. contained in a single package.
c. not functioning.
38. An IC switching regulator, dc to dc converter can be configured to
a. regulate an output voltage higher than the input voltage.
b. regulate an output voltage lower than the input voltage.
c. regulate an output voltage with the opposite polarity of the input voltage.
39. The IC switching regulator converts the dc input into
a. sinewaves.
b. high frequency sine waves.
c. very low frequency pulses.
d. high frequency ac pulses.
40. The slight ac variation in the output voltage (VO) of a dc to dc converter is called
a. impedance.
c. ripple.
41. In general, dc to dc converter circuits control a transistor switch that is used to charge a(n)
_________ with energy.
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.
c. resistor.
d. diode.
A-6
42. The set value of the output voltage in a dc to dc converter is determined by the
b. duty cycle.
b. the transistor switch consumes little power when switching very rapidly between
saturation and cutoff.
c. the oscillator uses little power.
d. of the compact size of the IC.
44. During the ramp up duration above the reference line of the timing signal, the IC transistor
switch of a dc to dc converter is
a. saturated.
c. cut off.
d. oscillating.
45. Ripple in the output voltage of a dc to dc converter is caused primarily by
c. the transistor switch rapidly turning on and off.
46. To efficiently troubleshoot a regulator problem, you should use
a. imagination and individual initiative.
b. knowledge of the circuit.
c. logical procedures.
47. The first step in the troubleshooting flowchart is to
a. make performance checks.
b. analyze the symptoms of the problem.
c. make a visual inspection.
d. isolate and repair the faulty circuit componen
48. The objective to reviewing the performance check data is to
a. prove that the fault does not exist.
b. determine the faulty circuit component.
c. be able to make a good assumption on the possible fault.
d. help you eliminate the symptoms of the fault.
A-7
49. A measured value that is not exactly the same as the nominal value but is within the specified
tolerance limits
a. indicates a fault in the circuit.
b. is considered a normal reading.
c. indicates that a circuit component is beginning to break down.
d. is considered normal only if it is less than the nominal value.
50. When the fault is determined and the faulty component is repaired or replaced, the next step
in troubleshooting is to
a. do a performance check to test the regulator for proper operation.
b. put the power supply regulator back into operation.
c. make a visual inspection and put the regulator back into operation.
d. put the regulator back into operation and make sure that there are no symptoms of
improper operation.
A-8
POSTTEST
1. A shunt regulator is designed to maintain nearly constant load voltage for changes in
a. transistor current.
b. zener voltage.
c. line (input) voltage or load resistance.
2. Typically, load regulation is determined with the line voltage
a. at zero.
b. held constant.
c. at various levels.
a. increases.
b. stays about the same.
c. decreases nor more than 2.2 Vdc.
d. decreases no more than 1.5 Vdc.
4. The total current through a shunt regulator approximately equals the sum of the current
through the transistor and
a. the circuit load resistance.
b. line voltage.
c. zener diode.
5. Four regulation circuits are evaluated for a certain application. The regulator with the most
effective line regulation is the one with a line regulation specification of
a. 0.02 percent
b. 0.75 percent
c. 0.015 percent
d. 1.0 percent
a. input resistor failure.
b. failure of the zener diode.
c. changes in load resistance.
d. normal power line voltage variations.
a. power surges.
b. changes in the load resistance (RL).
A-9
resistors
b. remains nearly constant as load current increases.
c. decreases as load current increases.
d. is less than the transistor current.
voltage
a. increases.
b. does not change.
c. decreases.
a. power supply regulator.
b. power supply regulator and load resistance.
c. reference voltage.
d. load resistance (RL).
11. Typically, line regulation is determined with load resistance
a. at zero.
b. at various levels.
c. held constant.
12. In a shunt regulator circuit, a change of line voltage or load current causes a change in base
current. Base current change forces a change in
a. collector current.
b. emitter current.
c. output voltage.
a. load (RL) changes.
b. failure of the regulator reference voltage.
c. input voltage (VA) changes.
14. A series regulator
a. uses a pass transistor in series with the load.
b. uses a pass transistor in parallel with the load.
c. cannot regulate the output voltage if load current changes.
d. conducts less as the load current increases.
A-10
15. If a power supply did not have a regulator circuit, an increase in the load resistance would
cause the output voltage to
a. decrease.
b. remain the same.
c. fluctuate.
d. increase.
b. the base-emitter voltage of the pass transistor.
c. load current.
17. In a series voltage regulator circuit, a bleeder resistor is used to maintain a
a. minimum circuit load current.
b. maximum circuit load current.
c. minimum line voltage.
18. The purpose of a power supply regulation circuit is to
a. maintain a constant load resistance.
b. provide a constant output voltage VO) or load current (IL) with changes to the load
resistance (RL) or line voltage (VA).
19. A foldback limiting circuit is a(n)
a. passive protection circuit.
b. active protection circuit.
c. inactive protection circuit.
d. accurate type of voltage regulator.
20. Increasing load resistance causes a voltage feedback regulator to
a. decrease load current.
b. decrease output voltage.
c. increase load current.
d. increase output voltage.
21. If the load resistance of a current regulator is reduced to 0 ohms (a short circuit), the circuit
A-11
22. A series voltage regulator cannot control the output voltage for
a. output short circuits.
b. moderate line voltage variations.
c. moderate load fluctuations.
23. In a voltage feedback regulation circuit the purpose of the feedback (error) amplifier is to
24. A current regulator maintains a constant
a. load resistance.
b. input current.
c. load (output) current.
a. shunt regulator.
26. In active foldback current limiting with a severe output overload,
27. A 3-pin IC power supply regulator can be used
b. to simultaneously control load voltage and current.
28. In voltage feedback regulator operation, a change in line voltage (circuit input voltage),
A-12
29. The current regulator is a type of

a. series and shunt regulator.
c. shunt regulator.
30. A characteristic of the voltage feedback regulator is the
a. ease of adjusting the output voltage value.
b. ease of output current adjustment.
c. elimination of a reference voltage.
d. use of complementary transistors.
31. In a transistor circuit regulator, the load resistance becomes too great; therefore, the
32. During normal operation of a feedback voltage regulator circuit, the load resistance increases.
a. much higher.
b. slightly higher, then resume its normal level.
c. much lower.
d. slightly lower, then resume its normal level.
33. If the input power to a 3-pin IC regulator is 50 mW and the power consumed by the load is
NOTE: Power Efficiency(%) = (POUT/PIN) x 100
a.
b.
c.
d.
60 percent.
40 percent.
250 percent.
66 percent.
34. If the line voltage to a current regulator increases,

a. load current decreases significantly
b. load current increases significantly.
c. load voltage increases significantly.
d. load current remains at a constant level.
35. The IC switching regulator converts the dc input into
a. sinewaves.
b. high frequency sine waves.
c. very low frequency pulses.
d. high frequency ac pulses.
A-13
36. In general, dc to dc converter circuits control a transistor switch that is used to charge a(n)
_________ with energy.
a. capacitor.
b. inductor.
c. resistor.
d. diode.
37. For good IC voltage regulator control, the difference between the input voltage (VA) and the
set output voltage (VO) should never be less than
a. 1.0 Vdc
b. 3.0 Vdc
c. 1.2 Vdc
d. 2.5 Vdc
38. An Integrated Circuit (IC) is any electronic device in which passive and active elements are
a. explosive.
b. contained in a single package.
c. not functioning.
b. the transistor switch consumes little power when switching very rapidly between
saturation and cutoff.
c. the oscillator uses little power.
d. of the compact size of the IC.
40. An IC switching regulator, dc to dc converter can be configured to
a. regulate an output voltage higher than the input voltage.
b. regulate an output voltage lower than the input voltage
c. regulate an output voltage with the opposite polarity of the input voltage.
41. During the ramp up duration of the timing signal, the IC transistor switch of a dc to dc
converter is
a. saturated.
c. cut off.
d. oscillating.
42. The reference voltage drop within a 3-pin IC regulator
b. is constant.
d. depends on current or voltage control.
A-14
43. To efficiently troubleshoot a regulator problem, you should use

a. imagination and individual initiative.
b. knowledge of the circuit.
c. logical procedures.
44. The slight ac variation in the output voltage (VO) of a dc to dc converter is called
a. impedance.
c. ripple.
45. A measured value that is not exactly the same as the nominal value but is within the specified
tolerance limits
a. indicates a fault in the circuit.
b. is considered a normal reading.
c. indicates that a circuit component is beginning to break down.
d. is considered normal only if it is less than the nominal value.
46. Ripple in the output voltage of a dc to dc converter is caused primarily by
c. the transistor switch rapidly turning on and off.
47. When the fault is determined and the faulty component is repaired or replaced, the next step
in troubleshooting is to
a. do a performance check to test the regulator for proper operation.
b. put the power supply regulator back into operation.
c. make a visual inspection and put the regulator back into operation.
d. put the regulator back into operation and make sure that there are no symptoms of
improper operation.
48. The set value of the output voltage in a dc to dc converter is determined by the
b. duty cycle.
49. The objective to reviewing the performance check data is to
a. prove that the fault does not exist.
b. determine the faulty circuit component.
c. be able to make a good assumption on the possible fault.
d. help you eliminate the symptoms of the fault.
A-15
50. The first step in the troubleshooting flow chart is to

a. make performance checks.
b. analyze the symptoms of the problem.
c. make a visual inspection.
d. isolate and repair the faulty circuit component.
A-16
Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)
APPENDIX B FAULTS AND CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS (CMS)

CM
FAULT
ACTION
SCHEMATIC
SWITCH NO.
21
22
1
2
23
24
25
26
27
4
5
6
7
28
29
8
9
30
31
32
10
11
12
2
4
2
4
5
6
5
6
7
8
7
8
16
16
17
18
19
20
17
18
19
20
opens Q1 base
shorts Q1 basecollector junction
shorts CR1 with
100
opens Q3 collector
opens R1
opens Q1 base
shorts VR1 pin ADJ
to ground through
10
opens R2
shorts U1 pin
TIMING to ground
through 100
opens CR1
opens Q1 emitter
opens circuit at
grounded end of R3
CR1 zener voltage
= 6.1
opens CR1
CR1 zener voltage
= 5.1
R3 = 820
opens circuit
between Q3-base
and R7 wiper
R8 = 12 k
shorts CR1 with
100
CR1 zener voltage
= 3.3
CR1 zener voltage
= 5.1
R1 = 470
R1 = 180
R4 = 103 k
R3 = 12 k
B-1
Appendix B Faults and Circuit Modifications (CMs)
B-2
Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting
APPENDIX C BOARD AND COURSEWARE TROUBLESHOOTING

Circuit Board Problems
The F.A.C.E.T. equipment is carefully designed, manufactured, and tested to assure long,
reliable life. If you suspect a genuine failure in the equipment, the following steps should be
followed to trace a problem.
A. ALWAYS insert the board into a base unit before attempting to use an ohmmeter for
troubleshooting. The schematic diagrams imprinted on the boards are modified by the
absence of base unit switch connections; therefore, ohmmeter checks will produce erroneous
results with disconnected boards. Do not apply power to the base unit when you perform
resistance checks.
B. Information describing fault switch functions is provided in Appendix B in this instructor
guide.
Courseware Problems
The F.A.C.E.T. courseware has been written to meet carefully selected objectives. All exercises
have been tested for accuracy, and information presented in discussions has been reviewed for
technical content. Tolerances have been computed for all procedure and review question answers
to assure that responses are not invalidated by component or instrument errors.
Nevertheless, you or your students may discover mistakes or experience difficulty in using our
publications. We appreciate your comments and assure you that we will weigh them carefully in
our ongoing product improvement efforts.
As we address courseware problems, we will post corrections for download from our web site,
www.labvolt.com. Select the customer support tab, and then choose product line: F.A.C.E.T.
Select a course, select from a list of symptoms that have been addressed, and follow the
instructions.
C-1
Appendix C Board and Courseware Troubleshooting
We will do our best to help you resolve problems if you call the number below. However, for
best results, and to avoid confusion, we prefer that you write with a description of the problem.
If you write, please include the following information:
Your name, title, mailing address, and telephone number (please include the best time to
reach you).
Publication title and number.
Page number(s), and step and/or figure number(s) of affected material.
Complete description of the problem encountered and any additional information that may
help us solve the problem.
Send your courseware comments to:

techsupport@labvolt.com
Lab-Volt Systems
P.O. Box 686
Farmingdale, NJ 07727
ATTN: Technical Support
If you prefer to telephone regarding hardware or courseware problems, call us between 9:00 AM
and 4:30 PM (Eastern time) at: (800) 522-4436 or (888)-LAB-VOLT.
C-2
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Unit 4 Voltage Feedback Regulation................................................................................... 3-57

The unit objective

SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY

Power Supply Regulators

Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation

SECTION 1 WORKSTATION INVENTORY AND INSTALLATION

Power Supply Regulators

Section 1 Workstation Inventory and Installation

SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

SECTION 2 INTRODUCTION TO F.A.C.E.T. CURRICULUM

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

F.A.C.E.T. Help Screens and Resources

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Instructor Annotation Tool

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Exercise and Troubleshooting Questions

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Pretest and Posttest

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Real-Number Questions and Answers

Recall Label for this Question: V1

This is the name the computer uses internally

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Any letter enclosed in "#" signs refers to a

Since the value for #V1# is 14.5, the

Recall Label for this Question: I1

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Recall Values in Text

Location:Exercise Procedure page: se1p11, Question ID: e1p11c

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Power Supply Regulators

Section 2 Introduction to F.A.C.E.T. Curriculum

Power Supply Regulators

Unit 1 Circuit Board Familiarization

UNIT 1 CIRCUIT BOARD FAMILIARIZATION

Power Supply Regulators

Unit 1 Circuit Board Familiarization

Exercise 1 Circuit Location and Identification

Power Supply Regulators

Unit 1 Circuit Board Familiarization

Power Supply Regulators

Unit 1 Circuit Board Familiarization

Location: Exercise Procedure page: se1p6, Question ID: e1p6a