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dye m
er thanan or equalRate law:
d c dye
r=
=k
dt
r : rate of reaction
m ,n : order of reaction
k : proportionality constant
Calculate
dr
dc
instead of
dr
, then perform
d c bleach
analytical
d A dye
5. Use
d cdye
A dye
a set at
to convert
A dye c dye
Rate law
dye m
dye m =k p
Since c bleach c dye c bleach 0 so
,
k
d c dye
r=
=
dt
where k p is the pseudo-rate constant
dc
=k p
dt
dc=k p dt
m=0
c
cc0 =k p t
c m=0=k p t +c 0
at time
versus time
dc
=k p c
dt
dc
=k p dt
c
dc= k p dt
c0
c0
1c dc=k p dt
log ( c)log (c 0)=k p t
k t
c m=1=c 0 e
p
m=2
dc
2
=k p c
dt
dc
=k p dt
c2
c
t
1
c 2 dc=k p dt
c
0
1 1
=k p t
c0 c
1
c m=2=
k P t+c 01
0
c 0 and
since
| || || |
d 2 c m=2
d t2
If
If
is linear
If
d 2 cm =1
>
d t2
>
d 2 c m=0
dt2
c vs. t is linear, then reaction is of the zeroth order since c m=0 is linear
log(c) vs. t is linear, then reaction is of the first order since log ( cm =1 )=k p t+ log (c 0 )
1
c
vs.
Compute
k p =log(
A1
)/t using kinetic trace
Ao 1
Convert
A c
log 10(
I
)= A= lc , where
I0
is substance &
Since
100
)
c 100
A
, as well as r 1 at any t 1 , which
m
is r=k ' [bleach] where [bleach] is some c 1 at its corresponding t 1
1
Recommended to use points (c 1 , A1 ) ,(c 2 , A2 ) , where c 2> c 1 and A 2 A 1
2
c 1 at any
A 1 using c=
2. Obtain kinetic traces (absorbance-time graphs) by making 6 10.0 mL dye-0.25 M bleach solutions
(aim for 90% dye concentration, 9.00 mL dye)
a. Pipet dye into vial
b. Move into spectrophotometer
c. Drop magnetic bar into vial
d. Syringe bleach into vial
e. Cover with lid
3. Analyze kinetic traces: determine dye order & pseudo-rate constant
a c by Beers law, so
r=k [bleach][dye]=k ' [dye] where
a.
b.
k ' =k [bleach] , so
if A dye vs. t linear, dye order =
0
If dye order = 0, A =k ' t + A 0
if ln ( A dye ) vs. t linear, dye
If dye order = 1, ln( A)=k ' t + ln(A 0 )
order = 1
If dye order = 2, 1/ A=k ' t+1/ A0
1/
A
if
vs. t linear, dye order
dye
=2
4. Repeat step 2, using the doubled concentration this time
5. Determine bleach order by comparing pseudo-rate constants when concentration doubled
a. If k ' remains constant, bleach order = 0
If k ' doubles (increases linearly), bleach order = 1
If k ' quadruples (increases quadratically), bleach order = 2
6. Obtain Beers Law calibration (absorbance-concentration) graph
a. Make 5 10.0 mL aqueous dye solutions, with concentrations 20% apart (e.g. 20%
concentration = 8 mL dye + 2 mL water, etc.)
b. Place each vial in spectrophotometer and record their absorbances at analytical
wavelength
7. Analyze calibration graph: Relate absorbance to concentration
a. Determine slope and convert units of %-1 to M-1 via m(100 / c100 )
b. Use Beers Law to convert any absorbance to concentration via A=mc , where
m= slope
c. Compare reaction rate at two points on absorbance-time graph where one has
the absorbance of the other to verify equation is correct (e.g. if order of dye and bleach is 1,
reaction rate should half)
Glassware