ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

APPROVAL SHEET

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication
Engineering, the FM Transmitter and FM receiver has been
prepared and submitted by the following students:
Aguire, Jaylord
Alisangco, Keith Lester
Aonuevo, Benhur
Arguel, Mark Ian Andrew
Bancil, John Matthew
Bendoy, Carlo
Castro, Dandy
Enoferio, Jestoni
Galang, Eugene
Jabson, Francis Ian
Sanchez, Joycel
Approved by:

Engr. Jomar Liquido

Dasalla
Instructor
Coordinator

Prof. Rommel
Dean

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Approve and accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communication engineering
with the grade of
.

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
AKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to

our professor Engr. Jomar Liquido as well as our college head Mr.
Rommel Dasalla who gave us the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic of FM Transmitter , which also
helped us in doing a lot of Research and we came to know about
so many new things we are really thankful to them.
We also wanted to appreciate each of our efforts as we do
our best to accomplish every task as we have. Everyone
supported and contributed equally and faithfully to one another.
With dedication, passion, and enthusiasm to be of great service as
a group of our team makes a change not only for our project but
building ourselves to be responsible engineers in our society
someday.
And we would also like to thank our parents and friends who
helped us a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame. They are the ones who gave us support, who give
patience, considerations, understanding for our critical situations,
for their love and for the financial support to fulfill this project to
be our inspirations inspiration to push ourselves to the limit. They
gave their own opinions and hand when we were in trouble that
really makes us to do our very best to value the efforts they had.
Lastly, we especially give all the thanks to God Almighty who
had gave us strength in times of problems and failures; and
wisdom to think of probable solutions as we proceed with our
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
project. And we believe that with God everything is possible no
matter what.

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEDICATION

We would like to dedicate our project to our teachers, who guide us to

come up with this project,

Secondly we would like to thank our parents and friends

Who helped and support us a lot in order to finalize our project.

To our group mates who made our full force effort to make this project.

To the students who would like to make this project in the future,
The ICCT Colleges that serve as the instrument for all these to happen.

And

Especially to God who help us to come up with all the problems that we
encounter during our project construction.

And making all these things possible.

ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Table of Contents
I.

Approval Sheet
Acknowledgement
Dedication
Table Of Contents
II.
Overview Of The Design

1
2
3
4

5
Introduction
5
Overview of The Design
III.

7
Project Description
Design Objective

8
Scope and Delimitation
9
Design Consideration
IV.

10
Project Design Analysis
11
Schematic Diagram
Block Diagram
Electronic Component Specification

11
12

13
Function of The Components
13
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
V.

Safety Engineering

16
VI. Glossary
VII. Technical References

18

20

I.Overview Of The Design

Introduction
In electronics and telecommunications, a transmitter is an
electronic device in which we are using on our daily life. If the
distance between communication parties is too large, direct
communication is impossible. With this devices, we can now
communicate or transmit data over a particular distance with the
aid of an antenna that produces radio waves to be sent wirelessly
or through the Earths atmosphere. Transmitter has different
types of antenna that does the job to receive and to transmit
according to the type of modulation used and to provide the
range.
This project is a FM transmitter of Frequency modulated
transmitter. It is one of the most used transmitters because it has
a noise immunity greater than the traditional AM transmitters. A
FM transmitter is a device which is a part of a radio system that
propagates a frequency modulated signal from a simple
modulating or intelligence signal.
An FM transmitter uses FM waves (frequency modulated
waves) to send sound. Frequency modulation transmits data (in
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
our case an audio signal) over a carrier wave by changing the
frequency of the carrier wave, where the frequency of the carrier
wave corresponds to the voltage level of the audio signal .
Our transmitter project is designed to be as simple to be
produced, low-cost that is able to transmit a particular message
by means of our voice or other forms of sound. It is small in size
which means it can be carried anywhere and is powered only by a
9V battery.

Introduction

Transmitter generates a radio frequency alternating current,

which is applied to the antenna. When excited by this, the
antenna radiates radio waves such as in radio and television
broadcasting.
It accepts any signals as analog in form such as voice
frequencies and audio frequencies. It is used with an antenna. The
antenna produces radio waves and converts them in tiny
alternating currents which are applied to a receiver, and the
receiver extract the desired information. The information to be
sent at the transmitter may be in the form of sound (audio signal),
images (video signal).
We also had a Pre-emphasis network that passes voice
modulating signals and filters out the high-frequency noise that
interfere during the sound signal conversion process at the
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
transducer. And it also involves a tuning by means of a variable
oscillator to provide a certain frequency that we wanted.
It is made up of combination of resistors, capacitors,
inductor and other semiconductor devices to provide the
transmitter circuit.

Overview of the Design

To explain the project, frequency modulation transmitter

actually to a hand sized devices, which operates at radio FM
range. The frequency modulated transmitter operating frequency
is fixed from 87.5 MHz up to around 108 MHz. It is designed by
using a simple circuit that works by combining an analog input
signal to a desired carrier frequency for transmission.
A microphone is used to receive sound that we want to be
transmitted, it is also called the input signal. It converts any
sound to an equivalent electrical signal to be used in our electrical
circuit. The project allows one-way communication using an
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

V.V. Soliven Avenue II ,Cainta ,Rizal

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ordinary broadcast FM radio as receiver. As for our FM transmitter
project, considerations of the values of the components and
selections of semiconductor devices in our schematic diagram is
designed for such a simple or basic FM transmitter circuit. It only
operates at 9v 15v and can only propagate or transmit a signal
on a limited range areas and has few components compared to
the other type of high-end FM transmitters used in radio stations.
The receiver is tuned to the desired signal the same as the
transmitter to accept and translates the signal produced at the
transmitter. It actually works with the principle of antennas. And
those signals receive is pre-amplified for effective use for the
speakers. An FM transmitter and receiver is very reliable since it is
much more immune to noise especially for voice and high
frequency audio signals.

II.

Project Description
Design Objectives
o To understand, clarify and learn the operation of basic
wireless telecommunications.
o To create an appropriate transmitter for home uses.
o To create non-expensive transmitter.
o To provide a simple design but good in audio fidelity.
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ICCT COLLEGES FOUNDATION INC.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
o To develop a simple FM transmitter receiver to be used
in
specialized
applications
such
as
in
telecommunication.
o To apply theoretical knowledge into practice.
o To improve practical skills in performing hardware
implementation such as soldering and circuit testing
can be enhanced.

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Scope and Delimitation

Scopes
o
o
o
o
o

This transmitter is ideal for home use.

Consist of improvised electronic components.
Transfer sound with high fidelity.
May use the receiver as FM radio.
Designed to be a hand-carry device.

Delimitations
o
o
o
o

Made for audio and voice transmission purposes only.

A minimum range of operation.
It does not perform any modification on the signal.
Magnetically affected when it is operated.

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Design consideration
o We must consider most especially the size of the PCB.
o Knowing about the specification of each component for
the use of it.
o The style of the circuit depend upon the function of the
component in the circuit.
o Arrangement of the component must be considerate.

Minimum spacing between components is necessary.

o The inductor coil should be measured accurately to
avoid tuning errors.

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III. Project Design Analysis

Schematic Diagram

FM Transmitter

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Block Diagram

FM Transmitter

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Discussion:

Modulating Signal is the input analog signal which is the

voice, audio or any other forms of sound.
9 Volts DC Supply Biases the whole FM transmitter circuit.
Transducer(Microphone) it is responsible of converting sound
or modulating signals to its equivalent electrical signal for
amplification, filtering, and other purposes.
Amplifier (Class A) From the pre-emphasis network, after the
noise signal is reduced. The modulating signal is amplified to
provide high fidelity of the modulating signal.
Emitter Follower Configuration When the modulating signal
has already amplified and will pass now through this network. It
will now ready to be transmitted to the radio frequency spectrum
designated by the Oscillator at the next stage.
Oscillator This is the stage that oscillates and generates the
required frequency of 87.5MHz to 108MHz and transmit it through
the Earths atmosphere.
Antenna It is where the radio frequency signal is to be radiated
to the space and to be received by different kinds of receivers
reached by the transmitters range.

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Electronic Component Specification

FM Transmitter

Components and names:

Quantity:

Value:

SEMICONDUCTORS
Q1, Q2

KSP2222A

RESISTORS
R1 (carbon composition)

2k ohms (1/4 watt , 5%)

R2 ( carbon composition)

15k ohm

R3 (carbon composition)

6.9k ohms

R4 ( carbon composition)

10k ohms

R5, R7 ( carbon composition)

3.7k ohms

R6 (carbon composition)

1k ohms

R8 (carbon composition)

2.2k ohms

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R9 (carbon composition)

220 ohms

CAPACITOR
C1, C5

10uF

C3

30pF Trimmer Capacitor

C4, C6

100nF

C7

INDUCTOR
L1

OTHERS
-

Electret Microphone

Antenna

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Function of The Components
FM Transmitter
o Electret Microphone inserts an input voice signal and it
converts voice modulating signal into electrical signal.
o Resistor (R1) and Capacitor (C1) couples the modulating
signal converted from the transducer to the system for
amplification and propagation.
o Resistors (R2 and R3) base resistors that controls the
base voltage of the transistor Q1 and maintains a small
amount of the base current.
o Resistor (R5) and Capacitor (C5) it handles the emitter
current and the signal that will pass through the collector
side.
o Resistor (R6) and Capacitor (C2) delivers the pure amplified
signal unto the emitter follower configuration .
o Resistors (R7 and R8) They provide stability for the
signal to the configuration.
o Capacitors (C6 and C4) avoids any feedback or
unwanted signal at the base of the Q2 that will affect the
oscillator at the output.
o Resistor (R9) and Capacitor (C7) controls the collector
current and voltage of the emitter-follower circuit.
o Capacitor (C3) and Inductor (L1) provides the oscillator
circuit that will set our desired operating frequency for our
transmitter.
o Transistor (Q1) amplifies the incoming modulating signal
coupled from the transducer.

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o Transistor (Q2) is the emitter-follower that produces a
high fidelity radio-frequency equivalent of the modulating
signal.

IV. Safety Engineering

o Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.
o Treat all electrical devices as if they are live or
energized.
o Disconnect the power source before servicing or
repairing electrical equipment.
o Minimize the use of electrical equipment in cold rooms
or other areas where condensation is likely.
o If water or a chemical is spilled onto equipment, shut
off power.
o If an individual comes in contact with a live electrical
conductor, do not touch the equipment, cord or person.
o Never touch another persons equipment or electrical
control devices unless instructed to do so.
o Never handle electrical equipment when hands, feet, or
body are wet or perspiring, or when standing on a wet
floor.
o Carefully check if there are any short circuited wires or
junctions to avoid malfunctioning of the transmitter.
o Be responsible when setting the circuit up. A little
mistake can ruin everything we had.
o Use the appropriate battery supply, switch, inductor,
resistor, transistor, capacitor and all other components
for circuit accuracy and stability.
o Follow
the
rules
provided
by
our
country.
Experimentation for educational purposes can be a
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reason but using it for our own sake is illegal and
cannot be tolerated.

V.

Glossary
o Amplifier, electronic amplifier or amp - is an electronic
device that can increase the power of a signal.
o American wire gauge (AWG) - also known as the Brown &
Sharpe wire gauge, is a standardized wire gauge system
used since 1857 predominantly in North America for the
diameters of round, solid, nonferrous, electrically conducting
wire.
o Antenna - a specialized transducer that converts incoming
electromagnetic fields into alternating electric currents
having the same frequencies (receiving antenna), or
converts an alternating current at a specific frequency into
an outgoing electromagnetic field at the same frequency
(transmitting antenna).
o Block diagram - is a diagram of a system in which the
principal parts or functions are represented by blocks
connected by lines that show the relationships of the blocks
o Capacitor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component
used to store electrical energy temporarily in an electric
field.
o Circuit is closed path of electric current from a source
through different kinds of electrical components.

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o Configuration it is the characteristic arrangement of
components in an electronic assembly, or of the equipment
symbols in the corresponding circuit diagram.
o Emitter-Follower - A transistor circuit in which the input
signal is applied to the base, and the output signal is taken
from the emitter resistor. Gain is always less than one and
the output impedance is always low.
o Integrated circuit (IC) - sometimes called a chip or
microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or
millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and transistors are
fabricated.
o Feedback - The transmission of current or voltage from the
output of a circuit or device back to the input, where it
interacts with the input signal to modify operation of the
device. Feedback is positive when it is in phase with the
input, and is negative when it is out of phase.
o Frequency pertains to the number of cycles of a signal
occur in an interval or span of time.
o Microphone - A transducer that converts sound waves,
especially speech and music, into electrical voltage analogs.
o Modulation is the combination of two signals namely the
modulating signal and carrier signal.
o Printed circuit board (PCB) - mechanically supports and
electrically connects electronic components using conductive
tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate.

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Propagation - The extension of energy into and through

space. Thus, radiant energy is propagated from and by its
source.
o Resistor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component
that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, at the same time,
act to lower voltage levels within circuits.
o Transmitter - An equipment for producing and sending
signals or data.

o Voltage Divider - A resistive or capacitive potentiometer or

network used to divide an applied voltage by a desired
amount.

IV. Technical Reference

23