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Adi Cox Mathematical Ideas October 2016

_____________________________________________________________________
Chapter n - An Introduction To Higher Dimensional Geometry
WARNING - This chapter has technical information. You may wish to
skip this chapter.
CONTENT
(1) Higher Dimensional Shapes
(2) Tn Points On An n-Sphere.
(3) Ovoids
(4) Dark Numbers
(5) My Truth
--------------------------------------------------------------------(1) Higher Dimensional Shapes
Abstract
This chapter looks at four geometric shapes: The simplex, cross
polytope, measure and n-sphere which are triangle, diamond, square
and circle, respectively in two dimensional space and tetrahedron,
octahedron, cube and sphere, respectively in three dimensional
space. This chapter aims to explain mathematical concepts from a
familiar base of two and three dimensions and then with inductive
reasoning follow on into higher dimensions and finally to generalize
into any n value dimension. where n is a positive integer.
i, The Right Simplex
The Right Simplex Two Dimensional Space
Using the cartesian coordinate system with two axes x1 and x2, if we
have a line line x2=a-x1 (x2 equals a minus x1) then we get a two
dimensional right simplex, a right angle triangle where the length
of the adjacent and opposite sides are equal in length to the value
of n and both meet at the origin and at a right angle. The
coordinates are on this line where the two coordinates are equal to
n and where both coordinates are positive.
E.g.
If 'a' equals twelve and when the two coordinates x1 and x2 equal
twelve then that point (x1,x2) is on the line x2=12-x1 (x2 equals 12
minus x1). So every point (x1,x2) where x1+x2=12 is a point on the
line: x2=12-x1 (x2 equals 12 minus x1).
i.e.
(12, 0), (1, 11), (1/2, 23/2), (12-pi, pi), (5.2, 6.8) are all
points on the line: x2=12-x1 (x2 equals 12 minus x1). The set of
these points is infinitly large where x1 and x2 are positive real
numbers.
The Right Simplex Three Dimensional Space
Using the cartesian coordinate system with three axes x1, x2 and x3,
if we have a plane x3=a-x2-x1 (x3 equals n minus x2 minus x1) then

we get a three dimensional right simplex, a right angle tetrahedron


where the length of the three edges that are part of the x1, x2 and
x3 axes, are equal in length to the value of 'a' and all three edges
meet at the origin and at a right angle. The coordinates are on this
plane where the three coordinates are equal to 'a' and where all
three coordinates are positive.
E.g.
If 'a' equals twelve and when the three coordinates x1, x2 and x3
equal twelve then that point (x1,x2,x3) is on the plane x3=12-x2-x1
(x3 equals 12 minus x2 minus x1). So every point (x1,x2,x2) where
x1+x2+x3=12 is a point on the plane: x3=12-x2-x1 (x3 equals 12 minus
x2 minus x1).
i.e.
(1, 11, 0), (1/2, 22/2, 1/2), (11-pi, pi, 1), (5.2, 6.6, 0.2) are
all points on the line: x3=12-x2-x1 (x3 equals 12 minus x2 minus
x1). The set of these points is infinitly large where x1, x2 and x3
are positive real numbers.
The Right Simplex n Dimensional Space
Using the cartesian coordinate system with n axes x1, x2, ... ...xn,
if we have a hyperplane xn=a-x(n-1)-x(n-2)... ...-x1 (x subscript n
equals a minus x subscript n minus one, minus x subscript n minus
two, till x1) then we get an n dimensional right simplex, where the
length of the n edges that are part of the x1, x2, ... xn axes, are
equal in length to the value of 'a' and all n edges meet at the
origin and at a right angle. The coordinates are on this plane where
the n coordinates are equal to 'a' and where all n coordinates are
positive.
E.g.
If n equals twelve and when the two coordinates x1 and x2 equal
twelve then that point (x1,x2, ... xn) is on the hyperplane
xn=a-x(n-1)-x(n-2)... ...-x1 (x subscript n equals a minus x
subscript n minus one, minus x subscript n minus two, till x1).
So every point (x1,x2, ... xn) where x1+x2+... +xn=12 is a point on
the hyperplane xn=a-x(n-1)-x(n-2)... ...-x1 (x subscript n equals a
minus x subscript n minus one, minus x subscript n minus two, till
x1).

ii, The Cross Polytope


The cross polytope is the same as the simplex except all the xn
values add up to the absolute value of 'a' therefore negative values
are used:
The Cross Polytope In Two Dimensional Space
The cross polytope is a diamond in two dimensions. The only
difference to a square is the orientation. The diamond can be a
square on its vertex (corner).
Using the cartesian coordinate system with two axes x1 and x2, if we
have a 2^n lines, where n is the number of axes, therefore 4 lines.
line(1) x2=a-x1 (x2 equals a minus x1) first quadrant
line(2) x2=a+x1 (x2 equals minus a minus x1) second quadrant
line(3) x2=-a-x1 (x2 equals a plus x1) third quadrant

line(4) x2=-a+x1 (x2 equals minus a plus x1) fourth quadrant


x2
^
|
second quadrant | first quadrant
|a
/|\
/ | \
/ | \
/ | \
----------------------------------> x1
-a \ | / a
\ | /
\ | /
\|/
|-a
third quadrant | fourth quadrant
|
E.g
The points on these lines are where |x1+x2|=a, (the absolute value
of x1 plus x2 equals the value of a).
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,

x2)=(+ve,
x2)=(-ve,
x2)=(-ve,
x2)=(+ve,

+ve)=1st
+ve)=2nd
-ve)=3rd
-ve)=4th

quadrant
quadrant
quadrant
quadrant

The Cross Polytope In Three Dimensional Space


The cross polytope is an octahedron in three dimensions.
The points on these planes are where |x1+x2+x3|=a, (the absolute
value of x1 plus x2 plus x3 equals the value of a).
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,
(x1,

x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,
x2,

x3)=(+ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(+ve,
x3)=(+ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(-ve,
x3)=(+ve,

+ve,
+ve,
-ve,
-ve,
+ve,
+ve,
-ve,
-ve,

+ve)=1st
+ve)=2nd
+ve)=3rd
+ve)=4th
-ve)=5th
-ve)=6th
-ve)=7th
-ve)=8th

octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant
octant

The Cross Polytope In n Dimensional Space


The points on these planes are where |x1+x2+... xn|=a, (the absolute
value of x1 plus x2 plus x3 equals the value of a).
(x1, x2, ..., x3)=(+ve, +ve, ..., +ve)=1st n-ant
There are 2^n-ants in n dimensional space
iii, The Measure
iv, The n-Sphere
---------------------------------------------------------------------

(2) Tn Points On An n-Sphere.


1 sphere: x^2 + y^2 = 1
((a/d)^(1/2))^2 + ((b/d)^(1/2))^2 = 1
where d=4
((0/4)^(1/2))^2
((1/4)^(1/2))^2
((2/4)^(1/2))^2
((3/4)^(1/2))^2
((4/4)^(1/2))^2

+
+
+
+
+

((4/4)^(1/2))^2
((3/4)^(1/2))^2
((2/4)^(1/2))^2
((1/4)^(1/2))^2
((0/4)^(1/2))^2

=
=
=
=
=

1
1
1
1
1

The above represent the x, y, points on a unit circle:


pn( x,
y
)
p1((0/4)^(1/2), ((4/4)^(1/2))
p2((1/4)^(1/2), ((3/4)^(1/2))
p3((2/4)^(1/2), ((2/4)^(1/2))
p4((3/4)^(1/2), ((1/4)^(1/2))
p5((4/4)^(1/2), ((0/4)^(1/2))
Point p1 is on the y axis. Point p5 is on the x axis. the other
three points p2, p3, p4, are all in the first quadrant of the
circumference of the unit circle.
The Total number of points T1, on the cicumference of a unit circle,
a unit 1 sphere, if we include both negative and positive
coordinates on the circumference we get 16 points.
T1 = (2^(n+1))(d-1)+2(n+1) ---> (2^((1)+1))(4-1)+2((1)+1) = 16

2 sphere: x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = 1


((a/d)^(1/2))^2 + ((b/d)^(1/2))^2 + ((b/d)^(1/2))^2 = 1
where d=3
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((3/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((3/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

((3/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((2/3)^(1/2))^2
((1/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2
((0/3)^(1/2))^2

The above represent the x, y, z, points on a unit 2 sphere:


pn( x,
y,
z,
)
p1((0/3)^(1/2), (0/3)^(1/2), (3/3)^(1/2))
p2((0/3)^(1/2), (3/3)^(1/2), (0/3)^(1/2))
p3((3/3)^(1/2), (0/3)^(1/2), (0/3)^(1/2))
p4((1/3)^(1/2), (1/3)^(1/2), (1/3)^(1/2))
p5((0/3)^(1/2), (1/3)^(1/2), (2/3)^(1/2))

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

p6((0/3)^(1/2),
p7((1/3)^(1/2),
p8((2/3)^(1/2),
p9((1/3)^(1/2),
p10((2/3)^(1/2),

(2/3)^(1/2),
(0/3)^(1/2),
(0/3)^(1/2),
(2/3)^(1/2),
(1/3)^(1/2),

(1/3)^(1/2))
(2/3)^(1/2))
(1/3)^(1/2))
(0/3)^(1/2))
(0/3)^(1/2))

The points p1, p2, p3, are on the z, y and x axes respectively. The
other points are in the octant where x, y, and z are positive. All
the points p1 to p10 are on the surface of the unit 2 sphere.
The Total number of points T2, on the surface of a unit 2 sphere,
if we include both negative and positive coordinates on the
surface we get 62 points.
T2 = (2^(n+1))((1/n)((d+1)^n + (d+1)^(n-1) )-n+1)+2(n+1)
62 = (2^(2+1))((1/2)((3+1)^2 + (3+1)^(2-1) )-2+1)+2(2+1)
Tn:
d

T1

T2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40

6
30
62
102
150
206
270
342
422
510

T3

T3:
d=2,
n=3,

d=3,
n=3,

d=4,
n=3,

0002
0020
0200
2000

0003
0030
0300
3000

0004
0040
0400
4000

0011
0101
0110
1001
1010
1100

0012
0021
0102
0120
0201
0210
1002
1020
1200
2001
2010
2100

1111
0022
0202
0220
2002
2020
2200
0013
0031
0103
0130
0301
0310
1003
1030
1300

3001
3010
3100
Checking the combinations where d=4 and n=3. There are 23
combinations and so this is the T3 answer that we are looking for.
m=n+1. r is the number of non zero digits in the row of 4 digits.
First we have to find all the partitions where 4 or less digits add
up to the value of 4. We get the following results:
1111
22
13
4
Each of the above rows of numbers have 4 or less digits and add up
to 4. So by using the combinations formula below, we get:
c(m,r) = (m!)/(r!(m-r)!)
1111
c(4,4) = (4!)/(4!(4-4)!) = 4x3x2x1/4x3x2x1 = 1
22
c(4,2) = (4!)/(2!(4-2)!) = 4x3x2x1/(2x1)(2x1) = 24/4 = 6
13, because we have 2 different digits we multiply the answer by 2.
c(4,2) = (4!)/(2!(4-2)!) = 2x6 = 12
4
c(4,1) = (4!)/(1!(4-1)!) = 4x3x2x1/3x2x1 = 24/6 = 4
Adding up the results we get the required T3 answer 23:
1 + 6 + 12 + 4 = 23

--------------------------------------------------------------------(3) Ovoids
Ovals or ovoids are a generic term for any shape that is similar to
an egg shape. This includes; ellipses, super ellipses, cassini ovals
to name just a few.
Dark Numbers And The Ovaloids.
| H tet x3
|
| /
| /
| /
H tet 0 |/
-------------------------------------> H tet x2
/|
/ |

/ |
|
/
|
/
|
/

H tet x1
Above is a three dimensional coordinate system using h tet numbers.
H tet numbers are numbers based on hexadecimal ten tetral to an
integer:
H
H
H
H
H

tet
tet
tet
tet
tet

0
1
2
3
n

=
=
=
=
=

0
16
16^16 = 18446744073709551616 dec or 1000000000000000 H
16^16^16 = dark number
16^16^ ... ^16 n times.

H tet n is dark when n is greater than 2.


Dark numbers are dark because they are so big that they are
unknowable. Just where dark numbers start is unclear as there is a
twilight zone and no clear distinction. With base 16 it is clearly
between H tet 2 and H tet 3. That is between 16^16 and 16^16^16.

The Ovaloid:
(x1/y1)^z1 + (x2/y2)^z2 + (x3/y3)^z3 + ... + (xn/yn)^zn = A
The unit ovaloid in three dimensional space.
(x1/y1)^z1 + (x2/y2)^z2 + (x3/y3)^z3 = 1
The unit ovaloid is an ellipsoid where z1, z2 and z3 are each equal
to 2 and a super ellipse is where z1, z2 and z3 are each greater
than 2.
The Cassini Oval:
[(x-a)^2 + y^2][(x + a)^2 + y^2] = b^4

--------------------------------------------------------------------(4) Dark Numbers


Bases And Dark Numbers.
At what point in each base do tetral numbers become dark?
Base 2
2 tet 0
2 tet 1
2 tet 2
2 tet 3
2 tet 4

=
=
=
=
=

null
2
2^2 = 4
2^2^2 = 16
2^2^2^2 = 256

2 tet 5 = 2^2^2^2^2 = 65536


2 tet 6 = 2^2^2^2^2^2 = 4294967296
2 tet 7 = 2^2^2^2^2^2^2 = 18446744073709551616
2 tet 8 = 2^2^2^2^2^2^2^2 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211456
2 tet 9 = 2^2^2^2^2^2^2^2^2 = 1157920892373161954235709850086879078
53269984665640564039457584007913129639936
2 tet 10 = dark number
Base 3
3 tet 0 = null
3 tet 1 = 3
3 tet 2 = 3^3 = 27
3 tet 3 = 3^3^3 = 19683
3 tet 4 = 3^3^3^3 = 7625597484987
3 tet 5 = 3^3^3^3^3 = 443426488243037769948249630619149892803
3 tet 6 = 3^3^3^3^3^3 = 871896424859609582029110705858607716969640724
047317500855252194379909670937234399434755499068316831167910552256656
27
3 tet 7 = 3^3^3^3^3^3^3 = dark number
Base 4
4 tet 0 = null
4 tet 1 = 4
4 tet 2 = 4^4 = 256
4 tet 3 = 4^4^4 = 4294967296
4 tet 4 = 4^4^4^4 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211456
4 tet 5 = 4^4^4^4^4 = 13407807929942597099574024998205846127479365820
592393377723561443721764030073546976801874298166903427690031858186486
050853753882811946569946433649006084096
4 tet 6 = 4^4^4^4^4^4 = dark number
Base 5
5 tet 0 = null
5 tet 1 = 5
5 tet 2 = 5^5 = 3125
5 tet 3 = 5^5^5 = 298023223876953125
5 tet 4 = 5^5^5^5 = 2350988701644575015937473074444491355637331113544
175043017503412556834518909454345703125
5 tet 5 = 5^5^5^5^5 = dark number
Base 6
6 tet 0 = null
6 tet 1 = 6
6 tet 2 = 6^6 = 46656
6 tet 3 = 6^6^6 = 10314424798490535546171949056
6 tet 4 = 6^6^6^6 = 1204120867648235108202090056857283403336732693457
453224358121221145020555710636789704085475234591191603986789604949502
079328192358826561895781636115334656050057189523456
6 tet 5 = 6^6^6^6^6 = dark number
Base 7
7 tet 0 = null
7 tet 1 = 7
7 tet 2 = 7^7 = 823543
7 tet 3 = 7^7^7 = 256923577521058878088611477224235621321607
7 tet 4 = 7^7^7^7 = 7389715606740350813199256196401079748862351081141
146596309675655318767367424219220805290714088250892199293089731634418
846720252225478630393586588076787721122567816828432044660785849055530
635493481944599985158447598043031044924209086701915582559477912835538
0774995049124533408341373887572343

7 tet 5 = 7^7^7^7^7 = dark number


Base 8
8 tet 0
8 tet 1
8 tet 2
8 tet 3
4512896
8 tet 4

=
=
=
=

null
8
8^8 = 16777216
8^8^8 = 627710173538668076383578942320766641610235544446403

= 8^8^8^8 = dark number

Base 9
9 tet 0 = null
9 tet 1 = 9
9 tet 2 = 9^9 = 387420489
9 tet 2 = 9^9^9 = 196627050475552913618075908526912116283103450944214
766927315415537966391196809
9 tet 2 = 9^9^9^9 = dark number
Base 10
10 tet 0 = null
10 tet 1 = 10
10 tet 2 = 10^10 = 10000000000 = 10^10
10 tet 3 = 10^10^10 = 10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 = 10^100
10 tet 4 = 10^10^10^10 = 10^1000

n tet n
0 tet 0 = null
1 tet 1 = 1
2 tet 2 = 2^2 = 4 = 100 base 2
3 tet 3 = 3^3^3 = 19683 = 100000000 base 3
4 tet 4 = 4^4^4^4 = 340282366920938463463374607431768211456 = 1 with
4294967295 zeros in base 4
5 tet 5 = 5^5^5^5^5 = dark number in base 10 and which equals a 1
with 298023223876953124 zeros after it in base 5.

--------------------------------------------------------------------(5) My Truth
Pure mathematics is where I like to be, although there is a debate
as to what is pure mathematics. Pure mathematics as opposed to the
applied mathematics of physics with its applications in the real
world. It is pure mathematics that takes me through my imagination
into a surreal and metaphysical space/place.
Mathematics with deductive logic is so grounded in its proofs which
lends itself so well to number theory, but I have always wanted to
fly off with inductive logic. I leave the grounding of objective
proof and that collective consciousness to fly off with the
inductive logic that help me to reveal my own subjective conscious
truth.

I play with number theory and geometry with which number theory
underlies. It is through geometry that I have found my merkaba. I
have found a way to travel through the astral. Through meditation
and my dreams I reach out to a metaphysical space/place that is
mysteriously symbolic in its language as I sort this intranet of
mathematical pattern and structure it gives way to a fluidity and a
language that is somewhere deep within me. It is my truth and it is
my truth that I wish to share with you.

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