LTE and Comparison With HSPA

LTE Basics
&
RNP Comparison UMTS vs. LTE
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
LTE Introduction
May. 10th , 2012

By Vikalp Dutt
Contents :
LTE Basic Principle
UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison
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Page 2
Evolution of LTE:
3GPP, LTE is an evolution of UMTS beyond RelRel-8
GSM
WCDMA
Basic CS
Voice
Service
Increased
Voice
Capacity and
Data
IS-95
CDMA2K1X
HSDPA
Broadband
Download
1X-EvDO
Rel 0
HSUPA
HSPA+
Broadband
Upload &
QoS
1X-EvDO
Rev A/B
LTE
1X-EvDO
Advanced
3GPP2, LTE is defined only for interworking

The aim of above systems is towards offering a mobile broadband user experience similar to that of current xed access networks such as (ADSL) & (FTTH)
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LTE Introduction
What is LTE
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of Radio Access

technology conducted by 3GPP
The radio access network would evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN),

accompanied by the core network evolution to EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
combined as EPS
LTE was designed as Packet-oriented service considering that all the

services will be Packet Switched, rather than the earlier CS based Systems
of telecommunication
What can LTE do
Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz,

15Mhz and 20MHz
Peak date rate (within 20MHz bandwidth): 150Mbps for downlink and
50Mbps for uplink
Time delay: <100ms (control plane), <5ms (user plane)
Provide 100kbps data rate for mobile user ( for speed up to 350kmph)
Support eMBMS
Circuit services are implemented in PS domain: VoIP
The SAE specifications are found in the 22 series, 23 series, 24 series, and 33 series of Release 8, with work being
Lower cost due to simple system architecture
done in parallel in Release 9.
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Motivation for LTE

WIRELINE
EVOLUTION
PUSHES Data
Rates
WIRELESS data
Usage requires
more capacity
Flat rate pricing

pushes
Efficiency
Other
technologies
push WBB
LTE
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Page 5
LTE Brings Better User Experience
SIMO
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
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There is a growing number of LTE frequency bands that

are being designated as possibilities for use with LTE.
Many of the LTE frequency bands are already in use for
other cellular systems, whereas other LTE bands are
new and being introduced
TDD LTE Freq Band Allocations
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FDD LTE Freq Band Allocations
LTE Spectrum Allocations
Page 7
LTE UE Category
The Chipset Vendors (namely: Hisilicon, Qualcomm ,Altair etc) are contributing to the LTE Industry development by constantly developing
Multi-Technology & Multiband Chipsets. Most of the Commercially available UEs belong to Category 3 as on date
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Page 8
LTE Device Update
China
Mobile
RIL
Hisilicon , Qualcomm and Altair have

Multimode Dongles
Mobile Wifi
Indoor CPEs
Outdoor CPEs
Smart Phones
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Page 9
Key LTE Technologies:
Sy stem Ban dwidth

Sub-carriers
Sub -fram e
Fre qu enc y
Flat
Architecture
Scalable BW
T ime frequency
resource for User 1
T ime frequency
resource for User 2
Time
DL OFDMA
T ime frequency
resource for User 3
Supporting
High Performance
S y s te m B a n d w id t h
MIMO
S in g le C a rr ie r
S u b - f ra m e
F re q u e n c y
T im e fre q u e n c y
re s o u rc e fo r U s e r 1
Tim e
UL SC-FDMA
H.O.M
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Data
MIMO
Streaming
Channel
Page 10
LTE Network Architecture

Main Network Element of LTE
The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user plane

and control plane.
The EPC consists of MME, S-GW, P-GW and HSS.
Network Interface of LTE
The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of

the X2 interface, which enables direct transmission of data and
signaling.
S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more

specifically to the MME via the S1-MME and to the S-GW via the
S1-U
Compared with the traditional 3G network, LTE architecture becomes much more
simple and flat, which can lead to lower networking cost, higher networking flexibility
and shorter time delay of user data and control signaling.
P-GW: PDN Gateway, S-GW: serving Gateway, MME: Mobility Management Entity
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Key Technology Differences

Items
GSM
UMTS
LTE
Channel Bandwidth
200KHz
5MHz
1.420MHz
Radio Transmission
TDMA
CDMA
OFDMA
Frequency Plan?
Yes
No
SFR
Handover
Hard HO
Soft HO
Hard HO
Support MIMO?
No
No (HSPA+, Yes)
Yes
Pilot Channel
BCCH
CPICHRSCP
RS(RSRP)
Capacity Resource
# of TRX
# of Carriers
# of RBs
Support AMC?
No (EDGE, Yes)
No (HSPA, Yes)
Yes
UE max Tx Power
33dBm
24dBm
23dBm
More differences, such as flat network architecture, reduced time delay, higher user data
rates, improved spectral efficiency ...
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Different Layers and Protocol Stack in LTE
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Orthogonality and OFDM

Orthogonality: Mathematically 2 vectors are said to be orthogonal to
each other if and only if their Dot Product (Scalar Product) is ZERO.
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7
A.B=0
|A| |B|Cos
= 0
In Telecom, however a pair of frequencies is said to be orthogonal , if the separation between

them is precise enough to interfere with each other even when they are multiplexed and
transmitted. This process of multiplexing such orthogonal frequencies is called OFDM
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OFDM & OFDMA

OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is a modulation multiplexing technique, that
divides the system bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. CP is inserted between the
OFDM symbols to avoid the ISI in time domain.
OFDMA is the multi-access scheme deploying OFDM used in the LTE downlink. OFDMA is the
combination of TDMA and FDMA essentially that allows multiple users access the Bandwidth
simultaneously using stipulated orthogonal subcarriers
Advantage: High spectrum utilization efficiency due to orthogonal subcarriers need no guard band.
Support frequency link auto adaptation and scheduling. Easy to combine with MIMO.
Disadvantage: Strict requirement of time-frequency domain synchronization. High PAPR.
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DL OFDMA & UL SC-FDMA

DL is based on OFDMA, where entire Channel BW is uniformly divided
into narrowband orthogonal Subcarriers with 15KHz / 7.5 KHz** subcarrier
spacing. Later is it scheduled in Time domain as subframes to allow
multiple user access the System simultaneously
UL however has chosen the SC-FDMA* with Cyclic prefix. It is as

closely efficient as the OFDMA in terms of Orthogonality, also it
offers lower Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) to help in Cost
effective & less complex design of UE Equalizers & PAs (Power
Amplifiers)
** 7.5 KHz was introduced for broadcast services
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* Another name of SC-FDMA is DFT Spread FDMA
Page 16
Introduction to MIMO Technology

The Basics: Signal Fading Physics between Tx & Rx
The Phenomena experienced by a Propagating Waveform due
to various kind of obstruction in the path are as:
Scattering, Reflection, Refraction & Diffraction
Multi-path Dimension
Above factors create Multipath, which causes the original
signal to arrive at Rx as phased, delayed and attenuated.
Advent of MIMO took place in Rel 7 version of HSDPA, however
LTE adopted MIMO as its basic technology from the day one.
MIMO tend to resolve few fundamental principles which aim to
leveraging some key properties of Multi-antenna radio propagation
channels, basically 3 advantages associated with such channels
are:
Diversity Gain
Array Gain
Spatial Multiplexing gain
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MIMO Modes
Transmission Mode

Transmission scheme
Reference
Mode 1
single-antenna port (port 0)
It is compatible with single-antenna transmission
Mode 2
transmit diversity
It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is applicable

within low SINR environment
Mode 3
open-loop space division

multiplexing
It increases the peak rate and is applicable within high rate and SINR
environment
Mode 4
Closed-loop spatial multiplexing
It is weighted according to the channel characteristics, increases the peak

rate, and is applicable within low rate but high SINR environment
Mode 5
Multi-user MIMO
It improves cell throughput
Mode 6
Closed-loop pre-coding with rank

of 1
It increases cell coverage
Mode 7
Beam forming, single-antenna

port (port 5)
It weakens interference and increases cell coverage
Mode 8
Dual-antenna port: Dual-stream

BF
It increases cell throughput
Courtesy 3GPP
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DL MIMO
Mode 2 (Transmit diversity)
User1
codeword
Mod
Mode 3/4/5 (spatial multiplexing)
Layer 1, CW1, AMC1
S
F
B
C
MIMO
encoder
and layer
mapping
UE2
UE1
Layer 2, CW2, AMC2
UE1
Same stream transmitted simultaneously in certain

form of MIMO coding at the same time-frequency
resource from both antenna ports (Rank = 1)
Depending on the environment & number of
antennas, SFBC can reduce fading margin by 2~8
dB, extend coverage, and enhance system capacity
Multiple data streams transmitted at the same timefrequency resource from different antenna ports
to the same user with open loop SM(DL SU MIMO,
mode 3)
to the same user with closed loop SM(DL SU MIMO,
mode 4)
to different users (DL MU MIMO, mode 5)
The terminal must have at least 2 Rx antennas for spatial
multiplexing (SM)
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UL Virtual MIMO
Benefits
User 2
User 1
Features
Improve the overall uplink cell throughput.
Increase the UL spectrum efficiency.
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The uplink channels of paired users must be

with good orthogonality to each other to
prevent interference.
Multi-users use the same time-frequency
resource.
Page 20
HoM (High Order Modulation)

Depending on the Radio channel conditions the UE is allocated the High Order
Modulation. Use of Higher Order Modulation significantly improves the System
throughput & User experience. Using 64 QAM, 6 information bits (26) can be
modulated per OFDM Symbol, that way large transport blocks can be supported.
64 QAM
AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding)

Adaptive Modulation independently optimizes the
modulation scheme to each sub carrier so that spectral
efficiency is maximized , while maintaining a target Bit
Error Rate(BER), then the maximum throughput can be
obtained for different channel states. There are 29 MCS
(Modulation and Coding Schemes), strategically allocated
by the eNodeB based on the Radio condition feedback
messages from UE
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Page 21
Physical Layer Parameters

Values
Parameters
Bandwidth (MHz)
1.4
Subcarrier
10
15
20
15 KHz
FFT Size
128
256
512
1024
1536
2048
Usable Sub-Carriers
72
180
300
600
900
1200
Resource Blocks
15
25
50
75
100
OFDM Symbols /slot

Cyclic Prefix
7,6&3
5.21 us with short CP & 16.67 us with extended CP
Modulation Schemes
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BPSK, QPSK (Signaling)

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (Data)
Page 22
LTE TDD vs. LTE FDD

Differences
Similarities
Item
LTE - TDD
Scalable Bandwidth 1.4 , 3, 5, 10, 15,
Configuration ( MHz)
20
Multiple Access DL OFDMA/ UL SCSchemes
FDMA
Coding Schemes
LTE - FDD
1.4 , 3, 5, 10, 15, 20
DL OFDMA/ UL SCFDMA
Convolution Codes Convolution Codes and

and Turbo Codes
Turbo Codes
Modulation Schemes
QPSK, 16 QAM
and 64 QAM
QPSK, 16 QAM and 64

QAM
AMC
Supported
Supported
Item
LTE - TDD
LTE - FDD
Bands
TDD LTE Band
FDD LTE Band
Duplex Modes
TDD
FDD
Frame Structure
Flexible DL&UL Config in a Radio frame
Individual Radio frames for UL & DL
Beam Forming
Supported ( Based in UL & DL Channel)
Not supported
Random Access Preamble
Formats 0-4
Format 0-3
Reference Signal
Congestion Control
Mobility
Supported
Supported
Support for Max of

Support for Max of 450
450 Km/hr
Km/hr Support for
Support for inter /
inter / Intra-RAT
Intra-RAT
handovers
handovers
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According to the different Sub-frame 8 No. of DL HARQ Processes per serving cell
Configurations
and delay are fixed
HARQ Process
DL - Both UE specific & Cell Specific RS

DL : Only cell Specific RS is applied now
supported.
( RS)
UL: Both DMRS and SRS are supported, SRS
UL: both DMRS and SRS are supported.
is carried on Data Subframe
Usually SRS is transmitted in UpPTS
MIMO Modes
Supports 1-8
Supports 1-6
Network Interference
Strict Synchronization required
Synchronization requirement is not strict.

When using different spectrum then Guard
BW can avoid interference
Page 23
LTE Radio Frame Structure

Radio frame, T frame = 10 msec
Subframe, T subframe =1 msec
UL
fUL
DL
Subframe
fDL
#0
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
FDD
#9
TDD
Special
Subframe
DwPTS
GP
UpPTS
A Radio frame is 10 mSec length with 10 Subframes of 1 mSec each

for TDD there are 2 Time Slots in each Sub frame
Frame allocation is settable in TDD LTE
The sampling rate in both TDD & FDD LTE is the same Both the
technologies operate under the same 1mSec TTI & 0.5 mSec Time slot
A time slot of 0.5 msec accommodates 7 OFDM Symbols in Time
Domain & 12 subcarriers in Freq domain forming a Resource Block (RB)
For a 20 MHz of Bandwidth we can have 100 such RBs, therefore the
RB allocation depends on the Bandwidth selected for the Service
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LTE Frame Structure
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LTE Channels & Signals

Broad cast Channel
Paging Channel
Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signals
L L L
TTT
E E E
Random Access Channel

Control Channel
Traffic Channel
Reference Signal
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Contents :
LTE Basic Principle
UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison
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Key Differences between UMTS, HSDPA & LTE

Items
UMTS
HSDPA
LTE
Channel Spacing
5MHz
5MHz
1.420MHz
Radio Transmission
CDMA
CDMA
OFDMA
Frequency Plan?
No
No
Yes
Handover
Soft HO
Hard HO
Hard HO
Power Control
Yes (for R99 & HSUPA)
No
No (UL, Yes)
Support MIMO?
No(HSPA+,Yes)
Yes
Yes
Pilot Channel
CPICH (RSCP&Ec/Io)
CPICH (RSCP&Ec/Io)
RS(RSRP/RSRQ)
Capacity Resource
# of Carriers
# of Carriers
# of RBs
Support AMC?
No (HSPA, Yes)
Yes
UE max Power
24dBm
24dBm
Yes
23dBm
LTE is similar to HSDPA in many aspects

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Content
UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison Overview
Coverage & Capacity Comparison
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Page 29
Radio Network Planning Procedure of LTE

Agreement
achieved by the
operator and
Huawei
Preparation
Coverage area (Dense urban, Urban, Suburban )

Quality objective (QoS criteria)
Capacity requirement (Subscriber, traffic model)
Link budget parameters (Penetration loss, Propagation model)
Huawei deliver
Background Interference Test (optional)
Propagation model tuning (optional)
Site location/ RF parameters configurations

Search ring specifications
prediction & Simulation
Cluster definition for project management
Detailed Planning
Link budget
Capacity dimensioning
Site configuration
Cell radius in each morphology
Network development solution
The output of dimensioning

is important criteria to assess
RNP solution
The operator provides:

naming conventions
Nominal
Planning
existing sites information

Site survey/candidate site search
Neighbor cell configuration
PCI planning
Cell parameters configuration
Algorithm configuration
Network Deployment
LTE RNP procedure is similar with UMTS

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Contents for LTE & UMTS RNP Comparison
Dimensioning
Coverage & Capacity
Output for eNodeB quotation
Signals used for coverage

evaluation
Threshold for coverage prediction
Nominal Planning
Detail Planning
PCI planning
X2 relationship planning
Radio Planning
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Methods for Identify Adjacent Cells

OVSF Code2
OVSF Code1
RB1
Scrambling code2
RB2
Physical Cell Identity 2
Cell2
Scrambling code1
Cell2
Physical Cell Identity 1
Cell1
Channel Code (OVSF)
Cell1
S y s t e m B a n d w i d th
Scrambling code
S u b - c a r r ie r s
User1 Data
Signal
combine
User2 Data
User3 Data
x
x
x
S u b -f r a m e
F re q u e n c y
T im e fr e q u e n c y
r e s o u rc e fo r U s e r 1
User n Data
UMTS DL Data transmission
T im e
WCDMA
LTE
LTE uses PCI for adjacent cell identification

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LTE PCI Planning Principles

168 S-SCH ID
PCI1
PCI7
PCI2
PCI3
PCI8
PCI9
PCI4
PCI6
PCI5
3 P-SCH ID
S-SCH0
SSC0,SSC1,SSC2
S-SCH1
SSC0,SSC1,SSC2
.,.
.,.
S-SCH167
SSC0,SSC1,SSC2
There are total 504 PCI to reuse for

whole network
There must be adequate distance to
isolate two cell with same PCI
PCI4
504 PCIs could be reused for LTE network

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LTE PCI Planning Principles (2/2)

PCI: 169
Which cell I belong to?
Cell 2
PCI: 169
PCI: 168
PCI: 168
Cell 1
Collision Free
Cell 2
Adjacent cell should use different PCIs
The only effort is to avoid any overlap and repetition of the

PCIs in the neighbor list. The SINR (or RSRP) threshold of the
other cell bearing the same PCI should be significantly low.
Cell 1
PCI: 167
Which cell should I handover to, cell 1 or cell 2
Confusion Free
Cells in the same neighbor list should use different PCIs
This condition should be verified carefully while deciding

the Neighbor list on both Neighbors and Second
Neighbors i.e. the Neighbor list of each Neighbor
504 PCIs could be reused for LTE network

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PSC Planning Principle

PSC: 169
Which cell I belong to?
Cell 2
PSC: 169
PSC: 168
PSC: 168
Cell 1
Collision Free
Cell 2
Cell 1
PSC: 167
Which cell should I handover to, cell 1 or cell 2
Confusion Free
Adjacent cell should use different PSCs
The only effort is to avoid any overlap and repetition of the

PSCs in the neighbor list. The Ec/Io (or RSCP) threshold of the
other cell bearing the same PSC should be significantly low.
Cells in the same neighbor list should use different PSCs
This condition should be verified carefully while deciding

the Neighbor list on both Neighbors and Second
Neighbors i.e. the Neighbor list of each Neighbor
512 PSCs to be reused for UMTS network

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LTE X2 Relationship Planning

X2 interface Functions
Intra-LTE mobility management
Data forwarding between eNBs
Load management
Signaling for ICIC
Cell 3
Cell 1
Cell 2
Neighbor Cell List of Cell 1

Cell2 PCI=5 GCI=27
X2 relationship is same as
the neighbor cell
Cell3 PCI=3 GCI=17

GCI: Global cell ID = Calculated by PLMN ID & eNodeB ID & PCI
PCI Physical Cell ID
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A cell sets up X2 connection with cells in its

neighbor cell list
Primarily 2 types of information are exchanged on X2 interface:
(1) Load or interference and (2) Handover related information

Page 36
Content
UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison Overview
Coverage & Capacity Comparison
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Contents for Coverage & Capacity Comparison
Voice & data coverage comparison
Signals and threshold used for coverage prediction comparison
Peak & average cell throughput comparison
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Link Budget Procedure Comparison

UE Antenna Gain
Slow fading margin

Interference margin
UE TX Power
Body Loss
Penetration Loss
Antenna Gain
Cell Radius
Path Loss
Cable Loss
eNodeB
Sensitivity
Cable Loss
eNodeB Antenna Gain
Penetration
Loss
eNodeB RX sensitivity
Similar link budget procedure, just some parameters different

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Uplink Limited Coverage for LTE

LTE Link Budget
Morphology
Duplex Mode
User Environment
Channel Bandwidth (MHz)
Channel Model
MIMO Scheme
Cell Edge Rate (kbps)
MCS
Tx
Max Total Tx Power (dBm)
Allocated RB
Subcarrier Power (dBm)
Tx Antenna Gain (dBi)
Tx Cable Loss (dB)
Tx Body loss (dB)
EIRP per Subcarrier (dBm)
Rx
SINR (dB)
Rx Noise Figure (dB)
Receiver Sensitivity (dBm)
Rx Antenna Gain (dBi)
Rx Cable Loss (dB)
Rx Body loss (dB)
Target Load
Interference Margin (dB)
Min Signal Reception Strength (dBm)
Uplink
Downlink
Dense Urban
FDD
Indoor
20
ETU 3
12
22 SFBC
256
1024
QPSK 0.25
QPSK 0.19
23
4
6.19
0
0
0
6.19
46
24
15.21
18
0.5
0
32.71
-2.52
2.5
-132.26
18
0.5
0
50.00%
0.87
-148.89
-3.39
7
-128.63
0
0
0
70.00%
3.67
-124.96
Path Loss & Cell Radius

Penetration Loss (dB)
20
20
Std.of Shadow Fading (dB)

Area Coverage Probability
11.7
95.00%
11.7
95.00%
Shadow Fading Margin (dB)

Path loss
9.48
125.6
9.48
128.18
Propagation Model
eNodeB/UE Antenna Height (m)
Cost231-Hata
30
1.5
Frequency (MHz)
2600
2600
Cell Radius (km)
0.29
0.34
LTE coverage is typically uplink limited due to UE power limitation

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No Fast Fading Margin for LTE

Rx signal level
Long term fading

Distance
WCDMA
Fast Fading
LTE
Tx Power Level
AMC
Rx Power Level
Fast PC
Fast Scheduling
HARQ
UMTS uses fast power control to resist fast fading and

hence FFM is needed to guarantee adequate power
under fast CLPC
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LTE uses fast scheduling, AMC and HARQ to

resist fast fading
Page 41
Fast Power Control is Necessary for UMTS

Uplink
Downlink
NodeB Tx
Power
Avoid Near-Far Effect and resist fast

fading for uplink
Improve downlink capacity and resist

fast fading
Fast fading margin (Power

control headroom ) is needed
to guarantee adequate under
power control
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Smaller Interference Margin for LTE

System Bandwidth
Sub-carriers
Sub-frame
Frequency
Time frequency
resource for User 1
WCDMA
Multipath transmission destroy orthogonality

of OVSF code
Users experience interference from own cell
and other cell
LTE
Time
Time frequency
resource for User 2
Time frequency
resource for User 3
Orthogonal subcarrier guarantees the orthogonality of

users
Users only experience interference from other cell
Interference Margin(dB)
12.0
UMTS
LTE
10.0
8.0
6.0
For 50% uplink load, LTE interference

margin is about 2dB lower than UMTS
4.0
2dB
2.0
0.0
10%
30%
50%
Load Factor70%
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90%
Page 43
Larger Slow Fading Margin for LTE
Area coverage probability (%)
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Receiver Sensitivity
Rx Sensitivity Per Sub-carrier (LTE)
(1)
= Thermal noise (dBm/Hz)+ 10*log(15000Hz)+ NF + SINR

= -132.24 dBm/15KHz + NF +SINR
Rx Sensitivity over the Bandwidth ( UMTS)

= Thermal noise (dBm/Hz)- 10*log(Spreading Gain)+ NF + Required Eb/No Interference Margin
= -174 dBm 10 *Log* (( 384000/ Service rate))+ NF + Required (Eb/No)service - Interference Margin
eNodeB Sensitivity Specified by 3GPP

channel
bandwidth(MHz)
1.4
3
5
10
15
20
eNodeB receiver
sensitivity (dBm)
-106.8 (6RB)
-103.0 (15RB)
-101.5 (25RB)
-101.5 (25RB)
-101.5 (25RB)
-101.5 (25RB)
---- 3GPP TS 36.104
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(2)
RS Power Allocation
Power Boosting for RS
Bandwidth
PB
PRS ( dBm)
10M
15M
20M
18.2
16.4
15.2
BW : 20 MHz , i.e. 100 RBs or 1200 Subcarriers of 15 KHz each

Total Power per Antenna Port is : 20Watts i.e. 43 dBm
RS Power for 20MHz
PRS= 43 10*log(100*12) + 10*log10(PB+1) = 15.2dBm
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RS Power Overhead Comparison with CPICH
Type B Symbol: with RS REs
Type A Symbol: without RS REs
RS power per RE is 15.2dBm (0.033W) for 20MHz

Total RS power in 20MHz for Type B Symbol is 0.033*2 (RS REs/ RB) * 100 RBs = 6.6W
Total RS power in 20MHz for Type A Symbol is 0
Only two symbols carry RS within 0.5ms and hence the RS power overhead is about 6.6/20 * 4/14 = 9.4% over 1 timeslot
LTE RS power overhead is about 9.4% which is similar to 10% CPICH power overhead of UMTS
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RSRP and RSCP Signal Strength Comparison

Items
UMTS
LTE
(e)NodeB power per Tx (dBm)
43
43
Bandwidth (MHz)
20
Number of RB
100
CPICH power /RS power per RE (dBm)
33
15.2
CL (dB)
120
120
RSCP/RSRP (dBm)
-87
-104.8
Received RS signal strength over whole

bandwidth
-81.8
RSRP is the received signal strength

over 15KHz bandwidth while bandwidth
of RSCP is 5MHz
Only 1/6 REs is used for RS transmission within

one RB and hence the total received RS power is
10*log10(100*12*1/6) = 23dB higher than RSRP
RSRP of LTE is much smaller than RSCP of UMTS under same radio environment
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Page 48
RSRP Drive Test Results

34.50%
35%
29.90%
25.80%
30%
25%
20%
15%
8.60%
10%
1.20%
5%
0%
-70RSRP
-80RSRP-70
-90RSRP-80
-105RSRP-90
RSRP-105
Conditions
2.6GHz, 20MHz bandwidth
2*20W power configuration
About 27% RSRP is
smaller than -90dBm
Drive test results also proves RSRP smaller than RSCP

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Page 49
Same Band Uplink Voice Coverage Comparison

Voice Coverage
Data Rate (Kbps)
UMTS AMR12.2
VoLTE
12.2
12.2
12.2
System Bandwidth (MHz)
20
20
MCS at Cell Edge
QPSK0.43
QPSK0.36
Antenna Configuration
Uplink Load
7.95
1x2
1x2
50%
75%
50%
75%
Channel Model
TU3
ETU3
Resource Block
# RB Allocated for the user
Max Tx Power (dBm)
24.00
24.00
23.00
23.00
Cable Loss (dB)
0.00
0.00
0.0
0.0
Body Loss (dB)
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
21.0
21.0
20.0
20.0
7dB
Tx
Antenna Gain (dBi)

EIRP (dBm)
Rx
Antenna Gain (dBi)
18
18
18
18
Cable Loss (dB)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Body Loss (dB)

Noise Figure (dB)
SINR (dB)
FFM(dB)
1.60
1.60
2.50
2.50
0.8
-19.6
-19.6
-4.2
-5.3
0.8
0.8
0.0
0.0
RX Sensitivity per subcarrier (dBm)
-126.1
-126.1
-118.4
-119.5
Minimum Signal Level (dBm)
-139.8
-136.8
-135.1
-136.0
8.5
8.5
10.0
10.0
152.3
149.3
145.1
146.0
LTE voice coverage is

worse than UMTS
MAPL
Shadow Fading Margin
MAPL (dB)
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Page 50
3dB
Same Band Uplink Data Coverage Comparison

Data Coverage
Data Rate (Kbps)
R99
HSUPA
LTE
64
384
64
384
64
System Bandwidth (MHz)
384
5
MCS at Cell Edge
QPSK0.31
QPSK0.25
Antenna Configuration
1*2
1*2
1*2
1*2
1*2
1*2
Uplink Load
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
75%
Channel Model
TU3
TU3
ETU3
~2dB
Resource Block
# RB Allocated for the user
6
23.00
Tx
Max Tx Power (dBm)
24.00
24.00
24.00
24.00
23.00
Cable Loss (dB)
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.0
Body Loss (dB)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Antenna Gain (dBi)
Power Back Off (dB)
1.5
1.5
24.0
24.0
22.5
22.5
23.0
23.0
EIRP (dBm)
~2.5dB
Rx
Antenna Gain (dBi)
18
18
18
18
18
18
Cable Loss (dB)
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Body Loss (dB)

Noise Figure (dB)
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
2.50
2.50
-15.3
-7.9
-15.6
-8.8
-1.5
-2.6
0.8
1.9
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
RX Sensitivity per subcarrier (dBm)
-121.8
-114.5
-122.2
-115.4
-120.4
-113.8
Minimum Signal Level (dBm)
-132.5
-124.1
-133.5
-126.7
-136.9
-130.3
SINR (dB)
FFM(dB)
LTE data coverage is

better than UMTS
MAPL
Shadow Fading Margin
MAPL (dB)
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.5
10.0
10.0
148.0
139.6
147.5
140.7
149.9
143.3
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HSPA & LTE Coverage Comparison Field Test Results(1/3)

Uplink LTE & HSPA Throughput Comparison
Test Conditions:
HSPA 5MHz@ PCS, 30W Tx power for SISO
LTE 15MHz@AWS,2*30W power for 2*2MIMO
LTE has better uplink coverage than HSUPA

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Page 52

Downlink LTE & HSPA Throughput Comparison
Test Conditions:
LTE has higher downlink throughput at cell edge than HSDPA

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Page 53

LTE RSRP & UMTS RSCP Comparison
~ 20dB
Test Conditions:
RSRP of LTE@AWS is ~20dB less than RSCP of UMTS@PCS band for co-site scenario
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Page 54
Factors Influencing LTE Coverage

Frequency
LTE Specific
Band
ICIC
Data Rate
TX Power
RB Number
Factors Affecting LTE

Link Budget
LTE
Specific
Cell Load
MCS
Interference
Margin
MIMO
Radio Condition
LTE
Specific
Receiver
Sensitivity
LTE Standard
Some other factors such as site height, BPL, TMA, coverage probability,
ICICInter Cell Interference Coordination
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Coverage Comparison Summary

LTE has a better data coverage and a poor voice coverage than UMTS at the same frequency band
LTE uses RSRP and RS SINR for coverage evaluation while UMTS uses RSCP and Ec/Io
RSRP is the signal strength over 15kHz bandwidth and is about 20dB lower than RSCP under same
environment
Averaged RS power overhead is about 9.4% which is similar to CPICH power overhead 10%
LTE uplink coverage is power limited and hence larger bandwidth could not increase uplink
coverage
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Page 56
UE Peak Rate Comparison
Combined uplink and

downlink UE definition
---- 3GPP TS 36.306
HSPA
Features Supported
UE Category
Peak Rate (Mbps)
Downlink
HSDPA
64QAM
MIMO
MIMO+64QAM
Downlink DC
DC+MIMO
HSUPA
Uplink 16QAM
Uplink DC
Category 1~12
Category 13~14
Category 15~16
Category 17~20
Category 21~24
Category 25~28
Category 1~6
Category 7
Category 8~9
13.976
21
28
42
42
84
5.7
11.5
23
Uplink
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DC: Dual Cell

---- 3GPP TS 25.306
Cell Average Throughput Comparison

HSPA vs. LTE Average Cell throughput
DC+64QAM
~20% Gain
~100% Gain
MIMO+64QAM
LTE offers higher cell capacity than UMTS HSPA

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Page 58
Spectrum Efficiency Comparison
~25% Gain
~100% Gain
HSPA+: 2*2MIMO+64QAM for DL, 1*2 SIMO +16QAM for UL

LTE: 2*2MIMO+64QAM for DL,1*2 SIMO +16QAM for UL
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Page 59
Why LTE Uplink is Much Better than HSUPA?

Intra-cell interference of
HSUPA leads to smaller
capacity
Multi-code transmission of
HSUPA leads to selfinterference
HSUPA peak rate is

about 11 Mbps using
16QAM
LTE peak rate is about
14Mbps with 16QAM
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HSUPA
Page 60
Factors Influencing Capacity

LTE can be scalable
Spectrum
Bandwidth
eNodeB Power
Users
Distribution
Lower throughput for

EdgeUser
LTE ICIC can improve
LTE standard
MIMO & ICIC
Own Cell Load

Factors Affecting
Capacity
Larger throughput with

higher load
Neighboring
Scheduling
Cell Load
IRC
UE Performance
S1/X2 Bandwidth
LTE Related
ICIC: Inter-Cell Interference Coordination
Capacity is controlled not only by hardware resources, but also radio condition,
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Page 61
Larger interference due to

higher load
ICIC & Higher Order MIMO Improves Throughput

ICIC
Cell 1,4,7
MIMO
Power
Multi-path
Transmitter
Frequency
76
Cell 3,6,9
3
3
5
9
Frequency
48
M
UE
6
5
1
1
Frequency
Power
2
2
eNodeB
Cell 2,5,8
Power
Multi-path
Receiver
4x2 MIMO vs. 2x2 MIMO

1x3x1 ICIC vs. 1x3x1
Reducing the DL inter-cell interference among neighbor

cells
~17% gain in average cell throughput
~23% gain in cell edge user throughput
4x4 MIMO vs. 4x2 MIMO
30~50% throughput increased for cell edge users
(<50% load)
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17%~60% gain in average cell throughput

23%~90% gain in cell edge user throughput
Page 62
Thank you
www.huawei.com
Copyright2010 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

LTE and Comparison With HSPA

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LTE and Comparison With HSPA

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LTE Basics

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

May. 10th , 2012

LTE Basic Principle

UMTS & LTE RNP Comparison

3GPP2, LTE is defined only for interworking

LTE (Long Term Evolution) is known as the evolution of Radio Access

The radio access network would evolve to E-UTRAN (Evolved UTRAN),

LTE was designed as Packet-oriented service considering that all the

What can LTE do

Flexible bandwidth configuration: supporting 1.4MHz, 3MHz, 5MHz, 10Mhz,

Motivation for LTE

Flat rate pricing

LTE Brings Better User Experience

There is a growing number of LTE frequency bands that

FDD LTE Freq Band Allocations

LTE Spectrum Allocations

LTE Device Update

Hisilicon , Qualcomm and Altair have

Key LTE Technologies:

Sy stem Ban dwidth

LTE Network Architecture

The E-UTRAN consists of e-NodeBs, providing the user plane

The EPC consists of MME, S-GW, P-GW and HSS.

Network Interface of LTE

The e-NodeBs are interconnected with each other by means of

S1 is the interface between e-NodeBs and the EPC, more

Key Technology Differences

Different Layers and Protocol Stack in LTE

Orthogonality and OFDM

In Telecom, however a pair of frequencies is said to be orthogonal , if the separation between

OFDM & OFDMA

DL OFDMA & UL SC-FDMA

UL however has chosen the SC-FDMA* with Cyclic prefix. It is as

* Another name of SC-FDMA is DFT Spread FDMA

Introduction to MIMO Technology

Introduction to MIMO Technology

single-antenna port (port 0)

It is compatible with single-antenna transmission

It weakens the interference caused by channel fading and is applicable

open-loop space division

Closed-loop spatial multiplexing

It is weighted according to the channel characteristics, increases the peak

It improves cell throughput

Closed-loop pre-coding with rank

It increases cell coverage

Beam forming, single-antenna

It weakens interference and increases cell coverage

Dual-antenna port: Dual-stream

It increases cell throughput

Introduction to MIMO Technology

Mode 2 (Transmit diversity)

Mode 3/4/5 (spatial multiplexing)

Layer 1, CW1, AMC1

Layer 2, CW2, AMC2

Same stream transmitted simultaneously in certain

Introduction to MIMO Technology

The uplink channels of paired users must be

HoM (High Order Modulation)

AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding)

Physical Layer Parameters

OFDM Symbols /slot

BPSK, QPSK (Signaling)

LTE TDD vs. LTE FDD