SignalandProcessDynamics

MeasurementandProcessResponse
Theaimofdynamicsimulationistobeabletorelatethe
dynamicoutputresponseofasystemtotheformofthe
inputdisturbance.

Intestingprocesssystems,standardinputdisturbances,such
astheunitstepchange,unitpulse,unitimpulse,unitramp,
sinusoidal,andvariousrandomisedsignals,canbeemployed.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

UnitStepFunction,u(t)
Theunitstep function,u(t)
Mathematicaldefinition

Graphicalillustration
u(t)

Dr.YehiaElShazly

ExtensionsoftheUnitStepFunction
Amoregeneralunitstep functionisu(ta)
1

Thegatefunctioncanbeconstructedfromu(t)

0
a
arectangularpulsethatstartsatt=
andendsatt= +T
likeanon/offswitch

u(t-) - u(t- -T)

+T

DeltaorUnitImpulseFunction,(t)
Thedelta orunitimpulse function,(t)
Mathematicaldefinition(nonpureversion)

Graphicalillustration

(t)

Dr.YehiaElShazly

t0

FirstOrderResponsetoanInputStep
ChangeDisturbance
Standardformoffirstorderdifferentialequation.

yisthemeasuredorprocessresponsevalue
tistime

istheequationtimeconstant.
Theresponse,y,lagsbehindtheinputvaluey0,imposedon
thesystemattimet=0.

Thesolutiontothedifferentialequation:
y(t=0)=0

Substitutingthevaluet= ,gives

isthetimeatwhichthe
responseachieves63%of
itseventualsteadystate
value,whenfollowinga
stepchangedisturbance
tothesystem.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

ConcentrationResponseofaContinuousFlow,
StirredTank
LiquidflowsthroughatankofconstantvolumeV,with
volumetricflowrateFandfeedconcentrationC0

where isV/F

Thetimeconstantfortheprocessisequaltothemeanresidence
orholduptimeinthetankandhasunitsoftime
(volume/volumetricflowrate).

IntegratingwithC1=0whent=0gives

Dr.YehiaElShazly

ConcentrationResponseinaContinuousStirredTank
withChemicalReaction

whereC1 isthefinalsteadystatevalueatt=
V=1; F=1

k4=0
k3=0.2
k2=0.5
k1=1

ResponseofaTemperatureMeasuringElement
Thethermalresponseofasimplethermometerbulb,immersed
influid,istheresultofasimpleheatbalanceinwhich

Misthemassofthethermometerbulbcontents,
cp isthespecificheatcapacityofthebulbcontents,
Uisthefilmheattransfercoefficientbetweenthefluidandbulbwall,
Aistheheattransfersurfacearea
TS isthetemperatureofthesurroundingfluid.

Dr.YehiaElShazly

Tsystem theactualtemperature,
Tmeas themeasuredtemperature,
istheexperimentallyobtainedinstrumenttimeconstant.
Forathermometertoreactrapidlytochangesinthesurrounding
temperature,themagnitudeofthetimeconstantshouldbesmall.
Thisinvolves
ahighsurfaceareatoliquidmassratio,
ahighheattransfercoefficient
alowspecificheatcapacity
Forthebulbliquid.Withalargetimeconstant,theinstrumentwill
respondslowlyandmayresultinadynamicmeasurementerror.

Dr.YehiaElShazly