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They are frequently used for the separation of synchronizing signals from the
The typical application of diode clipper is for the protection of transistor from
The complex transmitter and receiver circuitry of television clamper is used as a base
o
o
a fixed DC potential.
These are frequently used in test equipment, sonar and radar systems.
For the protection of the amplifiers from large errant signals clampers are used.
Clippers and clamper circuits are used for molding a waveform to a required shape and
specified range.
Transistor switches can be used to switch and control lamps , relays or even motors.
When transistors are used to switch inductive loads such as relays and solenoids , a
flywheel diode is used.
When large currents or voltages need to be controlled then Darlington transistors are
used.
A multivibrator is an electronic circuit used to implement a variety of simple two-state
systems such as oscillators, timersand flip-flops.
Multivibrators find applications in a variety of systems where square waves or timed intervals
are required. For example, before the advent of low-cost integrated circuits, chains of
multivibrators found use asfrequency dividers.
A free-running multivibrator with a frequency of one-half to one-tenth of the reference
frequency would accurately lock to the reference frequency. This technique was used in early
electronic organs, to keep notes of differentoctaves accurately in tune. Other applications
included early television systems, where the various line and frame frequencies were kept
synchronized by pulses included in the video signal.
Monostable multivibrators are used as timers , delay circuits and gated circuits etc.
Astable multivibrators are used in amateur radio equipment to receive and transmit
radio signals. Astable multivibrators are also used in morse code generators, timers,
and systems that require a square wave, including television broadcasts and analog
circuits
2.sine-to-square comparater
3.amplitude comparater
4. as flip flops
Sampling gates find applications in many circuits. Sampling gates are used in
multiplexers, D/A converters, chopper stabilized amplifiers, sampling scopes.
Time bases are used by radar systems to determine range to a target, by comparing the
current location along the time base to the time of arrival of radio echoes. Analog television
systems using CRTs had two time bases, one for deflecting the beam horizontally in a rapid
movement, and another pulling it down the screen 60 times per second. Oscilloscopes often
have several time bases, but these may be more flexible function generators able to produce
many waveforms as well as a simple time base.
Sweep generators are commonly used to test the frequency response of electronic
filter circuits
Logic circuits are found in several devices including multiplexers, arithmetic logic units, computer memory
and registers. They are also used in microprocessors, some of which can contain over 100 million gates.
Also, logic gates are the building blocks of digital electronics and are formed by the combination of
transistors in order to realize some digital operations. Every digital product, including personal computers,
mobile phones, tablets, calculators and digital watches also uses logic gates.
As the thermistor warms up its resistance decreases, the voltage across it falls and the
input
to
the
NAND
gate
falls.
When it becomes low enough the output becomes HIGH and the buzzer sounds.
How would you adjust the temperature at which the buzzer came on?
A push-button lock
To open the lock the solenoid must be activated and this can be done by pressing both
switches A and B. If B is pressed before A, however, the buzzer will sound.
A safety thermostat
The two contacts X and Y are near the
top of the hot water tank and are
normally covered with water so that
there is a contact between them. The thermistor is also in the water. If the water is too
cold and if the contacts are also covered the heater comes on. The temperature at which
this occurs may be set by the variable resistor R.
An automatic
watering
system