EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON

MULTI CYLINDER D.I DIESEL ENGINE

USING DIESEL-ETHANOL -VEGETABLE OIL
HYBRID FUEL BLENDS

So we are using Ethanol and Diesel and

P.SUBASH CHANDRASEKAR
spsubash@gmail.com
A.SARAVANAN
Schatzsaravanan@gmail.com

Ethanol can reduce its price, because India is

Vegetable oil as an alternate fuel.

When we are considering all other fuels most
of them cost very high. But the wide usage of

one of the largest producers of sugarcane in

the world and moreover the cost and

Department of Automobile Engineering,

Institute of Road and Transport Technology,
Erode-638316, TN
Saving environment is our concern
Substitution is our contribution
Be sure your cars can go alcoholic,
Unlike the man, they run without panic.

properties of vegetable oil is most suitable for

CI Engines.
The main aim of our project is to find the
Viability of the Ethanol and Diesel and
Vegetable oil for different combinations and
to find the performance and emission
characteristics of the most stable
combinations of the Ethanol, Diesel and
Vegetable oil

IRIRT
TT T

In the present day scenario, Fossil

Fuel Depletion is increasing in a rapid manner

The right steps in the right path to

due to the excess usage. Moreover the

limelight the world for an Eco-Friendly fuel

Pollution from automobile is drastically

future in the Automotive Industry

destroying this world. It is very important to

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

find a solution for the pollution problem.

Hence in our project we tried to give

permanent solution for the permanent
problem.

The project team wishes to

acknowledge our faculty members for their
contribution
towards
the
successful
completion of this project.
REFERENCES
1. Heywood, J.B., Internal Combustion
Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, New
York.
2. Indigenous resource utilizationDr.R.Subramaniam, IRTTech Erode.
3. Ethanol Blends and Flexible Fuel Vehicles
a strategy for India T.R. Jagdeesan, Anna
University.
4. Enerdiesel to check pollution planned by
KSRTC, Mr. Anil Kumar Sastry.

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INTRODUCTION

ETHANOL PRODUCTION:

The fast depleting fossil fuels are

casing a great concern world wide.

The process of production of Ethanol

For a

from sugarcanes or grain is well known.

developing country like India, where a major

Basically, the starch in grain is converted to

part of it fuels demands are met through

sugar by means of enzymes and the sugar is

imports, any alternate fuel will have a

then fermented with yeast to produce a dilute

welcoming effect.

alcohol solution. Distillation is used to

Investigations are being

carried out to substitute with non-edible,

non
Vegetable oil in IC Engines.

separate and purify alcohol.

Compression

Ignition engines play a much greater role in

the economics of developing nations then
spark ignition engines, especially in the fields
of heavy transportation and agricultural

Ethanol from Sugarcane::

Ethanol is produced by fermentation
of carbohydrates by the Gay Lussac relation,
C6H12O6

applications because of their higher thermal

efficiency and durability.

In

2C2H5OH + 2CO2
this

process

180

gm

of

TT

carbohydrate is converted to liquid fuel

Ethanol weighing only 92 gm with almost no

vegetable oils and alcohols appear to be

loss of energy. About 1.5 kg of sugarcane

sugar

IR

Being renewable in nature, the

attractive replacements for petroleum

petrole
fuels.

yields a litre of Ethanol. Molasses contain a

For the present work, Pongamia oil, a non

large percentage of sugar, 30% or higher and

edible vegetable oil and Alcohol Ethanol is

most of the nutrient content that was in cane

chosen.

such

as

phosphorous.
The oil obtained from the seed of
Pongamia pinnata has the potential for use as

nitrogen,
The

potassium

potential

of

and
Ethanol

production in India is 500 million liters per

day.

fuel in place of diesel. The power output of

the diesel engine remains almost the same
though the calorific value of Pongamia oil is
slightly lower. The Esterified Pongamia oil is
used.

Vegetable oil + Alcohol KOH

H Glycerol + Bio Diesel

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TRANSESTERIFICATION:

OBJECTIVE

To study the technical viability of using
Hybrid Fuel blends in Multi cylinder
Diesel Engine.

To prepare the bio diesel from the raw
vegetable oil and to prepare the hybrid
fuel blend by various blend proportions.

To test the performance of various
proportions of Diesel-Ethanol-Vegetable
oil (pongamia methyl ester) blends in
Multi cylinder Diesel Engine.

To predict the emission characteristics
of

various

proportions

of

Diesel-

Transesterification is done to reduce

the viscosity of the vegetable oil.

Ethanol-Vegetable oil blends in Multi

The fig shows the Esterification plant

cylinder Diesel Engine.

TT

that

Designed

and

Fabricated

in

our

laboratory.

IR

STABLITY TEST:

Ethanol does not mix with diesel

Specification of the Plant:

completely.
Motor: (Dc Motor, 24 V, 35 W, 1500

Phase separation occurs when Ethanol

RPM)

is mixed with Diesel-PME Blend.

Speed Controller: ( Input: 230 V AC,

Stability tests are taken for Diesel-PME-

Output 24 V DC, RPM- 0-1500 RPM)

Ethanol with surfactants

Temperature

Samples of various blends are taken;
they

remained

without

heater, Range: 0-400 Deg C)

phase

separation for more than 35 hours.

Photographs

Heater : (Type: Oil

Temperature Controller : RTD type

were taken and the

Stability of blends are analyzed.

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PROPERTIES

S.NO

PROPERTY

CHEMICAL FORMULA

SPECIFIC GRAVITY @15C

ETHANOL

C2H5OH

DIESEL

C10 H21

BIODIESEL

0.820.794

0.870
0.85

STOCIOMETRIC A/F RATIO

9.0

14.5

13.8

LATENT HEAT OF VAPORISATION(KJ/Kg)

900

600

SELF IGNITION TEMPERATURE(C)

423

250

356

CALORIFIC VALUE(KJ/Kg)

25500

42500

36100

CETANE NUMBER

40-55

49

BOILING POINT(C)

78.32

180-360

200-364

IR

TT

EXPERIMENTAL PHASE:
 Running the engine with diesel alone.
 Running the engine with Hybrid Fuel
of various proportions of 32 blends
prepared based on the trimatrix
formed.
 The blends are having the mixture of
Diesel + PME+Ethanol

Trimatrix for Blend Preparation

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SPECIFICATIONS OF THE ENGINE USED:

Test Phases:
The test is carried out with diesel

HINO W06D ENGINE

alone, base diesel readings were noted.

Type

Six cylinder, 4S Diesel

The various blends prepared were

Bore

104 mm
used as Hybrid fuel, performance and

Stroke

118 mm

Horse power

110 PS @ 2400 rpm

Compression ratio :
Torque

Emission characteristics were noted and

Compared with base readings.
Some Blend Combinations are:

17.1: 1
37 kg-m @ 1600 rpm

Hybrid_D10P85E5
Hybrid_D20P70E10

Firing order

1-4-2-6-3-5

Maximum speed

2600 rpm

Injection Timing

20 bTDC

Injection pressure

220 bar

Hybrid_D30P55E15

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Hybrid_D40P40E20

IR

Safety Measures:

Lubrication system : Forced feed system

Lube oil

SAE 30 / SAE 40

Before starting the Engine should be

supplied with cooling water. Starting and

stopping the engine should be done without
any load on the dynamometer
Test Procedure:

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:

Before starting the engine various
blends that are going to be used for
analyzing are readily mixed

Then check whether there is a proper
coolant

water

circulation

for

dynamometer and engine.

Then also check fuel connection and
fuel.
Experimental Setup

5|Page


The engine is started and made to run

With different Hybrid fuel blends the

at no load condition for 15 minutes as

engine is run at different load

warm-up phase.

conditions.

The performance is calculated with

The engine is made to run with diesel

the help of dynamometer readings.

fuel.

The readings are taken by selecting N

All the readings are tabulated and the

mode in the dyno controller which is

discussions are made upon results

used to control the eddy current

obtained.

dynamometer
PERFORMANCE AND EMMISION GRAPHS:

The engine is loaded by giving the
39

demand from the dyno controller.

37
BASE

The

engine

speed

is

taken

as

BTE(%)

35

reference and the corresponding

D10P85E5

33

D20P70E10

31

D30P55E15

29

D40P40E20

27

readings like time taken for 200cc fuel

25

TT

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

consumption.

Speed (rpm)

Speed Vs Thermal Efficiency

down

with

the

thermocouple

help

of

0.40

arrangements

0.35
0.30

positioned in the engine.

SFC (KJ/Kw-hr)

noted

IR

Temperature at various positions is

Before measuring emissions maintain

BASE

0.25
0.20
0.15

D10P85E5
D20P70E10

0.10
0.05

D40P40E20

D30P55E15

0.00
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

the amount of exhaust gas.

Speed (rpm)

Speed Vs SFC

The emissions such as CO, CO2, NOx,

HC and O2 are measured using five

using AVL smoke meter.

All the blends that are prepared
should be in an appropriate volume.

Smoke (%)

gas analyzer; the smoke is measured

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

BASE
D10P85E5
D20P70E10
D30P55E15
D40P40E20

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Speed (rpm)

Then the engine is made to run with

different Hybrid fuel blends.

Speed Vs Smoke

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PERFORMANCE GRAPHS OF ESTERIFICATION:

Oxides of nitrogen (ppm)

2500
2000
1500

BASE
D10P85E5

1000

D20P70E10
D30P55E15

500

D40P40E20

0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Speed (rpm)

Speed Vs Nox
Reaction time Vs PME Yield

30
UBHC (ppm)

25
BASE
D10P85E5
D20P70E10
D30P55E15
D40P40E20

20
15
10
5
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600

CO (%)

Alcohol amount Vs PME Yield

IR

Speed Vs UBHC

TT

Speed (rpm)

0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0

BASE
D10P85E5

D20P70E10
D30P55E15
D40P40E20

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Speed (rpm)

Reaction Temp Vs PME Yield

Speed Vs CO
10

CO2 (%)

8
6

BASE
D10P85E5

D20P70E10
D30P55E15
D40P40E20

2
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600
Speed (rpm)

Speed Vs CO2

Speed of Stirrer Vs PME Yield

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The CO2 emisssions of Hybrid fueled

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK:

engine were slightly higher than Base engine.

CONCLUSION:
The

inherent

properties

of

The NOx and Smoke emissions of

the

pongamia oil make them suitable for use in

diesel engine. The present study establishes
the case that pure pongamia oil and their

Hybrid fuel was drastically reduced when

compared with Base Diesel.
FUTURE WORK:

blends with diesel and Ethanol could be used

Our main motto is to replace the

in diesel engines without any modification.

Diesel, so the further step is to add additives

From the above experiment, the BTE
of Diesel-Ethanol-Vegetable oil are higher

like, DEE or DME at a higher percentage with

ethanol and Vegetable oil blends.

than Base Diesel.

DEE and DME have higher cetane no,
The viscosity of neem and pongamia
oil methyl esters are

5.9 and 5.8 cSt

respectively.

as a fuel, and alternative method is under

progress of making use in Diesel engines.

TT

The flash point of neem

storage is major problem in using the above

and

IR

pongamia oil methyl esters are165 C and 164

C respectively. This higher flash point
indicates that the storage and handling of
biodiesel is become safer
The SFC for Diesel-Ethanol-Vegetable

oil blends are slightly higher when compared

with Base Diesel.
The Unburned Hydrocarbon (UBHC)
emissions are higher than Base Diesel,
however when percentage of PME in the
blends increases,UBHC emission is reduced
proportionally .
The CO emissions of Hybrid fueled
engine were lower than that of Base engine.

8|Page

PHOTOGRAPHS

Eddy Current Dynamometer

IR

TT

Stirrer Arrangement of Esterification Plant

Separating Funnel

Smoke meter and Five Gas analyzer

Experimental Setup
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