Chemical Engineering Laboratory For Unit Operations 2 (Adamson University and de La Salle University)

Date & Time Started: Sept.
13, 2016 (9:30 AM)
Date & Time Finished: Sept. 15, 2016 (2:30AM)
Group No. 7
Instructor/Supervisor: Engr. Juvyneil Cartel
EXPERIMENT NO. 1
GAS ABSORPTION
I.
Introduction
Absorption is the unit operation in which one or more components of a gas stream are
removed from the gas mixture by being absorbed onto a non-volatile liquid (called a
solvent). Absorption is the one of the most commonly used separation techniques for the
removal of impurities such as the various gases like H 2S, CO2, SO2 , ammonia and the
recovery of valuable chemicals. Cleaning of solute gases is achieved by transferring into a
liquid solvent by contacting the gas stream with liquids that offers specific or selectivity for
the gases to be recovered.
Mechanism of Absorption
The most useful concept of the process of absorption is given by the two film theory due
to Whitman. According to this theory, material is transferred in the bulk of the phases by
convection currents, and concentration differences are regarded as negligible except in the
vicinity of the interface between phases. On either side of this interface it is supposed that the
currents die out and that there exists a thin film of fluid through which the transfer is effected
solely by molecular diffusion. In absorption process material has to diffuse from one phase
(gas) to another (liquid). The rate of diffusion in both phases impacts the overall rate of mass
transfer
II.
Objectives:
1. To measure the absorption of carbon dioxide into water flowing down the tower,
using the gas analysis equipment provided.
2. To calculate the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide into water from analysis of
liquid solutions flowing down absorption column.
III.
Methodology
3.1 MATERIALS:
Phenolphthalein indicator used as an indicator in acidbase titrations

0.027M Sodium hydroxide solution solution needed for the experiment
0.1M Sodium bicarbonate solution solutions needed for the experiment
300 ml of 1.0 M caustic soda solutions needed for the experiment
Fresh tap water used as solvent for the solutions
3.2 EQUIPMENT:
Gas Absorption Column used to efficiently contact the vapor and liquid in
absorption
Integral Pressure Regulator (IPR) regulates gas pressure
3.3 APPARATUS:
Hempel Apparatus used in gas analysis
Thermometer used for measuring temperature
Barometer used for measuring pressure
CO2 Cylinder with IPR supply vessel of carbon dioxide to the experiment
Safety Gloves protects the hand from any chemical spillage
Goggles protects eyes from any chemical splashes
Funnel used for transferring fluids
Beaker containment of fluids

2
1.4 Procedure
(A) Absorption of carbon dioxide into water flowing down the tower, using the gas
analysis equipment provided
First the two gloves of the absorption analysis equipment on the left of the panel was
filled with 0.1 M caustic soda. Wearing gloves and goggles during the conduct of experiment.
Adjusting the level in the gloves to the 0 mark on the sight tube, using drain valve C into a flask
to do this. (See step A in the sketch overleaf).
Fill the liquid reservoir tank to three-quarters full with fresh tap water. With gas flow
control valves C2 and C3 closed, start the liquid pump and adjust the water flow through the
column to approximately 6 litre per minute on flow meter F1 by adjusting flow control valve C1.
Start the compressor and adjust control valve C2 to give airflow of approximately 10% of
full scale on flow meter F 2.Carefully open the pressure-regulating valve on the carbon dioxide
cylinder, and adjust valve to give a value C 3 on the flow meter F3 approximately one half of the
airflow F2. Ensure the liquid seal at the base of the absorption column is maintained by, if
necessary, adjustment of control valve C4.
After 15 minutes or so of steady operation, take samples of gas simultaneously from
sample points S1 and S2. Analyze this consecutively for carbon dioxide content in these gas
samples as shown in the accompanying sketch and following notes.
Flush the sample lines by repeated sucking from the line, using the gas piston and
expelling the contents of the cylinder to the atmosphere. Note that the volume of the cylinder is
about 100 ml. Estimate the volume of the tube leading to the device. Then decide how many
times you need to suck and expel.
With the absorption glove isolated and vent to the atmosphere closed, fill the cylinder
from the selected line by drawing the piston out slowly (Step B). Note volume taken into
cylinder V1, which should be approximately 20 ml for this particular experiment (See Warning
note below).Wait at least two minutes to allow the gas to come to the temperature of the cylinder.
Isolate the cylinder from the column and the absorption glove and vent the cylinder to
atmospheric pressure. Close after 10 seconds (Step D). Connect cylinder to absorption glove.
The liquid level should not change. If it does not change, briefly open to atmosphere again.
Wait until the level in the indicator tube is on zero showing that the pressure in the
cylinder is atmospheric. Slowly close the piston to empty the cylinder into the absorption glove.
Slowly draw the piston out again (Steps E and F). Note the level in the indicator tube. Repeat
steps E and F until no significant change in level occurs. Read the indicator tube marking = V.
the represents the volume of the gas sampled. Then repeat the experiments for trials 2 and 3.
IV.
Results and Discussion

Table 1.1 CO2 into H2O using Hempl Gas Analysis
PARAMETERS
Air Flow Rate (L/min)
Water Flow Rate (L/min)
CO2 Flow Rate (L/min)
Initial NaOH Reading (mL)
Final NaOH Reading (mL)
Volume of Sample (mL)
Values of
Vf
A
40
4
16
0.35
3.6
30
B
60
2
16.5
0.35
1.25
30
measured:
1.65 mL, 2.1 mL, 2.5 mL, 3.0 mL, 3.3 mL, 3.6 mL, 3.2 mL
The requirement of good contact between liquid and gas is the hardest to meet,
especially in large towers. Ideally the liquid, once distributed over the top of the packing,
flows in thin films over all the packing surface all the way down the tower. Especially at
low liquid rates much of the packing surface maybe dry, or at best, covered by a stagnant
film of liquid. This effect is known as channelling; it is the chief reason for the poor
performance of large packed towers.
With the liquid flow rate increasing, more liquid would be spread on the packing
surface, and this leads to an increase in the interfacial area per unit volume. Besides, the
higher liquid flow rate leads to a higher liquid-side mass transfer coefficient in the case of
liquid phase controlled mass transfer.
Gas flow rate has an effect on the absorption performance in the packed column.
Increase in the gas flow rate leads to a higher KGav value especially when the carbon
dioxide concentration is high. When the carbon dioxide concentration is low, the
enhancement factor would be small, which leads to higher value of the resistance in the
liquid phase ( ).
V.
Conclusion
Based on the experiment, this phenomenon indicates that the overall CO2
absorption rate is not only dependent upon the gas flow rate, it is also dependent upon
the availability of the reactive in the liquid. Thus, the resistance in the gas phase can
be negligible. So, the overall mass transfer coefficient is not dependent upon the gas
flow rate when the CO2 concentration is low. Whereas, the resistance in the liquid
phase ( ) decreased with increasing concentration of CO2, the impact of the
resistance in the gas phase becomes increasingly significant.
VI.
References
http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50270a011 - Rate of Absorption of
Carbon Dioxide in Water and in Alkaline Media

http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0414/ijsrp-p2885.pdf
GEANKOPLIS, C. J. Principles of Transport Processes and Separation
Processes. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2003).
VII.
Appendix
Experimental Data
(A) Absorption of carbon dioxide into water flowing down the tower, using the gas
analysis equipment provided

Operating Temp = 298 K
Air Flow rate (entering) = 40 L/min
CO2 Flow rate (entering) = 16 L/min
H2O Flow rate (entering) = 4 L/min
Sample CO2 reading = 3.6 ml
Volume of sample = 30 ml
Information Flow Diagram
V f V i (@hemptel apparatus)
||=V
V i
V
V sample
V ||
V sample
y C 02=
y C 02
V i=0.35 mL
SAMPLE CALCULATION:
V sample
= 30 mL
Lo +V 2=L1 +V 1=M
Lo x Ao +V 2 y A 2=L1 x A 1+V 1 y A 1=M x AM
y A1
V ' =V (1 y A 1)
L' =L(1x A 1 )
V ' =V
'
x A1
L' =V
x Ao
y A2
x A1
y A1
'
'
'
+V
=L
+V (
)
1x Ao
1 y A 2
1x A 1
1 y A 1
) (
) (
NOMENCLATURE:
6
x Ao mole fraction of liquid entering the column

y A1
mole fraction of CO2 entering the column
L'
'
flowrate of liquid in the

Flow rate of gas
CALCULATIONS:
V ||
1.65 ml0.35 ml
y A 1 = V sample = (
= 0.0433
30 ml
V ||
3.3 ml0.35 ml
= 0.0983
30 ml
y A1 =
V ||
V sample
2.1 ml0.35 ml
= 0.0583
=(
30 ml
y A1 =
V ||
V sample = (
3.6 ml0.35ml
= 0.1
30 ml
V ||
2.5 ml0.35 ml
= 0.0716
30 ml
V ||
3.2 ml0.35 ml
=0.095
30 ml
V ||
3.0 ml0.35 ml
= 0.08833
30 ml
L'
x Ao
y A2
x A1
y
+V '
=L'
+V ' ( A 1 )
1x Ao
1 y A 2
1x A 1
1 y A 1
) (
) (
Since Xao is equal to 0,

'
L =L(1x A 1 ) = 4L/min (1-0) =
4L/min
14.48L/min
V ' =V (1 y A 1) = 16L/min (1-0.095) =

7
'
x A1
0
0.1
0.095
)
( 10
)+V ( 10.1
)=L ( 1 x )+ V ( 10.095
'
'
'
A1
x A 1 =.2
DOCUMENTATION
Taking of Sample of CO2
Closer View of the Equipment

Measurement of the pressure drop
Date & Time Started: September 13, 2016

Group No. 7
Date & Time Finished: September 13, 2016

Instructor/Supervisor: Engr. Juvyneil E. Cartel
EXPERIMENT NO.2
BATCH DISTILLATION USING BENCH TYPE DISTILING COLUMN
I.
INTRODUCTION
Distillation involves the separation of two or more volatile components from a
liquid solution by the application of heat. Due to the differences in the volatilities of the
various components, the vapor generated contains improved concentrations of the more
volatile components. This vapor is subsequently processed or condensed to generate an
enriched concentration different from the original liquid solution. The chemical engineer
9
is involved in the design of various distillation equipment used for batch distillation, flash
distillation, fractional distillation, steam distillation, etc.
The methods used in distillation practice rely on the basic fact that the vapor is
always richer in the more volatile component than the liquid from which it is formed.
Among these techniques, the most important is rectification, sometimes referred to as
fractional distillation or distillation with reflux. It entails the returning of a portion of the
condensate to the still. Flash distillation or simple continuous distillation involves
keeping all the vapor and liquid in intimate contact so that the separated vapor is in
equilibrium with the residual liquid. In differential distillation or simple batch distillation,
a liquid is vaporized, and the vapor is removed from contact with the liquid immediately
as it is formed.
II.
OBJECTIVES
To be able to determine the average concentration of a specified volume of the

distillate that is obtained from a feed mixture of known composition by operating
the distillation unit at constant reflux.

To be able to predict the time required to obtain a particular concentration of the
distillate using experimental data.
III.
METHODOLOGY
III.1
Materials
Timer/ Stopwatch
III.2
Utilized for measuring the

amount of time taken for a
particular task to completion
Equipment/Apparatus
10
Thermometer
Used for measuring temperature
Refractometer
Utilized for measuring refractive

indices
Beaker
Used for containment of liquids
Graduated cylinder
Used for measuring liquid volumes
Pipette
Used for measuring liquid; moving

small amounts of liquid from one
place to another
Aspirator
An apparatus for producing suction

or collecting materials by suction
Distilling Column
A bench apparatus used in the

distillation operations.
III.3
Procedure
Initially, mix specific amounts of ethanol (analytical grade) with distilled

water to make solutions which correspond to 20, 40, 60, and 80 percent by weight
ethanol. By using a refractometer, measure the refractive index of each solution.
Determine the refractive indices of pure distilled water and pure ethanol. These
correspond to 0 and 100 percent by weight ethanol, respectively. Check the
measured data with those given in a handbook. Make a graph of percent by
weight ethanol (y-axis) vs. refractive index (x-axis) at ambient temperature. These
are in preparation of standard calibration curves.
To prepare the feed, make a solution of ethanol-water containing 80 ml of
technical grade ethanol and 250 ml distilled water. Stir it well and take an aliquot
to determine its refractive index. Then feed it to the boiler of the distilling
column.
Heat the solution until it boils. When the first droplet formed at the end of the
condenser, start the timer. Record the time when the graduated cylinder gets full.
11
Be sure to record the temperature at the top, middle, and still. Also take samples
of the bottoms as well as the middle. Do the same until all the graduated cylinders
are filled. Take not of the time each graduated cylinder is filled up to the mark.
IV.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Presented here is the tabulation of raw data and graphs of raw data. Graphs
that shows important relationships and trends are given as follows.
Table 1. Ethanol-Water Solution Calibration Data
Ethanol Concentration (% vol)
Refractive Index
0
10
20
30
40
50
1.33025
1.33727
1.3401
1.3406
1.3502
1.3505
Ethanol-Water Solution Calibration Curve

1.36
1.35
Refractive Index
f(x) = 0x + 1.33
R = 0.93
1.34
1.33
1.32
10
20
30
40
50
60
Ethanol Concentration
12
Figure 1. Ethanol-Water Solution Calibration Curve

Table 2. Experimental Data of the Distillate
Sampl
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Volume
Temperature (oC)
(mL)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Distillate (D)
74
79
83
86
89
91
94
96
96
96
Refractive Index
1.361
1.3625
1.362
1.3615
1.36
1.359
1.355
1.351
1.345
1.33
Time
(Min)
1.52
3.35
5.17
7.25
9.63
12.02
14.98
18.3
21.77
25.73
Plot of t vs RI of Distillate
1.37
1.36
f(x) = - 0x^2 + 0x + 1.36

R = 0.96
1.35
Refractive Index
1.34
1.33
1.32
1.31
0
10
12
time (min)
Figure 2. Plot of t vs RI of Distillate

Table 3. Experimental Data of the Bottoms
Sampl
Temperature
Refractive Index
13
e
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(oC)
Bottoms (W)
89
90
91
92
93.5
95
96
97
97
97
1.3385
1.339
1.338
1.3365
1.3355
1.3345
1.3345
1.3333
1.3325
1.3325
Figure 3. Plot of t vs RI of Bottoms
Plot of t vs RI of Bottoms
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
Refractive Index 1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
f(x) = 0x^2 - 0x + 1.34

R = 0.96
10
12
time (min)
Table 4. Experimental Data of the Reflux

sample
Temperature (oC)
Refractive
14
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
V.
Reflux
75
78
82
85
85
90
92
96
96
96
Index
1.334
1.3405
1.3405
1.351
1.35
1.346
1.3478
1.3385
1.338
1.339
CONCLUSION
When the experiment was performed, there was no problems encountered. The data
gathered was Refractive index, time, volume, and temperature of the Distillate, Bottoms, and
Reflux. To derive a conclusion from the plot of the time versus Refractive Indexes of Distillate,
the Refractive Indexes lowers as the time of distillation increases. It has a polynomial curve and
having an order of 2. Likewise, from the plot of the time versus Refractive Indexes of the
Bottoms, the Refractive indexes of the Bottoms also decreases as time of distillation increases. It
also has a polynomial curve having an order of 2.
However, the data gathered was insufficient to calculate the average concentration of a
specified volume of the distillate that is obtained from a feed mixture of known composition
which was stated in the objectives of this experiment. Moreover, the experimental data was also
not applicable to the calculation of the time required to obtain a particular concentration of the
distillate.
VI.
REFERENCES
GEANKOPLIS, C. J. Principles of Transport Processes and Separation
Processes. 3rd Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2003).
OLANO, S. et.al Reviewer for Chemical Engineering Licensure
Examination. 3rd Edition. Manila Revie Institute, Inc. (2015)
DOCUMENTATION
15

16
Group No. 7
EXPERIMENT NO. 3
SPRAY DRYING EXPERIMENT
I.
INTRODUCTION
In a spray dryer, a liquid or slurry solution is sprayed into a hot gas stream in the form of
a mist of fine droplets. The water is rapidly vaporized from the droplets, leaving particles of dry
solid which are separated from the gas stream. The flow of gas and liquid in the spray chamber
may be countercurrent, concurrent, or a combination of both.
The fine droplets are formed from the liquid feed by spray nozzles or high speed rotating
spray disks inside a cylindrical chamber. It is necessary to ensure that the droplets of wet
particles of solid do not strike and stick to solid surfaces before drying has taken place; hence,
large chambers are used. The dried solids leave at the bottom of the chamber through a screw
conveyor. The particles produced are usually light and quite porous.
In this very experiment, students will be drying a concentrated solution of detergent
solution with the aid of an atomizer disk spray dryer.
II.
Objectives
1. To be able to perform and understand spray drying equipment and related principles.
2. Produce a relationship between pressure and time, and temperature of air inside the spray
dryer and time. Likewise determine the relative humidity of air present prior and after the
experiment proper.
III.
Methodology
3.1 Equipment:
Atomizer Disk Spray Dryer
3.2 Materials:
500 mL Beaker
Graduated Cylinder
Stopwatch
Detergent Powder
Water
3.3 Procedure
17
1. Prepare a detergent solution. Preferably, the detergent powder should be high in amount
or concentration.
2. Prepare the dish atomizer spray dryer by turning it on, and opening the steam valve.
3. Measure the volume of the solution.
4. After pouring it in a separatory funnel, place it in an elevated position. From H2O point,
determine its experimental flowrate.
5. Place this separatory funnel in the filling place on top of the spray dryer. Turn on
necessary adjustment, let the solution be fed into dryer by rotating its valve slowly. The
flowrate, preferably should be in droplets.
6. Through a glass window installed on one side of the edge. Observe the happenings inside.
7. Record the time needed, pressure, temperature (heater and inside air), wet and dry bulb
temperature.
8. After spray dryer, taker out the jar of the powderized material or simply the product itself.
9. Using the analytical balance, weight the jar with the product. Then take off and clean the
jar and weight again. The difference of the initial and final mass shall be considered as
the amount of produced dry material.
10. After using the spray dryer, open its cover using hydraulic press. Clean off any remaining
content inside the dryer.
IV.
Spray Dying
450
400
350
Pressure vs Time
Temp. of Heater
vs Time
Temp. of Inside
Air vs Time
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
8 10 12
18
Figure 1. Spray Drying Plot
V.
Conclusion
It can be concluded that the experiment went well despite a few setbacks. It can be
proposed that the spray drying experiment could have been improved if only the pressure being
set up inside the equipment is high. Likewise, it can be concluded that for a better amount of dry
powder to materialize or produce, a drop by drop flowrate should have been done instead and
that the detergent solution should be high in concentration.
VI.
References
GEANKOPLIS, C. J. Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes. 3rd
Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2003).

MCCABE & SMITH. Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering. 5th Edition. McGraw
Hill International Series (1993
VII.
APPENDIX
Information Flow Diagram
V V o=
V
t
t
V
P
T Heater
19
Plot P vs .t ;
Plot T Heater vs .t ;
Plot T Inside Air vs . t

t
Nomenclature:
T Inside Air
V0 = Volumetric flow rate in mL/min;
t = Time in min; and
V = Volume in Ml
P = Pressure
T Inside Air = Temperature of Inside Air in oC
T Heater
= Temperature of Heater in oC
A. Raw Data
Table 1. Experimental Volumetric Flow rate of Detergent Solution for Spray Drying
Volume
Time
Volumetric Flowrate
(mL)
(min)
(mL/min)
100
47.5
2.105263158
100
53.42
1.871958068
100
53.65
1.863932898
Trial
Ave.
1.947051375
Sample Computation for Volumetric Flowrate:

V0 = V/t = (100 mL)/ (47.5 min) = 2.105263158 mL/min
Table 2. Inlet and Outlet Conditions of Spray Dryer
Inlet Conditions
Oulet Conditions
Air Temp Outside (oC)
30.1
Air Temp Outside (oC)
Temp of Sol'n (oC)
29.7
Temp of Sol'n (oC)
Wet Bulb (oC)
25
Wet Bulb (oC)
34.2
26
20
Dry Bulb (oC)
Dry Bulb (oC)
32
Concentration (g/mL)
0.16
33
Concentration (g/mL)
Table 3. Inside Conditions of the Spray Dryer

Temp. of Heater
Temp. of Inside
Air
Time
Pressure
(min)
(kPa)
137
360
90
196
380
100
157
370
110
108
370
110
98
360
125
88
350
130
380
140
390
148
390
149
10
380
142
Table 3. Data of Powderized Detergent Solution.

Product Obtained (g)
Mass of Product + Jar
314.3
Mass of Jar
312.73
Mass of Product
1.57
21
DOCUMENTATION
Spray Dryer Equipment
The Atomizer Disk Spray Dryer Setup.
22
Observation on the Equipment before experiment proper
Date & Time Started: Sept. 14, 2016 (9:30 AM)
Group No. 7
Date & Time Finished: Sept. 14, 2016 (1:30 PM)
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
COOLING TOWER
I.
INTRODUCTION
Forced draft wet cooling tower is a device designed to disperse heat flux in the ambient air,
collected by cooling water in the cooled devices. In the cooling tower, the chilled water comes
into direct contact with ambient air. Hot water flows into the main collector of water separator.
Next, it is distributed through a piping system to sprinkling nozzles. The nozzles dissipate the
water jet on drip blocks of the wet deck, forming a water film with a large surface area of
contact. Water falling from the lower edges of the drip elements of the wet deck falls as rain to
the bottom collection basin from where it is pumped back to the cooled equipment.
The cooling of water is mainly due to the evaporation of a small portion of the cooled stream
of water (mass transfer) into the flowing air stream, using the latent heat (heat of evaporation)
collected from the water stream, and - to a lesser extent - due to convective heat transfer from the
water to air (heat transport).
Counter-current flow of cold air is caused by the suction action of the axial fan with a
capacity adapted to the required cooling parameters. The fan is mounted outside the housing, on
the ceiling of the cooling tower. The air is sucked into the cooling tower through the inlet ports
equipped with air intake shutters which protect against sucking in solid elements from the
environment such as leaves, and against the chilled water splashing outside the cooling tower.
Next, the sucked-in air flows through the rain zone under the wet deck, through the wet deck
filling, the water splash zone above the wet deck; then it the of the housing of the fan.
The degree of chilled water in the wet cooling tower depends on the wet bulb temperature of
the air intake from the environment, the amount of air (fan capacity) and the technical solution of
the cooling tower itself. Cooling towers are designed to achieve the desired effect of cooling
under the most unfavorable conditions (high temperature and humidity, with the need to take
away the highest quantity of heat from the water). The fan power is also adjusted for such
conditions. When the ambient temperature decreases or less heat is to be dissipated, the installed
power is unnecessary. To reduce operating costs and improve operating safety, two-speed
23
(optional) motors can be used to power the fan. In such cases, the speed of fans and the resulting
power consumption are determined depending on the temperature of chilled water.
In order to ensure a reliable and safe operation of the cooling system, the maintenance of the
relevant characteristics of the cooling water should be preserved, as continuous evaporation
increases the concentration of chemical contaminants in the mechanical cooling circuit. Suitable
desalination, desilting and refilling the cooling system are the main parameters affecting the life
of the cooling tower components and other equipment associated with the cooling circuit.
II.
III.
OBJECTIVES
To become familiar with the operation of a cooling tower equipment.

To measure wet and dry bulb temperature, apply psychrometric principles to
determine relative humidity, and measure humidity.

To determine the cooling effect of the cooling tower through observations and
reading or collecting of data as the water particles are exposed to air.

To provide available relationships of several parameters present.
METHODOLOGY
III.1
Materials
2 pcs 2- sling psychrometer
Meterstick
Digital thermometer
Stopwatch
III.2
Equipment/Apparatus
1. Cooling Tower
2. Heat Exchanger
3.3. Procedure
Start by operating the steam valve. Prior to operation, measure the dimensions of
the tank and take note of the specifications of the equipment. Fill up the tank with hot
water generated by the heat transfer of the tap water and steam in the heat exchanger.
Record the temperature of the steam and turn off or close the steam valve. After which,
record the height of the liquid inside the tank using a meterstick.
At the cooling tower, close the valve for hot water and open the valve for
pumping. After opening the valve, turn on the pump and then the blower. Prior to
observations, record the dry and wet bulb temperature of the inlet and outlet air flow
24
using the psychrometer. After the pre-determined time interval, measure again the dry and
wet bulb, the temperature of the beaker and the temperature of the outflow. During the
experiment, it is a must to observer as to comprehend pertinent principles of cooling
tower. After observing the cooling effect, turn off the pump button as well as the blower
and heater counterparts. Close, likewise, the valve adjacent to pump.
IV.

When warm liquid is brought into contact with unsaturated gas, part of the liquid
evaporates and the liquid temperature drops. Cooling tower lowers the temperature of
recirculated water. The reduction in water temperature in cooling tower comes mainly
from evaporation, although when air temperature is low there is also some sensible
heat transfer to the air. However, even when the air is warmer than the water, water
can be cooled by evaporation if the wet bulb temperature is below that of the water.
From tabulated data, the air that passes through the tower increases its
temperature as it contacts warm water but decreases when the descending water gets
colder.
Time (min)
Nominal
Velocity of
Air (m/s)
Wet Bulb
Approach,
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.03196 P0.0321 P0.03196 P0.032 P0.032 P0.032 P0.032 P0.032 p

-
17.4
13.3
7.8
5.8
2.5
-1.6
-2.1
0.028
0.0325
0.028
0.027
0.0275
0.027
0.026
0.026
H
(humidity)
kg/kg dry
air
V.
CONCLUSION
Based on the data derived from the experiment, the temperature of the water
gradually decreases as it had undergone the cooling tower. The cooling effect of the
cooling tower had been proven as supported by data and observations. The
relationship that can be derived here was that as water was being repeatedly
processed inside the equipment with known interval of times, the temperature of the
VI.
water decreases.
REFERENCES
25

Hill International Series (1993).
VII.
APPENDICES
A. Raw Data
Table 4.2. Experimental Data for Liquid under Test
Trial
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Temp. of Liquid (oC)

In
Out
64
42.2
58
38
55
36.6
47
35.1
41
34
37
32.8
34
31.2
31
31.1
29
30.2
28
30
27
29.8
26
28.6
Density of Liquid
(kg/L)
In
Out
981.068
990.661
984.73
992.237
985.856
992.763
988.859
993.326
991.111
993.738
992.612
994.189
992.738
994.79
994.865
994.827
991.862
995.165
995.99
995.24
996.366
995.315
996.741
995.39
Table 4.2. Experimental Data during Water Cooling

Trial
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Wet Temp (oC)

In
Out
33.4
30
34
30
32.5
30
31.5
29.5
31
28.9
30
29
30
29
28.5
29
29
28.5
29
29
29
28.9
29.5
29
Dry Temp (oC)

In
Out
35
31
36
31
35
31
34.4
30.5
34
30
33
29.5
32.9
29.9
29.5
30.5
33
29.5
32.8
30.5
32.9
30.2
31
30.2
Relative Humidity
In
Out
89.49
92.89
87.16
87.16
83.86
92.89
81.83
92.83
80.51
92.05
80.19
96.31
80.78
93.46
92.7
89.35
74.09
92.7
75.21
89.35
74.65
90.68
89.44
91.38
26
CALCULATIONS:
By taking the data obtained when 0% air flow fully closed and 0% heater power:
Initial Trial
Inlet air wet bulb T = 33.4 oC
Outlet water temperature = 42.2 oC
Specific volume of air at outlet (by plotting air outlet dry bulb and air outlet wet bulb on the
Psychometric Chart) = 0.919 m3kg-1
x
Air mass flow rate = 0.0137 V
B
x was not measured
x
= 0.0137 0.919
Air volumetric flow rate = mV B
= m x 0.919
= 0.919m m3s-1
Air Velocity =
V
A
DESCRIPTIO
N
Approach to
wet bulb
Specific volume
of air at outlet
X
mm H2O
kg/s
0.0137
m3/s
V
A
m2
77.77
Cross sectional
area
Air velocity
UNIT
AT 0.5 HP
8.8
m3/kg
0.919
x
0.919
m/s
27
For heater power 0:

From psychometric chart:
H2 = 0.0233 kg water/kg air, H1 = 0.022 kg water/kg air
L2 = 2(kg/min)/1 min/60 s L2 = 0.3 kg/sec
* Water mass balance:
L2L1=G ( H 2H 1)
* Energy balance:
Q G * (H Y 2 H Y1 )
For heater power 0.5 kW:

From psychometric chart:
H2 = kg water/kg air, H1 = kg water/kg air
L2 = 2(kg/min)/1 min/60 s L2 = 0.3 kg/sec
* Water mass balance:
L2L1=G ( H 2H 1)
* Energy balance:
Q G * ( HY 2 HY1 )
Description
Heater Power (kW)

0.5
28
DOCUMENTATION
Turning ON the pump and

blower
Recording Datas
Measures the dimensions of the tank

Experiment
proper,
where
all
members were busy in their assigned task.
Date & Time Started: Sept.14, 2016 (4:30 PM) Date & Time Finished: Sept. 14, 2016 (5:30 PM)
Group No. 7
29
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
REACTION KINETICS EXPERIMENT USING TUBULAR FLOW REACTOR
I.
INTRODUCTION
A plug flow reactor is a pipe-shaped tank where a chemical reaction takes place with
walls coated with a catalyst and an inlet flow of pure reactant. It consists of a cylindrical pipe
and is normally operated at steady state, as is the CSTR A simple illustration for what a typical
plug flow reactor is:-
Inlet Flow
Outlet Flow
Figure 1. Schematic diagram for a plug flow reactor.
A reactant is inserted into tank via inlet flow, after that the reactant is converted into
product then flow out the reactor by the outlet flow.
Generally, reactors are used in the mostly chemical industry for a million of processes to
produce product. There are various different types of reactors due to the numerous different
factors that can control the formation of product during the reaction. Plug flow reactors are an
idealized scenario where there is no mixing involved in the reactor. It is the opposite of the
continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR), where the reaction mixture is perfectly mixed. It is
impossible to have no mixing at all during a reaction, but the amount of mixing in the reactor can
be minimized. There are several advantages to minimizing the amount of mixing so that the
reactor closely resembles a Plug Flow Reactor. The plug flow reactor has an inlet flow composed
of the reactants. The reactant flows into the reactor and is then converted into the product by a
certain chemical reaction. The product flows out of the reactor through the outlet flow. An
overview of the reactor can be seen in Figure 1. A schematic of industrial tubular reactors are
shown in figure below:
30
Figure 2.
Tubular reactor
schematic. Longitudal flow reactor.
Before the reactants are continually flow inside the Plug flow reactor, there are must have
a specific assumptions are made about the extent of mixing. The validity of the assumptions will
depend on the geometry of the reactor and the flow conditions-:
1. Complete mixing in the radial direction
2. No mixing in the axial direction, i.e., the direction of flow
3. A uniform velocity profile across the radius.
4. Mixing in longitudinal direction due to vortices and turbulence
5. Incomplete mixing in radial direction in laminar flow conditions
In the chemical industry, plug flow reactors are frequently used due to the non-mixing
property of the reactors. This is because it would be more advantageous than a mixed reactor
such as a CSTR. Plug flow reactors are frequently used in biological reactions when the substrate
flows into the reactor and is converted to product with the use of an enzyme. Since plug flow
reactors have an inlet and outlet stream, they are useful for continuous production. The streams
are opposite of a batch reactor, which is a reactor that has a constant volume and has no
incoming or outgoing streams. Flow of plug flow reactor is laminar, as with viscous fluids in
small-diameter tubes, and greatly deviate from ideal plug-flow behaviour, or turbulent, as with
gases. One Plug flow reactor is an ideal tubular reactor with laminar flow behavior. Turbulent
flow generally is preferred to laminar flow, because mixing and heat transfer are improved. In
this experiment, the Plug Flow Reactor (Model: BP101) is used as it has been properly designed
for students' experiment on chemical reactions in liquid phase under isothermal and adiabatic
31
conditions. Included in the unit is a jacketed plug flow reactor; individual reactant feed tanks and
pumps, temperature sensors and conductivity measuring sensor. By using this particular unit,
students will be capable to conduct the typical saponification reaction between ethyl acetate and
sodium hydroxide among the others reaction.
Basically, for chemical reactions, it is impossible to proceed to 100% completion. This is
because due to the rate of reaction decreases when percent completion gradually increases until
the point where the system achieve dynamic equilibrium (no net reaction occurs). In fact, the
equilibrium point mostly is less than 100% complete. Thus, distillation is used as a separation
process, in order to separate any remaining reagents or by products from the desired product.
Sometimes the reagents may be reused at the beginning of the process as a recycle back, such as
in the Haber process.
For application plug flow reactors are usually which are:
1. High temperature reactions
2. Continuous production
3. Homogeneous or heterogeneous reactions
4. Fast reactions
5. Large scale reactions
II.
OBJECTIVES
To determine the degree of conversion of the reactants mixed in a flask at certain
time.
To determine the degree of conversion of the reactants for a given set of conditions
of the tubular reactor.
III.
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials:
250 mL standardized 0.1 M EtOAc very volatile and flammable liquid that will
be used as working reactant
32
40 g solid caustic soda chemical used to produce NaOH solution

99 mL pure ethyl acetate working reactant
250 mL standardized 0.1 M NaOH used as titrant
Phenolphathalein indicator to be used in titration
100 mL 0.1 M HCl used as quencher for NaOH and EtOAc solution
20 L distilled water used for preparing solutions
3.2 Equipment/Devices:
Tubular Flow Reactor used for the conversion reaction

Timer used for time
3.3 Apparatus:
1 L glass flask and stopper containment of the working reactants (solutions)
2-10 mL pipette used for titration
2-50 mL burette used for titration
2 pcs titration flask used for titration
3.4 Procedure
First, the temperature control unit was set up as described in the commissioning section
of the laboratory manual and temperature of the reactor was allowed to reach 30C with the
stirrer on and both pumps was switched on. Flow rates were adjusted to 0.10 liters/min for each
feed and then the product discharges to the pump tray was checked. After 20-30 minutes when
the reactor reached a steady state the following readings was noted:
Flow rates of NaOH and EtOAc.
Outlet temperature T, OC.
Ten (10) mL was took at reactor outlet and NaOH inlet tank and analyze for caustic soda
concentration. The sampling was repeated and analyzed to ensure steady state conditions.
For the reaction in a flask a 250 mL of standardized 0.1 M NaOH and 250 mL of
standardized of 0.1 M EtOAc in 1 L flask was mixed and secured with stopper. 2. After 1 hour of
mixing, 10 mL sample was placed in the filtration flask. The sample was quenched with 10 mL
of 0.1 M HCl and then was added with phenolphthalein indicator. The mixture was titrated with
0.1 M NaOH until end point is reach. The volume of NaOH used was recorded.
33
IV.

IV.1
Results
Presented here are graphs that shows important relationships and trends are given as
follows.
Trial 1 Plot Xa vs t
0.0700.068
0.066
f(x) = 0x^2 - 0x
+ 0.07
0.064
0.064
R = 1
Xa (Conversion) 0.065
0.060
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
t (time)
Figure 1. Plot of conversion vs time for Trial 1
0.069
0.068
0.067
0.066
0.065
Xa (conversion)
0.064
0.063
0.062
0.061
f(x) = 0x^2 - 0x + 0.07

R = 1
10 12 14 16 18 20 22
t (time)
34
0.140
0.119
0.120
f(x) =
0x + 0.08
0.103
R = 0.99
0.1000.093
0.130
0.080
Xa (Conversion 0.060
0.040
0.020
0.000
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
t (time)

4.2 Discussion
In this experiment, we were able to carry a reaction between NaOH and EtOAc in plug
flow reactor. These two solutions react together in the PFR to complete saponification reaction.
Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) is a type of reactor that consists of a cylindrical pipe and is usually
operated at steady state. The feed enter at one end of a cylindrical tube and leaves product from
the end of cylindrical tube. The long tube and the lack of provision for stirring prevent complete
mixing of the fluid in the tube. At the end of the experiment, we are able to determine the
reaction rate constant by using formula and to determine the effect of time on the conversion in
the plug flow reactor. The experiment is started by running up the equipment in order to start the
saponification process.
Conversion, xA is the number of moles of A that reacted per mole of A fed to the system.
The conversion is defined with respect to the basis of the calculation and in this case, species A is
35
taken as the basis of the calculation. PFR lacks a good mixing process due to PFR is designed
not to stir the solution vigorously to maximize mixing process, the conversion of the reaction by
using PFR is fairly low. The experiment also aims to evaluate the reaction rate constants and rate
of reaction values of the reaction. Both of these properties have been determined in the result
section.
We used this formula to determine residence which is use for a function of total flow
rates of the feed by time before plotting the graph,
=
Residence Time,
Reactor volume ( L ) ,V
L
Total flow rate
, v0
min
( )
Supposedly, the result of conversion factor is inversely proportional to the residence time
expect for trial 3. This is maybe due to the error occurred during conducted the experiment.
Thus, when the residence time is increases, the conversion factor also decreases.
V.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, from the graph that had been plotted, we can say that the conversion factor is
inversely proportional to the residence time at certain point then a small changes an increase of
graph conversion to the residence time .
APPENDICES:
Raw Data
Trial 1
Samp
le
1
2
3
4
Trial 2
Samp
le
30 NaOH; 30 EtOAC
t
5
10
15
20
Vi
49
45.8
42.6
39.5
Vf
45.8
42.6
39.5
36.8
V
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.7
50 NaOH; 30 EtOAC
Vi
Vf
V
36
1
2
3
4
Trial 3
Samp
le
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
36.8
34.3
31.8
29.8
34.3
31.8
29.8
27.9
2.5
2.5
2
1.9
30 NaOH; 30 EtOAC
t
5
10
15
20
Vi
27.9
25.3
22.7
20
Vf
25.3
22.7
20
17.4
V
2.6
2.6
2.7
2.6
Properties
Reactor Volume.
: 400 mL
Concentration of NaOH in the reactor, CNaOH
: 0.02M
Concentration of NaOH in the feed vessel, CNaOH,f
: 0.02M
Concentration of HCl quench, CHCl,s
: 0.1 M
Volume of sample, Vs
: 10mL
SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS
Residence Time
For flow rates of 30 ml/min :
Residence Time,
Reactor volume ( L ) ,V
L
Total flow rate
, v0
min
Total flow rate, Vo
= Flow rate of NaOH + Flow rate of Et(Ac)
( )
= 30 mL/min NaOH + 30 mL/min Et(Ac)

= 60 mL/min
= 0.06 L/min
37
Hence,
0.4 L
Residence Time, = 0.06 L/min
= 6.6667 min
placed in Table 7.3
Other residence times were calculated by the same way, and varying the flow rates.
Conversion
For flow rates of 30 ml/min:
Moles of reacted NaOH, n1,
n1= Concentration NaOH x Volume of NaOH titrated
= 0.02 M x (3.2x 10-3) L
= 6.4x 10-5mole
DOCUMENTATION
All members are working according to assigned task
38
A Closer View of the Equipment
Titration of the
Sample
Date & Time Started: Sept. 14, 2016 (2:30PM) Date & Time Finished: Sept. 14, 2016 (3:30 PM)
Group No. 7
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
FIRST STEP RESPONSE ORDER SYSTEM
I. INTRODUCTION
The step response of a system in a given initial state consists of the time evolution of its
outputs when its control inputs are Heaviside step functions. In electronic engineering and
39
control theory, step response is the time behavior of the outputs of a general system when its
inputs change from zero to one in a very short time. The concept can be extended to the abstract
mathematical notion of a dynamical system using an evolution parameter.
From a practical standpoint, knowing how the system responds to a sudden input is
important because large and possibly fast deviations from the long term steady state may have
extreme effects on the component itself and on other portions of the overall system dependent on
this component. In addition, the overall system cannot act until the component's output settles
down to some vicinity of its final state, delaying the overall system response. Formally, knowing
the step response of a dynamical system gives information on the stability of such a system, and
on its ability to reach one stationary state when starting from another
II. OBJECTIVES
To plot the response of first order liquid level system as a function of time and to
evaluate the flow resistance R of a first order liquid level system.
III.
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Equipment
PCT 9 process module

PCT 10 electrical console
3.2 Procedure
Primarily, the PCT 9 Motorized valve was set fully open, solenoid valve 3, open,
V3 and V4 closed. The flow meter was adjusted to 0.50 L/min and recorded steady state
height. When the height of the liquid was steady, the flow meter was adjusted to 0.70
L/min manually in the PCT 10 simultaneous with the timer. Time was recorded for every
5mm increase in liquid level.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
40
45
40
f(x) = 0x^4 - 0x^3 + 0x^2 - 0.01x + 33.44
35
R = 0.94
30
Temperature (C)
25
20
15
10
5
0
1000 2000
Time (second)
Processed Data
Figure 1. Plot of temperature versus time

V.
Conclusion
Liquid level system is an example of a first order system. The general form of
transfer function for this system is represented by this equation
Based on the data obtained, we can conclude that it takes a longer time to respond
when the level of the water becomes high. Indeed, we can say that they are directly
proportional to one another. The plot of water level versus time obtained a straight
line. Thus, the water level increases linearly with time.
VI.
REFERENNCES
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 4th Edition (McCabe, W.L., et.al,)
.Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes (Geankoplis, C.J.)
VII.
APPENDIX
41
Table 6.1 Reading of temperature at each time interval
Trial
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
Time (seconds)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
Compact Control Temperature

(C)
31.5
32.25
33.41
33.51
33.65
33.8
33.97
34.11
34.2
34.4
34.6
34.8
34.9
35.1
35.3
35.5
35.7
35.9
36
36.2
36.4
36.5
36.7
36.9
37.1
37.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
37.9
38.1
38.2
38.4
38.5
38.6
38.7
42
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
38.9
39
39.1
39.2
39.3
39.4
39.5
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.7
39.9
39.9
39.9
40
40
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.2
40.2
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.6
40
38.7
38.1
37.3
36.8
36.2
35.8
35.4
35.1
43
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
970
980
990
1000
1010
1020
1030
34.8
34.5
34.3
34.1
34
33.9
33.7
33.6
33.5
33.3
33.3
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.2
33.1
33.1
33.1
33
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
32.9
DOCUMENTATION
44
Overall View of the Equipment
45
Closer View at the Upper part
Closer view at the Lower part
Date & Time Started: Sept. 15, 2016 (10:00 AM)
Date & Time Finished: Sept. 15, 2016 (12:30 NN)
Group No. 7
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
BATCH SEDIMENTATION
I.
INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation is a unit operation that utilizes gravitational forces in order to separate
solid particulates in a liquid medium. Its industrial use is already very established such that it has
become a frequent option for solid-liquid separation. Among its uses include settling of crystals
from another mother liquor, of food particles from a liquid food mixture, of slurry from a
soybean leaching process. Most recently, when industries started to embrace environmental
protection strategies, sedimentation has become a primary component of wastewater treatment
facilities. This experiment therefore allows the students to investigate the process of
sedimentation, determine the settling characteristics of specific slurry and eventually to utilize
the data gathered in the design of an industrial scale equipment for this valuable unit operation.
II.
OBJECTIVES
1. To investigate batch sedimentation process.
2. To determine the sedimentation characteristics and parameters of a slurry of varying
concentrations under batch process.
III.
METHODOLOGY
3.1 APPARATUS & MATERIALS
46
3 250 mL Graduated Cylinders

1 500 mL Graduated Cylinder
2 500 mL Beakers
1 1000 mL Beaker
2 Funnels
3 Stirring Rods
2 Stopwatches
Ruler or Meterstick
Kaolin
3.2 Procedure
1. Prepare approximately 350 mL of each of 8% (w/w) Kaolin and 16% (w/w) Kaolin slurry
and 900 mL of 4% (w/w) of Kaolin slurry. Make sure that all the solid particles are
uniformly dispersed by carefully mixing the suspension. Avoid too much agitation or else
some of the solid particles might break up into much smaller particles which will make
the experiment difficult to conduct due to wide ranges of particle sizes.
2. With careful agitation, pour the mixture separately in the three 250 mL graduated
cylinders, and a portion of the 4% slurry in the 500 mL graduated cylinder. The initial
level of the slurry must be the same level.
3. Record the temperature of the slurry and measure the diameter of the cylinders.
4. Slightly stir the mixture to uniformly disperse the particles or with your palm covering
the top of the cylinder turn it upside down quickly to distribute the particles, and then
allow the mixture to stand undisturbed. By means of a stopwatch and ruler, collect a data
of observed height of interface of clear liquid and slurry (Zone A & B) versus time. If it is
observable, record also the increase in the height of the concentrated sludge (Zone D)
building up at the bottom of the cylinder. To help in the identification of the layers, read
the level against a source of light. Take note of the observed critical height of interface.
5. When the level has reached a point such that a change in level will take an unreasonably
long time, repeat the trial again by shaking the contents of the cylinder to disperse the
particles. Let the cylinders stand undisturbed and record the height versus time.
6. Allow the samples to stand overnight being careful not to disturb the contents and
determine the final height of the slurry.
7. Do not throw the slurry, but give them to the technician, for safekeeping.
47
IV.
A. Processed Data
Kynch Table
25
f(x) = - 0.04x + 23.22
20
15
INTERFACE HEIGHT (cm)
10
5
0
f(x)100
=
200
300
400
500
600
500
600
Time (s)
Figure 1. 4% solution in 250 mL graduated cylinder
Kynch Table
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
f(x) = 0.01x + 0.23
f(x)100
=
200
300
400
Time (s)
48
Kynch Table
20
18
16
14
12
INTERFACE HEIGHT (cm) 10
8
6
4
2
0
f(x) = - 0.02x + 18.33
100
200
300
400
500
600
500
600
Time (s)
Kynch Table
18
16
f(x) = - 0.02x + 17.25
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
100
200
300
400
Time (s)
VIII. CONCLUSION
49
The separation of a dilute slurry or suspension by gravity settling into a clear fluid and a
slurry of higher solids content is called sedimentation (Geankoplis, 2012). During batch
sedimentation, a suspension of particles is allowed to stand in a settling tank or column. Settling
of the particles occurs through the gravitys action, leading to the formation of distinct settling
layers and a sludge layer (Latsa,Assimacopoulos, Stamou, Markatos, 2005).
In this experiment, the slurry height of different mass concentrations: 8% (w/w), 4% (w/w)
and 16% (w/w) were recorded as time elapsed. The effects of the slurry concentration on
sedimentation characteristics were determined using the sedimentation curves. The slurry
showed an example of a hindered settling. Results showed that the slurry concentration affects
the kaolins sedimentation characteristics.
VII.
REFERENCES

Hill International Series (1993).

https://www.coursehero.com/file/14331486/Experiment-1pdf/
VIII. APPENDIX
A. Information Flow Diagram
Interface Height
Time
Plot Interface Height vs . Time
Nomenclature:
Interface Height = in cm
Time = in seconds
B. Sample Calculations
Amount of Kaolin needed = 350 mL(0.08) = 28 mL or 28 g Kaolin
50
Amount of Water needed = 350 mL 28 mL = 322 mL

C. Raw Data
Table 1. Data for Sedimentation of 4% Kaolin Solution in 250 mL Graduated Cylinder
4% Kaolin in 250 mL
Initial Height = 24 cm
Diameter = 3.45 cm
Temperature = 30 oC
t (s)
Zone A
Zone B
30
1
23
60
2.7
21.3
90
4.2
19.8
120
6
18
150
7.5
16.5
180
9
15
210
10.5
13.5
240
12
12
270
13.8
10.2
300
15
9
330
16.7
7.3
360
18.5
5.5
390
18.7
5.3
420
19.2
4.8
450
19.4
4.6
480
19.6
4.4
Zone D
2.6
2.8
2.9
3
3.2
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.8
3.9
4
4.1
4.3
4.6
4.8
5

4% Kaolin in 500 mL
Initial Height = 24.5 cm
Diameter = 4.7 cm
Temperature = 31 oC
t (s)
Zone A
Zone B
30
1.5
23
60
4
20.5
Zone D
0.5
0.8
51
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
360
390
420
450
480
6
8
10.5
13.2
14.7
19
21.5
21.6
21.7
21.8
21.9
-
18.5
16.5
14
11.3
9.8
5.5
3
2.9
2.8
2.7
2.6
-
1
1.3
1.7
2.7
3.3
3.5
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
4.3
-

8% Kaolin in 500 mL
Diameter = 4.7 cm
Temperature = 29 oC
t (s)
Zone A
Zone B
30
1.2
18.3
60
2.1
17.4
90
2.7
16.8
120
3.6
15.9
150
4.5
15
180
4.6
14.9
210
5.7
13.8
240
6.1
13.4
270
6.6
12.9
300
7.1
12.4
330
7.8
11.7
360
8.3
11.2
390
8.7
10.8
420
9.2
10.3
450
9.7
9.8
480
10
9.5
510
10.3
9.2
540
10.6
8.9
570
10.9
8.6
Zone D
52
600
11.1
8.4
16% Kaolin in 500 mL
Diameter = 4.7 cm
Temperature = 29.5 oC
t (s) Zone A
Zone B
30
1
17
60
1.7
16.3
90
2.7
15.3
120
3.4
14.6
150
4.5
14
180
5.2
13.5
210
2.8
12.2
240
6.6
11.4
270
7.4
10.6
300
8.1
9.9
330
8.6
9.4
360
9.1
8.9
390
9.8
8.3
420
10
8
450
10.4
7.6
480
10.6
7.4
510
10.8
7.2
540
11.2
6.8
570
11.4
6.6
600
11.6
6.4
Zone D
-
Data gathered after settling:

Final height of slurry (4%) = 2.9 cm (in the 250 mL graduated cylinder) & 1.15 cm (in
the 500 mL graduated cylinder
Final Height of slurry (8%) = 3.85 cm
Final Height of slurry (16%) = 8.7 cm
53
DOCUMENTATION
Waiting until such time that the kaolin settles, and the height of the suspended particles
was recorded
Pouring the Kaolin solution into the graduated
Preparation of the 4%, 8%, 16%
Cylinder
Kaolin solution and recordings
54

Group No. 7

EXPERIMENT NO. 8
SIZE REDUCTION AND PARTICLE SIZE MEASUREMENT BY SCREEN ANALYSIS
I. INTRODUCTION
Size Reduction or Commination is the process of reducing substance to smaller particles.
It is a process in which particles of desired sizes are separated from other fractions. Size
reduction leads to increase of surface area. For example, the rate of dissolution of solid drug
particles increase many folds after size reduction.
Size Reduction produces particles in narrow size range so as mixing of powders with
narrow size range is easier. Pharmaceutical suspensions require finer particle size. It reduces
rate of sedimentation. Any solid material, after size reduction, never gives particles of the same
size but contains particles of varying sizes. The size-reduced particles are then passed through
sieves to get fractions of narrow size range.
II.
OBJECTIVES
1. To determine the screen analysis of the product obtained from the crusher and
pulverizer.
2. To construct fractional distribution plot, cumulative distribution plot, and
histogram presentation of the screen analysis of the given samples.
3. To determine the true arithmetic average diameter, mean surface diameter, mean
volume diameter/mean mass diameter and the specific surface (surface area per
unit mass) of the products from the crusher and pulverizer.
4. To estimate the energy requirements and the Rittingers Number for the crusher
and pulverizer.
5. To estimate the crushing efficiency of the crusher and pulverizer.
III.
METHODOLOGY
55
3.1 Materials/Equipment Needed:

About 1 kg of small rocks practically uniform size from 1-1.5 inches in diameter
Ro-tap Sieve Shaker
Standard Tyler screen series composted of the following screens: 200, 150, 100,
80, 60, 40, 30, , mesh including cover and pan

Crusher
Pulverizer
Weighing Instrument, Soft/Nylon Bristle Brush, Extra Pan
3.2 Procedure
A. Develop/Outline procedure followed n size reduction of small rocks using the
crusher and pulverizer.
B. Preparation of screen analysis of the products obtained from the crusher and
pulverizer.
Basic Operations of Ro-Tap Sieve Shaker
1. Assembles a stack of sieves, beginning with a top cover and then the coarsest (largest)
sieve opening on top and a pan on the bottom. Place them into the shaker. When placing
the sieves into the Ro-Taps, the hammer should be tilted up and out of the way.
2. Place the sieve cover, with the cork installed, on the top of the stack.
3. Adjust the sieve support clamp bar with the two wing nuts, bringing the top of the sieve
cover flush with the upper carrying plate.
Hammer Drop Adjustment
Note: Prior to hammer adjustment; make sure cork in sieve cover is seated firmly. Make
sure sieve cover has top edge flush with upper carrying plate.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Remove pedestal cover

Jog machine until hammer rises to a maximum height, check height with scales.
Set height 10 1 5/16 +- 1/16 by loosening screw on coupling and adjusting lift rod.
Tighten screw on coupling.
Replace pedestal cover.
Starting the Shaker
1. Make sure a sieve stack is in place at this time. Set the test run in time, by simply turning
the thumb wheel + (plus) or (minus) to the desired time in the digital window.
56
2. Push the start bar to start test and note countdown time. An audible tone will be heard at
the end of the test. You can stop or interrupt the test at any time, by simply pushing the
stop bar. Note that the remaining test time is frozen on the readout. To continue, simply
push the start bar. Note: the timing device also has a clock function. To use this option,
hold the clock button and adjust to the proper time with the thumb dial.
Performing a Sieve Analysis
1. Select a set of test sieves with mesh openings that will reveal particle distribution at
critical sizes. Critical sizes are usually stated in a product specification or are determined
by material processing requirements.
2. Assemble a stacked of test sieves (one of top of the other) with coarsest (largest) opening
on the top of the stack. A proper sample amount should cover the wire mesh of the top
sieve, but not overload the surface. Overloading will cause blinding or blocking of the
openings, not allowing the sample to be properly processed.
3. Place the test sieve stack into the sieve shaker, and place the cover on the top of the stack.
The sieves must be secured into place. The shaker should be activated and set to operate
for their proper length of time.
4. After completion of the agitation, weigh the material retained on each sieve in order to
record the data. Weighing should be by grams, with a balance scale having at least a
capacity of 500 grams and a sensitivity of 1/10 gram.
5. Using the extra bottom pan, empty the materials retained on the coarsest sieve into the
pan. A soft or nylon-bristle brush should be used to gently brush the underside of the
sieve, thoroughly removing all of the remaining particles into the pan. The sieve frame
can be tapped with the handle of the brush to clean any remaining material on the sieve.
Weigh the contents in the pan to the nearest 1/10th gram immediately record the data.
6. If several extra pans are available, it is best not to discard this portion of
the sample until the entire process is completed. This same procedure
should be repeated on all sieves in the stack. The material passing
through the finest sieve into the bottom pan must also be weighed to
obtain the total weight for percentage calculations. The total weight of the
material retained on the various sieves and in the bottom pan should be
extremely close to the weight of the original sample.
IV.

57
a. Results
Presented here are graphs that shows important relationships and trends are given as
follows.
Fractional Distribution Plot

100.00
80.00
60.00
% Wt. Fraction
Crusher
40.00
Pulverizer
20.00
0.00
0.000
-20.00
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
Sieve Opening, mm
Figure 1. Plot of Fractional Distribution
Cumulative Distribution Plot

100.00
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
% Cumulative
Crusher
50.00
Pulverizer
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
0.000
0.500
1.000
1.500
2.000
2.500
Sieve Opening, mm
Figure 2. Plot of Cumulative Distribution
58
Fractional Distribution Histogram
E2
9
99
96
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
39
14
7.
0.
0.
17
69
89
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
25
0.
0.
85
7
1.
% Wt. Fraction
90.00
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
Sieve Opening, mm
Crusher
Figure 3. Plot of Fractional Distribution Histogram (CRUSHER)
Fractional Distribution Histogram
E2
9
99
99
96
99
7.
39
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
99
89
14
0.
0.
17
69
99
99
99
99
99
99
25
0.
85
0.
7
1.
% Wt. Fraction
30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Sieve Opening, mm
Pulverizer
Figure 4. Plot of Fractional Distribution Histogram (PULVERIZER)
59
True Arithmetic Average Diameter in the Crusher and Pulverizer:

2.00+ 1.70+1.00+0.250+0.177+ 0.149+0.074
8
DA =
DA=0.66875 mm
Mean Volume Diameter:
Crusher:
Dv= 3
1
0.0036 0.0126 0.0036 0.0755 0.0018 0.0018 0.0036
+
+
+
+
+
+
1.853
1.353 0.9253 0.5353 0.214 3 0.1633 0.1123
Dv=.6486 mm
Pulverizer:
Dv= 3
1
0.0868 0.2422 0.0404 0.113 0.0888 0.0141 0.0565
+
+
+
+
+
+
1.853
1.35 3 0.9253 0.5353 0.2143 0.1633 0.1123
Dv=0.2655 mm
Mean Mass Diameter:

Crusher:
Dw=0.8489 ( 0 ) +0.0036 ( 1.85 ) +0.0126 ( 1.35 ) +0.0036 ( 0.925 )+ 0.0755 ( 0.535 )+ 0.0018 ( 0.2
Dw=0.06847 mm
Pulverizer:
Dw=0.222 ( 0 ) +0.0868 ( 1.85 ) +0.2422 ( 1.35 )+ 0.0404 ( 0.925 ) +0.113 ( 0.535 )+ 0.0888 ( 0.214
Dw=0.03187 mm
60
4.2 Discussion
Particle size reduction is technology choice to reduce the size of a particle in the
manufacturing process to improve an active ingredient. There are numerous industries that
depend on size reduction to improve performance or to meet specifications. The
pharmaceutical, chemical, and food industries all depend on particle size reduction. Based
from the results of differential and cumulative analysis obtained from the size reduction
analysis.
V.
CONCLUSION
We can conclude that size reduction using pulverizers is more efficient than
crushers if the desired product from size reduction is a very very small particle.
Otherwise, crushers should be used instead of pulverizers. In pharmaceutical industry
where particles are required to have a smaller size, pulverizer is most applicable to use
than the crusher. There are also some industrial applications that require bigger particle
size and for these types, crushers is most likely to use.
61
APPENDICES:
Raw Data
Table 1.3 Crusher Partial Anaylysis
Total mass of Feed (orig sample)
Total mass of product (b4 screening)
Total mass of product (after screening)
Weight of
Weight of Screen
Mesh
Empty Screen
Including the Solids
Number
(g)
(g)
10 (2mm)
490
1434
12 (1.7 mm)
454
458
18 (1.00mm)
440
454
20 (850um)
428
432
60 (250um)
462
378
80 (180um)
362
360
100 (150um)
348
350
200 (75um)
340
344
1112
992
991
Weight of the
Solids (g)
grams
grams
grams
Ave. Particle
Diameter,
944
4
14
4
84
2
2
4
D pi
1.85
1.35
0.925
0.535
0.214
0.163
0.112
Table 1.4 Pulverizer Partial Analysis

Total mass of Feed (orig sample)
Total mass of product (b4 screening)
Total mass of product (after screening)
991 grams
966 grams
962 grams
62
Mesh
Number
Weight of Empty
Screen (g)
Weight of Screen
Including the Solids (g)
Weight of the
Solids (g)
490
454
440
428
462
362
348
340
710
540
680
468
574
450
362
396
220
86
240
40
112
88
14
56
10 (2mm)
12 (1.7 mm)
18 (1.00mm)
20 (850um)
60 (250um)
80 (180um)
100 (150um)
200 (75um)
Ave. Particle
Diameter,
D pi
1.85
1.35
0.925
0.535
0.214
0.163
0.112
SAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS
Weight Percent
%wt=
100wt of solid on sieve

wt of sample
For Mesh 10
%wt=
100944
=84.89
1112
Cumulative Weight Percent Retained

%cumulative wt retained=
100wt of solid on sieve +wt of solid on sieves above

wt of sample
For Mesh 40
%cumulative wt retained=
1004+ 944
=85.25
1112
Average Particle Diameter

= (D1+D2)/2
63
For Mesh 12
= 2.00 + 1.7 = 1.85
INFORMATION FLOW DIAGRAM AND EQUATIONS

AVERAGE PARTICLE SIZE
i.
Volume Surface Diameter

6
D s=
s A w p
ii.
Arithmetic Mean Diameter

x i Di
i=1
D n=
iii.
Mass Mean Diameter

n
D w = X i D i
i=1
iv.
Mean Surface
v.
Volume Mean Diameter

Xi
D3i
i=1
D v =
A. Specific Surface Mixture
6m
A=Ns p=
spDp
A w 6 m n xi
=
m p s i1 Dpi
64
B. Rittingers Number
dE C
=
dX X n
C. Crushing Efficiency
M q' d M T x 100
Efficiency=
INFORMATION FLOW DIAGRAM
Information flow diagram
6m
A=
spD p
6m
xi
A w=
p s i1 Dpi
Dp
p
65
6
Ds= (xi D pi )
s Aw p
Dn= i=1
n
Dp
Dpi
xi
Aw
p
NT
D pi
xi
n
n
xi
DW = x i
i=1
D pi
n
D v =
xi
1
n
i=1
D pi
xi
( )
3
D pi
n
Xn
C
dE C
=
dX X n
dX
DOCUMENTATION
66

Group No. 7

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
67
POWER REQUIREMENT FOR AGITATION

I.
INTRODUCTION
There are two classes of impeller agitators: axial-flow and radial-flow. Axial-flow
impellers generate currents parallel with the axis of the impeller shaft. Radial-flow
impellers generate currents in a tangential or radial direction to the axis of the impeller
shaft. Within the two classes of impellers there exist three main types of impeller design.
The three types are: propeller, turbine, and paddle. The three main types are
utilized in about 95 percent of most batch liquid agitation systems. Standard propellers
have three blades, but can be two-bladed, four-bladed, or encased by a circular guard. A
revolving propeller traces out a helix in the fluid. One full revolution moves the liquid a
fixed distance. The ratio of this distance to the propeller diameter is known as the pitch.
Propellers are a member of the axial class of impeller agitators. Turbines are six
or more blades mounted at the end of the agitator shaft. They are a member of the radial
class of impeller agitators. Turbine diameter is typically 30 to 50 percent of the vessel
diameter. Paddles are two or four blades mounted on the end of the agitator shaft. They
are a subset of the radial class of impeller agitators. Typically the impeller diameter of
paddles is 50 to 80 percent of the tank diameter.
The agitator impeller is, in essence, a pumping device operating without the
typical confines of a casing or directed inlet and outlet flows. As the impeller blade
rotates, fluid is forced outward from the blade tip.
Mechanical agitator power requirements for liquid batches are calculated by
determining the power number for a given system and correcting for motor, gearing and
bearing losses. Design specification of the motor is then determined by selecting the
closest higher standard size.
The system turbulence is checked by calculating the Reynolds number for the
agitation system. Adequate turbulence is defined at Reynolds numbers greater than
10,000.
II.
OBJECTIVES
68
To be able to determine the effect of impeller speed on the power requirement for
agitation with and without baffles.

To be able to determine the effect of impeller dimensions (straight blade turbine) on the
power requirement for agitation with and without baffles.
III.
MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT & APPARATUS

Apparatus/Equipment
Agitator
Use
Used in mixing, promoting reactions,
homogenizing mixture & increase heat
Wrench
transfer (heating or cooling)

Used to provide grip & mechanical
advantage in applying torque to turn
1 pc 2-L Plastic Graduated Cylinder
1 pc 5-L Plastic Beaker
other substances together for scientific
1 pc 100-ml glass beaker

1 pc Vernier Caliper
objects.
Measures liquid volume
Used to mix chemicals, liquids and
testing
Measures
internal
and
external
distances extremely accurately.
1 pc Ruler
20 L distilled water
IV.
METHODOLOGY
A. Experimental Design
Preliminary Steps:
1. Disconnect the cord between the torque arm and the balance before removing the motor
or baffles.
2. Measure the dimensions of the impeller and attach the shaft assembly. Record the
relevant dimension of the baffles and the tank, i.e. width, height, and diameter.
3. Place baffles in the tank, tighten the screw by hand, and attach the cord of the balance
back to the torque arm. Check the dynamometer balance for correct setting.
4. Close the discharge valve before filling the tank with water. The liquid height should not
exceed 350 mm.
69
5. Record the water temperature and determine the density and absolute viscosity from
appropriate tables in available literature.
6. Ensure that the speed control knob (next to the on/off switch) is set at zero. Release the
support screw and let the balance come to rest. Tighten the support screw when the
balance is in its rest position and record the initial value.
Experiment Proper in Determining Power Requirements:
1. Switch on the agitator and ensure that the red indicator is lit.
2. Conduct the experiment using the settings shown in Table 1

V.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

The table below shows the result of the experiment conducted.
With Baffles
(Nm)
B
P ( J/s)
rad
Ni(
)
78.58
s
90.27
101.46
105.66
109.64
112.47
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.02275
0.03575
0.052
0.06825
0.07475
0.07475
1.79
3.23
5.28
7.21
8.20
8.41
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.1105
0.14625
0.13
0.13325
0.13325
0.13975
27.98
29.34
29.63
29.54
29.38
29.35
3.09
4.29
3.85
3.94
3.92
4.10
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.12025
0.1235
0.1235
0.12025
0.11375
0.11375
21.42
21.67
21.84
21.70
21.86
21.65
2.58
2.68
2.70
2.61
2.49
2.46
V. CONCLUSION
70
Therefore in the experiment we can conclude the theory that when speed increases the
power requirement also increases and that the baffles used helped in the agitation of fluid shown
by the decrease in power requirement.
REFERENCES:
Geankoplis, C.J. (2003). Transport Processes and Separation Process Principle, 4 th edition. New
York: Prentice Hall.
APPENDICES
I.
RAW DATA
With Baffles
Impeller Speed
(rpm)
Current
(ampere)
Voltage
( volts)
Torque ( N)
A Small
Propeller
1
2
3
4
5
6
626.5
731
626.5
626.5
626.5
1106
388
403
422
450
466
503
4.892
5.69
6.21
7.15
7.66
8.61
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
750.4
862
654
746
6.63
7.57
0.07
0.11
B Big
Propeller
71
3
4
5
6
968.9
1009
1047
1074
855
897
937
971
8.54
9.08
9.4
9.66
0.16
0.21
0.23
0.23
1
2
3
4
5
6
267.2
280.2
282.9
282.1
280.6
280.3
1179
1173
1169
1167
1167
1166
4.27
4.658
4.643
4.579
4.522
4.492
0.34
0.45
0.4
0.41
0.41
0.43
1
2
3
4
5
6
204.5
206.9
208.6
207.2
208.7
206.7
1177
1178
1176
1179
1179
1182
4.015
3.968
3.934
3.899
3.893
3.881
0.37
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.35
0.35
C Two
Blades
D Four
Blades
Impell
er
Speed
(rpm)
Without Baffles
Curren
t
(amper
e)
Voltage ( volts)
Torque ( N)
A Small
Propeller
1
2
3
4
5
6
558.3
651.7
742.5
852.6
922.7
1032
370
379
388
406
416
438
4.75
5.37
5.93
6.74
7.22
8.11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
656.8
730.6
767.2
823.4
513
553
574
608
5.53
6.06
6.36
6.78
0
0
0
0.08
B Big Propeller
72
5
6
871.1
939.9
642
662
7.18
7.69
0.07
0.07
389.7
733
4.131
0.12
2
3
4
5
6
410.4
437.4
459.2
489.5
525.2
750
768
797
853
876
4.295
4.494
4.645
4.951
5.46
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.16
0.17
1
2
3
4
5
6
373.6
387.2
412.1
433.4
466.3
527.8
784
825
892
935
995
1073
4.295
4.479
4.759
5.026
5.36
5.86
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.19
0.23
0.29
C Two Blades
D Four Blades
Physical Properties
Density of
1000
water (g/ml)
Viscosity of
0.0007
water (Pa.s)
98
Volume of
0.0191
water in the
3
tank
Tank Dimensions
A
B
C
Diameter of
the tank (m)
Water lever or
height (m)
Length of lever
arm (m)
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.331
0.325
0.325
0.325
Impeller
73
Dimensions
Impeller width
0.001
0.001
5
0.001
5
0.001
5
Impeller
Diameter
0.047
0.074
0.095
0.095
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
Baffle
Dimensions
Bafle diameter
B. Information Flow Diagram:
Plotting P vs. Impeller Speed

Nomenclature:
P
- Power in J /s
- Torque in N .m
Ni
F
- Impeller speed in rpm

Force in
l - Lever arm length in m equal to 0.098 m as measured
2
60
- Conversion factor to convert impeller speed rpm rad / s
74
DOCUMENTATION
75
76
Date & Time Started: Sept. 15, 2016 (1:30 PM)
Date & Time Finished: Sept14, 2016 (5PM)
Group No. 7
EXPERIMENT NO. 10
TRAY DRYING
I.
INTRODUCTION
Technically, drying is a mass transfer process resulting in the removal of water moisture
or moisture from another solvent, by evaporation from a solid, semi-solid or liquid to end in a
solid state. To achieve this, there must be a source of heat, and a sink of the vapor thus produced.
In the most common case, a gas stream, e.g., air, applies the heat by convection and carries away
the vapor as humidity. Other possibilities are vacuum drying, where the source of heat may be by
conduction or radiation and the vapor is removed by the vacuum system. Another possibility is
drum drying, where a heated surface is used in connection with aspirators to draw the vapor
outside the site.
The term "drying" is a relative one, and simply means that there is a further reduction in
the moisture content from some initial level provided by mechanical dewatering to some
acceptable lower level. For example, a moisture content of 10-20% by volume would normally
allow particles to flow freely, yet suppress dust formation. The necessity for drying may be to
make a product suitable for sale (e.g. paint pigments), or for subsequent processing.
When a solid dries, two fundamental and simultaneous processes occur: (1) heat is
transferred to evaporate liquid; (2) mass is transferred as a liquid or vapor within the solid and as
a vapor from the surface. These factors governing the rates of these processes determine the
drying rate. Commercial drying operations may utilize heat transfer by convection, conduction,
radiation, or a combination of these. Industrial dryers differ fundamentally by the methods of
heat transfer employed. However, irrespective of the mode of heat transfer, heat must flow to the
outer surface and then into the interior of the solid.
77
II.
OBJECTIVES
1. To produce drying and drying rate curves for a wet solid being dried with air of
fixed temperature and humidity.
2. To determine the critical and equilibrium moisture contents, bound and unbound
moisture of the wet solid being dried.
III.
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Materials:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sand Sieved to approximately 500 microns

2-sling psychrometers
8-thermometers
Weighing instrument
Oven (if necessary)
Stop Watch
Water
Container
3.2 Equipment/Devices:
1. Tray Drier
2. Sieve Shaker
3.3 Procedure
Design a detailed procedure that will attain the experimental objectives.
Partial Procedure:
Screen sufficient dry sand (bone dry) to approximately 500 mesh using sieve
shaker to fill the four drying trays to a depth of about 10 mm each.

Weigh accurately the dry sand that will be loaded to four drying trays. Also,
weigh accurately each empty tray.

Place the sand on a suitable container and saturate it with water.
Remove the sand from the container and drain the excess free water.
Load the sand evenly and smoothly into the drying trays, taking care to avoid
any spillage. The total weight of the wet sand should be noted before drying
commences.
IV.

78
IV.1
Results
Presented here is the tabulation of computed results. Graphs that shows important
relationships and trends are given as follows.
Table 1. Calculated moisture of sand using its mass per time interval
Time (min)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Mass of Sand
(g)
1830
1810
1790
1770
1740
1705
1670
1650
1625
1605
1580
1571
1543
1500
Moisture
0.16120
0.15193
0.14246
0.13277
0.11782
0.09971
0.08084
0.06970
0.05538
0.04361
0.02848
0.02292
0.00518
0
moisture vs time
0.18000
0.16000
0.14000
0.12000
0.10000
Moisture Content, Xe
0.08000
0.06000
0.04000
0.02000
0.00000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time (t)
Figure 1. Moisture content versus time.

79
IV.2 Discussion
In this experiment, medium fine sands were used because sand requires short drying
time due to its given particle size. The solids (sand) were oven dried to determine its moisture
content. MC should be at lowest since the sand was intended to be bone dried.
From the graph of it was shown that the highest drying rate is found at the initial
condition wherein highest moisture content is also present. It was also observed that the
moisture content decreases with respect to time from 0.16120 to 0.00518 in just an hour of
drying using the tray dryer equipment.
V.
CONCLUSION
According to the data obtained, the weight of the tray of sand is decreasing as
time proceeds. This is also shown in the graph of free moisture content vs. time. In
this case, the graph plotted has negative gradient. The drying rate can be determined
from the gradient of the graph.
Raw data of the weight of the wet sand at an increasing time, dry bulb and wet
bulb temperature, weight of bone dry sand are found in the appendix. From the raw
data obtained, a series of calculations were made as seen in the appendix and the
values of the free moisture content, equilibrium moisture and drying rate are tabulated
in table 1. Data from the table were plotted in a graph as shown in figures 1 & 2.
Relationship of the different parameters can now be established
VI.
APPENDICES
RAW DATA
Table 1. Conditions of entering and leaving air in the tray dryer.
Time
(min)
0
5
10
15
20
Mass of Sand
(g)
1830
1810
1790
1770
1740
Conditions of ENTERING air

Dry Temp
Wet Temp
33
24
35
26
35
24
36
25
24
33
Conditions of LEAVING air

Dry Temp
Wet Temp
34
30
38
34
40
36
40
36
40.5
37
80
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1705
1670
1650
1625
1605
1580
1571
1543
1500
24
32
33
33
35
35
35
35
33
33
23
24
24
25
25
25
25
24
38
33
40
42
40
38
43
40
40
38
39
40
43
40
36
38
39
39
Table 2. Average temperature of all points.

Time
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
Point 1
32.4
34.6
34.9
35.3
34.6
34.1
33.6
33.8
33.9
34.4
35.1
35.4
35.2
34.3
Temperature of Preheated Air (Drying Medium), C

Point 2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5 Point 6 Point 7 Average Temp
30.7
33.6
44.7
33.8
47.7
57
39.99
32.4
34.8
69.8
67.7
67.7
56.5
51.93
32.3
32.7
69.6
67.9
66.2
66.9
52.93
33
33.1
68.6
66.6
67.3
64.7
52.66
32
32.3
69.7
67.7
67.3
64.7
52.61
31.4
31.9
67.1
65.1
64.4
64.6
51.23
31
31.3
63.2
64.8
64.6
62.7
50.17
31.3
31.5
68.2
66.1
65.9
65.6
51.77
31.3
31.7
65.8
64.1
63
63.9
50.53
31.9
32.2
70.7
68.4
69.3
66.9
53.40
32.6
32.7
65.3
63.7
63.5
64
50.99
32.8
32.2
70.3
69.1
67.1
69.4
53.76
32.7
32.4
67.7
66.5
67.5
65.2
52.46
31.9
33.4
62.4
61.9
62.1
60.9
49.56
SAMPLE CALCULATION
Moisture content can be calculated by using below equation:
MC=
MiMf
Mi
= 0.914 (data from group 9)
Ws = (1 MC) W
= (1-0.914) x 1830
= 1535
81
Xt
Xt
W Ws
=
W
18301535
1830
= 0.16120
Free MC=Mi- Mf*
free MC
X*= Dry Solids
X =X t X
The drying rate R was not calculated since no air velocity data was recorded.
DOCUMENTATION
82

Group No. 7

EXPERIMENT NO. 11
HYDRODYNAMICS IN PACKED COLUMN
I.
Introduction
Packed columns are used for efficient gas-liquid contact processes.It is used in
processes like gas absorption, desorption(stripping), distillation etc.The liquid entering
at the top normally flows downward through the column, driven by the gravitational
force. In gas absorption, the gas entering at the bottom must be moved by the blower
or fan.
In order to maintain the upward flow of gas or vapor, the pressure at the top of
the column must be less than at the bottom. This pressure drop is an important factor
83
in the design of the packed column. Because the liquid downflow occupies the same
channels as the gas upflow, the pressure drop is really a function of both flows.
II.
Objective(s) of the Experiment

1. To determine the pressure drop across the dry packed column as a function of
the air flow rate.
2. To determine the effect of liquid flow rate on the pressure drop along a packed
column.
3. To study the hydrodynamic behavior of the column by identifying loading and
flooding conditions.
III.
Methodology
3.1 Materials and Equipment:
Materials/ Equipment
Gas Absorption Column
CO2 cylinder with integral P regulator

300 mL of 1.0 M Caustic Soda
Standard 0.0277 M NaCl
Standard 0.1 M Na2CO3
Phenolphthalein Indicator
Uses
The purpose of a packed bed is typically
to improve contact between two phases in a
chemical or similar process. A packed
column is a pressure vesselthat has a packed
section.
This serves as the CO2 supply vessel for
the overall experiment
This alkali is deliquescent and readily
absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide in air.
Sodium chloride is the salt most responsible
for the salinity of seawater and of
the extracellular fluid of many multicellular
organisms.
Pure sodium carbonate is a white, odorless
powder that is hygroscopic (absorbs
moisture from the air).
Phenolphthalein is often used as an
indicator in acidbase titrations. For this
application, it turns colorless
84
inacidic solutions and pink

in basic solutions.
Hempl Apparatus
Tap Water
Thermometer
Barometer
For Dilution purposes of the sample

It is utilize to determine the exact and
accurate temperature change
For the pressure measurement and
monitoring.
3.2 Procedure
1. We make sure that the reservoir tank contains about three-quarters full of water.
2. Turned on the water pump and allow water to flow down the column at 3 liters per min
for about a minute. Closed the water valve then switch off the pump. Allowing the water
to drain for about 5 minutes.
3. Turned on the air compressor. Adjusting the air flow rates and get corresponding pressure
drop. Repeating the procedure to get eight readings for increasing flow rates and eight
readings for decreasing flow rates.
4. Turned on the water pump. Allowing water to flow down the column at a constant flow
rate. Repeating the procedure by increasing the air flow rate and noting the state of the
liquid flow through the packing. It might be necessary to reduce the interval of the air
flow rate in order to get well-defined phases of pressure drop behavior. Also, pressure
drop may not become constant when flooding point is being approached. Adjustment of
the gas flow rates might be necessary.
5. Repeating the procedure for two more liquid flow rates until inversion is reached where
the pressure drop become unstable. Taking note and record the point where air flow rates
start to induce flooding.
6. When pressure drop becomes very high and unstable, lower the air flow just enough to
avoid water overflowing and then proceed repeating the process except that at this time
the air flow is being decreased.
85
7. It is interesting to try repeating one of the trials at the same air and water flow rates after
a flooding condition has been obtained and then comparing the results.
8. When the experiment is finished, we closed the valves then turn off the compressor and
the pump. Clean the surrounding.
IV.
Results and Discussion

IV.1
Results:
Air flowrate only
Air Flowrate
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Pressure
P1
0.2
0.4
0.8
1.6
2.6
4
5.4
6.4
P2
-0.4
-1
-1.2
-2
-3.2
-4.2
-6
-7
Pressure Drop
0.6
1.4
2
3.6
5.8
8.2
11.4
13.4
86
Air Flowrate vs. Pressure Difference

10
8
6
Pressure Diference
4
2
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Air Flowrate
x
I.
Air flowrate with Water flowrate

Water
Flowrate
1.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
20
0.3
2.2
3.6
8.8
84.0
40
2.0
3.8
10.8
71.0
89.8
60
3.6
6.2
56.0
72.4
93.7
Air Flowrate
80
100
7.6
11.8
13.2 21.8
60.8 70.6
87.0 95.6
96.0 99.3
120
18.0
46.6
76.0
88.5
140
26.6
70.6
88.8
93
160
39.2
89.2
94.4
95.6
87
Pressure Drop vs. Airflowrate at Different Water Flowrates

180
160
140
at 1L/min water flowrate
120
at 2.0 L/min water

flowrate
100
at 4 L/min a\water
fowrate
PRESSURE DROP 80
60
at 6 L/min water flowrate
40
at 8 L/min water flowrate
20
0
0
50
100
AIR FLOWRATE
V.
Conclusion
We concluded, that all of the objectives were achieved based on the performed
experiments and the data gathered and collected. The pressure drop was determined
as a function first of air flow. Effects of the varying of liquid flow rates to the
pressure drop could be observed and data were also collected. Sudden change of the
values was observed as we change the flow rates. As the flow rates increases,
tendency of flooding also increases.
VI.
References
GEANKOPLIS, C.J. Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd Edition, PrenticeHall International Inc., New Jersey(1993)
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 4th Edition (McCabe, W.L., et.al,)
88
Republic of the Philippines

EASTERN VISAYAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Tacloban City
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
COMPILATION OF EXPERIMENTS
in
ChE 512L
Chemical Engineering Laboratory II
89
Submitted by:
Hannah Mae Gepiga
Micah Mae Morbos
Rhea Orevillo
Floila Jane Ymas
BSChE 5A
Submitted to:
Engr. Juvyneil E. Cartel
Instructor, ChE 512L
In partial fulfilment of the requirements in
Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering
September 26, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Venue
(DLSU)
Title of Experiment
Rating
Experiment No. 1: Pressure Drop and Gas Absorption in

Packed Columns
(DLSU)
Experiment No. 2: Binary Batch Distillation
(AdU)
Experiment No. 3: Spray Dryer Experiment
(AdU)
Experiment No. 4: Cooling Tower Experiment
(DLSU)
Experiment No. 5: Reaction Kinetics Experiment using

Tubular Flow Reactor
90
(DLSU)
Experiment No. 6: Step Response for First Order

System
(AdU)
Experiment No. 7: Batch Sedimentation
(AdU)
Experiment No. 8: Size Reduction and Screening
(DLSU)
Experiment No. 9: Agitation and Mixing Experiment
(AdU)
Experiment No. 10: Drying at constant drying conditions
(DLSU)
Experiment No. 11: Hydrodynamics in Packed Column
91

Chemical Engineering Laboratory For Unit Operations 2 (Adamson University and de La Salle University)

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Título original

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Chemical Engineering Laboratory For Unit Operations 2 (Adamson University and de La Salle University)

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Date & Time Started: Sept.

13, 2016 (9:30 AM)

Date & Time Finished: Sept. 15, 2016 (2:30AM)

Instructor/Supervisor: Engr. Juvyneil Cartel

Phenolphthalein indicator used as an indicator in acidbase titrations

Integral Pressure Regulator (IPR) regulates gas pressure

Hempel Apparatus used in gas analysis

Thermometer used for measuring temperature

Barometer used for measuring pressure

Safety Gloves protects the hand from any chemical spillage

Goggles protects eyes from any chemical splashes

Funnel used for transferring fluids

Beaker containment of fluids

Results and Discussion

Carbon Dioxide in Water and in Alkaline Media

analysis equipment provided

Information Flow Diagram

Lo x Ao +V 2 y A 2=L1 x A 1+V 1 y A 1=M x AM

x Ao mole fraction of liquid entering the column

flowrate of liquid in the

Since Xao is equal to 0,

L =L(1x A 1 ) = 4L/min (1-0) =

V ' =V (1 y A 1) = 16L/min (1-0.095) =

Taking of Sample of CO2

Closer View of the Equipment

Date & Time Started: September 13, 2016

Date & Time Finished: September 13, 2016

BATCH DISTILLATION USING BENCH TYPE DISTILING COLUMN

To be able to determine the average concentration of a specified volume of the

the distillation unit at constant reflux.

Utilized for measuring the

Used for measuring temperature

Utilized for measuring refractive

Used for containment of liquids

Used for measuring liquid volumes

Used for measuring liquid; moving

An apparatus for producing suction

A bench apparatus used in the

Initially, mix specific amounts of ethanol (analytical grade) with distilled

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Ethanol-Water Solution Calibration Curve

Figure 1. Ethanol-Water Solution Calibration Curve

f(x) = - 0x^2 + 0x + 1.36

Figure 2. Plot of t vs RI of Distillate

Figure 3. Plot of t vs RI of Bottoms

f(x) = 0x^2 - 0x + 1.34

Table 4. Experimental Data of the Reflux

Date & Time Started: September 14, 2016

Date & Time Finished: September 14, 2016

Instructor/Supervisor: Engr. Juvyneil E. Cartel

Atomizer Disk Spray Dryer

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 1. Spray Drying Plot

Edition. Prentice Hall, New Jersey (2003).

Information Flow Diagram

Plot T Inside Air vs . t

Sample Computation for Volumetric Flowrate:

Air Temp Outside (oC)

Air Temp Outside (oC)

Temp of Sol'n (oC)

Temp of Sol'n (oC)

Wet Bulb (oC)

Wet Bulb (oC)