ISSN 2320-5407

International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 3, 506-513

Table-2 Frequency and percentage distribution of Pre and Postmenopausal women based on their risk factors
n=100
Risk factors
Pre menopausal
Post menopausal
f
%
f
%
Age
I am under 40 years old
40
80
I am 40 years old or older
10
20
50
100
Family history of osteoporosis
Yes
14
28
19
38
No
36
72
31
62
Menopause
Not gone through menopause
50
100
Gone through menopause after the age of 35
70
45 years
Gone through menopause before the age
15
30
of 45 years
End of menstruationother than
menopause
I have not stopped menstruating
50
100
I have stopped menstruating normally
38
76
I have stopped menstruating for other
12
24
reasons( removal of ovaries)
Hormonal variations
My periods are / were regular
31
62
40
80
My periods are / were irregular
19
38
10
20
Smoking
I never smoke
49
98
49
98
Yes, I smoke
1
2
1
2
Alcohol
No, I do not drink alcohol
I, Drink alcohol occasionally
I, Drink excessively
Dietary habits
My food includes milk and vegetables
My food dont include milk and
vegetables
Gastro- intestinal disorders
I do not have symptoms of gastritis
I do have symptoms of gastritis
Exercise
I exercise regularly
I exercise occasionally
I get little or no exercise
Immobility
Not had any periods of immobility
Had periods of immobility
Medications
I dont take drugs which would increase
risk of osteoporosis
Yes, I take drugs which would increase
risk of osteoporosis
Chronic disease

45
4
1

90
8
2

48
2
-

96
4
-

37
13

74
26

37
13

74
26

42
8

84
16

40
10

82
18

22
19
9

44
38
18

24
18
8

48
36
16

25
25

50
50

22
28

44
56

40

80

39

78

10

20

11

21

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ISSN 2320-5407

International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 3, 506-513

I dont have any of the chronic diseases

31
62
29
58
Yes, I have chronic disease
19
38
21
42
Hyperthyroidism
I
have
been
diagnosed
with 2
4
4
8
hyperthyroidism
No, I dont have hyperthyroidism
48
96
46
94
Hyperparathyroidism
I
have
been
diagnosed
with 6
12
hyperparathyroidism
No, I dont have hyperparathyroidism
50
100
44
88
Caffeine drink
I mostly drink beverages with no caffeine 37
74
36
72
Yes, I drink lot of caffeine, colas, coffee
13
26
14
28
etc
Height
I have not lost my height after the age of
50
100
47
94
40 years
I have lost my height of 3 cms after the
3
6
age of 40 years
Sunlight exposure
I spend outdoors more than 10 minutes
29
58
30
60
I spend outdoors less than 10 minutes
11
22
12
24
I do not spend time outdoors
10
20
8
16
Table- 2 above shows that 14(28%) of the pre menopausal and 19(38%) of the post menopausal had family history
of osteoporosis. It is also observed that 38(76%) of the post menopausal women attained menopause through normal
process were as 12(24%) of them due to the removal of ovaries. 22 (44%) of the pre menopausal and 24(48%) of the
post menopausal women exercised regularly, 2 (4%) of the pre menopausal and 4(8%) of the post menopausal had
hyperthyroidism. 6(12%) the post menopausal had hyperparathyroidism.
Majority of the pre and post menopausal women 37 (74%) and 36(72%) respectively did not consume excessive
caffeine and beverages nor majority 49(98%) had the habit of smoking.

Percentage

Risk for Osteoporosis

96%

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%

64%

36%

30%
20%
10%
0%

Pre Menopausal
Post Menopausal

4%
High Risk

Moderate Risk

Low Risk

Level of Risk
Fig 1: Bar Diagram depicting distribution of women based on level of risk for osteoporosis

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ISSN 2320-5407

International Journal of Advanced Research (2016), Volume 4, Issue 3, 506-513

Fig 1- above shows that out of 100 pre and post menopausal women, majority of the premenopausal 48 (96%) were
at low risk when compared to the post menopausal women where 18(36%) were at moderate risk of getting
osteoporosis.
Table (3a): Comparison of the serum estrogen level in pre and post menopausal women n
=50+50
Group
Mean
S.D
Mean
df
t Value
p value
difference
Pre-menopausal
51.72
16.44
12.23
98
4.321
0.001
Post -menopausal
39.48
11.43
t(tab)(98) = 1.984, p<0.005
Table- 3a) shows that the mean score of the pre menopausal estrogen level is 51.72 pg/ml 16.44 and mean of post
menopausal estrogen level is 39.48 pg/ml 11.43 and the mean difference is 12.23. There was a significant
difference in the estrogen level between the pre and post menopausal women (p<.001)
Table -3b) Comparison of the serum estrogen level with respect to risk of
osteoporosis n=100
Group
Mean
S.D
Mean
df
t Value
p value
difference
Low risk
46.67
16.18
Moderate risk
41.30
10.84
5.361
98
1.772
0.08
t (tab)(98) = 1.984, p>0.05
Table -3b) shows that the mean score of the estrogen level of low risk group of the pre and post-menopausal women
level is 46.67pg/ml16.18 and mean of estrogen level of moderate risk group of pre and post-menopausal women is
41.30pg/ml10.84 and the mean difference is 5.361. There was no significant difference in the estrogen level and
the risk of osteoporosis among the pre and post menopausal women (p>.005).
Table 4a): Correlation between the level of risk and the serum estrogen level
n=50+50
SI No:
Variables
Pearson correlation
p value
1.
Level of risk and serum estrogen levels
- 0.254
0.011
Table 4a) above reveals a negative relation between the level of risk and serum estrogen level.

Table 4(b): Odds ratio for the serum estrogen levels of post-menopausal women with the level of risk

SI No:
1.
2

Categorized scores of serum estrogen

level
<45 pg/ml
>45 pg/ml

Low risk

Moderate risk

OR

95% CI

12
20

6
12

1.5 6

0.3574.038

]
The odds ratio in Table 4b) above shows that though there is no statistical significance the risk of getting
osteoporosis is almost two times more among the women with serum estrogen level <45pg/ml comparable to the
women with serum estrogen level > 45pg/ml. However it can be inferred that as the serum estrogen level decreases
the chance of getting osteoporosis increases.

Discussion:Sample characteristics:In the present study majority of the post menopausal women 16 (32%) were in the age group of 45- 50 years. A
study conducted by Aylin, Ozturk & Merdiye, Sendir (2011) to evaluate the osteoporosis knowledge and selfefficacy of female orthopaedic patients showed the mean age of the patients was596 129 years.4
Similar findings were seen in a study conducted by Allali, F et al (2010) to assess educational level and osteoporosis risk
in postmenopausal Moroccan women. Out of 356 women selected the mean age was 58.97.7 years.5

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