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Steel design
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Steel design, or more specifically, structural steel design, is an area of knowledge of structural engineering
used to design steel structures. The structures can range from schools to homes to bridges.
In structural engineering, a structure is a body or combination of pieces of rigid bodies in space to form a
fitness system for supporting loads. Structures such as buildings, bridges, aircrafi and ships are all examples
under steel structure. The effects of loads on structures are determined through structural analysis. Steel
structure is steel construction material, a profile, formed with a specific shape or cross section and certain
standards of chemical composition and mechanical properties.
There are currently two common methods of steel design: The first (and older) method is the Allowable
Strength Design (ASD) method. The second (newer) is the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
method."
Contents
= 1 Design for strength
= 11 ASD
= 1.2 LRED
= 13 ASD versus LRFD
= 2 Load combination equations
= 2.1 Allowable Stress Design
= 2.2 Load and Resistance
= 3 AISC Steel Construction Manual
= 4 CISC Handbook of Steel Construction
= 5 References
tor Design
Design for strength
ASD
In this method, the engineer uses the ASD load combinations (below) to determine the required strength of a
‘member and arranges for the allowable strength to satisfy this equation:
-quired strength,
nominal strength, specified in Chapters B through K of the AISC SCM,
= 0=safety factor, specified in Chapters B through K of the AISC SCM,
= Ry/2= allowable strength.
LRFD
In this method, the engineer uses the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) load combinations (below) to
determine the required strength of a member and arranges for the allowable strength to satisfy this equation:
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Ry <$* Rn
where:
= R,~ required strength,
= R, = nominal strength, specified in Chapters B through K of the AISC SCM,
= g=resistance factor, specified in Chapters B through K of the AISC SCM,
= oR, = design strength.
ASD versus LRFD
‘As per the AISC SCM, 14th ed., either design method is allowed by the AISC SCM 14th edition. A common
misconception about the two methods is that ASD gives a more conservative value. In reality, ASD is more
conservative in designs with a live to dead load ratio of 3 or lower. With a higher ratio, LRFD is more
conservative.
The two design methods are related through the Q factor of ASD and the @ factor of LRFD, While these factors
have different uses, they are always related by the following expression:
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The value of these factors vary according to the country codes.
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Load combination equations
Allowable Stress Design
For ASD, the required strength, R,, is determined from the following load combinations (according to the AISC
SCM, 13 ed.) and:(2)
D+F
D+H+F+L+T
D+H+F+(L,orSorR)
D+H+F+0.75(L +1) + 0.75(L, or $ or R)
D+H+F+(Wor0.7E)
D+H+F + (0.75W or 0.7E) + 0.75L +0.75(L; or S or R)
0.6D + W +H0.6D + (W or 0.7)
where:
= D= dead load,
= D;~ weight of lee,
= earthquake load,
F = load due to fluids with well-defined pressures and maximum heights,
=F, = flood load,
= H= load due to lateral earth pressure, ground water pressure, or pressure of bulk materials,
= L= live load due to occupancy,
= L,=roof live load,
now load,
nominal load due to initial rainwater or ice, exclusive of the ponding contribution,
= self straining load,
= W=wind load,
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wind on ice.,
Special Provisions exist for accounting flood loads and atmospheric loads i.e. Dj and W;,
Load and Resistance Factor Design
For LRED, the required strength, R,, is determined from the following factored load combinations:
1.4(D + F)
1.2(D-+F + T) + 1,6(L +H) + 0.5(L, oF $ or R)
1.2D + 1.6(L, o S or R) + (L or 0.8W)
12D + LOW +L +0.5(L, or S or R)
12D + 1.0E +L + 0.28 +0.9D + 1.6W + L6H
0.9D + 1.6 H = (1.6W or 1.0E)
where the letters for the loads are the same as for ASD.
For the wind consideration, the ASCE allows a "position correction factor" which tums the coefficient of wind
action to 1,36:
1,2D + 1,36W +.... the same above or 0,9D - 1,36W
AISC Steel Construction Manual
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), Inc. publishes the AJSC Manual of Steel Construction (Steel
construction manual, or SCM), which is currently in its 14th edition, Structural engineers use this manual in
analyzing, and designing various steel structures. Some of the chapters of the book are as follows.
= Dimensions and properties of various types of steel sections available on the market (W, S, C, WT, HSS,
ete.)
General Design Considerations
Design of Flexural Members
Design of Compression Members
Design of Tension members
Design of Members Subject to Combined Loading
Design Consideration for Bolts
Design Considerations for Welds
Design of Connecting Elements
Design of Simple Shear Connections
Design of Flexure Moment Connections
Design of Fully Restrained (FR) Moment Connections
Design of Bracing Connections and Truss Connections
Design of Beam Bearing Plates, Column Base Plates, Anchor Rods, and Column Splices
Design of Hanger Connections, Bracket Plates, and Crane-Rail Connections
General Nomenclature
Specifications and Codes
Commentary on Specifications and Codes
Miscellaneous Data and Mathematical Information
CISC Handbook of Steel Construction
Canadian Institute of Steel Construction publishes the "CISC Handbook of steel Construction". CISC is a
national industry organization representing the structural steel, open-web steel joist and steel plate fabrication
industries in Canada, It serves the same purpose as the AISC manual, but conforms with Canadian standards.
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References
‘Stool design - Wikipedia, tho roe encyclopedia
1. Steel Construction Manual (13th ed.). American Institute of Steel Construction. 2006, ISBN 1-56424-055-X.
2. inttp://peer.berkeley.edu/~yang/courses/ce248/CE248_CN_Loading_and_Gravity_loads.pdf
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= This page was last modified on 11 August 2016, at 10:54.
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