Reader Ic Block 1 Hydrodynamics

Introductory course
Hydrodynamics
Version: 4.00.33026
8 December 2014
Introductory course
Hydrodynamics,
Published and printed by:

Deltares
Boussinesqweg 1
2629 HV Delft
P.O. 177
2600 MH Delft
The Netherlands
For sales contact:

telephone: +31 88 335 81 88
fax:
+31 88 335 81 11
e-mail:
sales@deltaressystems.nl
www:
http://www.deltaressystems.nl
telephone:
fax:
e-mail:
www:
+31 88 335 82 73
+31 88 335 85 82
info@deltares.nl
http://www.deltares.nl
For support contact:

telephone: +31 88 335 81 00
fax:
+31 88 335 81 11
e-mail:
support@deltaressystems.nl
www:
Copyright 2014 Deltares

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by print, photo
print, photo copy, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher:
Deltares.
Contents
Contents
Functional specifications
Hydrodynamic, general overview
Modelling aspects
Grid generation
Bathymetry schematisation
Post Processing with QUICKPLOT
User Interface for hydrodynamics, 2DH
Online visualisation
User Interface for hydrodynamics, 3D
In and output file
Temperature modelling
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List of Figures
List of Figures
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List of Figures
Bract, odd page
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List of Figures
Bract, even page
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic
Functional Specifications
Version: 2.20
Revision: 33337
8 December 2014
Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications
Published and printed by:

Deltares
Boussinesqweg 1
2629 HV Delft
P.O. 177
2600 MH Delft
The Netherlands
For sales contact:

telephone: +31 88 335 81 88
fax:
+31 88 335 81 11
e-mail:
sales@deltaressystems.nl
www:
telephone:
fax:
e-mail:
www:
+31 88 335 82 73
+31 88 335 85 82
info@deltares.nl
http://www.deltares.nl
For support contact:

telephone: +31 88 335 81 00
fax:
+31 88 335 81 11
e-mail:
support@deltaressystems.nl
www:
Copyright 2014 Deltares

All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form by print, photo
print, photo copy, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher:
Deltares.
Contents
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Areas of application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Delft3D framework overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 Hydrodynamic module
2.1 Module description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Applications areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Coupling with other modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
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3 Pre-processing and post-processing

3.1 Visualisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.1 GPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 QUICKPLOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Grid generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Grid data manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Grid aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Tidal analysis and comparison with observations
3.6 Tidal analysis and prediction . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7 Nesting of Delft3D-FLOW models . . . . . . . .
3.8 Nesting of D-Water Quality models . . . . . . . .
3.9 Interfaces with other programs . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.1 Interface to GIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9.2 Interface to Matlab . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 Hardware configuration
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List of Figures
List of Figures
1.1
System architecture of Delft3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1
3.2
Example QUICKPLOT figure: 3D view of bed level . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example QUICKPLOT figure: Depth-averaged velocity vectors and drying and
flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Example QUICKPLOT figure: Depth-averaged velocity vectors and tidal ellips
3.3
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1 Introduction
Deltares has developed a unique, fully integrated modelling framework for a multi-disciplinary
approach and 3D computations for coastal, river, lake and estuarine areas. It can carry out
numerical modelling of flows, sediment transport, waves, water quality, morphological developments and ecology. It has been designed for experts and non-experts alike. The Delft3D
framework is composed of several modules, grouped around a mutual interface, while being
capable to interact with one another.
Delft3D can switch between the 2D vertically averaged and 3D mode simply by changing the
number of layers. This feature enables to set up and investigate the model behaviour in 2D
mode before going into full 3D simulations.
1.1
Areas of application
Delft3D can be applied, but is not limited, to the following areas of applications:
flows due to tide, wind, density gradients and wave induced currents;
propagation of directionally spreaded short waves over uneven bathymetries, including

1.2
wave-current interaction;
advection and dispersion of effluents;
online morphodynamic computations (local scour, short time and length scales);
sediment transport of cohesive and non-cohesive sediment;
water quality phenomena including ecological modelling, the prediction of heavy metal
concentrations, interaction with organic and inorganic suspended sediment, interaction
between the water and bottom phase (such as sediment oxygen demand), algae blooms;
particle tracking, including oil spill and dredging plume modelling;
initial and/or dynamic (time varying) 2D-morphological changes, including the effects of
waves on sediment stirring and bed-load transport.
Delft3D framework overview

Delft3D is composed of a number of modules (see Figure 1.1), each addressing a specific
domain of interest, such as flow, near-field and far-field water quality, wave generation and
propagation, morphology and sediment transport, together with pre-processing and postprocessing modules. All modules are dynamically interfaced to exchange data and results
where process formulations require. In the following chapters these modules are described in
more detail.
Overall Menu
Flow/Mor
Wave
Water Quality
Ecology
Particles/Oil
Tools
Figure 1.1: System architecture of Delft3D
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All features are embedded in Graphical User Interface suitable for Linux or the MS Windows.
An application (model) can be completely defined, inspected and analysed through a menudriven, user-friendly, graphical interface.
The basic processes covered by each of the modules are:
Delft3D-FLOW and MOR 2D and 3D hydrodynamic, salinity, temperature, transport and online
sediment transport and morphology
Delft3D-WAVE short wave propagation (using SWAN)
D-Water Quality general water quality
Delft3D-SED cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport
Delft3D-ECO complex eutrophication and ecological modelling
D-Waq PART particle tracking, oil spill modelling
1.3
Utilities
The following utility programs are available for pre-processing and post-processing:
RGFGRID: for generating orthogonal curvilinear grids, in Cartesian or spherical co-ordinates
QUICKIN: for preparing and manipulating grid oriented data, such as bathymetry, initial conditions for water levels, salinity, constituents and other parameters
Delft3D-TRIANA: for performing off-line tidal analysis of time-series generated by Delft3DFLOW
Delft3D-TIDE: for performing tidal analysis on time series of measured water levels or velocities
GPP: for visualisation and animation of simulation results
Delft3D-QUICKPLOT: for visualisation and animation of simulation results
GISVIEW: ArcGIS extension to export GIS-coverages to Delft3D format and to read, visualise
and process results from Delft3D (ArcGIS is not included)
Delft3D-MATLAB: user interface and Matlab functions to read Delft3D files and to visualise or
process results in Matlab environment (Matlab is not included)
D-Waq DIDO: interactive grid aggregation editor for coupling FLOW with WAQ models
For more information please contact:
e-mail: delft3d.info@deltares.nl
www: www.deltares.nl
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2 Hydrodynamic module
The hydrodynamic module, Delft3D-FLOW, is a multi-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation
program that calculates non-steady flow and transport phenomena resulting from tidal and
meteorological forcing on a curvilinear, boundary-fitted grid. In 3D simulations, the hydrodynamic module applies the so-called sigma co-ordinate transformation in the vertical, which
results in a smooth representation of the bottom topography. It also results in a high computing efficiency because of the constant number of vertical layers over the whole computational
domain.
2.1
Module description
The hydrodynamic module is based on the full Navier-Stokes equations with the shallow water
approximation applied. The equations are solved with a highly accurate unconditionally stable
solution procedure. The supported features are:
two co-ordinate systems, i.e. Cartesian and spherical, in the horizontal directions
two grid systems in the vertical direction; the boundary fitted sigma grid and the horizontal

layer Z-grid
domain decomposition both in the horizontal and vertical direction
tide generating forces (only in combination with spherical grids);
simulation of drying and flooding of inter-tidal flats (moving boundaries);
density gradients due to a non-uniform temperature and salinity concentration distribution
(density driven flows);
for 2D horizontal large eddy simulations the horizontal exchange coefficients due to circulations on a sub-grid scale (Smagorinsky concept);
turbulence model to account for the vertical turbulent viscosity and diffusivity based on the
eddy viscosity concept;
selection from four turbulence closure models: k-, k-L, algebraic and constant coefficient;
shear stresses exerted by the turbulent flow on the bottom based on a Chzy, Manning or
White-Colebrook formulation;
enhancement of the bottom stresses due to waves;
automatic conversion of the 2D bottom-stress coefficient into a 3D coefficient;
wind stresses on the water surface modelled by a quadratic friction law;
space varying wind and barometric pressure (specified on the flow grid or on a coarser
meteo grid), including the hydrostatic pressure correction at open boundaries (optional);
simulation of the thermal discharge, effluent discharge and the intake of cooling water at
any location and any depth in the computational field (advection-diffusion module);
the effect of the heat flux through the free surface;
online analysis of model parameters in terms of Fourier amplitudes and phases enabling
the generation of co-tidal maps;
drogue tracks;
advection-diffusion of substances with a first order decay rate;
online simulation of the transport of sediment (silt or sand) including formulations for erosion and deposition and feedback to the flow by the baroclinic pressure term, the turbulence closure model and the bed changes;
the influence of spiral motion in the flow (i.e. in river bends). This phenomenon is especially important when sedimentation and erosion studies are performed;
modelling of obstacles like 2D spillways, weirs, 3D gates, porous plates and floating structures;
wave-current interaction, taking into account the distribution over the vertical;
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many options for boundary conditions, such as water level, velocity, discharge and weakly
reflective conditions;
several options to define boundary conditions, such as time series, harmonic and astronomical constituents;
option for linear decay of conservative substances

online visualisation of model parameters enabling the production of animations.
2.2
Applications areas
Delft3D-FLOW can be applied to the following application areas:

2.3
salt intrusion in estuaries;

fresh water river discharges in bays;
thermal stratification in lakes and seas;
cooling water intakes and waste water outlets;
sediment transport including feedback on the flow;
transport of dissolved material and pollutants;
short-term sediment transport including feedback on the flow;
storm surges, combined effect of tide and wind/typhoon;
river flows, meandering and braided rivers;
floodplains, with or without vegetation;
reservoir siltation and degradation below dams;
bottom vanes, spurs, groynes, bridges, weirs and levees.
Coupling with other modules

The results of the hydrodynamic module are used in all other modules of Delft3D. The results
are dynamically exchanged between the modules through the use of a so-called communication file. Basic (conservative) water quality parameters like concentrations of dissolved
material and pollutants, can be included in the computations. But, for more dedicated water quality simulations, the hydrodynamic module is coupled with the far-field water quality
module (D-Water Quality) , the nutrient phytoplankton module (Delft3D-ECO) and the nearfield particle tracking module (D-Waq PART). A coupling with the sediment transport module
(Delft3D-SED) is available to simulate cohesive and non-cohesive sediment transport processes, e.g. in the case of erosion and sedimentation studies. For wave-current interaction a
dynamic coupling is provided with the wave module (Delft3D-WAVE) and for morphodynamic
simulations the hydrodynamic module is integrated with the wave module and a sedimentation
and erosion module into a morphodynamic module.
To simulate a model defined on a curvilinear grid system, an orthogonal grid must be provided.
To generate such a grid the program RGFGRID is provided, though the grid can be generated
by any grid generator program as long as the grid is delivered in the prescribed (ASCII) file
format. The generation of a curvilinear grid is an important and somewhat complex task.
Along with the main model parameters, the grid will ultimately determine the accuracy of the
final model results.
To prepare the bottom topography or other grid-related data, such as a non-constant initial
condition file, the program QUICKIN is provided. This program interpolates the scattered,
digitised chart data to depth-values at the grid points in the model. Many powerful interactive
processing options to further adjust the topography are supported, e.g. manual adjustment
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Hydrodynamic module
of the values at individual points, selection of the domain of influence, group adjustments,
and smoothing. The output of this program (ASCII-file) can be imported into other Delft3D
modules.
Analysis and interpretation of a hydrodynamic simulation in terms of tidal quantities can be
performed by the program Delft3D-TRIANA. Delft3D-TRIANA performs off-line tidal analyses
of time-series of either water levels and/or velocities. The results from these analyses can be
subsequently compared with observation data supplied by you.
In case the open boundaries of a (detailed) Delft3D-FLOW model are located within the model
domain of a coarser Delft3D-FLOW model, the coarse model can generate the boundary
conditions of the detailed, nested model. The offline generation of boundary conditions is
done by Delft3D-NESTHD.
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3 Pre-processing and post-processing

In this chapter several pre-processing and post-processing programs available in Delft3D are
described in some details. These programs concern visualisation, grid generation, manipulation of grid related data and data analysis and manipulation.
3.1
3.1.1
Visualisation
GPP
The general post-processor (GPP) module of Delft3D allows uniform access to all kinds of
data files to select and visualise simulation results and measurement data. More specifically
the program allows to:
select the map and/or time histories you want to visualise;

select the lay-out and composition of the plot figure to be produced;
select the type of output medium, i.e. screen for inspection, plotter or printer for hard copy
output.
The type of presentation depends on the character of the data set:
vector plots for flow velocities, bottom shear stress and other vector quantities, with automatic or user-defined scaling of s-axis, y -axis and vector scale;
time history plots, from a single run, from various runs in the same plot or simulation

results in combination with measurement data. Depending on the data files, these can be
typical hydrodynamic quantities, such as water levels, velocity magnitude and direction,
but also water quality parameters like salinity, temperature and E.coli concentration. The
scaling can be determined automatically or set by you;
contour and isoline plots of scalar quantities like the depth, water levels or algae growth
rates. Again you can choose automatic scaling or set the contour classes manually;
vertical profiles for quantities defined on a three-dimensional grid;
geometric plots of the grid itself, tidal flats, land boundaries;
mass balances and limiting factors for displaying the details of water quality models.
Data sets can be plotted in any (sensible) combination, as long as there is a common coordinate system. Layouts may contain more than one viewport, allowing several independent
plots on one page. It is noted that the overview above is by no means complete but it gives a
general idea about the possibilities.
The program has been designed to be general enough to handle different kinds of underlying
geometries and data files of widely varying formats.
The program is capable of producing high quality colour plots. It is also able to produce a plot
file in various standard formats. At the same time a print-out of the results in ASCII format can
be made, enabling the data to be imported in other post-processing programs.
For the use of ArcView and Matlab to visualise and further process Delft3D results, see Section 3.9.
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3.1.2
QUICKPLOT
The post-processing program Delft3D-QUICKPLOT allows you to easily plot and animate data
from most output files and some input files of Delft3D and several other software packages of
WL | Delft Hydraulics (such as SOBEK and PHAROS). Furthermore, it supports some simple
ASCII formats such that you can combine model output and measurement data in one plot,
and it is possible to load bitmap data as a backdrop for your 1D or 2D plots.
Typical plots created using Delft3D-QUICKPLOT are 2DH or 2DV plots and time-series plots,
although it also has basic support for 3D plots. Scalar results may be presented using contour lines, contour patches, grid cell based patches, interpolated continuous shades, coloured
marker or value fields. Vector results may be presented as vectors, coloured vectors or normalised vectors or as scalar quantities by selecting a single component (e.g. x-component,
y -component, magnitude, direction) of the vector.
Data sets can be linked to animate single or multiple data sets in a figure. Animation frames
can be stored in various bitmap formats. Data sets can be exported to various in-house or 3rd
party formats.
Delft3D-QUICKPLOT is a standalone program based on technology of The MathWorks Inc.
It can be seamlessly integrated with the MATLAB environment via the Delft3D-MATLAB interface.
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Figure 3.1: Example QUICKPLOT figure: 3D view of bed level
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Pre-processing and post-processing
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Figure 3.2: Example QUICKPLOT figure: Depth-averaged velocity vectors and drying
and flooding
3.2
Grid generation
RGFGRID is a program to generate orthogonal, curvilinear grids of variable grid size, that are
to be used in combination with each of the modules of the Delft3D suite. The grid-generator
includes a graphical interface and an orthogonalisation module, providing easy control of the
grid generation process.
RGFGRID supports the following features:

graphical user interface;

generation of grids in Cartesian or Spherical co-ordinate systems
display of grid features as orthogonality, smoothness, aspect ration etc.;
several user-functions have been implemented to provide easy control over the grid shape;
keyboard and mouse driven events are supported;
iterative way of working, each cycle providing more definition in the grid shape.
generation of multi-domain interfaces.
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3.3
Grid data manipulation

To create, visualise and modify grid based data, such as bathymetries, and other grid related
data the program QUICKIN is provided. QUICKIN is used in combination with the modules of
Delft3D.
QUICKIN supports the following features:
graphical user interface;
several interpolation options (averaging, triangulation, diffusion);
suitable for different ratios of grid-density versus sample-density;
various display possibilities: isolines, dots, perspective, etc.;
implementation of various user-functions to provide easy control over the final bathymetry;
sample data from different sources can be interpolated in sequence, thus, starting with
the best quality data available, an optimal bathymetry can be created.
Definition of dredge and dump sites with their characterristics.

3.4
Grid aggregation
The program DIDO enables you to span coarser, irregularly shaped, grid segments for water
quality modelling, starting from the fine grid of e.g. the grid used by the hydrodynamic model.
For ecological modelling with large numbers of state variables, a coarser schematisation, following ecological and transport separation lines rather than grid lines, is often preferable. The
fine grid of the hydrodynamic model serves as input, integer multiples of the input grid are
used for the description of the coarse grid. The procedure is fully mass-conserving. Aggregation is only supported in a plane surface.
DIDO provides the following features:

zoom in locally;
separate a working area from the remainder of the schematisation;
aggregate regularly (e.g. every 2 segments in the one and 3 in the other direction);
aggregate irregularly (by rubber band lines comparable to the bulls hide);
fine tune by point and click on single elements;
select a subset of the hydrodynamic area for water quality modelling;
display information of a selected segment;
save intermediate results on the fly;
resume unfinished work from saved files;
save the final result for water quality simulation.
The final result of DIDO will be used as input to the coupling program between the hydrodynamic module Delft3D-FLOW and the water quality module D-Water Quality enabling the
latter to run on a coarser grid using the fine grid hydrodynamic database. Water quality simulations are converted back to the fine grid in post-processing software. This gives spatial plots
with the fine resolution (although aggregated areas will still show equal concentration values).
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3.5
Tidal analysis and comparison with observations

Analysis and interpretation of a hydrodynamic simulation in terms of tidal amplitudes and
phases can be performed by the program Delft3D-TRIANA. Delft3D-TRIANA performs offline tidal analyses on time-series of either water levels and/or velocities. Moreover, Delft3DTRIANA compares the results from these analyses with observation data supplied by you.
Amplitude ratios and phase differences as well as objective statistics are determined.
3.6
Tidal analysis and prediction

The program Delft3D-TIDE is used for the analysis of tidal recordings and the preparation of
tidal predictions.
The main module TIDE/ANALYSIS performs tidal analysis on time-series of water levels or
currents. A variety of features is included, such as:

the coupling of closely positioned astronomical components;

the simultaneous analysis of successive records of different instruments;
the discrimination of sub-series to account for gaps in measurement recordings;
the appreciation of linear trends and an accuracy analysis.
In a tidal analysis of a time-series of one year with a 10 minutes interval, 100 or more tidal
constituents can be prescribed simultaneously. The constituents are selected from the internal
database that contains 234 constituents that may be important at locations world-wide.
The module TIDE/FOURIER performs Fourier-analyses on any type of time-series. This feature can be used to investigate the series of residual levels or velocities which has been
identified during the tidal analysis on remaining tidal components.
Using a set of tidal constants, such as computed in the analysis module, the TIDE/PREDICT
module predicts water levels or tidal currents as a function of time.
The module TIDE/HILOW may provide the production of tide tables with the dates, times and
heights of the High and Low Waters. Using a word-processor or desktop publishing software
package, the basic tide tables can be processed further and combined with other relevant
information like tidal stream data.
Whereas in the regular analysis part of the package you pre-define the constituents that will be
considered, the program also features an option (TIDE/ASCON) to compute the astronomic
arguments and node amplitude factors for all 234 internally defined constituents.
The package is accompanied with a comprehensive User Manual, exemplifying the use of the
program and its scientific backgrounds. A number of examples is added in the form of input
and data files.
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3.7
Nesting of Delft3D-FLOW models

At the open boundaries of a Delft3D-FLOW model, boundary conditions are required for the
vertical and/or horizontal tide and the substances if applicable. In case these open boundaries
are located within a (coarser) overall Delft3D-FLOW model, then the overall model can be
used to generate the boundary conditions for the detailed model. In this case we say the
detailed model is nested within the overall model.
The procedure to generate nested boundary conditions consists of 3 steps:
1 Using the program Delft3D-NESTHD 1 a list of monitoring stations in the overall model,
needed for the interpolation, will be generated. In addition to this, the program generates
the nest administration, i.e. the link between the boundary support points in the detailed
(or nested) model and the monitoring stations in the overall model.
2 Run the overall model with the list of monitoring stations generated by Delft3D-NESTHD
1.
3 The actual boundary conditions for the nested model are generated by Delft3D-NESTHD
2 using the history file of the overall model and the nest administration.
3.8
Nesting of D-Water Quality models

The transfer of data from an encompassing or overall numerical model to an embedded
or nested numerical model is called nesting. In general the overall model has a coarse
resolution of grid cells, whereas the nested model has a higher resolution. At the boundary
locations of the nested model the results from the overall model are required as boundary
conditions for the nested model. The boundary conditions can be water levels, currents,
fluxes or discharges in case of hydrodynamic models, and water quality parameters in case
of water quality models.
The procedure of nesting through concentrations between D-Water Quality (or D-Waq PART)
models is performed by the system D-Waq NESTWQ. In this procedure two steps can be
distinguished which are handled by separate subsystems:
1 D-Waq NESTWQ 1, for the determination of nest segments and nest weights in the overall
model. The concentrations at these segments are used by the next subsystem.
2 D-Waq NESTWQ 2, for the generation of boundary conditions for the boundary segments
in the nested model from the results at the nest segments in the overall model.
3.9
Interfaces with other programs

It should be emphasised that even though these extensions can be quite useful as a supplement to the Delft3D tools, real benefits are gained mostly if you are familiar with both the
Delft3D environment and the external environment.
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3.9.1
Interface to GIS
While pre-processing and post-processing can be done quite adequately using the specific
tools offered by Delft3D, recently a link have been established with ArcView. The link is intended as a supplement to the existing tools rather than a replacement. It adds the ability to
view and manipulate model results and model input in a different environment.
The link to ArcView implies:
exporting a GIS line coverage as land boundary outline and depth data as contained in
ArcInfo/ArcView map layers to a format suitable for RGFGRID and QUICKIN;
importing the model grid and the corresponding depth field as generated by RGFGRID
and QUICKIN, so that they can be presented in a geographical context;
importing the grid-based model results (scalar and vector quantities) with a user interface
quite similar to that of GPP in the ArcView environment for presentation or further analysis
All data files are read directly by this ArcView extension and stored as shape files. There is
no need to convert or process the model result files.
3.9.2
Interface to Matlab
In a similar way as with GIS it is possible to import the results produced with Delft3D directly
into Matlab. This gives the opportunity to visualise or use the results for further analysis using
the facilities offered by Matlab.
The Delft3D-MATLAB interface allows you to seamlessly integrate the simplicity of simulation
data access by Delft3D-QUICKPLOT with the flexibility of the MATLAB environment developed
by The MathWorks Inc. The combination of these two tools allows you to use the full power of
MATLAB for analysing, processing and visualising the simulation results.
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Figure 3.3: Example QUICKPLOT figure: Depth-averaged velocity vectors and tidal ellips
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4 Hardware configuration
Delft3D and its accompanying programs is supported on the following platforms:
Windows 32-bit platforms

Linux Redhat 3.4
Configuration item
Minimal
Preferred
Processor
IA32, 1 GHz
IA32, 3 GHz or more
Internal memory
1024 MB
2 GB or more
Swap space
2.0 internal memory
4.0 internal memory
Hard disk
10 GB
80 GB or more
Monitor
17 inch colour
19 inch colour
Display
800 600 pixels

256 colours
1280 1024 pixels

16 million colours
Remark:
Delft3D will run on a Windows 64-bit platform but it will not benefit the 64-bit architecture,
because Delft3D is not yet compiled for a 64-bit platform.
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Delft3D, a 3D integrated modelling

environment for integral solutions
General overview
Our software: modelling hydrosystems
Our software: Delft3D system overview
Overall menu
Fresh water bell - River Rhine
mouth, Rotterdam, The
Netherlands
FLOW
MOR
Sand transport during storm

event, Columbia River Estuary
and Coast, USA
WAVE
WAQ
SED
ECO
PART
Tools and add-ons
Detailed modelling of flow circulation to support

nautical and safety studies, Reganossa, Spain
Hurricane Katrina, 2005, USA
Overall functionality Delft3D-FLOW

flows due to tide, wind, density gradients
advection and dispersion of constituents

salinity, temperature, other constituents
first order decay of constituents
sediment transport of (non-)cohesive sediments
morphodynamics, bed level changes

wave-induced currents structures
online coupling to WAVE, offline to WAQ, ECO, PART
Areas of application
salt intrusion in estuaries

fresh water discharges in bays
thermal stratification in lakes and seas
cooling water intakes and waste water outlets
sediment transport and morphodynamics
transport of dissolved material and pollutants
storm surges and typhoon modelling
river flows, meandering
floodplains, with and without vegetation
groynes, bridges, weirs, ..
FLOW_Functional_Specs_0
4
Functionality - details (1)

two horizontal co-ordinate systems
metric
spherical
two vertical systems
surface and bottom following -layers

fixed horizontal z-layers

tide generating forces
simulation of drying and flooding
density gradients due to non-uniform
salinity, temperature, sediments
four turbulence models for vertical mixing:
constant, algebraic, k-L, k-eps
sub-grid scale horizontal large eddy simulation

bottom shear stress formulations:
Chzy, Manning, White-Colebrook, constant

bottom shear stress due to waves
wind stress at the surface, quadratic friction law
space varying wind and pressure
on the flow grid

on a meteo grid
rainfall and evaporation

thermal discharge, intake of cooling water
heat flux through the surface
influence of spiralling motion in bends
online Fourier analysis of parameters
drogue tracks
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Assumptions
The shallow water assumption: vertical accelerations
are assumed to be small compared to the
gravitational acceleration and are not taken into
account. ( depth << horizontal length scale) NB. Nonhydrostatic option also available.
The effect of variable density is only taken into
account in the horizontal pressure gradient term
(Boussinesq approximation).
The water is assumed to be incompressible
Reynolds averaging for turbulent fluctutations
Eddy viscosity concept.
etc.
Curvi-linear grid
local refinements where required

boundary fitted (no stair-case)
follows channels and shallow
areas
follows river bends
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Illustration of stair cases
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Western Scheldt
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Delft3D-FLOW, 2D and 3D
Salt intrusion - Venezuela
easy to switch from 3D to 2D and vice versa
co-ordinates vertically, optional fixed layers
same number of layers everywhere if is used
special anti-creep approach

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Delft3D-FLOW, salinity and temperature

S- and T-stratification
modelling re-circulation
momentum of discharges
several options for heat exchange atmosphere
evaporation/precipitation
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Shallow water equations (3D, hydrostatic)
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Transport and turbulence equations
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Numerical implementation
Shallow water solver
implicit
unconditionally stable
higher order discretisation advection terms
robust drying and flooding algorithm
Transport equation
maintains strong concentration gradients

maintains vertical stratification
accurate scheme (non-monotonous)
option: monotonous scheme (but less accurate)
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Grid staggering
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Time step limitations
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Delft3D-FLOW, online visualisation
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Delft3D-RGFGRID, curvi-linear grid generator
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Delft3D-QUICKIN, bathymetry editor
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Postprocessing
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Postprocessing (2)
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Domain decomposition (1)
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Domain decomposition (2)
Open Sea
Outfall - intake
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Dredge and dump
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Nesting
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Spiderweb wind forcing
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Building a collaborative community ...

Joint research & development:
research programs
software development projects

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... on topics of common interest
surf zone processes

wave modeling
(detailed) near field modeling
flow - vegetation interaction
multiple sediment fraction modeling
sand mud mixtures
bank erosion
biogeomorphology
numerical performance
pre- and postprocessing
model coupling
visit http://oss.delft3d.nl
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
Modelling aspects and tasks
Modelling aspects and tasks

background and objectives of the study
(guide lines for the numerical approach)
general orientation
(field) data collection and analysis
set-up of the FLOW model
set-up FLOW postprocessing; GPP
calibration and verification
production and reporting
Background and objectives of the study

What is the actual interest for this study?
hydrodynamic, water quality, waves, morphology
If hydraulic, what are the problems?

e.g. storm surge, flooding, construction, recirculation,
stratification, flow regime
Are different scenarios involved?

e.g. seasonal discharges, wind, tidal ranges
Are (accuracy) criteria set?

e.g. maximum water levels, velocities, temperature
What will be the main output, result?
General orientation
identification problem, how to tackle
literature scan, what is known yet
characteristics of the study area
dominant currents, seasonal effects, morphological active
physical phenomena to include, 2D or 3D
model boundaries
availability and accuracy data
tidal excursion, main flow patterns, orientation boundary
specifications grid, bathymetry

area of interest, channels, reclamations, outfalls
(Field) data collection and analysis

collecting consistent data on
coast line, bathymetry
water levels, currents, salinity, temperature
river flows, wind and pressure
processing, e.g.
units, reference systems, format, conversion
erroneous data
analysing, e.g.
tidal constants
consistency, quality assessment
Set-up of the FLOW model-1

model area and grid; Delft3D-RGFGRID
specifications from previous steps
boundary fitted, orthogonal
bathymetry; Delft3D-QUICKIN
digitising?, different reference levels?
best data (recent, high resolution) first
dry points, thin dams; VISUALISATION AREA

jetties, small islands, reclamations
Set-up of the FLOW model-2

open boundaries
water level, velocity, discharge?
number of boundary sections (variability parameter)
forcing; time-series, Harmonic, tidal constants
physical and numerical parameters

roughness, wind, heat, drying & flooding parameters
monitoring stations, cross-sections

calibration data at inside locations
sensitivity time-step
accurate results?
Set-up FLOW postprocessing

QUICKPLOT (or GPP)
what kind of plots, graphs
computed versus measured, predicted
time-series, 2DH, 2DV, profiles, vector, iso-lines
working routine for data set names/files

very efficient for postprocessing similar simulations
layout and text

well-documented
self explaining
Calibration and verification

strategy, which data and periods
accuracy criteria, wet-dry, neap-spring, wind
frequency and time domain

tidal constants, first 2DH, always time domain
calibration parameters
bathymetry, boundary conditions, roughness
working routine for file names

log simulations and analysis results
Production and reporting

final calibration, verification
report on
data used, quantity and quality
model set-up
process of calibration, verification
QA label model
HD databases for WAQ, WAVE, etc.?
archive
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-RGFGRID
Generation and manipulation of curvi-linear grids
Why use a curvi-linear grid?

high resolution in the area of interest
low resolution far away at boundaries to save
computational costs
avoid stair-case boundaries (also at gullies)
Requirements:
> smooth w.r.t. consecutive grid cells (10 - 20 %)
> orthogonal (< 0.02)
General strategy
iterative grid generation, grid shape procedure
rough sketch using splines
refinement
orthogonalisation
grid manipulation
Example spline grid
First rough grid
Refined and orthogonalised
RGFGRID - File
RGFGRID Co-ordinate System
RGFGRID - Operations
Better to use
Edit Block Orthogonalise
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RGFGRID - View
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RGFGRID - Edit
Edit -> Grid -> Line to Land Boundary
2
1
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RGFGRID Edit Shortcut keys
D
E*
I
R
X*
delete (polygon or grid) point

delete polygon
insert (polygon or grid) point
replace (polygon or grid) point
break up polygon
* keep pressed
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RGFGRID - Operations
DD grids require the same

M,N orientation
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RGFGRID - Settings
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RGFGRID - Settings
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This is what it may look like
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In detail
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Hands-on Delft3D-RGFGRID
identify flow problem
determine resolution in area of interest
determine position of open boundaries (where does
boundary condition data come from)
open boundaries sufficiently far away, (especially
WL-boundaries)
grid lines preferably parallel to main channels, coast
line
maintain orthogonality and smoothness
iterative grid refinement / grid shape procedure
save intermediate splines and grids
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RGFGRID: Exercise 1
Curved Bend
In this example we will practise the generation of a curvilinear grid for a curved bend. We will
start drawing the splines with the objective to have a higher resolution near the shore.
In an iterative process we will practise the following:

adjusting the spline grid by adding more splines, moving spline points, etc.
refining the grid by different factors in both directions
orthogonalising the grid, both in total and in blocks
deleting part of the grid using Block Delete
moving the outer grid lines towards the land boundary
adjusting the grid point by point
adjusting the grid using attraction and repulsion
viewing some grid properties as smoothness and orthogonality
Define splines
Start the Delft3D-MENU from the desktop. Change to the following directory:
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/01 rgfgrid curvedbend>

Select Grid in the main Delft3D-MENU; next press in the Grid and bathymetry window RGFGRID.
Select File Attributes Files Open Land Boundary. . . and load <curvbend.ldb>
Select Edit Spline New. Draw two splines alongshore at both sides of the river bend.
Click with the left mouse to insert at least five points to have a smooth curved spline. Next,
finalise a spline by clicking on the right mouse button.
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Draw four or five splines in cross shore direction, see the figure above. Be aware that the
spline grid should cover the curved bend area.
Define another 2 splines in the river but close to the shore. In doing so we will introduce a
higher resolution in these areas when we refine the grid. You can do the same to get a higher
resolution in the middle of the river stretch.
When finished select Operations Change Splines into Grid or press
Save the splines via select File Export Splines only fixed points
Refine the grid and adjust/add splines
In Settings General you can adjust the refinement factors in both directions. Next select
Operations Refinement Refine Grid to refine the grid.
When you are not satisfied with this initial grid you can go back to the splines.
Press
to replace spline points. Select a spline by clicking with the left mouse on a dotted
point. Then, all dots on this spline get a black circle. Next, click with the left mouse on the dot
that has to be replaced, so that this dot becomes a square. Click again with the left mouse on
the new location in order to replace this dot. Click with the right mouse to deselect this spline.
To extend (or insert points in) an existing spline press
desired point.
, select a spline and insert the
To add new splines just press the right mouse button and start defining a new spline.
Transform the splines to a grid and refine again.
Orthogonalise the grid

After the refinement the grid can be made orthogonal the first time. Select Operations Orthogonalise
Grid.
Look at the changes due to this operation. Press
to zoom in. Press
to zoom out. Press
to reset the zoom area. You can also use the mouse wheel to zoom in and zoom out. To
define a zoom box, press
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Delete grid points using Block Delete
To delete redundant grid cells can be done at a later stage, but we will do it already now.
Select Edit Grid Block Delete Exterior to operate in blocks of grid points and delete grid
points outside the river bend.
Select 2 points of the block to delete. Click the right mouse button to activate the removal.
By pressing on ESC you can undo the last action. Noted that this is only possible for the last
action and not for previous ones.
Move grid lines to the land boundary

Part of fine tuning the grid is letting the outer grid lines follow smoothly the land boundary.
This operation is normally done at a later stage in the grid generation process. First the grid
should be orthogonalised.
Select Edit Grid Line to Land Boundary. With the left mouse button indicate points on
the outer grid line; click right to execute the action. If the result is not desired, press ESC.
Adjust the grid point by point

Adding, moving grid cells is part of fine tuning the grid. It is normally done when the orthogonalisation phase is passed.
Select Edit Grid Point Insert, Point Replace or Delete.
Practise with these options.
Adjust the grid using attraction/repulsion of lines

Select Edit Grid Line Attraction. Indicate a line and the influence area. The area of
influence can be indicated at one or both sides. When indicated the influence area, click the
right mouse button. Execute the line attraction with a click of the right mouse.
Try the same with the repulsion of grid lines.
To make the impact of the attraction or repulsion action less or bigger, select Settings General. . .
and adjust the attraction/repulsion parameter.
View grid properties

Select Operations Grid Properties and choose one of the properties you want to see.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-QUICKIN
Schematisation of bathymetry or other scalars
General strategy
generation, manipulation of FLOW bathymetries
stepwise bathymetry generation
Use a polygon to select your working area. All operations apply
to the area inside this polygon
high quality data (samples) first
various interpolation options
various viewing options
bathymetry manipulation
generation of non-uniform roughness or other parameter
QUICKIN - File
QUICKIN - Operations
Dependent on resolution of
sample points versus grid
cell size
A method to fill in depths if

samples are insufficient
Example of detailed coverage
Example of poor coverage
QUICKIN View (1)
QUICKIN View (2)
Set Time step for Courant numbers

in Settings General
QUICKIN Settings (1)
QUICKIN Edit (1)
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QUICKIN Edit Shortcut keys

C
D
E*
I
R
X*
change sample value

delete (polygon, depth or sample) point
delete polygon
insert (polygon or sample) point
replace (polygon or sample) point
break up polygon
* keep pressed
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QUICKIN - Operations
To transfer depths to another grid

To use Operation Triangulation
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QUICKIN Settings (2)
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Example (overall)
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Example (detail)
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Generation of other attributes files

roughness file
dry points, thin dams, observation points,
dredge and dump areas
Also with
Visualisation Area
FLOW-GUI
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Hands-on Delft3D-QUICKIN
build the bathymetry by working with sub-areas
start with best data first
grid cell averaging when resolution samples >
resolution cells
triangulation when resolution samples < resolution
grid cells
fill in gaps with diffusion or triangulation (first copy
depth to sample points)
save intermediate bathymetries
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QUICKIN: Exercise 2
Western Scheldt bathymetry schematisation
In this exercise you will learn the following:

inspect each samples data set in order to delete erroneous data

determine a strategy; which data set first, which next, which last
generate the model bathymetry using many options of QUICKIN
determine the provisional computational time step for FLOW
Start the Delft3D-MENU and change to the working directory:
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/02 quickin western scheldt/>

From the main Menu select Grid and bathymetry and next QUICKIN.
Select Use Cartesian Co-ordinates in the Co-ordinate System menu.
Select File Attribute Files Open Land Boundary. . . and open the Western Scheldt land
boundary, see file <zeeland.ldb>.
Select File Import Grid(RGFGRID)ry in order to load the grid, <ws-1.grd>.
Three sample files are available in this exercise:
1 <westernscheldt sea mixedbad.xyz>, for the sea part, in which some erroneous values
are present, which have to be removed in the first part of this exercise;
2 <westernscheldt.xyz> for the inner part; and
3 <westernscheldt belgium.xyz> for the upstream part of this model that is located in Belgium.
Start with the first two datasets. If there is any time left, use the third dataset as well.
Inspection of sample points

Select File Attribute Files Open Samples. . . and open the file <western scheldt sea mixedbad.xyz>.
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At first this data set looks okay. But have a closer look a few outliers can be seen. There is
a large difference in maximum and minimum sample values. This might indicate that a few
single sample points are dominating the colour classes. Zoom in and try to find the erroneous
(blue and yellow) sample points.
Press
to zoom in. Press
to zoom out. Press
to reset the zoom area. You can also
use the mouse wheel to zoom in and zoom out. To define a zoom box, press
box.
and drag a
Once located select Edit Polygon. Drawn a polygon around the bad sample point(s).
Select Operations Delete Samples to delete the enclosed samples.
Select Operations Delete Polygon to delete the polygon.
Zoom out and see if there is now more variation in the colours (and thus sample points).
Continue inspecting the sample points till you have removed clearly erroneous data points.
When ready save the samples to file via File Attribute Files Save Samples. Use a
different name, for example <westerscheldt sea improved.xyz>.
Changing individual sample points is also possible via select Edit Samples. Next, by
pressing key c sample points can be changed. After clicking on a sample point, a window
pops up with the value of this sample point. This value can be overwritten. Similarly, after
pressing d, sample points can be deleted. With pressing i, sample points can be added.
Determine strategy to use sample sets

Check the other sample data files and see which set has the highest resolution and which the
lowest, compared with the grid resolution. Also look at the coverage.
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Generate model bathymetry
Start with the samples data set which has the highest resolution, by using file westerscheldt.xyz.
For the average procedure the number of sample points in a rectangle around a grid point are
used. This rectangle extends from the grid point half a grid cell size to each direction, i.e. to
the grid centres surrounding this grid point.
With this in mind draw a polygon to assign depth points to grid points through the average
procedure.
There are different average options. See Settings Averaging Options. In Settings
General. . . you can set the extent of the search area (default 1.1 grid cell) and the minimum
number of sample points required to average (default 4).
Continue generating the model bathymetry by defining a polygon, grid cell averaging, new
polygon etc.
If you are unhappy with the result you can press ESC.
Next load the second best data set (i.e. file <westerscheldt sea improved.xyz>) and continue
with the interpolation.
Next, load the <westernscheldt belgium.xyz> and continue with the interpolation. Now you
have used all available data sets. Select View Depth Yet to be Found in order to detect
missing depth points.
If you have still sample points loaded, the screen might be too full with information. By selecting View Samples No Sample Points a clear overview of the missing depth points is
shown.
Now you have to decide how to finalise the model bathymetry. Either you collect more sample
data or you can use the internal diffusion option. Often the latter will be the case.
With Operations Check Interpolation one obtains statistics about the interpolation exercise.
View Courant numbers
Select Settings General. . . , and set the time step to 60 seconds. Next select Operations
Courant Numbers. The Courant numbers for this time step are displayed. See the Delft3DFLOW User Manual for the optimal time step.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D
Postprocessor Delft3D-QUICKPLOT
Working strategy
select a data file

select a data field
select a time step and/or a location
change plot options
create a plot
Working strategy
1
4
2
Select a data file
Use File Open File

or select a recently opened file from the File menu
or the Open button in the toolbar
or select the desired file from the file list (once opened)
Select a data field
Selecting time or subset of M,N
or range 1:16
range with step 1:3:16
Subset of M,N
Alternatively use Grid

View button
Select point, line or

area to plot
Selecting a station (history file)
Creating a plot
Press Quick View
use the slider to: browse

through locations
or to browse through time steps
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Export or print figure
Use File Print/Export

or use Print Figure button
Select file type or Windows printer

Select printing method:
Painter: vector graphics
ZBuffer: raster graphics
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Animate figure
Use Start Animation button
Standard output to screen

Optional output to file / printer
Select time steps
Set (maximum) frame rate
Click Continue button
Use Stop Animation button to
interrupt animation
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Plotting options
Available options depend on

selected quantity
Top options may affect options
lower down the list.
Unit conversion
Vector / magnitude /
component selection
Automatic or manual
vector scaling
Vector colouring
Resampling of vectors,
markers or numbers
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Plotting options
Select presentation type:

patch, contour, continous
shades, markers,
numbers
Automatic or manual
colour limits
Select or edit colourmap
Add colourbar
Clip value ranges
Set line style, width and
marker type
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Combining multiple data sets in one plot (1/2)

Keep figure open
Select another data set
use Add to Plot
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Combining multiple data sets in one plot (2/2)

In case of multiple open figures:
Use Plot Manager button
Select Figure and Axes to add

next plot to
Use New Figure and New Axes
buttons to create custom plot
layout
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Change preferences
Use File Preferences
Change User Interface Font
Change Quick View Figure
Layout: figure and axes
colour
Change Grid View Settings
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Combine data sets (1/3)

Define source data sets: use
Define Var., e.g.
Select water level, all time steps,
define as water level
Select water level, first time step,
define as initial water level
Select <user defined variables>
from file list
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Select File Options
Select first quantity, operator,
second quantity, e.g.
Select water level, A-B, initial
water level
Click Define Variable
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Select the new variable
Select time step, M, N points and
plot options as for normal
quantities
Click Quick View to plot
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Export data sets

Export option for selected data at end
of plot options list
Export options depend on selected time
steps, locations, dimensionality,
component
and occasionally plot type (e.g.
patch or contour output to ArcView
shape file)
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Macros
Use Macro menu or macro buttons to create and
playback macros (also called log files)
Macros can contain any set of actions (currently

mostly limited to click actions in QUICKPLOTs
main window)
Macro may start from scratch by opening a file
or macro can work on selected file
Use Macro Record to Message Window to learn
how macro is built up
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Delft3D-QUICKPLOT: Exercise 3a
FLOW 2DH figures
Figure 1: Delft3D-FLOW hydrodynamic history file
First set the start-up of the Delft3D-MENU to:
<. . . /exercises/03a quickplot 2dh>

Double click the Delft3D-MENU icon. Either select Utilities QUICKPLOT or FLOW QUICKPLOT.
The Delft3D-QUICKPLOT window will appear.
Click File and Open file. . . to open the required data file. Select in Files of type Delft3D
Output File. All available Delft3D output files will appear. Select the hydrodynamic history file
with the name <trih-vcm-2d-r-typh.dat>.
First create an empty figure with three plot areas within a frame, which will be filled in later,
which is done with the Plot Manager. Press Show/hide Plot Manager
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Create a new figure by clicking
Select 3 plots, vertical portrait. Select in the Plot Manager the upper plot, which will then
be the active plot. Go back to the main menu, select the water level at station VTSSMS-TG03
Donghi.
Change the Colour in black and press Add to plot to add the water level time-series to the
upper plot.
Select the middle plot in the Plot manager. For the same station select the parameter depth
averaged velocity in the main menu. Specify for Component, magnitude and Add to plot will
plot the current magnitude time-series in the middle plot. Repeat this action for plotting the
depth averaged velocity and Component, angle (radians) in the lower plot.
In the Figure window, select File Save as, and save the figure to <VCM 2DH 1.fig>.
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Create the same figure for the observation station VTSSMS-TG12 Vunghtau, by doing the
following in the Figure window:
Click
at the right of the slider in the lower-left of the figure.
Select water level station, and link with previous objects. Do the same with the magnitude
and direction.
Next press
to go to the next station for all parameters. Do this until you are at VTSSMSTG12 Vunghtau. Save the figure to <VCM 2DH 2.fig>.
Figure 3: Delft3D-FLOW hydrodynamic map file

Click File and Open file to open a Delft3D |Hydrodynamic map file named trim-vcm-2d-rtyph.dat. Delft3D Output File should be selected in Files of type.
Select in the main menu the parameter Morphologic grid. The default colour is blue, change
the colour in black and select Quick View.
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Open another file with type Shape and Land Boundary File and select Vcm-000.ldb, add
the land boundary to the existing plot as a green line by pressing Add to Plot.
Save the figure as <VCM 2DH 3.fig>.

Create with the Plot Manager a plot with 2 plot areas, vertical and portrait. And select the trim
file.
Fill the upper plot with the water level at 24 July 1996 00:00 and specify:

Presentation Type: contour patches with lines

Thresholds: -0.5:0.1:0.6
Colour Map: jet
Draw Colour Bar: Horizontal
add land boundary Vcm-000.ldb to the plot.
Fill the lower plot with for the same date and time for salinity:
Presentation Type: patches

Colour Map: jet
add land boundary Vcm-000.ldb to the plot.
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View the plot and zoom in for the water level near Donghi in the north and for the salinity near
Vung Tau in the south.
Go to the plot and Edit, Edit Border and specify a description for the plot.

Create a plot with 2 plot areas, vertical and portrait.
In both areas add from the < trim-vcm-2d-r-typh.dat> file the depth averaged velocity at 24
July 1996 00:00 as Vectors. Add also the land boundary as a green line.
zoom in at the area with high density vectors (near the island in the north-east of Vietnam)
For the lower plot area, delete the depth averaged velocity by first selecting the lower plotarea
in the Plot Manager. Next select the depth averaged velocity and press
Change in the main window the following plot options:
first change the colour of the vectors to red

set the Field Thinning to a Distance of 0.3
finally set the Vector Scaling to Manual, value 0.5
Add now the depth averaged velocity to the lower plot.
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Select the trim-file and select the water level. Set Colour Limits Manual from -1.5 [m] to 2.2
[m], Presentation Type continuous shades. QuickView the water level. Add the land boundary.
. Select as Output avi file for
Go to the figure and select Start animation by pressing
creating the animation, Steps 1:5 and Options the default codec and specify an output name
*.avi.
The same for salinity. Set the Max to 30, min to 1. Specify as Colour map: reversed bluemap.
The same for depth averaged velocity, first plot the magnitude (as patches) with Max 1.2 m/s
and min 0 m/s. Followed by the vector (as white) , with vector scaling 0.2 and field thinning
distance 0.1.
When there is more than 1 time varying parameter present in the plot, the time of the parameters can be coupled by selecting these two parameters in the Plot Manager and pressing the
link function
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Delft3D-QUICKPLOT: Exercise 3b
FLOW 3D figures
First set the start-up of the Delft3D-MENU to:
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/03b quickplot 3d>

by clicking the Delft3D-MENU icon on the desktop once with the left mouse button, and next
the right mouse button. Select properties shortcut and change, if necessary the start in
directory. Apply and ok to activate.
Double click the Delft3D-MENU icon. Either select Utilities QUICKPLOT or FLOW QUICKPLOT.
The Delft3D-QUICKPLOT window will appear.
Click File and Open file. . . to open the required file. Select in Files of type Delft3D Output
File. All available Delft3D output files will appear. Select the hydrodynamic history file with
the name <trih-d3d.dat>.
First create an empty figure with 3 plot areas within a frame, which will be filled in later. Go
to the Plot Manager and select create a new figure, three plots, vertical portrait. Select in
the Plot Manager the upper plot, which will then be the active plot. In the main menu, select
the observation station PW3 and all to plot all time steps.
Select the parameter water level, change the Colour in black and press Add to plot to add
the water level time series to the upper plot.
In the middle plot area plot the horizontal velocity as magnitude in layer 1 in black and layer
10 in red.
In the lower plot area plot the angle of the horizontal velocity in layer 1 (either in radians or
degrees) in black and layer 10 in red.
Save the figure as <VCM 3D 1.fig>.

Click File and Open file. . . to open a Delft3D |Hydrodynamic map file named <trim-d3d.dat>.
Be sure that Delft3D Output File is selected in Files of type. Create with Plot Manager a plot
with 2 plot areas, portrait.
Fill the upper plot with the water level at 20 July 1996 00:00 and specify:


Thresholds: 1.40:0.01:1.46
Colour Map: jet
add land boundary siulam-1.ldb to the plot.
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Fill the lower plot with (for the same date and time) the salinity for layer 1:


Thresholds: 10:2:24
Colour Map: jet
add land boundary siulam-1.ldb to the plot.

Create a plot with 2 areas, portrait.
Select the upper plot area and next the velocity vector at 20 July 1996 00:00.
Select grid line M = 30. Vector scaling manual = 100.
Plot the dataset by pressing Add to Plot.
Select the lower plot area and next the Salinity, Presentation Type as continuous shades.
Select grid line M = 30.
Plot the dataset by pressing Add to Plot.

When selecting the option grid view
, a new window appears that visualises the select grid
lines (in this case M = 30). These lines can be selected in this window manually. Select an
arbitrarily line, return to the main menu and produce for this cross-section the same plot as
Figure 3.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
FLOW Graphical User Interface
FLOW-GUI General Philosophy
one small input file (Master Definition File) containing

general information (time frame, etc.) and links to
attribute files containing large data quantities (depths,
boundary conditions, initial conditions, etc.)
input data organised in Data Groups filled in by a
graphical user interface
Main window
Data Group Domain
grid (cartesian or spherical) (*.grd,

and *.enc)
number of layers and layer
distribution (3D)
latitude (Coriolis force)
depth (uniform or from Delft3DQUICKIN, *.dep)
dry points and thin dams (*.dry and
*.thd)
point-and-click in
Visualisation Area
Visualisation Area
Data Group Time Frame

reference time of the simulation (ddmmyyyy); relevant for
astronomical BC
start time of simulation (ddmmyyyy hhmmss)
stop time of simulation (ddmmyyyy hhmmss)
computational time step (min)
Local Time Zone
Data Group Processes

salinity
temperature
passive tracers (constituents)
sediments (cohesive and noncohesive)
wind
tide generating forces
include effects of (short) waves
on flow
include spiral motion (rivers,
2DH)
dredge and dump
Data Group Initial Conditions

uniform
attribute file (*.ini)
from previous computation (restart file tri-rst.<runid>.<date>,<time>)
map-file
Data Group Boundaries - Flow BC

boundary sections, using Visualisation Area (*.bnd)
for each segment
boundary forcing type
> water level, velocity, Neumann, discharge, Riemann
> reflection coefficient (not for Neumann and Riemann)
boundary forcing data type (*.bca, *.bch resp. *.bct resp. *.bcq)
> astronomical (tidal constituents, amplitudes, phases)
> harmonic (frequencies, amplitudes and phases)
> time-series (uniform, linear, logarithmic or per layer)
> QH relation
Astronomical Tides
Astronomical tide = sum of harmonic constituents (k):
k
H (t ) = A0 + Ai f i cos (w i t + (V0 + u ) - Gi )
i =1
H(t) = water level

A0 = mean value
Ai
= tidal amplitude component i
Fi
= nodal amplitude factor for component i
wi
= angular velocity / frequency component i
V0+u = astronomical argument of component i
Gi
= local phase lag component i
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Data Group Boundaries - Transport BC

for salinity, temperature and tracers (*.bcc)
specify concentrations
uniform
linear, between surface and bed
step (2-layer system)
per computational layer
Thatcher Harleman time lags (inflow)
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DG Boundaries Transport BC
Thatcher Harleman time lag
12
Data Group Physical Parameters

constants (gravity, water and air density, wind stress coefficients,
background salinity and temp)
roughness (Manning, Chzy, White Colebrook or Z0) and partial slip
condition (*.rgh)
horizontal and vertical viscosity (hydrodynamics) and diffusivity
(transport) (*.edy)
model for 2D turbulence (HLES)
turbulence closure model (k-eps recommended for stratified
conditions)
heat flux model (*.tem, exchange at water surface)
sediment and morphology
wind forcing (speed and direction, *.wnd, *.svw)
tidal forces
13
Data Group Physical Parameters
14
Wind drag coefficients

Physical Parameters Constants - Wind stress
Cd_A at W_A
Cd_B at W_B
Cd_C at W_C
15
Data Group Numerical Parameters

extra drying and flooding
procedure and parameters
smoothing time
numerical scheme for momentum
numerical scheme for transport
(salinity, temperature and/or
tracers)
filter to avoid overshoot
undershoot concentrations
correction sigma co-ordinates
(anti-creep)
16
Data Group Operations

discharge location (small rivers, outfalls) either in the
Visualisation Area or by attribute file (*.src)
for each discharge: flow (m3/s), salinity, temperature or
tracer concentration (*.dis)
type of discharge
normal
inclusion of momentum
walking
Intake - outlet
17
Data Group Monitoring
observation points (stations for history output, *.obs) )

drogue track release and recovery points (f.I. tidal
excursion), *.par
cross-sections (history output of momentary and
accumulated fluxes, *.crs)
18
Data Group Additions

Various keywords and parameters which are related to
new functionality
and have not yet a fixed input screen
19
Data Group Output Options

times for map output (each grid point)
interval for history output
times for output to be used by other programs
(communication file used by Delft3D-WAVE, WAQ,
PART, etc)
sub-selection of parameters
FOURIER analysis (*.fou)
storage and print output timings
online visualisation
online coupling
20
Data Group Output Options (2)
21
Demonstration FLOW-GUI
Friesian Tidal Inlet
River bend
22
Hands-on FLOW-GUI
work from top to bottom
use self-explaining names (also for files)
use version number in file names
especially when calibrating use description
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Hydrodynamic: Exercise 4
Defining Dry Points and Thin Dams
Summary
how to model structures like islands and jetties using dry points and thin dams
Dry points and thin dams can be defined in two ways:
QUICKIN
Visualisation Area window in the FLOW-GUI
In this exercise we will apply QUICKIN to define dry points and thin dams. We remark that
dry points and thin dams can also be defined via the Visualisation Area window of the FLOW
GUI. In the next exercise (Exerc. 5) this will be done.
Start exercise
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/04 drypoints thindams>

From the Main Menu select GRID and next QUICKIN.
In File Attribute Files Open Land Boundary open the land boundary file <siulam-1.ldb>.
Via File Import Grid (RGFGRID) open the Siu Lam grid file <siulam-2.grd>. Next, select
Edit Dry Points to start with editing dry points. Via Delft3D-FLOW Attributes Save Dry
Points the dry points are saved in a file that has to be specified by the user.
In a similar way, thin dams can be edited. Select Edit Thin Dams to start with editing thin
dams. Via Delft3D-FLOW Attributes Save Thin Dams the thin dams are saved.
In a structured way we will walk along the coast and specify dry points and thin dams to
exclude grid cells from the computation or to block the flow when necessary.
Often the grid will not entirely align with all structures. Thus, you will have to decide whether
dry points and/or thin dams are required to model the obstacles. And how many.
Note that dry points and thin dams can be defined along grid lines, not only as separate points.
The general rule to set a dry point is when more than half of the cell is covered by land.
When using thin dams keep in mind that flow passages should have more or less the same
width as in nature.
In the process of defining dry points and thin dams save intermediate results to file.
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Hydrodynamic: Exercise 5
Curved bend
how to set up a simple FLOW model for a curved bend using the FLOW Graphical User
Interface
going through the data groups

hands-on for Good Modelling Practice
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/05 curvedbend>

From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input.
We will set up the Curved Bend Model (CBM) using a grid made by Delft3D-RGFGRID.
Description and Domain

In general you have to give a comprehensive description of the model. In particular the items
that make this input different from similar input files. For instance when calibrating the model
you may have different simulations with different roughness values, or different wind drag
coefficients. Such aspects should be described here.
For the moment you will only enter the text: Curved Bend Model.
In Domain Grid parameters open both the grid and grid enclosure files. Select in the menubar View Visualisation Area to open the Visualisation Area (VA) window. In the VA window
select File Open Landboundary file and open the land boundary. Exercise with the Zoom
options and then close the window for the moment.
We will start with a 2DH model so we have only one layer (kmax = 1).
Suppose the modelled area is somewhere in The Netherlands, so enter 52 degrees for the
latitude.
In Bathymetry we will use the default uniform depth of 10 m.
Next you will split the river bend in two fairways. Open the Visualisation Area window and
define the intersection wall using dry points or thin dams. When finished save them to <cbm01.dry> and <cbm-01.thd>.
Remark:
Do not use the Add button in the Dry point window of the FLOW-GUI in combination
with clicking in the Visualisation Area window.
Notes:
You do not have to enter the extensions while saving to file.

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The use of a version number is encouraged since later on you may update the thin dams
or dry points. The same holds for other attribute files.
Time frame
Our model will have cyclic boundary conditions with a period of 12 hours. We will start with 3
cycles to see how long the so-called spin-up time can be for this model.
Set the stop time at 1 day and 12 hours passed the start time.
For the time step we have to fulfill the Courant criterion. If we do not want to look it up in the
manual, we can use QUICKIN to see what time step is reasonable for this grid and depth. It
turns out that Courant ranges from 30 35 for a time step of 2 minutes. This is acceptable for
this example.
In general the spin-up time depends on the initial conditions and the dynamics of the model.
For a homogeneous model the spin-up time is about several days (not in this simple curved
bend model). When e.g. salinity or temperature are involved, and parts of the model have
low dynamics (harbours: long residence times) then a poorly specified initial condition may
cause long spin-up times. In such cases it is worthwhile to put some effort in improved (spacevarying) initial conditions.
Processes
We will include temperature but we specify uniform initial and boundary conditions. A uniform
wind from the southwest with a speed of 5 m/s will be applied. See Physical parameters
Wind.
Activate temperature and wind.
Initial conditions
Use uniform initial conditions: 0 m for the water level and 15 C for the temperature.
Preferably we want to start at High Water since then the velocities are zero and these fit best
with the initial conditions for currents which are zero for a cold start. Low Water seems also
okay but in case of drying and flooding this is not recommended.
See the remarks about spin-up time made in Section 2.
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Boundaries
We will define 2 boundary sections for the outer fairway and 2 sections for the inner fairway.
Use the Visualisation Area window to specify these open boundaries.
Set EditMode to Add and Edit to Open Boundaries.
When specified change the names of the sections. E.g. Outer-south, Outer-east, etc.
The outer fairway will have water level forcing. The inner, water level in the south and current
in the east. All boundary conditions will be harmonic with a period of 12 hours i.e. a frequency
of 30 /h.
Select one after the other each boundary section in the list and set the Type of open boundary
for each boundary section as specified above. Set for each boundary the Forcing type to
Harmonic.
To specify the boundary conditions, first select a boundary in the list and next select Edit flow
conditions.
The 0 /h frequency component represents the mean water level (or residual velocity). All
boundaries will have 0 mean values for the water level and velocities: keep the default value
0 for the amplitudes and phases.
Remarks:
The 0 frequency row should always be present.
In case of a negative mean value, a negative amplitude should be entered; the 0 phase
value in the 0 frequency row may never be changed.
Next we will define the amplitudes and phases for the 30 /h frequency.
For the outer fairway set the amplitude in the south to 1 m (at both ends (Begin and End of
this section) and in the east to 0.8 m (also at both ends); both at frequency 30 /h. No phase
differences will be used; keep the default 0 value. For the outer-east boundary the boundary
conditions then are:
For the inner fairway the 30 /h component of the water level will be 1 m in the south (at both
ends) and the 30 /h component of the current in the east will be 1 m/s.
Remark:
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If you have more than 1 boundary with harmonic boundary conditions, then ALL harmonic boundaries should have the same frequencies.
Select Edit transport conditions to define the temperature boundary conditions. For the transport boundary conditions specify 15 C everywhere. To switch between boundaries, keep the
Edit transport conditions window open and select another boundary from the list.
Select Open/Save to save:
The definition of the boundaries (location, type of open boundary, reflection parameter
and forcing type
The actual flow boundary conditions
The actual transport boundary conditions
Save the files with meaningful names. Think of version numbers and or reflection of the kind
of bounday conditions used. For instance:
<cbm-zc-h.bnd> for the definitions

<cbm-01.bch> for the harmonic conditions
<cbm-01.bcc> for the transport conditions
Physical parameters
Open the sub-data group Constants and have a look at the parameters. Since Temperature is
included in the simulation you will not find this parameter here. Only the background Salinity
is required.
The friction due to wind is modelled using the drag coefficients specified at two wind speeds.
The default settings refer to the Smith-Banke formulation.
We will use the constants as they are defined already.
Select the tab Roughness: the bottom roughness will be modelled with Manning; specify
0.026 for both directions.
Select the tab Viscosity : since this is a 2DH model only horizontal viscosity and diffusion are
required. We will use the default settings.
Select the tab Heat flux model: in this example we will not take the exchange of heat through
the water surface into account (heat flux model: No flux).
Select the tab Wind to specify the wind data.
To avoid numerical oscillations introduced by the wind we build up the wind gradually. Specify
zero wind at the start time and 5 metre/s from the southwest (225 ) at the stop time. Use the
Table menu options to either copy or insert an additional row. Set the wind at 6 hours after the
start to the final values. This allows for a 6 hour period to smoothly build up the wind. Save
the wind data to e.g. <5-225.wnd>.
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Numerical parameters
In general the boundary conditions at the start of the simulation are not equal to the initial
conditions. This may cause disturbances. With a transitional period you can build up the
boundary conditions from the initial conditions to the actual boundary conditions.
In this exercise we will set this Smoothing time to 0 minutes. In practical situations you will
use a transitional period of about 3 hours.
Operations
Yet no discharges will be included.
Monitoring
Use the Visualisation Area to define Observation Points and Cross-sections.
In VA set EditMode to Add and Edit to Observation Points.
Specify 3 Observation points in the outer fairway: 2 close to the boundary and 1 in the middle.
The same for the inner fairway. Save to file, <cbm-01.obs>.
In VA set EditMode to Add and Edit to Cross Sections.
Define a cross-section in each fairway roughly at the mid. Save to file, <cbm-01.crs>. Note
that it is common to define a cross-section between two closed boundaries.
Additional parameters
In this data group additional keywords can be entered for which not yet a proper place in the
GUI has been defined. Often these keywords relate to new developments.
Output
Since the hydrodynamics are semi-diurnal it is sufficient to have map output over 1 tidal cycle.
Specify the last cycle. An interval of 3 hours is adequate to have the most important phases
of the tide.
For the history output an interval of 10 minutes is common.
Activate the Online visualisation.
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Run the simulation
After completing the input, save the MDF file as <cb2.mdf>.
Now you can start the simulation. In the main Hydrodynamics window select Start and
browse to the MDF-file you want to run.
Because the Online Visualisation has been activated, the simulation waits for the RemoteOLV to start. Select RemoteOLV in order to start the online visualization. Select File
Connect and connect cb2.url.
Via Operations Select Parameter you can select an output parameter. Via Simulation
Control a simulation can be started. You can choose either Next Step, Several Steps or
Continue Simulation. Also the buttons in the tool bar can be used.
View results
Start Delft3D in the folder:
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/05 curvedbend/finished>

Select Utilities Quickplot.
Try two remedies to reduce these spin-up effects.
Recipe to make more simulations from an existing simulation:
Before editing anything, write in your log the name of the new simulation, from which simulation you started, what the changes will be, what the expected result will be.
Then you create a new folder.
Copy all input files to this new folder.
Make the changes you wrote down in the log.
Do not forget to increase version numbers of attribute files, or give different names when they
are changed.
Remove the files that have been changed.
Execute the new simulation.
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QUICKIN Exercise 6
Non-uniform roughness
how to generate a non-uniform roughness distribution using QUICKIN

how to complete the roughness file for FLOW
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/06 roughness>

From the main Menu select Grid and bathymetry and next QUICKIN.
Select File Attributes Files Open Land Boundary and load the VCM land boundary.
In the same way import the grid.
Generate non-uniform roughness

This model covers the Vietnamese Coastal waters. The FLOW model will use the Manning
formulae for the roughness. Up to 200 km offshore of the Vietnamese coast we want to have
a roughness value of 0.015. In the remainder 0.026 with a smooth transition in between.
Finally, the passage between the big island (Hainan) in the north and the mainland of China
we want to apply a roughness value of 0.035.
As this grid is set up in spherical co-ordinates we have to know how many degrees is 200 km.
1 Degree equals about 110 km, so 200 km equals about 1.8 degrees.
Lets start in the west on the Thailand coast. Zoom in on the Vietnamese coast and select edit
polygon from the menubar (Edit Polygon Edit) than click on the anchor icon ( ) and put
the cursor on the coast; next press key-a to launch the anchor. Look at the statusbar of the
screen and move the mouse perpendicular to the coast over 200 km (i.e. 1.8 degrees). Now
you press the left mouse to start defining the polygon. Repeat this procedure while you move
along the Vietnamese coast (move mouse and press key-a, press left mouse button to add a
point to the polygon). When you are finished at Hainan finalise the polygon over the Vietnam
main land.
Select Operations Combine Depth and Uniform Value and Fill Missing Depths with Uniform
Value. . . : specify 0.015 and click OK.
Over a distance of say 50 km we will have a smooth transition between the 0.015 strip and the
0.026 outer region. Define a new polygon encompassing the outer region and at a distance
of 50 km to the 0.015 strip. Use the anchor to measure the distance. Close the polygon to
encompass the entire outer region. Assign the 0.026 value to this area.
Delete the polygon and select Operations Internal Diffusion to fill in the transitional strip.
For the narrow passage between Hainan and China, define a rectangular polygon that covers
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an area of 50 by 100 km. Select Operations Delete Depths to delete the roughness
values in this area.
Next define a smaller rectangle of about 50 by 80 km and assign 0.035 to the grid points.
Finalise the transitional zone with internal diffusion.
Save the non-uniform roughness values to the file <015026-u.rgh>. Exit QUICKIN.
Roughness file for FLOW

The format of a roughness file is almost identical to the format of the depth file. The roughness
file contains two blocks of data; one for the U-roughness and another for the V-roughness.
Often both coefficients will be the same.
Hence open the <015026-u.rgh> file into an editor and append the block for the U-coefficient
to the file. Save the file to <015-026.rgh>. Delete the intermediate file <015026-u.rgh>.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
FLOW - Online Visualisation
Main purposes
viewing parameters during the simulation, to follow the
progress of a phenomena
tidal propagation, stratification, eddies
detailed monitoring in case of errors, instabilities

large velocities (near boundaries)
Data Group - Output - Storage
Model parameters
water level
currents
salinity, temperature, constituents
Main menu - Start
a) start simulation
b) start RemoteOLV.
Select simulation (via URL)
Select parameter
Horizontal and vertical view
View of different parameters
Set colours
10
Summary
only available yet for Delft3D-FLOW
in future available for other modules (Delft3D-WAQ or
D-Flow Flexible Mesh?)
not possible to save settings or to generate animations
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Hydrodynamics, Exercise 7
Add salinity to Curved Bend Model
how to activate (add the process) salinity

going through the salinity related input items
Start Delft3D-MENU in the working directory:
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/07 curvedbend salinity>

The starting point of this exercise is the Curved Bend Model. All input files have been copied
from:
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/05 curvedbend>

From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input. Open <cb2.mdf>.
We will continue with the 2D Curved Bend Model (CBM).
7.1 Description
Add the description: Salinity added
7.2 Processes
Activate the Salinity process.
7.3 Initial conditions

Set the initial condition for the water level to 0.9 m. Now the initial condition fits better with the
boundary condition at the start of the simulation.
Let the initial condition for salinity be the default value 31 ppt.
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7.4 Boundaries
In DG Boundaries select the first (Outer-south) boundary, and select Edit transport conditions.
Set the boundary conditions for each time-step at both ends to 31 ppt.
Select boundary Inner-south. Set the boundary conditions to 1 ppt.
Select boundary Inner-east. Set the boundary conditions to 31 ppt.
Select boundary Outer-east. Set the boundary conditions to 1 ppt.
Close the Transport conditions window.
Select Open/Save and save the transport conditions to <cbm-01-sal-added.bcc>.
Note:
The transport boundary conditions are always in the form of time-series.

7.5 Physical parameters
No changes here.
7.6 Numerical parameters

Set the Smoothing time to 120 min. Together with an improved initial condition for the water
level this will reduce spin-up effects due to a mismatch between initial conditions and boundary
conditions at the start of the simulation.
7.7 Save new MDF-file

In the other Datagroups no changes are required. Thus, save the mdf-file to <cb2-saladded.mdf> and leave the FLOW-GUI.
7.8 Remove unused files

We have changed the boundary condition file and the mdf-file, so delete the unused files
<cbm-01.bcc> and <cb2.mdf>.
7.9 Run the simulation

Go to the main Hydrodynamics window and Start the simulation.
Because the Online Visualisation is switched on, select RemoteOLV to start the online visualization. Select File Connect and connect cb2.url.
Via Operations Select Parameter select Salinity. Via Simulation Control start the simulation
and check the results.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
FLOW Graphical User Interface:
3D aspects
Domain - Grid Parameters
For wind-driven flow thinner layers near the surface

For erosion and sedimentation thinner layers near the bottom
Smooth variation between layers; 0.7-1.4
Boundary Conditions
Profiles for velocity, salinity
Physical Parameters
Vertical viscosity and diffusivity
Numerical Parameters and Discharge layer
K = 0: uniform
over vertical,
proportional with
layer thickness
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Curved Bend Model 3D
1 how to make a 3D model from a 2D model
2 going through the 3D related input items
3 hands-on for Good Modelling Practice
The starting point of this exercise is the Curved Bend Model in which we have added salinity.
Copy the following files:
<5-225.wnd > <bendcurv.enc> <bendcurv.grd> <cb2-sal-added.mdf> <cbm-01.crs> <cbm01.dry> <cbm-01.obs> <cbm-01.thd> <cbm-01-sal-added.bcc> <cbm-02.bch> <cbmzc-h.bnd> <d3d visu.set>
From directory <. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/07 curvedbend salinity/finished>
to directory <. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/08 curvedbend 3d>.
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/08 curvedbend 3d>

From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input. Open <cb2-sal-added.mdf>.
We will continue with the 2D Curved Bend Model (CBM) containing salinity and temperature.
8.1 Description
Add the description: 3D model with 10 equidistant layers
8.2 Domain Grid parameters

In DG Domain Grid parameters set the number of layers to 10. Click in another white
input field to activate this change. The following message appears:
Click Yes to continue.
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Remark:
Though our (2D) boundary conditions are also valid for the 3D model, this message
seems strange. Ignore it, and re-open the boundary conditions in the data group Boundaries.
Look at the canvas with the number of layers. The layer thickness can now be specified.
Default is an equidistant distribution. For sedimentation/erosion studies it is advised to have
thinner layers near the bottom. If your problem is highly wind dominated, you should consider
thinner layers near the surface.
8.3 Initial conditions

We will use uniform initial conditions over the model area AND over the vertical.
If you need non-uniform initial conditions you have the following options:
1 Initial conditions file
2 Restart file
3 Map file
The map and restart files are created by FLOW itself. These files are typically used when you
want to resume a simulation. A so-called hot start.
In our situation we have a cold start, then the initial conditions file can be used. This file
contains for each relevant parameter a block with the initial values. A block can be made by
QUICKIN. See the manual for details.
8.4 Boundaries
In DG Boundaries, select the Inner-east boundary. The velocity is prescribed at this boundary.
Change the Vertical profile for hydrodynamics to Logarithmic. The boundary condition itself
stays the same.
Click Edit transport conditions. Define the transport boundary conditions as follows:
For the Outer-south boundary:
Change the Vertical profile for salinity to: linear
Set the salinity at both ends at the surface to: 20 ppt
And at the bottom to: 31 ppt
Change the Vertical profile for temperature to: step
Set the temperature at both ends at the surface to: 15 C
And at the bottom to: 10 C
Set the profile jump to: 3 m
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List of Figures
Set the Thatcher-Harleman time lag at the surface to: 60 min.
For the other boundaries the conditions for the salinity and temperature stay the same.
In Open/Save save the definition file to <cbm-zc-h-3d.bnd>, and the transport conditions to
<cbm-01-sal-added-3d.bcc>.

Open the tab Viscosity. For a 3D model with constituents you can define the (background)
vertical viscosity and vertical diffusivity. Leave the default value 0 unchanged. As well as the
default k-eps turbulence model.
8.6 Numerical parameters

Check that for a 3D model with constituents you can activate a Forester filter in the vertical
and the anti-creep correction for sigma co-ordinates. We will not use them in this example.
8.7 Save the mdf-file and remove unused files

Save the mdf-file to < cb2-sal-added-3d.mdf> and exit the FLOW-GUI.
Remove the files:
<cb2-sal-added.mdf>
<cbm-01-sal-added.bcc>
<cbm-zc-h.bnd>
Remark:
It is a Good Modelling Practice to have only 1 mdf-file in a folder. And not to have more
than 1 attribute file of the same type.
8.8 Running the 3D model

Start the 3D model and simulate about 2 hours. From the menu Operations Select Layer
one can check the salinity results at all layers.
From the menu Select Parameter select Temperature and check the profile jump at the Outersouth boundary. The jump was set at 3 m below the water surface. With a depth of 10 m you
should see the jump at layer 4.
Next select from menu Create Cross Section Window and set M to 6. NB. The value of N
remains 0, indicating that the N-value varies. Select the temperature for this cross section as
well.
Use Create Cross Section Line to go through the various cross-section with a fixed M index.
Finally, select Simulation Control Continue Simulation to finish the simulation.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
FLOW input and output files
Example MD-file, *.mdf
Ident = #Delft3D-FLOW .03.02 3.39.22#

Commnt=
Runtxt= #Tutorial Delft3D-FLOW
#
#Friesian Tidal Inlet model
#
Filcco= #fti_02.grd#
Fmtcco= #FR#
Anglat= 5.5000000e+001
Grdang= 0.0000000e+000
Filgrd= #fti_02.enc#
Fmtgrd= #FR#
MNKmax= 15 22 1
Thick = 1.0000000e+002
Commnt=
Depuni= 5.0000000e+000
Commnt=
Commnt=
no. dry points: 1
Fildry= #tut_fti_1.dry#
Fmtdry= #FR#
Commnt=
no. thin dams: 1
Filtd = #tut_fti_1.thd#
Fmttd = #FR#
Commnt=
Itdate=
Tunit =
Tstart=
Tstop =
Dt
=
Tzone =
Commnt=
Sub1 =
Sub2 =
Namc1 =
Commnt=
Wnsvwp=
Filwnd=
Fmtwnd=
Wndint=
Commnt=
Zeta0 =
U0
=
V0
=
S0
=
#1990-08-05#
#M#
0.0000000e+000
1.5000000e+003
5
0
#S W #
#PC #
#Conservative Spill
#N#
#tut_fti_1.wnd#
#FR#
#Y#
1.9000000e+000
[.]
[.]
3.0000000e+001
Example MD-file, continued
C01
=
Commnt=
Commnt=
Filbnd=
Fmtbnd=
FilbcH=
FmtbcH=
FilbcC=
FmtbcC=
Rettis=
Rettib=
Commnt=
Ag
=
Rhow =
Alph0 =
Tempw =
Salw =
Rouwav=
Wstres=
Rhoa =
Betac =
1.0000000e+000
no. open boundaries: 1
#tut_fti_1.bnd#
#FR#
#tut_fti_1.bch#
#FR#
#tut_fti_1.bcc#
#FR#
1.0000000e+002
1.0000000e+002
9.8129997e+000
1.0240000e+003
[.]
1.0000000e+001
3.1000000e+001
#
#
2.4999e-03 0.0000e+00 2.499e-03 1.000e+02
1.0000000e+000
5.0000000e-001
Equili=
Tkemod=
Ktemp =
Fclou =
Sarea =
Temint=
Commnt=
Roumet=
Ccofu =
Ccofv =
Xlo
=
Vicouv=
Dicouv=
Htur2d=
Irov =
Commnt=
Iter =
Dryflp=
Dpsopt=
Dpuopt=
Dryflc=
#N#
#
#
0
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
#Y#
#W#
5.0000001e-002
5.0000001e-002
0.0000000e+000
2.0000000e+000
1.0000000e+001
#N#
0
2
#YES#
#MAX#
#MEAN#
5.0000001e-002
Example MD-file, continued
Dco
=
Tlfsmo=
ThetQH=
Forfuv=
Forfww=
Sigcor=
Trasol=
Momsol=
Commnt=
Filsrc=
Fmtsrc=
Fildis=
Fmtdis=
Commnt=
Filsta=
Fmtsta=
Commnt=
Filpar=
Fmtpar=
Commnt=
Commnt=
Filcrs=
Fmtcrs=
-9.9900000e+002
6.0000000e+001
0.0000000e+000
#Y#
#N#
#N#
#Cyclic-method#
#Cyclic#
no. discharges: 1
#tut_fti_1.src#
#FR#
#tut_fti_1.dis#
#FR#
no. observation points: 5
#tut_fti_1.obs#
#FR#
no. drogues: 5
#tut_fti_1.par#
#FR#
no. cross sections: 1
#tut_fti_1.crs#
#FR#
Commnt=
SMhydr=
SMderv=
SMproc=
PMhydr=
PMderv=
PMproc=
SHhydr=
SHderv=
SHproc=
SHflux=
PHhydr=
PHderv=
PHproc=
PHflux=
Online=
Waqmod=
Prhis =
Flmap =
Flhis =
Flpp =
Flrst =
Commnt=
#YYYYY#
#YYYYYY#
#YYYYYYYYYY#
#YYYYYY#
#YYY#
#YYYYYYYYYY#
#YYYY#
#YYYYY#
#YYYYYYYYYY#
#YYYY#
#YYYYYY#
#YYY#
#YYYYYYYYYY#
#YYYY#
#Y#
#N#
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
0.0000000e+000
7.5000000e+002
1500
0 0.0000000e+000
150 1.5000000e+003
10 1.5000000e+003
30 1.5000000e+003
Attribute files
Grid
<name>.grd
Grid enclosure
<name>.enc
Bathymetry
<name>.dep
Dry points
<name>.dry
Thin dams
<name>.thd
Open boundaries
<name>.bnd
Flow BC harmonics
<name>.bch
Flow BC time-series
<name>.bct
Flow BC astronomic
<name>.bca
Flow BC QH-relation
<name>.bcq
Corrections for BCA
<name>.cor
Transport BC
<name>.bcc
Initial conditions
<name>.ini
Restart tri-rst.<runid>.<date>.<time>
Uniform wind
<name>.wnd
Heat model parameters

Sediment parameters
Morphology parameters
Space varying wind
Bottom roughness coeff.
Hor. eddy visco and dif.
Discharge locations
Discharge rates
Dredge and dump
Monitoring points
Drogues
Cross-sections
Fourier input
<name>.tem
<name>.sed
<name>.mor
<name>.svw
<name>.rgh
<name>.edy
<name>.src
<name>.dis
<name>.dad
<name>.obs
<name>.par
<name>.crs
<name>.fou
Output files
td-diag.<runid>
md-diag.<runid>
tri-diag.<runid>
diagnostics TDATOM preprocessor

diagnostics VERIFY preprocessor
diagnostics FLOW program
trih-<runid>.dat
trim-<runid>.dat
trid-<runid>.dat
com-<runid>.dat
fourier.<runid>
tri-rst.<runid>.<date>.<time>
tri-prt.<runid>
FLOW history file

FLOW map file
FLOW drogue file
communication file
Fourier analysis output
restart files
ASCII print file
all *.dat files come with a *.def file
Other output files

TMP_<runid>.<ext>, temporarily files, will be deleted when simulation
ends correctly
runid, may be deleted
delft3d.log, may be deleted
d3d_visu.hlp, *.ini, *.dia, *.err; may be deleted
d3d_visu.set, online settings file
flow_gui.err, flow_gui.out; may be deleted
ONLINE settings file
List of Figures
Add inlet-outlet to Curved Bend Model 3D
how to add inlet-outlet coupled discharges to a model

going through the discharge related input items
The starting point of this exercise is the 3D Curved Bend Model with salinity and temperature.
Copy the following files:
<5-225.wnd > <bendcurv.enc> <bendcurv.grd> < cb2-sal-added-3d.mdf> <cbm-01.crs>

<cbm-01.dry> <cbm-01.obs> <cbm-01.thd> <cbm-01-sal-added-3d.bcc> <cbm-02.bch>
<cbm-zc-h-3d.bnd> <d3d visu.set>
from directory <. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/08 curvedbend 3d/finished>
to directory <. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/09 curvedbend inlet outlet>
<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/09 curvedbend inlet outlet>

From the Main Menu select Flow and next Flow input. Open <cb2-sal-added-3d.mdf>.
We will continue with the 3D Curved Bend Model (CBM) containing salinity and temperature.
9.1 Description
Add the text: inlet-outlet added.
9.2 Boundaries
Select Edit transport conditions. Set the salinity at all boundaries to uniform with a value of
31 ppt. Set the temperature at all boundaries to uniform with a value of 15 C.
Save the transport conditions to file <cbm-sal-31-tmp-15.bcc>.
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List of Figures
Select tab Heat flux model. Set the Heat flux model to Excess temperature.
To get the water surface area, go to the main Delft3D menu and start QUICKIN. Open
<bendcurv.grd>. Select Operations Combine Depth and Uniform Value Fill Missing
Depths with Unifor Value, and set the uniform depth to 10 m.
Select Operations Volumes and Area. Scroll down and read the area: 5.49704 106 m2 .
Copy this value to the FLOW-GUI. Close QUICKIN.

Back in the FLOW-GUI, set the Background temperature to 17 C.
Save the file to <cbm-17.tem>.
9.4 Operations
Go to DG Operations and select from the main menu View Visualisation Area. In VA set
the EditMode to Add. Since we opened VA while we are in DG Operations, the Edit function
in VA is set already to Discharges.
Define in VA a discharge at (M,N) = (4,27). Go to the GUI and change the name to inletouter.
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List of Figures
Set the Type to in-out. The water will be taken in uniform over the vertical: k = 0.
The outlet can not be defined by clicking in VA. Go to VA and move the cursor to the cell
covered by the dot in the figure above. Read in the upper-right part of the VA window the grid
indices (M,N) = (9,27).
Fill these values in, in the GUI. Set the layer to 10 (bottom layer).
To specify the discharge details select Edit data. Set the discharge to 20 m3 /s, the salinity
decrease of 6 ppt by specifying -6 in the FLOW GUI, and the temperature increase to 5 C.
Note:
For an in-out discharge the specified constituents are added to the concentration taken in
at the inlet, and put back in the model at the outlet.
Save the discharge definition to <cbm-inlet-outlet.src> and the discharge data to <cbm-inletoutlet.dis>.
9.5 Save the mdf-file and remove unused files

Save the mdf-file to <cb2-3d-in-out.mdf> and exit the FLOW-GUI.
Remove the files:
<cb2-sal-added-3d.mdf>
<cbm-01-sal-added-3d.bcc>
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List of Figures
9.6 Running the 3D model
Start the simulation. Via the menu Operations Select Layer one can check the salinity
results at all layers.
From the menu Select Parameter select Temperature. Next select from menu Create Cross
Section Window and set M to 9, which corresponds to the location of the outlet.
Finally, select Simulation Control Continue Simulation to finish the simulation.
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Introductory Course
Delft3D-FLOW
Temperature modelling
Why?
Local scale: recirculation of a (power) plant
Global scale: Impact of temperature on water quality
processes
Impact of temperature on hydrodynamics:
Temperature differences density differences
Horizontal: density driven flow
Vertical: thermal stratification which diminishes vertical
exchange (momentum and matter)
Density differences originating from salinity differences

generally much larger than that resulting of
temperature differences:
1 ppt = 0.75 kg/m3
5 oC = 1 kg/m3
Horizontal impact generally not that important
Thermal stratification can only exist:

Deep basins
Low flow velocities; tidal flows (1 m/s) tend to mix and
break thermal stratification
Deep (sand mining) pits in a lake thermally stratified
during summer
Delft3D-FLOW:
Temperature transported by computed flows (identical to
salinity)
In addition:
A temperature model which computes loss of heat to the
atmosphere
Temperature models in Delft3D-FLOW
No Exchange of heat with the

atmosphere (Temp. model 0)
Absolute temperature models
(Temp. models 1, 2, 4 and 5)
based upon a heat balance
equation
Excess temperature model
(Temp. model 3)
Heat Balance (absolute temperature model)
latitude
reflection
solar radiation
cloudiness
absorption
orography
wind & humidity

pressure
reflection &
evaporation
Absolute temperature models
Absolute temperature models differ in which flux to

prescribe and which flux is computed
Most advanced temperature model 5; Ocean heat flux
model which computes all fluxes based upon:
Angle of latitude (incoming solar radiation)

Cloudiness
Relative humidity
Air temperature
Excess temperature model

Excess temperature is the temperature difference between natural
background temperature and actual water temperature (dT).
Less suited when interested in actual water temperature; However,
extremely well suited when interest is the increase in temperature
resulting from cooling water discharge (recirculation).
Heat loss coefficient results from linearisation of exchange fluxes in
total heat balance (dutch conditions, Sweerts 1975).
Heat loss coefficient function of surface temperature and wind speed
only.
List of Figures
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List of Figures
10 Temperature modelling; Recirculation of a power plant
10.1 Problem description
A power plant is located near an estuary. The plant withdraws 15 m3 /s of cooling water and
discharges the cooling water with an increase in temperature of 7 C. At present, the plant
hardly suffers from recirculation of cooling water.
The intake of the plant is sheltered from the outfall by means of an old dam. Unfortunately, the
dam needs expensive repairs and therefore it is considered to remove the dam. The owner
of the plant will only allow for removal of the dam if this does not result in an increase of
recirculation, or if he is compensated for the increase in recirculation. You are asked to give
an estimate of the impact of removal of the dam on the amount of recirculation of the cooling
water.
10.2 Hydrodynamics within the estuary

The hydrodynamics in the estuary are governed by tidal filling and emptying of the Estuary.
The tide is semi-diurnal. Maximum tidal velocities (both ebb and flood velocities) amount
1 m/s. The tidal range is approximately 4 m.
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List of Figures
10.3 Modelling of the recirculation

<. . . /introduction hydrodynamics/exercises/10 temperature>

We do not use a complete Western Scheldt model, but take a subsection. In the figure below
this is illustrated. In this exercise we will use the grid in blue, while in previous exercises (for
RGFGRID and for QUICKIN) the grid in grey was used. A boundary outline of the estuary, a
computational grid and raw bathymetry samples are available. Use this data as a base to:
Generate the bathymetry of the model. Make sure that intake and outfall of the plant do
not dry during a computation.
Generate (harmonic) boundary conditions for the model. Use a velocity boundary on the
sea side of the model and a water level boundary on the river side of the model.
Set-up a depth-averaged (2DH) hydrodynamic model of the estuary.

Examine whether the hydrodynamic characteristics of the estuary are reproduced by the
model.
Add temperature to the model schematization. The only concern is the temperature in-
crease resulting from the cooling water discharge. Therefore, an excess temperature
model can be applied. Use a background temperature of 20 C. Use an area affected by
the temperature discharge of 1.0 106 m2 . Use a horizontal diffusivity of 1 m2 /s.
Add the intake and outfall to the model schematization. In addition, add several monitoring
points in the vicinity of intake and outfall.
Perform computations with and without the dam to examine the impact on recirculation.
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List of Figures
10.4 Concluding remarks

An actual assessment of the impact of the dam would require much more resolution in the
vicinity of the intake and outfall. In addition, since temperature differences may result in vertical stratification, 3-dimensional modelling is probably necessary.
Both the computed hydrodynamics and the temperature distribution should be calibrated. Especially the applied horizontal diffusion coefficient can have a large impact on the computed
excess temperatures. A value of 1 m2 /s is considered small for depth-averaged computations.
Please be aware that this is an exercise meant to demonstrate the operation of the simulation
program.
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Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

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3 Pre-processing and post-processing

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

System architecture of Delft3D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Example QUICKPLOT figure: 3D view of bed level . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

Delft3D framework overview

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

 option for linear decay of conservative substances

salt intrusion in estuaries;

Coupling with other modules

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

3 Pre-processing and post-processing

 select the map and/or time histories you want to visualise;

The type of presentation depends on the character of the data set:

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

Pre-processing and post-processing

graphical user interface;

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

Grid data manipulation

Pre-processing and post-processing

Tidal analysis and comparison with observations

Tidal analysis and prediction

the coupling of closely positioned astronomical components;

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

Nesting of Delft3D-FLOW models

Nesting of D-Water Quality models

Interfaces with other programs

Pre-processing and post-processing

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

 Windows 32-bit platforms

IA32, 3 GHz or more

2.0 internal memory

4.0 internal memory

800 600 pixels

1280 1024 pixels

Delft3D Hydrodynamic, Functional Specifications

Bract, odd page

Bract, even page

Delft3D, a 3D integrated modelling

Our software: modelling hydrosystems

Our software: Delft3D system overview

Sand transport during storm

Tools and add-ons

Detailed modelling of flow circulation to support

Hurricane Katrina, 2005, USA

Overall functionality Delft3D-FLOW

advection and dispersion of constituents

morphodynamics, bed level changes

salt intrusion in estuaries

Functionality - details (1)

two vertical systems

option for linear decay of conservative substances

select the map and/or time histories you want to visualise;

Windows 32-bit platforms