Review of Deployed Automated River Water Level Detection Systems

Agrey Kato1, Ramadhan Sinde2, Shubi Kaijage3

katoa@nm-aist.ac.tz, ramadhani.sinde@nm-aist.ac.tz, 3shubi.kaijage@nm-aist.ac.tz
School of Computational and Communication Science and Engineering,
The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania

Abstract
In recent lifetimes, there has been enormous research awareness in water, natural resources
monitoring and controlling. So, there is a necessity to develop easily manageable,
economical and consistent, automated water level information system for monitoring and
early warning of the river water level decrease due to excess water usage and water level rising
in case of flood disaster. These two particular events decreases and rising of the river water
level have been selected for this study. Instead of observing the conventional approach of the
flooded area and polluted rivers. This paper presents summarized critically review
information of the developed systems for the monitoring and supervising of water level
parameter on water supply and flood disaster management. The implemented systems, used
several technologies, such as Global System for Mobile Communications, Programmable
Controllers, web infrastructure and sensing equipment that allows remote access of
information from any place of the country.
Keywords Remote Monitoring, Water Supply, Flood Disaster Management, Ultrasonic Sensor
INTRODUCTION
The water flows in the river basins affected by an
environmental change and excess water usage during
both dry and rainy seasons, this causes decrease water
quantity in the rivers given the increasing demand for
water resulting from increasing population and
diversified uses downstream. These causes are barriers
to maintaining minimum required river water level,
called reserve level flow. But because of climate
changes there is a short period increase of water in the
river due to heavy rainfall of which results into flood
disaster. The authority concerned with water supply and
flood disaster control lacks real time water level
information which affects monitoring and controlling of
the reserves level flow of the river of which must be
protected to ensure ecosystem survival. The earlier and
currently means of taking water level measurements in
some countries, the bathymetry technique is carried out
on lakes, dam and rivers by the Ministries of Water. The
process is done by a depth sensor logging unit attached
to the boat, providing continuous GPS positional data as
depth readings being taken. This process is much more
costly and more dangerous traditional depth
measurement and data could not be viewed remotely in
real time when needed.
Most of the researchers

developed water level detection systems to facilitate

human in collecting water level data that can be
performed in real-time. The ultrasonic and radar
sensor technologies are used as non-contact sensors
for detecting water level by measuring distance
between sensor and water surfaces. These sensors
connected to the controller unit which reads the variable
values and compares them with pre-set levels. A value
in excess over or less than the pre-set level can trigger
an alarm and generate an event. Then the controller
codes the event condition employing the Short Message
Service (SMS) standard to send a message by the
cellular phone network. This is also accomplished by
means of a cellular modem which transmits it to the
WEB page address of the concerned authority.
Therefore, these developed water level detection
systems were successfully designed and some of them
implemented to provide real time water level
information measurements for monitoring and
controlling different water usage applications in
different areas such as water supply and distribution,
hydro power generation, irrigation systems and flood
disaster management.

Environment Management

Encyclopedia of

GENERAL STUDY OVERVIEW

In some cases water level monitoring is done by an
individual that visits each river and takes water level
samples. Often these rivers are in places with difficult
access making the procedure difficult, expensive and
results
unreliable.[1]
Obtaining
water
level
measurements of the rivers manually, analysing and
making overall decisions on water
control and
management if needed, it is a slow and expensive
task which in turn doesn't guarantee reliable results.
Sampling results obtained with a big delay doesnt
let doing corrections in time.[2] Measurements of
water levels in the main channels of rivers, upland
tributaries and floodplain lakes are necessary for
understanding flooding hazards, methane production,
sediment transport and nutrient exchange. But most
remote river basins have only a few gauging stations
and these tend to be restricted to large river channels.
Although radar remote sensing techniques using
interferometric phase measurements have the potential
to greatly improve spatial sampling.[3]
At this point interferometric synthetic aperture radar
(SAR) used to acquire data over the central Amazon by
the Space Shuttle imaging radar mission, to measure
subtle water level changes in an area of flooded
vegetation on the Amazon flood plain. The technique
makes use of the fact that flooded forests and floodplain
lakes with emergent shrubs permit radar double-bounce
returns from water and vegetation surfaces [4], thus
allowing coherence to be maintained. Interferometric
phase observations show decreases in water levels of 7
11 cm per day for tributaries and lakes within ~20 km
of a main channel and 25 cm per day at distances of
~80 km. Proximal floodplain observations are in close
agreement with main-channel gauge records, indicating
a rapid response of the flood plain to decreases in river
stage.[5] With additional data from future satellite
missions, the technique described here should provide
direct observations important for understanding flood
dynamics and hydrologic exchange between rivers and
flood plains.[6-8] Space borne radar interferometric delay
measurements were used to infer high-resolution maps
of integrated atmospheric water vapour, which can be
readily related to meteorological phenomena. Maps of
the water vapour distribution associated with a
precipitating cloud, partly precipitating conventional
methods, and suggest that such radar observations can

be used for forecasting and to study atmospheric

dynamics.[9-11]
Therefore the limitations and high cost on using
radar interferometry
through
satellite
enforces
researchers to come up with other different technology
ways through information systems that allows remote
monitoring of water level.[12] Real time remote sensing
of the water level parameter provides information
that enables effective monitoring and control of
water usage at low cost. [13-22] Water level information
is periodically transmitted to the head office and
stored in a database. The system may be equipped with
the decision support algorithms and applied to
identifying and controlling changes in each river.
The consultation and administration of the data is
carried out through the internet. The information
system allows real time monitoring and notice about
some typical situations. With real time information,
it is possible to prevent the supply of water while
the level is at a critical point.[23-26]
REVIEW OF RELATED WORK
Diverse water level detection systems were developed
and implemented, one of them is the water supply
remote monitoring system a case study.[23]
The
designed work presents an ongoing information system
development that aims the monitoring and supervising
of some parameters on water supply, such as quality and
quantity. To implement the system several technologies
were used in order to monitoring about 100 water tanks
in an area of 1000 Km2. In these technologies is
included GSM communication, web infrastructure and
sensing equipment that allows the access of information
from any place of the world. The main blocks of the
designed system architecture were as follows below.

Fig: 1: Detailed Architecture of the designed systems[23]

 The further interrelated systems developed are Real-

time flood monitoring and warning systems, Encyclopaedia

Wireless of Environment Management
Sensor Networks for water level monitoring in
environmental disaster management and Water Level
Monitoring Systems in water supply and distribution
using GSM Network. [27-56] To improve the functional
and non-functional performance of the designed
systems the other researcher worked on Road Flood
Sensor With Web and Mobile Application Support, used
smart mobile phone application and internet services by
creating a prototype that senses water level on a flooded
road, and makes data available over the web page
through the use of GSM network and mobile
application, plus SMS based service. Using ultrasonic
sensors, proponents created their own flood level
sensing device which is attached to gizDuino (eGizmo Mechatronix Central version of Arduino, an
open source computing platform based on simple
input/output board and the use of standard
programming language) to process the sensors
analogue signal into a usable digital value of distance.
Flood height is determined by subtracting the sensors
height with respect to the floor minus the sensed
distance between the sensor and the flood water. The
derived data from signal analysis is passed to the web
server through the use of GSM/GPRS shield and the
Globe Labs API (Application Programming Interface).
Globe Labs API serves as the intermediary application
to deliver SMS messages to SMS subscribers. Flood
level data gathered by the prototype will be presented to
the users through the web and mobile application that
requires an internet connection. By subscribing to
RoadFloodPH SMS, users could also get real time
information on monitoring flooded areas even without
an internet connection. The Road Flood Sensor is
developed to monitor flood that will help motorists and
pedestrians on the road,[57] see the structural diagrams
below.

Fig: 2 Data Transmission Model between Sensor and

Server[57]

requirements. The first describes what the system

should do and are perceptible to the user, while the
second describes constraints on how the functional
requirements are implemented, and recognizable by
the user.[58]
System Performance Requirements
Remote configuration: Through this requirement it is
possible to configure some parameters of the system
remotely, namely the frequency sampling of a sensor.
Event notification: This feature is considered a very
important requirement, because it allows notification
in real-time if disruptive events occur in the river,
e.g. if the river water level gets down the set-point,
the system sends an alert as an instant SMS to a
mobile phone of the person in charge of the
maintenance.
Update
Information: The system must allow new inquiry in
order to attain current data. This will allow
information about the status of any river water level in
real-time.
Monitoring water level status: One efficient strategy to
reduce the risk of problems in the water supply is
by better controlling aspects such as the level of the
water. Monitoring the supplied water brings two
major benefits, namely real-time analysis of the water
level parameter and using the data to produce
statistical reports.[23]
User Requirements

Fig: 3 Data media transmission to Users of Mobile

Phone and Web Application[57]

Performance: The system response time depends on

how sophisticated the sensors are. If the sensors are
rough (level sensors), the system will be cheaper but
not so accurate as when using sophisticated sensors
(ultra-sonic
sensors).
Flexibility: The system must be flexible in order to
allow the user to insert, remove or edit elements,
such as replacing new components, more sensors or
adding mobile phone numbers to deliver alerts.
Usability: A friendly interface, flexible, with strong
graphical capabilities, succinct and clear messages can
raise the system efficiency and its performance.

Encyclopaedia of Environment Management

RIVER WATER LEVEL DETECTION SYSTEM

IMPLEMENTATION
The
systems
should
deliver
the required
functionality and performance to the user and
should be maintainable, dependable and practical
allied. In the remote monitoring environment, it is
crucial to provide fast, reliable and on-time
responses when dealing with unexpected events.
These are the most important high-level and general
requirements to be fulfilled by the system. System
requirements are usually divided into two classes,
system performance
requirements
and
user

Power supply: In order to solve the problem of

remote areas located in isolated places, with
difficult access, and without power supply, all
these systems need to be equipped with a solar panel
and a battery[23]
The below diagram represents blocks of the
implemented different systems for controlling and
monitoring river water level in various applications such
as water supply and distribution, flood management and
irrigation system.

Fig: 4: Projected Block Diagram for Water Level

Detection System
Figure 4.1 shows how the system data network
blocks diagram between the sensor and the server.
The main source of input is the river water level,
which is sensed by the ultrasonic sensor. The sensed
signal is received, processed and interpreted into
useful information by the PLC. This information is
then sent to the server through the use of GSM shield.
The server requests to the sender unit device to
resend again the status that serves as confirmation of
data integrity during information transmitted over the
network. If it is still the sent data, it is then recorded
in the database to make the valid data available for
viewing over the internet. Every time there is a
change of status in the sensed signal of the
ultrasonic sensor, the PLC analyses and send new
information to the server.[59]

All these features can be accessed at any time

from a remote place through the World Wide Web
site and an Internet link, to implement this feature
PHP technology is normally used. With this access
the user can consult the data stored in the host
PC, located in the central monitoring office and
define the set-points for the controlled variables[23].
Due to the reliability- and safety-critical nature of this
application, the arising main challenges are 1) data
communication continuity, which can be severely
affected by the remote environment and locations, and 2)
sensor functionality and implementation, which can be
obstructed by the water hostile environment. In this
paper, we illustrate stable distributed sensor network
using the long-range communication (e.g., mobile GSM
network). The developed Internet based real-time
monitoring, visualization and forecasting provide end
users web information broadcasting functionalities to
build real-time information which includes sub urban
and urban in supply of water and flood management
systems. Users of this vital infrastructure systems may
involve different level of federal, state, and local
agencies, as well as local communities.[27].
System Operation

MATERIALS AND METHODS USED

Most of the systems use commercial hardware to
allow the acquisition of data from several sensors
(water level sensors) placed near to the river
water surface (properly protected against dust and
other bad effects of the environment). After the
data acquisition, with a defined sampling period, this
data is stored and sent by a remote system to the
head office station, placed in the central services
office. The responsibility for the water resource
maintenance is advised every time when a
disruptive event occurred. There are several ways to
get information about the water level status. The first
is from a message sent to a mobile phone, through

Encyclopaedia of Environment Management

Short Message Service (SMS) using Global System

for Mobile Communications (GSM) technology, the
user can also get data in real-time by polling the
desire remote system. Also it is possible to consult
data stored in the database, making possible the
analyses and reports of the historical acquired data.

To operate implement systems, interfacing and hardware

configurations should be properly set to reach the
desired goals. In the above session, figure 4.1 block
diagram of the estimated systems can be divided into
two constituents, field part and user part.
Field Part: To acquire data the following hardware
were used in the field, a Programmable Controller that
acts as an interface between the sensors, and a GSM
modem. The used programmable controller allows,
in a future stage of the system development, digital
control over actuators like valves, pump driver or
others. In this acquisition stage commercial level sensor
had been used to read the water level
values and
processing to the controller. This allows the
communication between remote place and the central
system through two types of GSM modem, the
transmitter and receiver modem for sending level
measurements from the field part to the central server.

User Part: River water level data gathered by the

prototype will be presented to the users through the
web and mobile application that requires an internet
connection. Users could also get real time information
on monitoring river water level even without an
internet connection, through SMS service.[60]

TABLE 1: Conceptual Framework of the River

water level Sensor with web and Mobile
Application
No

The most of the systems were tested in terms of the

readings of water level and the records of response
time. The readings were tallied in three, namely actual
Water Level Data Processing Unit Structure
reading, displayed reading and transmitted reading.
Input
Process
Output
The actual reading was based on the human
intervention and the actual height of the water was
Retrieving water level
Information
measured by the researcher. Then the systems were set
Ultrasonic
information containing
available at the with a critical water level to verify the success sent
Sensor
the sensed data from
PLC
message to the mobile phone and the web page of the
the sensor to the PLC
authorized sector. Finally the actual cost in the
manufacture of each design was identified from the
Data checking and
alternative perspective of each development.[23, 27]
transmitting system
River water
PLC, GSM
from the controller to level status at
Shield and
the server, securing
the central
Web Server
network connectivity service
and data validity
User-friendly
mobile and Alert for critical water
web
level and passable
application status
interfaces

Encyclopaedia of Environment

Planning on
water
management
and usage

DISCUSSION
Different academics were able to develop systems
which make use of the ultrasonic sensor device to
accurately measure and determine the rate of change
of water level using the same principle to radar and
sonar, through calculating the time interval between
sending the signal and receiving the echo of the signal.
The figure below is the water level monitoring
apparatus equipped with solar panel, ultrasonic sensor
and GSM, for sending level measurements to the server.
The system has the following features: water level
sensor, real-time data collection (10-minute data
collection via cellular network through SMS or text
messaging to the central server) and back-up system,
the system developed was able to make use of the
ultrasonic sensor device to accurately read and
determine the water level of the river through
measuring and instrumentation principles.

Fig: 5: Effected Water Level Monitoring System[57]

The researchers worked hard in this study to provide
solutions for different areas, these areas are categorized
into two. To begin to decrease of water in the river,
because the water level assessment and sanitary survey
of the river and its catchments are few tasks that are
being carried out by the Ministry of water of different
countries through research findings and different
projects. The results of the exercise used to design
alleviation measures on how to come-up with a
sustainable way of using water from the river basin as a
source of food, economy, energy and all basic needs for
human life without affecting the minimum required
level of the river. Through different researches and

projects several outcomes have been achieved instead

still there some gaps to be fulfilled in this study so as to
reach the desired needs in water natural resources
management and controlling in different applications
for enhancing ecosystems continued existence.
Then the second, is the solution to the rise of water
level in the river which is regarded as flooding, it is
obvious that flooding is considered to be one of the
most catastrophic forms of natural disaster. The
adverse effect of flooding is recognized when it
disrupts the road transportation system of a country
since it is considered as a countrys socio -economic
lifeline and deaths. But many researchers have made an
effort to develop different systems to overcome these
situations which are very dangerous problem for human
life together with infrastructure.

CONCLUSSION
From this review, the researchers prototypes
themselves of the devices can really be still enhanced;
their composition, making them more minimal and ease
of use. It is strongly recommended to have a smaller

battery bank and in setting up the level sensor, it is

recommended to consider the security of the system to
avoid garbage from getting read by the sensor. It is also
recommended to have another sensor, a water sensor, to
be attached at the bottom of the post so that the
ultrasonic sensor will also be activated to send alerts
when water rising up to the GI casing to protect the
system in the field. But also the functionality of the
systems must be improved so as to enhance reliability
and efficiency.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Nelson Mandela African Institute of Science
and Technology under the School of Computational
and Communication Science and Engineering is
gratefully acknowledged for the funding and numerous
supports to the review of research.

REFERENCES
1.

2.

3.

4.

University, P., Surveys and Measurement

10.
Technologies for
Flood Control,
Mitigation
Encyclopaedia
of Environment
Management
and Management Systems. June 2013: .

Jung, H.C., J. Hamski, and M. Durand,

Characterization of complex fluvial systems
using remote sensing of spatial and
temporal water level variations in the
Amazon, Congo, and Brahmaputra Rivers.
Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,
2010. 35(3): p. 294-304.

USAID, Low Cost Networked Water

Quality and Quantity Meters. 2012, From
the American People and Global Water for
Sustainability: Wami/Ruvu Basin Water
Office , Tanzania.

11.

Alsdorf, D.E., J.M. Melack, and Dunne,

Interferometric radar measurements of
water level changes on the Amazon flood
plain. Nature, 2000. 404(6774): p. 174-177.

Peters, A., K.Y. Chung, and S. Chu, Highprecision gravity measurements using atom
interferometry. Metrologia, 2001. 38(1): p.
25.

12.

Wikipedia.
Interferometric
aperture radar. 2015.

13.

Schumann, G., P. Matgen, and F.

Pappenberger, Conditioning water stages
from satellite imagery on uncertain data
points. Geoscience and Remote Sensing
Letters, IEEE, 2008. 5(4): p. 810-813.

Alsdorf, D.E., L.C. Smith, and J.M.

Melack, Amazon floodplain water level
changes measured with interferometric
SIR-C radar. Geoscience and Remote
Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2001.
39(2): p. 423-431.

synthetic

5.

Mersel, M.K., L.C. Smith, and Andreadis,

Estimation of river depth from remotely
sensed hydraulic relationships. Water
Resources Research, 2013. 49(6): p. 31653179.

14.

Schumann, G., F. Pappenberger, and P.

Matgen, Estimating uncertainty associated
with water stages from a single SAR image.
Advances in Water Resources, 2008. 31(8):
p. 1038-1047.

6.

Rudorff, C.M., J.M. Melack, and P.D.

Bates, Flooding dynamics on the lower
Amazon floodplain: 1. Hydraulic controls
on water elevation, inundation extent, and
riverfloodplain
discharge.
Water
Resources Research, 2014. 50(1): p. 619634.

15.

Schumann, G. and G. Di Baldassarre, The

direct use of radar satellites for eventspecific flood risk mapping. Remote
Sensing Letters, 2010. 1(2): p. 75-84.

16.

McMillan, H.K. and J. Brasington,

Reduced
complexity
strategies
for
modelling urban floodplain inundation.
Geomorphology, 2007. 90(3): p. 226-243.

17.

Di Baldassarre, G., G. Schumann, and P.D.

Bates, A technique for the calibration of
hydraulic models using uncertain satellite
observations of flood extent. Journal of
Hydrology, 2009. 367(3): p. 276-282.

18.

Gou, H., S. Liu, and G. Zhong. Notice of

Retraction Research of Flood Risk Map
Information Management System based on
ArcGIS. in Advanced Management Science
(ICAMS), 2010 IEEE International
Conference on. 2010. IEEE.

19.

Levy, J.K., C. Gopalakrishnan, and Z. Lin,

Advances in decision support systems for
flood disaster management: Challenges
and opportunities. Water Resources
Development, 2005. 21(4): p. 593-612.

7.

Tockner, K., D. Pennetzdorfer, and N.

Reiner, Hydrological connectivity, and the
exchange of organic matter and nutrients in
a
dynamic
riverfloodplain system
(Danube, Austria). Freshwater Biology,
1999. 41(3): p. 521-535.

8.

Dunne, T., L.A. Mertes, and R.H. Meade,

Exchanges of sediment between the flood
plain and channel of the Amazon River in
Brazil. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, 1998. 110(4): p. 450-467.

9.

Hanssen, R.F., T.M. Weckwerth, and H.A.

Zebker, High-resolution water vapor
mapping from interferometric radar
measurements. Science, 1999. 283(5406):
p. 1297-1299.

Lev
y,
J.K.,
Mul
tiple
crite
ria
deci
sion
mak
ing
and
deci
sion
sup
port
syst
ems
for
floo
d
risk
man
age
men
t.
Stoc
hasti
c
Envi
ron
men
tal
Rese
arch
and
Risk
Asse
ssm
ent,
200
5.
19(6
): p.
438447.

Sch
uma
nn,
G.,

P.D. Bates, and M.S. Horritt, Progress in

integration of remote sensingderived flood
extent and stage data and hydraulic
models. Reviews of Geophysics, 2009.
47(4).
22.

Sanyal, J. and X. Lu, GISbased flood

hazard mapping at different administrative
scales: A case study in Gangetic West
Bengal, India. Singapore Journal of
Tropical Geography, 2006. 27(2): p. 207220.

23.

Ribeiro, F.R., H. Proena, and J. Metrlho,

Water supply remote monitoring system: a
case study. 2004.

24.

de Santa Olalla, F.M.n., A. Calera, and A.

Domnguez, Monitoring irrigation water
use by combining Irrigation Advisory
Service, and remotely sensed data with a
geographic
information
system.
Agricultural water management, 2003.
61(2): p. 111-124.

Che
min,
Y.,
A.
Plat
ono
v,
and
M.
UlHass
an,
Usi
ng
rem
ote
sens
ing
data
for
wat
er
depl
etio
n
asse
ssm
ent
at
adm
inist
rati
ve
and
irrig
atio
nsyst
em
leve
ls:
case
stud
y of
the
Fer
gha
na

Province of Uzbekistan. Agricultural Water

Management, 2004. 64(3): p. 183-196.
26.

27.

28.

Glasgow, H.B., J.M. Burkholder, and R.E.

Reed, Real-time remote monitoring of
water quality: a review of current
applications, and advancements in sensor,
telemetry, and computing technologies.
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology
and Ecology, 2004. 300(1): p. 409-448.

systems: A preliminary study from

copenhagen,
denmark.
Procedia
Engineering, 2014. 70: p. 1707-1716.
36.

Bobat, A., T. Gezgin, and H. Aslan, The

SCADA
system
applications
in
management of Yuvacik Dam and
Reservoir.
Desalination
and
Water
Treatment, 2014(ahead-of-print): p. 1-12.

37.

Sunkpho, J. and C. Ootamakorn, Real-time

flood monitoring and warning system.
Sonklanakarin Journal of Science and
Technology, 2011. 33(2): p. 227.

Bobat, A., H. Aslan, and T. Gezgin, The use

of SCADA system in dam management.

38.

Islam, M., T. Islam, and M.A. Syrus.

Implementation of flash flood monitoring
system based on wireless sensor network in
Bangladesh. in Informatics, Electronics &
Vision (ICIEV), 2014 International
Conference on. 2014. IEEE.

Rajeswari, V., Y. Rajeshwari, and L.P.

Suresh, Real-time implementation of
hydroelectric power plant using PLC and
SCADA. Int. J. Eng. Res. Applic, 2012. 2:
p. 899-902.

39.

Aslan, H. and T. Akgn, Baraj Ynetim

SCADA Sistemi (Dam Management
SCADA System). Bilesim Otomasyon
Dergisi,(September 2010), 2010: p. 8-13.

40.

Wilson, T., PLC based substation

automation and SCADA systems and
selecting a control system integrator.
Western Electric Power Institute, 1999.

41.

Rajeswari, V., L. Suresh, and Y. Rajeshwari.

Water storage and distribution system for
pharmaceuticals using PLC and SCADA. in
Circuits,
Power
and
Computing
Technologies
(ICCPCT),
2013
International Conference on. 2013. IEEE.

29.

Jerry Velasquez, D., L. Cumiskey, and M.

Werner, Improving the social performance
of flash flood early warnings using mobile
services. International Journal of Disaster
Resilience in the Built Environment, 2015.
6(1): p. 57-72.

30.

Chavan, S., M.A. Kulkarni, and M.R.

Mahale, Disaster Management Using
Wireless Sensor Networks.

31.

Debbarma, S., FPGA Implementation of

Flood Monitoring System. 2014, National
Institute of Technology Rourkela.

42.

Hughes, D., P. Greenwood, and G. Blair. An

intelligent and adaptable grid-based flood
monitoring and warning system. in
Proceedings of the UK eScience All Hands
Meeting. 2006.

Wu, Q., Y. Liang, and X. Geng, Research of

Sluice Monitoring System Based on GPRS
and PLC, in Computer And Computing
Technologies In Agriculture, Volume I.
2008, Springer. p. 479-485.

43.

Campisano, A., J. Cabot Ple, and D.

Muschalla, Potential and limitations of
modern equipment for real time control of
urban wastewater systems. Urban Water
Journal, 2013. 10(5): p. 300-311.

Prvulovi, S., D. Tolma, and L. Josimovi,

Remote monitoring and control of pumping
stations in the water supply systems. Facta
universitatis-series:
Mechanical
Engineering, 2013. 11(1): p. 113-121.

44.

Leonhardt, G., S. Fach, and C. Engelhard,

A software-based sensor for combined
sewer overflows. Water Science and
Technology, 2012. 66(7): p. 1475.

45.

Ramani, R., S. Selvaraju, and S.

Valarmathy, WATER-LEVEL MONITOR
FOR BOREWELL AND WATER TANK
BASED ON GSM. International Journal of
Engineering Science & Technology, 2012.
4(10).

32.

33.

34.

35.

Seggelke, K., R. Lwe, and T. Beeneken,

Implementation of an integrated real-time
control system of sewer system and waste
water treatment plant in the city of
Wilhelmshaven. Urban Water Journal, 2013.
10(5): p. 330-341.
Vezzaro, L., M. Christensen, and C.
Thirsing, Water quality-based real time
control of integrated urban drainage

Ying
, X.,
Z.
Bing
, and
L.
Yon
g.
The
Aut
oma
tic
Mon
itori
ng
Dev
ice
of
Gro
und
wat
er
Lev
el
Bas
ed
on
Emb
edd
ed
Syst
ems.
in
the
Pro
ceed
ings
of
the
200
9
Inte
rnat
iona
l
Sym
posi

um on Information Processing (ISIP09).

2009.
47.

Johari, A., M.H.A. Wahab, and N.S.A.

Latif, Tank Water Level Monitoring System
using GSM Network. International Journal
of Computer Science and Information
Technologies, 2011. 2(3): p. 1114-1115.

48.

Chen, C., X. Jun-ming, and G. Hui-fang.

Polluted water monitoring based on
wireless
sensor.
in
Electronics,
Communications and Control (ICECC),
2011 International Conference on. 2011.
IEEE.

49.

Xiaotao, L. and S. Tao. Design and

Implementation of Flood Monitoring and
Assessment System. in Image and Data
Fusion (ISIDF), 2011 International
Symposium on. 2011. IEEE.

50.

Asante, K.O., R.D. Macuacua, and G.A.

Artan, Developing a flood monitoring
system from remotely sensed data for the
Limpopo basin. Geoscience and Remote
Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2007.
45(6): p. 1709-1714.

51.

Keoduangsine, S. and R. Goodwin, An

appropriate flood warning system in the
context
of
developing
countries.
International Journal of Innovation,
Management and Technology, 2012. 3: p.
213-216.

52.

Hartman, M., E. Lowiec, and P.

Boguslawski. Water pumping stations
remote control system in depression areas
based GSM-900 cellular communications
system. in Modern Problems of Radio
Engineering, Telecommunications and
Computer Science, 2002. Proceedings of
the International Conference. 2002. IEEE.

53.

Albaladejo, C., P. Snchez, and A. Iborra,

Wireless
sensor
networks
for
oceanographic monitoring: A systematic
review. Sensors, 2010. 10(7): p. 6948-6968.

54.

Marin-Perez, R., J. Garca-Pintado, and

A.S. Gmez, A real-time measurement

system for long-life flood monitoring and

warning applications. Sensors, 2012. 12(4):
p. 4213-4236.
Sche
eper
s,
C.,
G.
Bolt
, and
M.
Klei
ngel
d.
Loa
d
man
age
men
t
proj
ects
at
the
Dep
art
men
t of
Wat
er
Affa
irs
thro
ugh
an
inte
grat
ed
syst
ems
appr
oac
h. in
Indu
stria
l
and
Co
mm
erci
al
Use
of
Ene
rgy
Con
fere
nce

(ICUE), 2012 Proceedings of the 9th. 2012.

IEEE.
56.

57.

Zhang, H., W. Tao, and M. Cao.

Development and application of mobile
water level monitoring based on multisensor integration. in Electrical and
Control Engineering (ICECE), 2010
International Conference on. 2010. IEEE.
Ado, R.G., Road Flood Sensor with Web
and Mobile Application Support. 2014, .

58.

Sommerville,
I.
and
P.
Sawyer,
Requirements engineering: a good practice
guide. 1997: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

59.

Atechna. Atechna and SCADA systems

specialized company Scantric, remote
monitoring and command system. 2014.

60.

Pancu, C., A. Baraboi, and M. Adam. GSM

based solution for monitoring and
diagnostic of electrical equipment. in
WSEAS
International
Conference.
Proceedings. Mathematics and Computers
in Science and Engineering. 2009. World
Scientific and Engineering Academy and

Soci
ety.