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Environmental Factors that Affect Seed Germination

Alyzza Noreen O. Orogo


BS Biology II AH

July 24 -31, 2015

A scientific paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements in General Biology II


Laboratory under Mrs. Winnie N. Camigla, 1st sem., 2015-2016

INTRODUCTION
Germination is the resumption of growth and development after a period of
dormancy (Hoefnagels, 2013). It may be defined as a series of events which take
place when dry quiescent seeds imbibe water resulting in an increase in
metabolic activity and the initiation of a seedling from the embryo. In order for
germination to be initiated the following criteria must be meet: (1) the seed must
first be viable (the embryo is alive and capable of germination). (2) Appropriate
environmental conditions such as available water, proper temperature, oxygen,
and, in some cases, light must be supplied. (3) Primary dormancy in the seed
must be overcome (Arteca, 1997).
Germination, which is the beginning of growth of a seed, depends on the
interplay of a number of internal and external factors. In order to germinate, a
seed must first be viable (alive) (Stern, 2011). When conditions are favorable for
the growth of a particular seed, germination (sprouting) begins. The ability of
seeds to germinate is called viability. The conditions favorable for germination
include (1) a suitable temperature (between 16

and 27 ), (2) plenty of

moisture, and (3) sufficient oxygen dissolved in water (Capco and Yang, 2010).
Germination depends upon imbibition, the uptake of water due to the low
water potential of the dry seed. Imbibing water causes the seed to expand and
rupture its coat and also triggers metabolic changes in the embryo that enable it
to resume growth. (Campbell, 2011). Basic necessities in order to commence

germination may be affected by some factors which inhibit the growth of the
seed.
The researcher hypothesize that if the optimum level for each of the basic
requirements (e.g. water, temperature, osmotic concentration, and oxygen) for
germination is met then a high percentage of germination with longer roots and
shoots could be yielded. This could be derived from the activity conducted
wherein best results of germination transpired from set ups which provided the
soaked seeds with enough medium which enable it to sprout with longer shoots
and roots.
The study aims to meet the following objectives: (a) know some physical
requirements for germination, (b) know the optimum levels of the physical
parameters under which normal germination can take place, and (c) know some
chemicals that affect seed germination.
The experiment was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of the
Southern Luzon State University in Lucban, Quezon from 24 th of July up to 31st of
July 2015.

MATERIALS AND METHODS


A. The Need for Water
Three (3) germination trays lined with paper towels at the bottom were
secured. It was then labeled as containers A, B, and C. Fifteen (15) soaked
mongo seeds were placed in trays A, B, and C. Tray C was left completely dry;
water was added to container B just enough to moisten the lining; and water was
added to tray A until all seeds were completely covered. The containers were
covered and the set-ups were left at room temperature for seven (7) days. The
number of seeds that had germinated in each tray was counted. The lengths of
the roots and shoots were measured in millimeters (mm). The average in each
treatment was taken. Results were recorded in Table 1-A.
B. The Need for Oxygen
Three (3) 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks with cork stoppers and attached hooks
were secured. The flasks were marked as A, B, and C. The following solutions
were placed in each of the following flasks:
A: 25 mL of 25% KOH + 25 mL of 25% pyrogalllic acid
B: 50 mL of 25% KOH
C: 50 mL distilled water

Pyrogallic acid and potassium hydroxide is a caustic mixture so eye shields


were used and the liquids were handled with care. Afterwards, a piece of cotton
net was obtained and was lined with a moistened pad of cotton. Twenty (20)
mongo seeds were placed and tied to make a bundle. Three (3) bundles of
mongo seeds were prepared. The bundles were hanged to the hook fastened
beneath each cork. It was made sure that the bundles did not touch the solutions.
The flasks were covered airtight. The flasks were left for a week at a room
temperature. The number of mongo seeds that germinated in each set-up were
counted. The percentage of germination was computed using the formula:
germination=

number of seeds germinated


100
total number of seeds

The length of the roots and shoots were measured in millimeters (mm).
The average and other data were recorded in Table 1-B.
C. Temperature and Germination
A twenty (20) one-day old soaked with mongo seeds were obtained. It was
rolled up in strip of moist paper towel. The roll was put in a plastic bag and was
sealed. Three bags were prepared which were labeled A, B, and C respectively.
Set-up A was placed in the refrigerator (about 4 , B was left upright in the
laboratory room (about 25 ), and C was placed in an incubator set at 37
. The set-up was examined on the seventh (7 th) day. The number of seeds

germinated in each treatment was counted. The percentage of germination was

computed. The length of the roots and shoots were measured in millimeters
(mm) and its average was taken. The results were recorded in Table 1-C. The
growth

of

the

seedlings

were

compared.

The

temperature(s)

that

favor(s)/inhibit(s) germination was explained.


D. Osmotic Concentration and Germination
Nine (9) Petri dishes lined with paper towel and marked from A to I was
obtained. Ten (10) mL NaCl solution of the following concentration was placed to
each Petri dish:
A: 0.00 (distilled water)
B: 0.25%
C: 0.50%
D: 0.75%
E: 1.00%
F: 2.50%
G: 5.00%
H: 7.50%
I: 10.00%
Twenty (20) mongo seeds, which were uniform in size and health, were
placed in each plate. The set-ups were left under room condition. On the second
day, the set-ups were checked by slightly opening the lid of plates with

germinating seeds. Solutions were to be added, if necessary. On the fourth day, it


was observed. The number of seeds that germinated was counted. The
percentage of germination for each treatment was computed. The lengths of
roots and shoots were measured in millimeters (mm). The results were recorded
in Table1-D (Camigla, 2011).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A. THE NEED FOR WATER

Figure A.1.a.Soaked Seeds, Covered with Water Result of Group 1

Figure A.1.b.Soaked Seeds, Moist Lining Result of Group 1

Figure A.1.c.Dry Seeds, Dry Lining Result of Group 1

Figure A.2.a.Soaked Seeds, Covered with Water Result of Group 2

Figure A.2.b.Soaked Seeds, Moist Lining Result of Group 2

Figure A.2.c.Dry Seeds, Dry Lining Result of Group 2

Figure A.3.a.Soaked Seeds, Covered with Water Result of Group 3

Figure A.3.b.Soaked Seeds, Moist Lining Result of Group 3

Figure A.3.c.Dry Seeds, Dry Lining Result of Group 3


Table 1-A: Seed Germination and the Effect of Water

Treatment
s

Group
Number
Soaked
seeds,
Moist
lining
Soaked
seeds,
Covered
with water
Dry seeds,
Dry lining

Number of
Seeds
Germinate
d
N=15
1
2
3

Percentage
(%) of
Germination

Average Length
(mm) of Roots

Average Length
(mm) of Shoots

13

11

15

86.6
7

7
3

10
0

56.5
4

23

77.
6

33.3
8

29.5
8

48.6
7

14

9
3

20

35.9
3

41

43

73.3

15

14

15

100

9
3

10
0

2.79

8.6
7

7.79

4.6

B. THE NEED FOR OXYGEN

25 mL of 25% KOH + 25
mL of 25% pyrogallic acid

50 mL 25% KOH

50 mL distilled water

Figure
B.1.Seed

Germination and
the Effect

of Oxygen Results of

Group 1

Figure
B.2.Seed
Germination
and the
Oxygen

Effect of
Results of Group 2
25 mL of 25% KOH
5050
mLmL
distilled
+ 25
mL
of
25%
water
pyrogallic
acid
KOH

Figure B.3.Seed Germination

and the Effect of

Oxygen Results of Group 3


Table 1-B: Seed Germination
Effect of Oxygen

and the
mL
distilled
water
2550
mL
of
25%
+ 25
50
mL
25%KOH
KOH
mL of 25% pyrogallic acid

Treatments

Group
Number
25 mL of
25% KOH
+ 25 mL of
25%
pyrogallic
acid
50 mL of
25% KOH
50 mL of
distilled
water

Number of
Seeds
Germinated
N=20
1
2
3

Percentage
(%) of
Germinatio
n
1
2
3

Average Length
(mm) of Roots

Average Length
(mm) of Shoots

11

55

4.27

19

19

95

95

6.25

5.1

4.42

19

20

19

95 100 95

27.9

30.8

36.03

27.5

23.65 45.10

C. TEMPERATURE AND GERMINATION

Figure C.1.a.Seeds in 4

Result of Group 1

Figure C.1.b.Seeds in 25

Figure C.1.c.Seeds in 37

Result of Group 1

Result of
Group 1

Figure C.2.a.Seeds in 4

Result of Group 2

Figure C.2.b.Seeds in 25

Result of Group 2

Figure C.2.c.Seeds in 37

Result of Group 2

Figure C.3.a.Seeds in 4

Result of Group 3

Figure C.3.b.Seeds in 25

Result of Group 3

Figure C.3.c.Seeds in 37

Result of Group 3

Treatments

Group
Number

Number of
Seeds
Germinate
d
N=20
1
2
3

Percentage
(%) of
Germination

Average Length
(mm) of Roots

18

90

80

10

9.72

7.05

35.05 56.35

29

11.15 9.34 34.92

41.39

16 20

4
20

20

12 100 100

0
60

15

17

17

85

Average Length
(mm) of Shoots

25
75

85

35.8

45.29 30.28 24.6 21.53

37
Table 1-C: Seed Germination and the Effect of Temperature

D. OSMOTIC CONCENTRATION AND GERMINATION


Figure

D.1.A. 0.00% and B. 0.25% of 10 mL


NaCl Results of Group 1
Figure D.1.C. 0.50% and D.
0.75% of 10 mL
NaCl Results of Group 1

Figure D.1.E.

1.00%
and F.
2.50% of
10 mL NaCl
Results of Group 1

Figure
D.1.G. 5.00% and H. 7.50% of 10 mL NaCl Results of
Group 1

Figure D.1.I.
10.00% 10 mL

NaCl Results of Group 1

Figure D.2.A. 0.00% and B. 0.25% of 10 mL NaCl Results of


Group 2

Figure D.2.C. 0.50%


of

and D. 0.75% of 10

mL NaCl Results

Group 2

Figure
D.2.E.

1.00%

and

F. 2.50% of 10 mL NaCl
Results of Group 2

Figure

D.2.G. 5.00% and H.


7.50% of 10 mL
NaCl Results of
Group 2

Figure D.2.I.
10.00% 10 mL NaCl
Results of Group 2

Figure D.3.A. 0.00% and B. 0.25% of 10 mL NaCl


Results of Group 3

Figure

D.3.C. 0.50% and D.

0.75% of 10 mL
NaCl

Results of

Group 3

Figure

D.3.E. 1.00% and F.

2.50%

of 10

mL

NaCl

Group

Results of

Figure

D.3.G. 5.00% and H. 7.50% of 10


mL

Figure
10.00% 10 mL

NaCl Results of Group 3

D.3.I.
NaCl

Results
of Group 3

Table 1-D:
Germination and
Effect of Osmotic

Seed
the
Concentration

Treatments

Group
Number
Distilled
Water
0.00%

Number of
Seeds
Germinate
d
N=20
1
2
3

Percentage
(%) of
Germination

Average Length
(mm) of Roots

Average Length
(mm) of Shoots

20

10

95

95

54.

54.5

57.3

77.4

69.2

91.0

5.40

60.6

65.1

19

19

0
20

20

20

0.25%
19

19

19

10

10

10

1.6

33.9

53.3

95

95

95

6.5

30.7

60.2

4.5

12.7

19.1

6.5

7.89

20

0.50%
20

18

17

0.75%

10

90

85

0
14

20

20

80

1.00%

10

10

5
1

95

59.8
4

6.95

11.55

13.2
9

5.57

10.5

10.9
5

30

2.50%
5.00%
7.50%
10.00%

DISCUSSION

A. The Need for Water


From the experiment conducted, the researcher gathered all the results from
the three groups. Tray A with soaked seeds which were covered with water
yielded nothing (0%) for the Group 1. There were 14 (93%) seeds that
germinated in Group 2 which have an average length of 35.93 mm for the roots
and 43 mm for the shoots. Only 3 (20%) seeds had sprouted in Group 3s set up
which have an average length of 41 mm for the roots and 73.3 mm for the
shoots.
Tray B, which was for the soaked seeds with moist lining, had germinated 13
(86.67%) seeds with an average length of 56.54 mm for the roots and 33.38 mm
for the shoots. Group 2 got 11 (73%) seeds that germinated with an average
length of 23 mm and 29.58 mm for roots and shoots respectively. The third
groups seeds had germinated all (100%) with an average length of 77.6 mm for
the roots and 48.67 mm for the shoots.
Tray C, which has dry seeds and dry lining, had given 15 (100%) germinated
seeds for Group 1 which have an average length of 5 mm for both the roots and
the shoots. The second group had yielded 14 (93%) germinated seeds with an
average length of 2.79 mm for the roots and 7.79 mm for the shoots. There were
15 (100%) seeds that sprouted in the third group which have an average of 8.67
mm for the roots and 4.6 mm for the shoots.
Among the three set ups, Tray B gave the best result in terms of the
percentage of germination and the average lengths of the shoots and roots of the

three groups. It could be infer to the fact that it gave the optimal amount of water
for the mongo seeds. Truth be known that water is one of the initial necessities
before a seed could germinate. According to Miller McDonald, water is a basic
requirement for germination. It is essential for enzyme activation, breakdown,
translocation, and use of reserve storage material. In their resting state, seeds
are characteristically low in moisture and relatively inactive metabolically. That is,
they are in a state of quiescence. Thus, quiescent seeds are able to maintain a
minimum level of metabolic activity that assures their long-term survival in the
soil and during storage. A lack of water during the germination process can
reduce the germination percentage due to water stress (Doneen and
MacGillivray 1943; Hanks and Thorp 1956). Exposure to excess water results in
the production of a substance which reduces oxygen supply to the embryo and
elevates inhibitory substances in the seed which reduce germination (Atwater
1980; Heydeker 1977).

B. The Need for Oxygen


The second experiment was to test the effect of oxygen in the germination of
the mongo seeds. It made use of KOH, pyrogallic acid, and distilled water. The
KOH and pyrogallic acids role was to absorb oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water
which will inhibit the germination of the mongo seeds. The water on the contrary,
provided enough oxygen for the suspended mongo seeds.

Flask A was a mixture of 25 mL of 25% KOH and 25 mL of 25% pyrogallic


acid. Group 1 had only 1 (5%) seed that germinated with a length of 6mm for the
root and 7 mm for the shoots. The second group yielded nothing (0%). Group 3
had 11 (55%) seeds that germinated which have an average length of 4.27mm
for the shoots.
Flask B contained a 50 mL of 25% KOH. The first group got 19 (95%)
germinated seeds with an average length of 6.25 mm for the roots and 5.1 mm
for the shoots. Group 2 yielded the same number of germinated seeds, 19 (95%),
which have an average length of 4.42 mm for the shoots. None of the third
groups seeds sprouted in this set up.
Flask C held 50 mL of distilled water. In this set up, there were 19 (95%)
seeds that germinated in Group 1 with an average length of 27.90 mm for the
roots and 27.53mm for the shoots. All of Group 2s seeds had sprouted (100%)
with an average length of 30.85 mm for the roots and 23.65 mm for the shoots.
Group 3 had 19 (95%) seeds that germinated which have an average length of
36.03 mm for the roots and 45.10 mm for the shoots.
Among the three set ups, Flask C had given the best result from the three
groups experiment. It is owing to the fact that the distilled water had provided
enough oxygen for the suspended mongo seeds to germinate. In order to obtain
rapid and uniform germination, gas exchange in the germination medium is
essential. Oxygen is required for normal respiratory processes to occur in the
germinating seed and should be maintained as close to 21 % as possible.

Carbon dioxide is a product of respiration and when gas exchange is poor can
accumulate in the soil, resulting in an inhibition of germination (Arteca, 2004).
The results showed that the mongo seeds suspended in the flask which
contained H2O continued to germinate and give rise to more roots while the
mongo seeds suspended in the flask which contained pyrogallic acid (C6H6O3)
and Potassium hydroxide (KOH) were not able to germinate. C6H6O3 together
with KOH absorbs the oxygen, carbon dioxide and water needed for respiration.
Because the chemicals absorbed everything needed for respiration, the mongo
seeds were not able to germinate. Unlike the other flask filled with distilled water,
the seeds were able to germinate because nothing hinders the uptake of oxygen
(Lestran et al., 2014).

C. Temperature and Germination


The third experiment was to test seed germination under different
temperature. Set up A was placed in a refrigerator to have an environment of
4. Group 1 had 18 (90%) seeds that germinated with an average length of 9.72
mm for the shoots. There were 16 (80%) seeds that sprouted in Group 2 with an
average length of 3 mm for the shoots. All of the third groups seeds had
germinated (100%) in this set up with an average length of 7.05 mm. It could be
observed that the all the roots from the mongo seeds did not sprout.
Set up B was placed inside the laboratory to have a room temperature of
25. The first group got 20 (100%) germinated seeds with an average length of

35.05 mm for the roots and 11.15 mm for the shoots. Group 2 yielded 20 (100%)
germinated mongo seeds with an average length of 56.35 mm and 9.34 mm for
the roots and shoots respectively. The third group only got 12 (60%) seeds that
germinated with an average length of 29 mm for the roots and 34.92 mm for the
shoots.
Set up C was put inside an incubator to have a temperature of 37. There
should have been no growth of seeds on this set up but an error occurred for the
incubator was turned off and thus the aim to keep the set ups at the said
temperature for seven days was not achieved. Group 1 had 15 (75%) seeds that
germinated with an average of 41.39 mm for the roots and 30.28 mm for the
shoots. Group 2 observed that there were 17 (85%) seeds that had germinated
with an average length of 35.8 mm for the roots and 24.6 for the shoots. There
were also 17 (85%) seeds that sprouted in the third group with an average of
45.29 mm for the roots and 21.53 mm for the shoots.
Among the three set ups, Set up B should have the best result of the
germination percentage and the length of the shoots and roots since it is the
closest one to the optimum temperature that a mongo seed needs in order to
germinate.
Temperature regulates the rate of germination, germination percentage, and
subsequent seedling growth. In general the germination rate is low at reduced
temperatures but increases as the temperature rises to an optimum level beyond
which there is a reduction due to seed injury. On the other hand the germination

percentage may remain constant over the middle part of this temperature range if
enough time is allowed for germination to occur (Arteca, 2004).
Mongo seed is a warm season plant, and will grow within a mean temperature
range of about 20 to 40. It is sensitive to low temperature and is killed by frost.
Poelhman (1978) suggested that mean temperatures of 20 to 20 may be the
minimum for productive growth, with mean temperatures in the range of 28 to
30 being optimum With temperatures above 28, increases in transpiration
and respiration could offset benefits from increases in photosynthesis and retard
plant growth Germination is inhibited by low temperature. In a germination
study, the rate of germination declined slowly below 25, dropped off sharply
below 14, and virtually ceased below 11.5 (Simon et al., 1976). Failure of
the seeds to germinate appeared to be due to low temperature inhibition of
mitosis since root elongation did not occur (Poehlman, 1991).

D. Osmotic Concentration and Germination


The last experiment was conducted to determine the effect of osmotic
concentration on the germination of the mongo seeds.
Petri dish A which had 0.00% of NaCl had 20 (100%) germinated seeds for
Group 1 which have 54.9 mm and 77.45 mm average lengths for the roots and
shoots respectively. Group 2 got 19 (95%) germinated seeds with an average
length of 54.58 mm for the roots and 69.26 mm for the shoots. There were also

19 (95%) seeds that germinated in Group 3 with an average length of 57.34 mm


for the roots and 91.05 for the shoots.
Petri dish B which had 0.25% of NaCl had 20 (100%) seeds that germinated
for all of the groups. Only that the average length for the roots and shoots of the
Group 1 are 1.65 mm and 5.40 mm respectively. For the Group 2, 33.95 mm is
the average length of the roots and 60.6 mm for the shoots. Group 3s average
length for the roots is 53.35 mm and 65.15 mm for the shoots.
Petri dish C which had 0.50% of NaCl had 19 (95%) seeds that had sprouted
for all of the groups. The average length of the roots and shoots are 6.55 mm
and 1 mm for Group 1, 30.78 mm and 95 mm for Group 2, and 60.26 mm and
59.84 mm for the Group 3.
Petri dish D which had 0.75% of NaCl had 20 (100%) seeds that germinated
for the first group with an average length of 4.55 mm for the roots and 6.95 mm
for the shoots. Group 2 got 18 (90%) seeds that sprouted with an average length
of 12.75 mm for the roots and 11.55 mm for the shoots. There were 17 (85%)
seeds that germinated in Group 3 with an average length of 19.12 mm for the
roots and 13.29 mm for the shoots.
Petri dish E which had 1.00% of NaCl had 14 (80%) germinated seeds for
Group 1 with an average length of 6.5 mm for the roots and 5.57 mm for the
shoots. There were 20 (100%) seeds that sprouted in both Groups 1 and 2. The
average length of the roots and shoots for Group 2 are 7.89 mm and 10.5 mm

respectively. For the third group, the average length of the roots is 20 mm and
10.95 mm for the shoots.
Petri dish F which had 2.50% of NaCl had 1 (5%) seed that germinated for
Group 1 with 1 mm long in roots and 2 mm long for the shoots. There were no
seeds (0%) that sprouted in the second group. Six (30%) seeds germinated in
Group 3 whose shoots are 3 mm long.
For Petri dishes G, H, and I, which NaCl concentrations ranges from 5.00% to
10.00%, no seeds had germinated although formation of molds can be observed
on the mongo seeds which are halophiles that grow in the presence of NaCl.
Among the 9 Petri dishes, Petri dish A had given the best result considering
the percentage of germination and the size of the germinated seeds because
there was no presence of NaCl that can inhibit seed germination.
Laboratory experiment in Petri dishes was carried out to investigate the
effect of different salt concentration levels (0, 50, 10, 150 and 200) mMol / L of
sodium chloride on the seeds germination and growth of mung bean plant. The
results of the study showed that, the increase in salinity concentration caused a
decrease in seeds germination percentages (%97, %96, %95 and %82)
respectively as compared with germination percentage (%100) with a control
treatment; the stem lengths, fresh and dry matter weights decreased as a result
of the increase of salinity at all the treatments when salinity level increased
(Seedi and Gatteh, 2010).

During first developmental stage, salinity caused considerable delay and


reduction in seed germination and seedling growth characteristics however the
underground part (roots) affected more adversely as compared to the upper
aerial part (stem) under high salinity ( EC10.0 ds/m). The roots absorb water
and nutrients from soil therefore, radical length provides significant clue to the
response of plants to salinity stress (Mehmet Demir, 2003; Moose and Mumm,
2008; Muhammad and Majid, 2013). Toxic level of Na+ and Cl- ions produced an
outside osmotic potential that avoids water uptake or due to increased dormancy
of seeds under salinity stress (Munns and James, 2003) (Sehrrawat et al., 2013).
Salts in the soil water may inhibit plant growth for two reasons. First, the
presence of salt in the soil solution reduces the ability of the plant to take up
water, and this leads to reductions in the growth rate. This is referred to as the
osmotic or water-deficit effect of salinity. Second, if excessive amounts of salt
enter the plant in the transpiration stream there will be injury to cells in the
transpiring leaves and this may cause further reductions in growth. This is called
the salt-specific or ion-excess effect of salinity (Greenway and Munns, 1980).
The definition of salt tolerance is usually the percent biomass production in saline
soil relative to plants in non-saline soil, after growth for an extended period of
time. For slow-growing, long-lived, or uncultivated species it is often difficult to
assess the reduction in biomass production, so percent survival is often used. As
salinity is often caused by rising water tables, it can be accompanied
by waterlogging. Waterlogging itself inhibits plant growth and also reduces the

ability of the roots to exclude salt, thus increasing the uptake rate of salt and its
accumulation in shoots (Munns, 1980).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION


Some factors that affect seed germination were tested through four
experiments. The first was to determine the need for water of the seeds during
germination. Among the three set ups, Tray B, which was for the soaked seeds
with moist lining, had germinated 13 (86.67%) seeds with an average length of
56.54 mm for the roots and 33.38 mm for the shoots. Group 2 got 11 (73%)
seeds that germinated with an average length of 23 mm and 29.58 mm for roots
and shoots respectively. The third groups seeds had germinated all (100%) with
an average length of 77.6 mm for the roots and 48.67 mm for the shoots. It gave
the best result in terms of the percentage of germination and the average lengths
of the shoots and roots of the three groups. The moist environment served as the
optimum water requirement for the already soaked seeds.
The second one was conducted in order to determine the need for oxygen
during seed germination. Flask C held 50 mL of distilled water. In this set up,
there were 19 (95%) seeds that germinated in Group 1 with an average length of
27.90 mm for the roots and 27.53mm for the shoots. All of Group 2s seeds had
sprouted (100%) with an average length of 30.85 mm for the roots and 23.65 mm
for the shoots. Group 3 had 19 (95%) seeds that germinated which have an

average length of 36.03 mm for the roots and 45.10 mm for the shoots. The said
flask had given the best result among the three set ups. Enough oxygen is
needed in order for the seed to germinate. This happened through respiration
wherein oxygen was derived from the distilled water.
The third activity was set to know what temperature best suit seed
germination. Set up B was placed inside the laboratory to have a room
temperature of 25. The first group got 20 (100%) germinated seeds with an
average length of 35.05 mm for the roots and 11.15 mm for the shoots. Group 2
yielded 20 (100%) germinated mongo seeds with an average length of 56.35 mm
and 9.34 mm for the roots and shoots respectively. The third group only got 12
(60%) seeds that germinated with an average length of 29 mm for the roots and
34.92 mm for the shoots. It had given off the best result among the three set ups.
Room temperature served as the optimal temperature requirement for the seeds
to germinate because low temperature temporarily inactivate the production of
enzymes and high temperature kills the said enzymes.
The last experiment was conducted to determine the effect of osmotic
concentration on the germination of the mongo seeds. Petri dish A which had
0.00% of NaCl had 20 (100%) germinated seeds for Group 1 which have 54.9
mm and 77.45 mm average lengths for the roots and shoots respectively. Group
2 got 19 (95%) germinated seeds with an average length of 54.58 mm for the
roots and 69.26 mm for the shoots. There were also 19 (95%) seeds that
germinated in Group 3 with an average length of 57.34 mm for the roots and
91.05 for the shoots. It had given the best result among the 9 set ups. The lower

the salinity, the better for the germination of seeds because salt reduces the
ability of the seeds to imbibe water.
Therefore, if the optimum level for each of the basic requirements (e.g.
water, temperature, osmotic concentration, and oxygen) for germination is met
then a high percentage of germination with longer roots and shoots could be
yielded.

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