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4, DECEMBER 2012
1027
AbstractA photovoltaic (PV) generation system (PGS) is becoming increasingly important as renewable energy sources due
to its advantages such as absence of fuel cost, low maintenance
requirement, and environmental friendliness. For large PGS, the
probability for partially shaded condition (PSC) to occur is also
high. Under PSC, the PV curve of PGS exhibits multiple peaks,
which reduces the effectiveness of conventional maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) methods. In this paper, a particle swarm
optimization (PSO)-based MPPT algorithm for PGS operating under PSC is proposed. The standard version of PSO is modified
to meet the practical consideration of PGS operating under PSC.
The problem formulation, design procedure, and parameter setting method which takes the hardware limitation into account are
described and explained in detail. The proposed method boasts the
advantages such as easy to implement, system-independent, and
high tracking efficiency. To validate the correctness of the proposed method, simulation, and experimental results of a 500-W
PGS will also be provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed technique.
Index TermsMaximum power point tracking (MPPT), partially shaded condition (PSC), particle swarm optimization (PSO),
photovoltaic (PV) generation system (PGS).
I. INTRODUCTION
HE ever-increasing world energy demand and growing
concern about environmental issues have generated enormous interest in the utilization of renewable energy sources.
Among them, the photovoltaic (PV) generation system (PGS) is
an established technology and has rapid growth in recent years.
The advantages of PGS include absence of fuel cost, low maintenance requirement, and environmental friendliness. However,
due to the high investment cost on the PGS, it is vital to make
the most of the available solar energy [1][5]. A major challenge in using a PGS is to tackle its nonlinear currentvoltage
(IV) characteristics, which result in a unique maximum power
point (MPP) on its powervoltage (PV) curve. Since the power
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Fig. 1.
LIU et al.: PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ALGORITHM
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(2)
(3)
i = 1, 2, . . . , N
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Fig. 5.
Fig. 4.
LIU et al.: PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ALGORITHM
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VPV and current IPV can be measured and filtered using digital finite impulse response filters. These values
can then be utilized to calculate the fitness value PPV
of particle i. It should be noted that in order to acquire
correct samples, the time interval between successive
particle evaluations has to be greater than the power
converters settling time.
Step 4 (Update Individual and Global Best Data): If the fitness value of particle i is better than the best fitness
value in history pb est,i , set current value as the new
pb est,i . Then, choose the particle with the best fitness
value of all the particles as the gb est . This step is
similar to step 3 of the standard PSO method.
Step 5 (Update Velocity and Position of Each Particle): After
all the particles are evaluated, the velocity and position of each particle in the swarm should be updated.
In conventional PSO method, the update is performed
using (1) and (2), in which the parameters w, c1 , and
c2 are constants. In this paper, the parameters w, c1 ,
and c2 are set as variables to speed up the convergence. Therefore, (1) can be rewritten as
vi (k + 1) = w(k)vi (k) + c1 (k)r1 (pb est,i xi (k))
+ c2 (k)r2 (gb est xi (k)).
(4)
k
(wm ax wm in )
kM AX
(5)
c2 (k) = c2,m in +
k
(c1,m ax c1,m in ) (6)
kM AX
k
kM AX
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TABLE I
PARAMETERS OF THE UTILIZED PV MODULE
TABLE II
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE IMPLEMENTED BOOST CONVERTER
TABLE III
PARAMETER SETTINGS OF THE IMPLEMENTED ALGORITHM
(8)
TABLE IV
SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE TWO PSO-BASED MPPT ALGORITHM
PO
100%
PM AX
(9)
LIU et al.: PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ALGORITHM
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
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Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
shading pattern changes and reinitialize the MPPT process accordingly. Due to limited space, more test results are presented
at https://sites.google.com/site/pvtestrecord/pvtest_record, in
which the test results are recorded as video files.
To compare the performance of the proposed method with
other MPPT techniques, the methods proposed in [16] and [17]
are also implemented. The convergence criteria (dcr in [16]
and perturbation step in [17]) for all the three methods are all
set as 0.3%. The simulations and experiments are conducted
with the same shading patterns as shown in Figs. 7, 10 and 12.
Table V summarizes the obtained results. From Table V, all these
algorithms can successfully track the GMPP with similar MPPT
tracking efficiency. Comparing to the method proposed in [17],
the proposed algorithm requires fewer search steps. Although
the required iteration number of the proposed method is higher
than [16], only the proposed method can successfully obtain the
GMPP in all the 1000 simulation cases.
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Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
LIU et al.: PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION-BASED MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING ALGORITHM
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Wen-Cheng Liang received the Bachelors and Masters degrees both from the Department of Electrical
Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science
and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, in 2009 and 2012,
respectively.
He is currently with the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology. His current research
interest includes photovoltaic system.