Sweet and Mawell House Style Guide January 2009

This Guide is up to date to 5 January 2009.
Because the Guide is frequently updated it is

recommended that it is not printed out. If you are using a printed copy please check on
MyThomson for the latest version.
SWEET & MAXWELL
HOUSE STYLE GUIDE
UP TO DATE TO 5 JANUARY 2009
This Guide is up to date to 5 January 2009. Because the Guide is frequently updated it is
PART 0: QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE................................................................................... 6
PART 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 32
1.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................... 32
1.2 INK COLOUR ............................................................................................................... 33
1.3 HEADINGS ................................................................................................................... 34
Numbering Headings and Indents .................................................................................... 34
1.4 PARAGRAPH NUMBERING ...................................................................................... 35
Stroke Paragraph Numbers............................................................................................... 35
Link Lines ........................................................................................................................ 35
1.5 QUOTATIONS .............................................................................................................. 36
Punctuation in Quotations ................................................................................................ 37
1.6 LISTS ............................................................................................................................. 37
Lists in commentary ......................................................................................................... 37
Lists in case digests .......................................................................................................... 37
1.7 FOOTNOTES................................................................................................................. 38
1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHIES ....................................................................................................... 38
1.9 CROSS-REFERENCES................................................................................................. 39
Cross-references to Footnotes .......................................................................................... 39
1.10 PUNCTUATION ......................................................................................................... 40
General ............................................................................................................................. 40
Rules for Word Division .................................................................................................. 41
1.11 HYPHENATION ......................................................................................................... 42
1.12 USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS .................................................................................... 43
The State, Judiciary, Office Holders, Organisations and Institutions, Religions, Deities 45
Titles ................................................................................................................................. 49
Parts of Familiar Geographical Names ............................................................................ 49
Points of the Compass ...................................................................................................... 49
Eras of History, Events..................................................................................................... 49
Trade Names .................................................................................................................... 49
Other "Semi-proprietary" Names ..................................................................................... 50
International Law ............................................................................................................. 50
Nationality and Ethnicity ................................................................................................. 50
1.13 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES ......................................................................... 51
1.14 GENDER NEUTRAL NOUN USAGE ....................................................................... 53
1.15 CONTRACTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................ 53
Contractions ..................................................................................................................... 53
Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................................... 55
1.16 FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... 56
1.17 DATES AND TIMES .................................................................................................. 58
1.18 MONTHS, DAYS AND SEASONS ............................................................................ 58
1.19 MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS ........................................................ 59
PART 2: CITATION OF AUTHORITIES .............................................................................. 61
2.1 FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES ..................................................................... 61
2.2 BOOKS .......................................................................................................................... 62
2.3 ESSAYS IN COLLECTIONS ....................................................................................... 63
2.4 LEGAL PERIODICALS................................................................................................ 64
Articles in Journals........................................................................................................... 64
Book Reviews .................................................................................................................. 65
2.5 LOOSELEAFS............................................................................................................... 66
2.6 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS .............................................................................. 67
Parliamentary Debates...................................................................................................... 68
Parliamentary Journals ..................................................................................................... 69
2.7 MISCELLANEOUS....................................................................................................... 69
E-terminology................................................................................................................... 69
Biblical References .......................................................................................................... 69
Newspapers ...................................................................................................................... 69
Plays, Films and TV ......................................................................................................... 70
Poems ............................................................................................................................... 70
CDs ................................................................................................................................... 70
Online ............................................................................................................................... 71
2.8 CASES ........................................................................................................................... 72
ENGLAND AND WALES .............................................................................................. 72
Citation in text and online services. ............................................................................. 72
Name of Case ............................................................................................................... 73
Date and Use of Round and Square Brackets .............................................................. 77
Volume and Page/Case and Paragraph Reference ....................................................... 77
Media Neutral Citations ............................................................................................... 77
High Court January 12, 2002 onwards.................................................................. 78
Court of Decision ......................................................................................................... 78
Use of Capitals when referring to Courts ..................................................................... 79
Judges ........................................................................................................................... 79
Practice Directions (from courts) ................................................................................. 80
Unreported Cases ......................................................................................................... 80
Decisions of Administrative Tribunals ........................................................................ 81
Yearbooks and Court Rolls .......................................................................................... 81
Which Reports to Cite (Prior to 1865) ......................................................................... 81
Which Reports to Cite (After 1864)............................................................................. 81
CASES (SCOTLAND) .................................................................................................... 82
Name of Case ............................................................................................................... 82
Dates and Use of Brackets ........................................................................................... 82
Courts and Judges......................................................................................................... 83
CASES (IRELAND) ........................................................................................................ 83
How the Individual Reports should be Cited ............................................................... 83
Northern Ireland Practice Directions............................................................................ 83
2.9 LEGISLATION.............................................................................................................. 85
ENGLAND AND WALES .............................................................................................. 85
Statutes: Public General Acts....................................................................................... 85
Summary .................................................................................................................. 85
Parts, Sections, Paragraphs and Schedules............................................................... 86
Printed Series of Statutes.......................................................................................... 87
Private, Local and Personal Acts.............................................................................. 87
Church Assembly Measures ..................................................................................... 87
Bills .......................................................................................................................... 88
Statutory Instruments ................................................................................................... 88
Summary .................................................................................................................. 88
Subdivision of Statutory Instruments ....................................................................... 88
Capitalisation in Statutory Instruments .................................................................... 89
Printed Collections of SIs......................................................................................... 89
Amendments or Repeals........................................................................................... 89
Rules of Court .............................................................................................................. 89
Civil Procedure Practice Directions ......................................................................... 90
SCOTLAND..................................................................................................................... 91
Acts of Parliament........................................................................................................ 91
General ..................................................................................................................... 91
Citation ..................................................................................................................... 91
Printed Series............................................................................................................ 91
Acts of the Scottish Parliament ................................................................................ 91
Statutory Instruments ................................................................................................... 91
Scottish Statutory Instruments (SSIs) ...................................................................... 91
Rules of Court .............................................................................................................. 92
WALES ............................................................................................................................ 92
NORTHERN IRELAND.................................................................................................. 92
Statutes ......................................................................................................................... 92
Statutory Rules ............................................................................................................. 93
IRELAND ........................................................................................................................ 93
Statutes ......................................................................................................................... 93
Statutory Rules ............................................................................................................. 93
PART 3: EUROPEAN MATERIAL........................................................................................ 94
3.1 EUROPEAN CASES ..................................................................................................... 94
Background .................................................................................................................. 94
European Court Reports ............................................................................................... 94
Citation in text and online services .............................................................................. 95
General rules ................................................................................................................ 96
3.2 QUASI-JUDICIAL COMMISSION DECISIONS ........................................................ 98
Decisions reported in the Official Journal.................................................................... 98
Decisions not reported in the Official Journal ............................................................. 99
3.3 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION ..................................................................................... 102
Primary law ................................................................................................................ 104
Secondary law ............................................................................................................ 106
Soft law ...................................................................................................................... 109
Draft legislation.......................................................................................................... 111
PART 4: INTERNATIONAL AND FOREIGN MATERIAL .............................................. 113
4.1 CASES (EUROPE AND THE REST OF THE WORLD) .......................................... 113
4.2 FOREIGN DOMESTIC LEGISLATION.................................................................... 113
Citation ........................................................................................................................... 113
US legislation ................................................................................................................. 114
Constitutions................................................................................................................... 115
Civil Codes etc ............................................................................................................... 115
Court Rules..................................................................................................................... 115
Usual form of citation for specific countries .................................................................. 115
4.3 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION .......................................................................... 119
Citation ........................................................................................................................... 119
Protocols......................................................................................................................... 120
ILO Conventions ............................................................................................................ 120
Treaties between two countries ...................................................................................... 120
Double Tax Treaties ....................................................................................................... 120
UN Resolutions .............................................................................................................. 120
PART 5: PRELIMS, TABLES AND INDEXES............................................................... 122
5.1 ORDER OF ITEMS ..................................................................................................... 122
Books.............................................................................................................................. 122
Journals and Law Reports .............................................................................................. 122
Looseleafs....................................................................................................................... 123
5.2 PUBLISHER'S IMPRINT ............................................................................................ 128
5.3 COPYRIGHT PAGE TEXT ........................................................................................ 129
History of Work ............................................................................................................. 129
Environmental Mission Statement and CIP Dates ......................................................... 129
ISBN/ISSN ..................................................................................................................... 130
Trademark Information .................................................................................................. 130
5.4 COPYRIGHT NOTICE ............................................................................................... 131
5.5 CORPORATE BRANDING ........................................................................................ 132
Rules............................................................................................................................... 132
Exceptions ...................................................................................................................... 134
5.6 CONTENTS ................................................................................................................. 135
5.7 SERVICE INFORMATION PAGES (LOOSELEAF) ................................................ 136
Release lines................................................................................................................... 136
Up-to-date dates ............................................................................................................. 136
5.8 TABLE OF CASES ..................................................................................................... 137
Alphabetical Order ......................................................................................................... 137
References ...................................................................................................................... 140
Order of Citation ............................................................................................................ 141
General Points ................................................................................................................ 141
Use of Italics in the Table of Cases................................................................................ 141
5.9 TABLE OF STATUTES.............................................................................................. 142
Regnal Years and Chapter Number in Pre-1963 Acts.................................................... 143
5.10 TABLES OF STATUTORY INSTRUMENTS AND RULES OF COURT ............. 144
5.11 BIBLIOGRAPHIES ................................................................................................... 145
5.12 INDEXES................................................................................................................... 146
PART 6: BSI PROOFING SYMBOLS ................................................................................. 150
PART 7: SUBJECT INDEX .................................................................................................. 159
PART 0: QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE

Note: References in bold indicate one or more of the following:
Cross references.
Stress capitalisation rules.
To emphasise the spelling of bothersome words.
To summarise a rule e.g. American spelling.
A
a, not an, before all words beginning with a consonant or with the sound of wh, or y, also: a habitual,
hereditary, heroic, historic, hotel
abbreviations: see Part 1.14: Contractions and Abbreviations
A,B,C, etc. do not take a full point if they are used as symbols in names of cases
abridgment (abbr. abr.)
ACAS (Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
ACCA (Association of Chartered Certified Accountants) Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
accents are not used in Latin words or over capital letters, but should be used elsewhere
ACE conditions of engagement (Association of Consultancy Engineers conditions of engagement)
Taxonomy term. Use full form on first mention only if relevant. See Part 1.13
Acknowledgment
ACP States (African Caribbean and Pacific States) Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
act of state; act of God
Acts of Parliament Follow copy exactly when reproducing statutes, SIs, statutory forms, etc. For full
details as to method of citation, see Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.10: Table of Statutes
an Act (but a statute)
AD 49 (but 49 BC)
Adjutant-General (abbr. Adj.-Gen.)
Admiralty; Admiralty Registrar; Admiralty Marshal
advice (noun); advise (verb)
adviser
Advocate, Lord; Advocates, Faculty of
Advocate General (abbr. A.G.) (pl. Advocates General)
aeroplanes (roman; capital initial only, e.g. the Comet)
affirmed, affirming (spelt out in full, roman)
Afrikaans (language); Afrikaner (people)
AG (Aktiengesellschaft)
age: see Part 1.13: Figures
age-group
aide; aide-de-camp; aide-memoire (roman)
AIDS (Acquired immune deficiency syndrome). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
alias (roman)
all right
American cases, citation of: see the new hierarchy document
American spelling American spelling is to be retained in matter quoted from American sources and in
the titles of American books, articles, documents, organisations, etc. but otherwise anglicise
throughout unless instructed to the contrary
analyse
annexe (noun); annex (verb)
annul; annulled
antedate
ante-room
anti-competitive
antitrust
Anton Piller order
APIL/PIBA agreements (Association of Personal Injury Lawyers and Personal Injuries Bar
Association agreements) Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention only where
relevant. See Part 1.13
apostrophe: see Part 1.8: Punctuation
appendix (pl. appendices)
Archbishop/archbishop: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital letters
Archdeacon/archdeacon
Argentina (but the Argentine; Argentinian (a native of Argentina)).
Articles of domestic, international and EU legislation use abbreviation art.
articles of association
ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Attorney General (abbr. Att Gen) but a meeting of Commonwealth attorneys general.
Taxonomy
term. Use in full form. Can abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject
specific product. See Part 1.13
B
B. (Baron)
B.A.
BACS (Banks Automated Clearing System). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
mention
where necessary. See Part 1.13
bailie; bailiery
bailiff; bailiwick
bailor
balance sheet
ballot, balloted, balloting
banknote (one word)
banks: no apostrophe in titles, e.g. Barclays Bank; except Williams Deacon's Bank
Bar (legal)
Bart (Baronet); use Bt
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation).Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
BC (Borough Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise use full form
with lower case initial letters.
Bench (legal)
benefited; benefiting
Bermudan
BIALL (British and Irish Association of Law Librarians). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
mention only where
Biased
Biblical references, e.g. I John iii 4, 5. See Part 2.8: Miscellaneous
Bill (parliamentary); but bill of exchange
bis
Bishop/bishop
B.Lit. (Bachelor of Literature); B.Litt. (Bachelor of Letters, Oxford)
bloc (roman)
block exemption
boarding school
book-keeper
books, citation of: see Part 2.1: Books
BOOT contracts (Build Own Operate Transfer contracts). Taxonomy term. Use full form on
the
first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
BOT contracts (Build Operate Transfer contracts) ). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
brackets, use of round and square in citations: see Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part 2.5:
Government Publications and Part 2.7: Cases and Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.10: Table of
Statutes
British Year Book of International Law (abbr. BYBIL)
Borstal
BPEO (Best practicable environmental option). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
Brussels Treaty Organisation (abbr. BTO). Use full form unless in frequent usage in a subject
specific product. See part 1.13
BV (abbr. foreign company)
byelaw
by-election; bypass; byroad; bystander; byway; byword
C
CA (Court of Appeal)
Caesarean section
CAFCASS (Children and Family Court Advisory and Support Service). Taxonomy term. Use
full
form on the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
Cantab.
canvass (verb)
Cape Town
capital letters, use of: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters and Part 1.3:Headings and Part 1.9:
Hyphenation and Part 1.14: Contractions and Abbreviations and Part 2.8: Miscellaneous and
Part 2.7: Cases and Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.13: Indexes
case law
casebook
cases, citation of:
English; Scottish: see Part 2.7: Cases
European; Irish: see the new hierarchy and courts documents
CBC (County Borough Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise
use full form with lower case initial letters.
CBI (Confederation of British Industry). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention only
where relevant. See Part 1.13
CD ROMs
CDS funding (Criminal Defence Service funding). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
CEDEFOP (European Centre for Development of Vocational Training). Use full form
(Taxonomy
term). Can abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a

subject specific product. See
Part 1.13
Central Criminal Court (abbr. CCC)
century: see Part 1.14: Dates and Times
cf. (lower case at beginning of footnote)
C&F contracts (Agreement to sell at inclusive price covering cost of goods and freight). Taxonomy
term.
Chancellor, Lord (High); Chancellor of the Exchequer
CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
Chapter (abbr. Ch. (when referring to a Chapter of a book) and Chs (when referring to Chapters of a
book)) N.B. also that chapter numbers of Acts are abbreviated "c."
charg d'affaires (roman)
charterparty
checklist
Chinese names, e.g. Chou En-lai (the surname always appears first)
chose in action (roman)
Church/church: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
CIB (International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation). Use full form
(Taxonomy term). Can abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific
product. See Part 1.13
CIF contracts (Agreement to sell at inclusive price covering cost of goods, insurance and freight).
Taxonomy term.
CIPA (Chartered Institute of Patent Agents). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
mention
CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States (formerly the USSR)) Use full form (Taxonomy
term). Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See
Part 1.13
civil servant; Civil Service (Taxonomy)
clause (abbr. cl.; pl. cll.) spelt out or abbreviated in same way as "section": see Part 1.14: Contractions
and Abbreviations
clerk of assize; clerk of the peace; but Clerk of the House of Commons; Clerk of the Parliaments
CLS funding (Community Legal Service funding). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Co (Company)
coastguard
COCOM (Co-ordinating Committee of the Consultative Group in Paris) Use full form. Can abbreviate
after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
cohabit
combating, combated
Command Papers, citation of: see Part 2.5: Government Publications
Committee/committee: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
common agricultural policy (CAP). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
mention
where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
common customs tariff (CCT). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
common law and equity (but sometimes, e.g. in introductory books or where the difference between
the two is being explained, capital letters for the C, L and E, will be preferable)
Common Market (prefer Taxonomy term Single Market)
common sense (but a common-sense view)
Commonwealth, the
Communist/communist: see Part 1: Use of Capital Letters
Community law (prefer Taxonomy term EC law)
connection
Conseil d'Etat (roman); N.B. no accent over capital E
Conservative/conservative: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
Constitution/constitution
continent, continental (but the Continent (Europe))
contractions and abbreviations: see Part 1.14: Contractions and Abbreviations
co-operation
Co-ordinating Committee of the Consultative Group in Paris (abbr. COCOM). Use full form. Abbreviate
co-ordination
COREPER (Committee of Permanent Representatives). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
counterclaim
counter-notice
County Court/county court: see Part 2.7: Cases
coup d'tat (roman)
Cour de Cassation (roman)
Court/court: see Part 2.7: Cases, but generally lower case (abbr. Ct but CA and DC)
Court for Crown Cases Reserved (abbr. CCR)
Court of Appeal (Criminal Division) (abbr. CA (Crim Div))
Court of Appeal (Civil Division) (abbr. CA (Civ Div)) (but appeal court (English))
Court of Criminal Appeal (abbr. CCA)
Court of Session (not Sessions)
court martial (pl. courts martial)
Courts Martial Appeal Court (abbr. CMAC)
CPR, citation of: see Part 2.8: Legislation
cross-examination
cross-references: see Part 1.7: Cross-references
Crown Court
D
DA notices (D notices; Defence Advisory notices). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Dates: see Part 1.14: Dates and Times
Days: see Part 1.15: Months, Days and Seasons
DBFO contracts (Design Build Finance Operate contracts). Taxonomy term. Use full form on
the
de Smith, Professor S.A.
dec'd
debatable
decree absolute, nisi (roman)
deductible
defendant
degrees and honours Use large caps, e.g. John Smith, Q.C., M.A. (Oxon.), LL.B. (Hon.). Note also,
BCL, Ph.D, D.Phil., B.A. (Hons), LL.M., MSC, DCL
department of state (but the State Department (American)) (abbr. dept)
dependant (noun); dependent (adj.)
Deputy Judge Smith, but deputy judges
diphthongs not to be used in English words; use separate letters
Director General
10
Directorate-General (abbr. DG)
discreet (tactful; careful to avoid embarrassment)
discrete (separate or distinct in form or concept)
disk (not disc)
dispatch
Divisional Court (abbr. DC)
DIY products (Do-it-yourself products). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention only
where relevant. See Part 1.13

DNA evidence (Taxonomy term)
DNA profiling (Taxonomy term)
DNA samples (Taxonomy term)
DNA tests (Taxonomy term)
Doe d. (alphabetise on name of defendant): see Part 5.9: Table of Cases
Domicile
DPP (Director of Public Prosecutions). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
Dr (no point)
draftsman (but draughtsman in a drawing office)
DTI standards of measurement (Department of Trade and Industry standards of measurement).
Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention only where
du Parcq L.J.
dullness
Dumbarton (town); Dunbarton (county)
DVDs (Digital Versatile Discs). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention only where
DVLA (Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
dwelling house (but prefer Taxonomy term house(s))
E
EAEC (European Atomic Energy Community). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13. Do not use
Euratom but see Euratom Treaty
EAGGF (European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund) ). Use full form as in Taxonomy.
Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part
1.13
EASDAQ (European Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation). Taxonomy term. Use
full form on the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
east European
Eastern Europe
EC law (Taxonomy term. Use in preference to Community law and European Economic Community
law)
EC Commission (Prefer use of Taxonomy term European Commission. See also Euro Style Guide)
EC Treaty (also known as the Treaty of Rome 1957 and the EEC Treaty, but renamed the EC Treaty
in 1993 following Maastricht). See Euro Style Guide

ECA (European Co-operation Administration of the United States) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
ECAC (European Civil Aviation Conference) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
ESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) Use full form.
1.13.
11
ecclesiastical courts
ecclesiastical offices, etc. see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control). Use full form as in Taxonomy.
1.13
ECITO (European Central Inland Transport Organisation). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention
ECLAC (United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean). Use full form.
1.13
ECMT (European Conference of Ministers of Transport) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention
ECO (European Coal Organisation). See European Coal and Steel Community
ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States). Taxonomy term. Use full form on
the
first mention only where relevant. See Part 1.13
ECOSOC (United Nations Economic and Social Council). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention
ECSC (European Coal and Steel Community). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
EDC (European Defence Community) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
EDF (European Development Fund) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
edition (abbr. edn not Ed., ed., edit., etc.) N.B. (2nd edn, 1964) not (2d edn, 1964) which is
the American style. See further Part 1.14: Contractions and Abbreviations and Part 2.1: Books
EEA (European Economic Area). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary.
See Part 1.13
EEC (European Economic Community) (For usage, see Euro Style Guide)
EEC law (Taxonomy term. For historical use only)
EECE (Emergency Economic Committee for Europe). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention
EEIG (European Economic Interest Grouping). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
EFTA (European Free Trade Association). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
EFTA Court of Justice. Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary.
See
Part 1.13
EFTA States. Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific
product. See Part 1.13
EFTA Surveillance Authority. Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where
necessary.
See Part 1.13
, e.g. (roman, preceded but not followed by a comma; lower case when starting a footnote)
eG (abbr. foreign company)
EIB (European Investment Bank). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where
in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
election (but the General Election)
elite (roman)
email (not e-mail)
Emergency Economic Committee for Europe (abbr. EECE). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
enclose (but Inclosure Acts)
encumbrance
encyclopedia (but Encyclopaedia Britannica (abbr. E.B. or Ency. Brit.)) (Encyclopedia of European
Community Law)
12
ENISA (European Network and Information Security Agency). Taxonomy term. Use full form
on
the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
enrol; enrolled
equity and the common law: see "common law and equity", above
EPA (European Productivity Agency) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
EPC (European Patent Convention) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
EPC (European Political Community) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
EPO (European Patent Office) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Note distinction between this body and
the European Patent Organisation. Be careful if considering using abbreviation after the first
mention. See Part 1.13
EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation). Use full form. Abbreviate after
first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
ERP (European Recovery Programme) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
ESCAP (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) Use full form.
1.13.
estate duty
estoppel
et al.
Ethnicity see part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
et ni.
et seq. Use should be avoided if possible. Page spans should be used instead e.g. pp.101103 rather
than pp.101 et seq.
, etc. (always preceded, but never followed, by a comma (roman))
EU (European Union). Use full form (Taxonomy subject) when using as a noun, use abbreviation
when using adjectively. Use EU in footnotes (See also Euro Style Guide)
EU budget. Taxonomy term.
EU constitution. Taxonomy term.
EU institutions. Taxonomy term.
EU legislative process. Taxonomy term.
EU Treaty (also known as the Treaty on European Union 1992 (the Maastricht Treaty and TEU)).
(See Euro Style Guide)
Euratom Treaty (not EAEC Treaty). And see European Atomic Energy Community.
Euro, Euros Note use of currency symbol when referring to specific financial amounts.
EUROFOUND (European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions).
Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
European Agriculture Guidance and Guarantee Fund (abbr. EAGGF). Taxonomy term. Use
full
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (abbr. EPPO). Use full form. Abbreviate
European Atomic Energy Community (abbr. EAEC). Use full form as in Taxonomy.
Abbreviate
after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part1.13. Do not use
Euratom but see Euratom Treaty.
European Centre for Development of Vocational Training (abbr. CEDEFOP). Use full form
(Taxonomy term). Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject
specific product. See Part 1.13
13
European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (abbr. ECDC)). Use full form as in Taxonomy.
1.13
European Central Inland Transport Organisation (abbr. ECITO). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
European Civil Aviation Conference (abbr. ECAC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where
European Coal and Steel Community (abbr. ECSC). Use full form as in Taxonomy.
Abbreviate
European Coal Organisation (abbr. ECO). See European Coal and Steel Community.
European Conference of Ministers of Transport (abbr. ECMT). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
European Co-operation Administration of the United States (abbr. ECA). Use full form. Abbreviate
European Defence Community (abbr. EDC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
European Development Fund (abbr. EDF). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after
first
European Free Trade Association (abbr. EFTA). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate
after
first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part
1.13
European Investment Bank (abbr. EIB). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
European Patent Convention (abbr. EPC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
European Patent Office (abbr. EPO). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Note distinction between this body
and the European Patent Organisation. Be careful if considering using abbreviation after the
first mention. See Part 1.13
European Political Community (abbr. EPC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
European Productivity Agency (abbr. EPA). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
European Recovery Programme (abbr. ERP). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
excise duties (but Customs and Excise). Replaced by Revenue and Customs from September 1, 2004
Executive, the
exercisable
extension
extraterritorial
F
facade (not faade)
FAS contracts (Seller undertakes to deliver goods free alongside ship designated by buyer).
Taxonomy term.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations).Use full form (Taxonomy term).
Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific
product. See Part
1.13
fax (never facsimile)
feoffment
FIDIC conditions of contract (International Federation of Consulting Engineers conditions of
contract).Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary. See
Part
1.13
figures: see Figures
14
film titles: u. and l.c. italics
FIMBRA (Financial Intermediaries Managers and Brokers Regulatory Association).Taxonomy
term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
first (not firstly; but secondly, thirdly)
First World War (not World War I)
five-year plan
FOB contracts (Seller undertakes to place goods free on board ship nominated by buyer).
Taxonomy term.
focused
foetus
Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (abbr. FAO). Use full form
(Taxonomy
term). Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part
1.13
footnotes: see Part 1.6: Footnotes and Part 1.7:Cross-references
FOR contracts (Seller undertakes to put goods in possession of rail carrier for transmission to
buyer). Taxonomy term.
force majeure
forebear (ancestor); forbear (refrain)
forego (precede); forgo (abstain)
foreign words and phrases: see Part 1.12 Foreign Words and Phrases
foreword
forgather
four-day order
Four-Power Conference
fractions: spell out in text and footnotes but not in arithmetical equations, etc., or statistical tables:
one-half, one-third, two-thirds, five-eighths, etc.
fulfil; fulfilled; fulfilment
fullness
G
Gandhi, Mahatma
garnishee order
GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Gazette, the; and London Gazette
GC/Works (Standard government contract documents for the procurement of construction
projects and associated professional consultants). Taxonomy term.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (abbr. GATT). Use acronym (Taxonomy term). Use
full
general commissioners
GmbH
goodbye
goodwill (of a company); but good will (benevolence)
Government/government: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
G.P. (General practitioner). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where in
Grand Jury
grantor (granter: Scots)
Great Powers, the; Great War
grey
Guardian: for citation of newspapers, see Part 2.8: Miscellaneous
15
guerrilla (warfare)
Gypsy
H
Hague, The; but the Hague Conventions, the Hague Rules, the Hague-Visby Rules
half way (but half-way house)
Hansard (in text); but see also Part 2.5: Government Publications for full form of citation
headings: see Part 1.3: Headings
headmaster
helpdesk (one word, no hyphen)
Her Majesty the Queen
Her Majesty's Stationery Office (abbr. HMSO). Use full form as in Taxonomy in text. Abbreviate after
first mention where in frequent usage. See Part 1.13
High Court (abbr. High Ct)
hire purchase; goods on hire purchase
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
HIV testing (Human Immunodeficiency Virus testing). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
home-made (hyphen)
Hong Kong
honours and degrees
House of Lords (abbr. HL)
hyphenation: see Part 1.4: Paragraph Numbering and Part 1.9: Hyphenation
I
IAL (Index of Amended Legislation). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
IATA (International Air Transport Association). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
IBEC (Irish Business and Employers Confederation). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
ibidem (abbr. ibid.). For usage see Part 2.2: Successive Citations
IBPIP (International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
IBPLAW (International Bureau for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works) Use full form.
1.13
ICAEW (Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
on the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
ICAI (Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organisation) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
ICAS (Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the
first
16
ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
ICCS (International Commission on Civil Status) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
ICE conditions of contract (Institution of Civil Engineers conditions of contract). Taxonomy
ICEM (Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
ICITO (Interim Commission of the International Trade Organisation) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
ICSID (International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
, i.e. (roman; preceded but not followed by comma; l.c. when beginning footnotes)
ill health; ill humour; ill luck; ill will
ILO (International Labour Organisation) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
IMCO (Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation) Use full form as in Taxonomy.
1.13
IMF (United Nations International Monetary Fund) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
imprint: see Part 5.3: Publisher's Imprint
IMRO (Investment Management Regulatory Organisation). Taxonomy term. Use full form on
the
in house: an in-house lawyer (hyphenate as an attributive adjective); the matter is being dealt with in
house (no hyphen)
insofar asinasmuch
Inclosure Acts (but enclosure)
income tax, purchase tax, etc.
indenture
index, pl. indexes (preferable to "indices")
initialed
initials: see under "A, B, C" above
Inn of Court
innuendo
instal; installed
interdepartmental
interdependent
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration (abbr. ICEM). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organisation (abbr. IMCO). Use full form as in Taxonomy.
1.13
interim (roman)
Interim Commission of the International Trade Organisation (abbr. ICITO). Use full form. Abbreviate
international organisations: When abbreviated the initials are closed up without points, e.g. UNO,
UNESCO
International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property (abbr. IBPIP). Use full form. Abbreviate
International Bureau for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (abbr. IBPLAW). Use full form.
1.13
17
International Chamber of Commerce (abbr. ICC). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
International Civil Aviation Organisation (abbr. ICAO). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after
International Commission on Civil Status (abbr. ICCS). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention
International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation (abbr. CIB). Use full form.
1.13
International Labour Organisation (abbr. ILO). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
International Standards Organisation (abbr. ISO). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
International Trade Organisation (abbr. ITO). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
International Telecommunications Union (abbr. ITU). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after
International Union of Railways (abbr. UIC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
internet (lower case)
intra-United Kingdom
IoM (Isle of Man) Use full form as in Taxonomy.
ISO (International Standards Organisation). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
IT (no full points). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
italicising: see foreign words and phrases, above.
ITO (International Trade Organisation) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
ITU (International Telecommunications Union) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
J
j: use j not i in Latin words, e.g. jus not ius
J. (pl. JJ.) (no commas before or after; e.g. "Darling J. said...") See further Part 2.7: Cases
J.C. (Judicial Committee of Privy Council). Use PC (Privy Council)
JCT contracts (Joint Contracts Tribunal contracts). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first

journals, citation of: see Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part 2.5: Government Publications and Part
2.7: Cases and Part 5.9: Table of Cases
JSB specimen directions. Taxonomy term.
Judge/judge: see Judges and Courts and Judges and Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters but generally
lower case
judges, citation of: see Part 2.7: Cases
judgment (never judgement)
Juridical Review: follow House Style citationbefore 1955: (1955) 67 J.R. 841; after 1955: 1956 J.R.
841
justice, a; justice of the peace, a (abbr. J.P.)
Justice Clerk (Lord); Justice General
juvenile court(s)
18
K
KG (abbr. of foreign country)
King: see Queen
L
laissez-faire (roman)
land tax
Lands Valuation Appeal Court (Scots) (abbr. LVAC)
Latin words and phrases: see Part 1.12 Foreign words and phrases
LAUTRO (Life Assurance and Unit Trust Organisation). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Law Lords
Law Officers of the Crown
Law Reports, citation of: see Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part 2.5: Government Publications and
Part 2.7: Cases and Part 5.9: Table of Cases
LBC (London Borough Council) Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise use
full form with lower case initial letters.
LEA (Local Education Authority) Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise use
full form with lower case initial letters.
licence (noun); license (verb)
licensee
life rent; but liferent in Scots law
life tenants
Limited (abbr. Ltd) Use abbreviation when citing specific parties.
L.J. (pl. L.JJ.) (no commas before or after; e.g. "Scrutton L.J. said...") See Part 2.7: Cases
Lloyd's (shipping); Lloyds (banking)
lockout
lodgement
looseleaf (no hyphen)
Lord Chief Justice: Lord Parker C.J. not Parker L.C.J. See further Part 2.7: Cases
Lord Justice (pl. Lords Justices)
Lord Justice Clerk
Lord Justice General
Lordship, his; their Lordships
Loss of DIY ability (Loss of Do-it-yourself ability). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
loth (reluctant); loathe (hate)
LSC (Legal Services Commission) Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where
necessary. See Part 1.13
Ltd (See "Limited" above). First letter upper case only.
M
Maastricht
19
MacDermott, Lord
MacKinnon L.J.
Macphail (Sheriff)
Magdalen College, Oxford; Magdalene College, Cambridge
magistrate
magistrates' court(s) (lower case except in a name of specific court)
Magna Carta
manifestos
Mareva injunction
marketplace
marquis or marquess; fem. marchioness
Master/master
Master in Lunacy
maxims, Latin: italic, no quotes
MBC (Metropolitan Borough Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise
MDC (Metropolitan District Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise
measurements: see Part 1.16: Money, Weights and Measurements
medieval
Member of Parliament (abbr. MP) Taxonomy term. Use abbreviation when referring to a named
individual, otherwise use full form.
Member of the Scottish Parliament (abbr. MSP).Taxonomy term. Use abbreviation when referring to a
named individual, otherwise use full form.
Member State (but non-Member State); a Member of UN
midday
Middle Ages
Minister (of the Crown)
Ministry (of the Crown)
misdemeanour (but follow copy when quoting statutes)
misstate
M'Naghten or M'Naughten Rules (no other variations)
Model form MF/1 (Joint Institution of Mechanical Engineers and Institute of Electrical
Engineers
model form for use in UK or overseas contracts for electrical and mechanical plant). Taxonomy term.
Moderator
Mohammedan (if copy inconsistent)
Moncreiff (to 1905); Moncrieff (after 1905) (Scottish judges)
money: see Part 1.16: Money, Weights and Measurements
moneys, moneyed
months: see Part 1.15: Months, Days and Seasons
MP (Member of Parliament). Use full form as in Taxonomy unless referring to a named individual.
Muslims
MOT certificates (Statutory annual test for cars and motorcycles). Taxonomy term.
moveable
mph (miles per hour)
Mr, Ms, Mrs, Miss (no points)
MSP (Member of the Scottish Parliament). Use full form as in Taxonomy unless referring to a named
individual.
multilateral
N
20
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
naivety
NASDAQ (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations). Taxonomy term. Use
NASDAQ Europe (National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations Europe).
Nationality see part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organisation). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
mention
N.B. (italics for emphasis)
net
Netherlands Minister; the Netherlands
nevertheless
Newcastle upon Tyne
newspapers, titles of: u. and l.c. italics. For citation as authorities, see Part 2.8: Newspapers
next of kin
NGO (Non-governmental organisation). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
NHS (National Health Service). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary.
See Part 1.13
NHS Appointments Commission (National Health Service Appointments Commission). Taxonomy
NHS Direct (National Health Service Direct). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
mention
NHS Estates (National Health Service Estates). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
NHS foundation trusts (National Health Service foundation trusts). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
NHS Information Authority (National Health Service Information Authority). Taxonomy term.
Use
NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement. Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
NHS Litigation Authority (National Health Service Litigation Authority). Taxonomy term. Use
full
NHS Logistics Authority (National Health Service Logistics Authority). Taxonomy term. Use
full
NHS Pensions Agency (National Health Service Pensions Agency). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
NHS Purchasing and Supply Agency (National Health Service Purchasing and Supply
Agency).
NHS trusts (National Health Service trusts). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
NI (Northern Ireland). Use full form. Use NI in footnotes.
NIA (Northern Ireland Assembly) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
mention
NIF (Not in force) Use full form in text.
nisi (roman)
Nisi Prius (roman)
no one (two words)
Non-Contentious Probate Rules
nonetheless
Non-governmental organisation (abbr. NGO). Taxonomy term. Abbreviate after first
mention
non-suit
21
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (abbr. NATO) Use acronym (Taxonomy term). Use full form on first
mention if appropriate. See 1.13)
Northern Ireland (abbr. NI). Use full form. Use NI in footnotes.
Northern Ireland Assembly (abbr. NIA). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
notes, references to: see Part 1.6: Footnotes and Part 1.7: Cross-references
(N.S.) large caps (e.g. (1965) 29 Conv. (N.S.) 100)
NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
NV (foreign company)
Nursing home
O
OAS (Organisation of American States). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
OAU (Organisation of African Unity) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
oblivious of not to
OECD (Organisation for European Co-operation and Development). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation) now OECD. Use full form as in Taxonomy.
1.13
OFCOM (Office of Communications). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where
Office of Public Sector Information (abbr. OPSI) Use full form as in Taxonomy in text. Abbreviate after
first mention where in frequent usage. See Part 1.13
officeholder (one word, no hyphen)
official petitioner
official receiver
official referee
OFGEM (Office of Gas and Electricity Markets). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
offset
offshore
OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
OFTEL (Office of Telecommunications). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
OFWAT (Office of Water Services). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where
OHCHR (Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees). Taxonomy term.
Use
online
on to (never onto)
onus
OPEC (Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries). Taxonomy term. Use full
form on the
Order: for use and abbreviation, see citation of Part 2.8: Legislation
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (abbr. OECD) Use abbreviation
(Taxonomy term). Use full form on first mention if appropriate. See 1.13
(O.S.) (Official Series). Large caps (e.g. L.J. (O.S.) K.B.)
override
22
overrule
overseas; Overseas Trade Corporation
Oxon.
P
p. (pl. pp.) l.c. when beginning footnotes
PACE codes of practice (Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 codes of practice).
Taxonomy
term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary. See
Part 1.13
page (abbr. p.)
pages (abbr. pp.); avoid use of et seq. e.g. see pp.600-603 rather than see pp.600 et seq.
paragraph (abbr. para.: see further Part 1.4: Paragraph Numbering and Part 1.7: Cross-references
and Part 1.14: Contractions and Abbreviations and Part 2.1: Books and Part 2.4: Standard
Forms of Citation for Major Sweet & Maxwell Publications and Part 2.6: Looseleafs and Part
2.7: Cases and Part 5.7: Contents and Part 5.9: Table of Cases and Part 5.10: Table of
Statutes and Part 5.13: Indexes)
Parliament/parliament: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
parliamentary
Part (of book, periodical, statute); abbr. Pt
Party/party: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
passing off (hyphenated when used as an adjective, e.g. a passing-off action)
password
PAYE (Pay-as-you-earn). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where
necessary.
See
Part 1.13
paymaster
Paymaster General (abbr. PMG). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage
in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
PC (Privy Council) Prefer PC to JC
PCT applications (Use for applications under the Patent Co-operation Treaty whereby a single
application can lead to a patent being granted in all participating countries). Taxonomy term.
Use full form on first mention if appropriate. See Part 1.13
penniless
per cent (roman) use figures: 9 per cent in full out text (abbr. % in tabular matter, footnotes,
calculations, diagrams and graphics).
, per Jones J. (roman; preceded by comma; l.c. when beginning footnote)
periodicals, citation of: see Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part 2.5:Government Publications and
Part 2.7: Cases and Part 5.9: Table of Cases
permissible
Ph.D. (close up)
plays, citation of: see Part 2.8: Miscellaneous
Plc: first letter upper case only
poems, citation of, see Poems
police court
Polish (and Russian) surnames: M. Pilsudski but Mme Pilsudska
political parties: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
poor law
possessive case: see apostrophe, above
post-mortem (adj. & noun); abbr. P.M. (roman)
post-nuptial
Power, Great, foreign
PPC2000 Contract (standard form project partnering contract launched in September 2000).
Taxonomy term.
23
PPF levy (Pension Protection Fund levy). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention
practice (noun); practise (verb)
Practice Direction; Practice Note (but in italics when part of name of case)
pre-eminent
premise
prerequisite (no hyphen)
press, the
preventible, preventive (not preventative)
Privy Council, Privy Councillor
provable
provisos
PSV (Public service vehicles). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a
subject specific product. See Part 1.13. Note preferred Taxonomy term of Passenger vehicles.
Pty
public house (Prefer Taxonomy term Pubs and bars)
punctuation: see Part 1.8: Punctuation
Q
Q.B.; QBD (law report is full-pointed, court is not full-pointed)
Q.C. (large caps)
quantitative
quarter sessions, and court of (but Kent Quarter Sessions). Abbreviate at end of case: Q.S.
quasi (roman)
quay
Queen, Her Majesty the (but, e.g. "It is the function of a king or queen to reign")
Queen's College, Oxford; Queens' College, Cambridge
quorum (pl. quorums)
quotations: see Part 1.5: Quotations
q.v. (italic)
R
r. (rule) (pl. rr.) For usage, see Part 2.8: Legislation
R. (not Rex or Reg. or The King or The Queen)
rack rent
RAF (Royal Air Force) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a
subject specific product. See Part 1.13
railways: abbreviate to Ry in case references, e.g. Midland Ry, Taff Vale Ry. Do not use Ry Co, Rly
Co, etc.
raison d'tre (roman)
rateable
ratepayer
RBC (Royal Borough Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority,
otherwise
RC (Regional Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named authority, otherwise use
full
form with lower case initial letters.
RCJ (Royal Courts of Justice)
24
Re (never In re)
reconcilable
recorder, but Recorder of London
reflection
reg. (regulation) (pl. regs). For usage, see Part 2: Year Books and Court Rolls and Part 2.8:
Legislation
regime (roman; no accent)
registrable
Registrar/registrar: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
Registrar GeneralRegistry/registry: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
regnal years: see Part 2.7: Cases and Part 5.10: Table of Statutes
Regolamento Internazionale Veicoli (abbr. RIV)
rendezvous (roman)
rentcharge
rep. (repealed)
Reports, citation of and abbreviations for: see Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part 2.5:
Government Publications and Part 2.7: Cases and Part 5.9: Table of Cases
Reverend (abbr. Revd)
RIAI conditions of contract (Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland conditions of contract).
RIBA conditions of engagement (Royal Institute of British Architects conditions of
engagement). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where necessary.
See
Part 1.13
RICS (Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
rigour: rigorous; (rigor in medical sense)
RIV (Regolamento Internazionale Veicoli)
RLBC (Royal London Borough Council). Use abbreviation when referring to a named
authority,
otherwise use full form with lower case initial letters.
role (roman, no accent)
roman numerals: I, II, III (no full points)
Romania
Royal Assent
Royal Courts of Justice (RCJ)
Royal Family, the (but royal visit, royal courts, etc.)
Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (abbr. RICS). Use acronym (Taxonomy term). Taxonomy
Part 1.13
RSC, citation of: see Part 5.11: Tables of Statutory Instruments and Rules of Court and Part 2.8:
Legislation
RSPB (Royal Society for the Protection of Birds) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
Rt Hon. (Right Honourable)
Rules, citation of and abbreviation for: see Part 2.8: Legislation
Russian surnames: see under "Polish (and Russian) surnames"
Rutherfurd Clark (Lord)
Ry (not Rail. or Rly); see above under "railways"
25
"s" not "z" spelling except where instructions are otherwise or for American spelling. But follow copy
exactly in quotations and statutory material.
$: before, and close up to, the figures. See Part 1.16: Money, Weights and Measurements
SA (socit anonyme)
Saint (abbr. St)
saleable
salve (not salvage) a cargo
Srl
s.c. (same case): but use ibid., not s.c., since it is more generally understood
Schedule (abbr. Sch.). N.B. A schedule to an Act. See further: Part 1.14: Contractions and
Abbreviations and Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.10: Table of Statutes
Scots law (not Scotch) ("Scots" is used in preference to "Scottish" also of money measures, and
language)
Scottish cases, citation of: see Part 2.7: Cases
Scriptural references, e.g. I John iii, 4, 5. See Part 2.8: Miscellaneous
Second World War (not World War 2 or II)
section: for abbreviation and usage, see Part 1.7: Cross-references and Part 1.14: Contractions
and Abbreviations and Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.10: Table of Statutes
Sederunt, an Act of
See (roman in text and footnotes, italic in index)
See also (roman in text and footnotes; italic in index)
seised of
Selden Society
semi- (for use of hyphen, see Part 1.9: Hyphenation N.B. semicircle; semicolon)
Serjeants' Inn: Serjeants-at-Arms
SERPS (State Earnings Related Pension Scheme). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Session (of Parliament); Session, Court of
set off (verb); but right of set-off (noun)
settlor
sewage (the article); sewerage (the means of disposal)
Shakespearean
SHAPE (Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
Sharia not Sharia
Sheriff/sheriff: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
Ships, names of: in italics. The definite article in roman except in case names or where it is part of the
name itself, when italics. Part 2.7: Cases
SI (pl. SIs) (not S.I.) As to citation, see Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.11: Tables of Statutory
Instruments and Rules of Court
[sic]
signatory
Single Market
Sizeable
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
smallholdings
smelt (not smelled)
SMEs (Small and medium-sized enterprises Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first
Socialism/socialist: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
SOS (Save Our Souls)
26
SP (Scottish Parliament). Use full form only (Taxonomy term).
SpA
Special Commissioners
spelt (not spelled)
SR (Statutory Rule)
SR & O (Statutory Rules and Orders)
Srl
S.S. (steamship)
SSI (Scottish Statutory Instrument)
SST (Statutory Status Table)
Standing orders
State/state: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
statute, a (but an Act; also the Statute of Uses)
Statute Book, the
Statutes, citation of: see Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.10: Table of Statutes
statutory instruments, citation of: see Part 2.8: Legislation and Part 5.11: Tables of Statutory
Instruments and Rules of Court
steamship; steam engine
storey (of a building)
straightforward
Streatfeild J.
Street (spell out when identifying a specific street)
subheading
subject matter, subsection (abbr. subs.; pl. subss.); for usage, see Part 1.9: Hyphenation and Part 2.8:
Legislation and Part 5.10: Table of Statutes

subtitle (no hyphen)
summary jurisdiction, a court of
summing up (no hyphen)
supertax
supplement (abbr. supp.)
supranational (one word)
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (abbr. SHAPE). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
surrebutter; surrejoinder (roman)
susceptible of (i.e. capable of; except in medical context, when susceptible to)
T
TAA (United Nations Technical Assistance Administration) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention
takeover
targeted
taxing master
taxpayer
TCC claims (Technology and Construction Court claims). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Teheran
textbook (but text-writer)
The Hague, but the Hague Convention
The Times: for citation, see Part 2.8: Newspapers
27
third party (noun); but third-party proceedings (adj.)
time bar but time-barred
time limit
times: 6am, 6.30pm, 18.30; see also Part 1.14: Dates and Times
title deed
Titles of films, periodicals, etc.: see Part 2.8: Miscellaneous and Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part
2.5: Government Publications and Part 2.7: Cases and Part 5.9: Table of Cases
TOVALOP (Tanker Owners Voluntary Agreement concerning Liability for Oil Pollution). Taxonomy
Part 1.13
trade mark
trade union (pl. trade unions; but Trades Union Congress (abbr. TUC))
transferor
transhipment
Trayner (Lord)
Treaty/treaty: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
Tsar
TSEs (Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
TWOC (Taking without owners consent). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first mention where
twofold, threefold, etc.
TV (television). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in
a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
U
UIC (International Union of Railways) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
UK (United Kingdom) Use full form when using as a noun, use abbreviation when using adjectively.
Use UK in footnotes.
UKIAS (United Kingdom Immigration Advisory Service). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
UN (United Nations). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where in
frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
UNCITRAL (United Nations Commission on International Trade Law). Taxonomy term. Use
full
UNCTAD (United Nations Commission on Trade and Development). Taxonomy term. Use full
form
under: generally one word, no hyphen. e.g.: underlease, underlet, underpayments, under way
unenforceable
UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation). Taxonomy term.
Use
UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees). Taxonomy term. Use full form on
the
UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
UNIDROIT (Institute for the Unification of Private Law). Taxonomy term. Use full form on the first
Union of Producers and Distributors of Electric Power (abbr. UNIPEDE). Use full form. Abbreviate
after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
28
UNIPEDE (Union of Producers and Distributors of Electric Power) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
United Kingdom (abbr. UK) Use full form when using as a noun, use abbreviation when using
adjectively. Use UK in footnotes
United Nations (abbr. UN). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where in
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (abbr. ESCAP). Use full
form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See
Part 1.13.
United Nations Economic and Social Council (abbr. ECOSOC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (abbr. ECAFE). Use full form.
1.13.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (abbr. UNECE). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America (abbr. ECLA). Use full form. Abbreviate after
first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (abbr. UNESCO) Use acronym
(Taxonomy term). Use full form on the first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13
United Nations High Commission for Refugees (abbr. UNHCR) Use acronym (Taxonomy term). Use
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (abbr. UNICEF). Use full form. Abbreviate
United Nations International Monetary Fund (abbr. IMF). Use International Monetary Fund (Taxonomy
term). Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in a subject specific product. See
Part 1.13
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (abbr. UNRRA). Use full form. Abbreviate after
United Nations Technical Assistance Administration (abbr. TAA). Use full form. Abbreviate after first
United States (abbr. US). Use full form when using as a noun, use abbreviation when using
adjectively. Use US in footnotes. N.B. the United States is (not are)
Universal Postal Union (abbr. UPU) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
University/university: see Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters
University College London (no comma)
UNRRA (United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration) Use full form. Abbreviate after first
unsaleable
unserviceable
up to date (adverb, e.g. brought up to date to January 1, 1993); up-to-date (attributive adj., e.g. an upto-date book; but predicative adj.: this book is up to date)
UPU (Universal Postal Union). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage in
a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
US (United States). Use full form when using as a noun, use abbreviation when using adjectively. Use
US in footnotes
usable
V
VAT (value added tax) e.g. sixth VAT Directive.
VAT and duties tribunal
29
VAT groups
VAT registration numbers
V.C. (Vice Chancellor) (no hyphen)
venue (roman)
versus (abbr. v) (italic in case names; roman in Tables of Cases) N.B. This does not take a full point.
vice versa (roman)
vocal cords
Vol. See Part 1.14: Contractions and Abbreviations and Part 2.1: Books and Part 2.3: Essays in
Collections and Part 2.4: Standard Forms of Citation for Major Sweet & Maxwell Publications
and Part 2.3: Legal Periodicals and Part 2.5: Government Publications and Part 2.7: Cases and
Part 2.8: Legislation
W
website (one word)
Wednesbury
weights: see Part 1.16: Money, Weights and Measurements
Welfare State, the
west European
Western Europe
Western European Union (abbr. WEU)
Western hemisphere; the Western Powers
WEU (Western European Union) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent usage
in a subject specific product. See Part 1.13
whisky (Scotch); whiskey (Irish)
WHO (World Health Organisation). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where
wide awake
widespread
winding up (verb); winding-up (noun & adj.)
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organisation). Use acronym (Taxonomy term). Use full form on the
first mention where necessary. See Part 1.13witness box (no hyphen)
WMO (World Meteorological Organisation) Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
Woolsack (in Parliament)
word division: see Part 1.8: Punctuation
World Health Organisation (abbr. WHO). Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention
World Meteorological Organisation (abbr. WMO). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in
World Power Conference (abbr. WPC). Use full form. Abbreviate after first mention where in frequent
World War; the First, Second
worldwide (one word)
WPC (World Power Conference) Use full form as in Taxonomy. Abbreviate after first mention where in
wrongdoer
Wynn-Parry
Y
30
Year Books, citation of: see Part 2.7: Cases and Part 5.9: Table of Cases
Year Book of World Affairs (abbr. YBWA)
Young offender institutions
Z
Zairean
31
PART 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A house style ensures consistency within multi-authored titles, over time, when there are changes in
authorship, or changes in personnel. It increases efficiency by ensuring a common understanding
between author, publisher and supplier.
The fourth edition of the Sweet and Maxwell Group house style guide reflects the move towards a
more data-centric approach to our work. By creating and storing information in a structured, uniform
way we can focus on the accuracy of the content and develop products in a range of media quickly
and effectively. The creation of a set of data standards will provide an accessible, central source of
guidance that is regularly reviewed and updated. This house style guide is closely referenced to those
data standards documents.
32
1.2 INK COLOUR

When transferring corrections and marking up proofs, please ensure you use the correct ink colour in
order to allow the accurate division of correction costs between typesetters and the publisher. The
following three colours are generally used.

Green ink is used by the typesetters proofreader to mark typesetter errors picked up before
proofs are returned to the publisher. Editors should check at the next proof stage that these
amendments have been made, as well as any amendments noted by the editor or author.
Red ink is used by editors to mark typesetter errors.
Blue ink is used by editors to mark editorial errors or new amendments.
Authors should be encouraged to use red and blue ink appropriately when checking proofs
33
1.3 HEADINGS
In order to present the subject clearly and to show the relative weights of the different topics, it is vital
to use a consistent system of headings. The governing factors are the number of levels required by
the subject-matter and the appearance of the page.
Below are a number of possible levels. See the standard style sheets on the T drive for more details.
Chapter Number
CHAPTER TITLE
1: First Subheading
(A) Second subheading
(i) Third subheading

(d) Fourth subheading
Fifth subheading
Sixth subheading Runs into text.
Seventh subheading Runs into text.
The essential is to break up the text in the desired manner and to make clear the relative importance
of the topics dealt with by the kind of type and positioning of the headings adopted. Heading codes will
be drawn up specifying typesize, style and spacing so that each does not have to be individually
marked up. After centred headings the first line of text should be set full out and not indented.
Excessive use of capitals should be avoided in headings.
Numbering Headings and Indents

Although it is not necessary to number headings or lists (hierarchy should be made clear from the
style and layout), it will often improve clarity. If numbering is used, it should be consistent. Arabic
numerals should be used in preference to roman numerals or letters. So if a gradation of four levels is
required the following system in descending order of importance is recommended:
1.
(2)
(c)
(iv)
But capital letters and roman numerals will have to be used if further levels are required; in which case
order as follows:
I.
B.
3.
(4)
(e)
(vi)
34
1.4 PARAGRAPH NUMBERING

Paragraph numbers should contain an en dash, not a hyphen, e.g. 1100 not 1-100.
The recommended total number of characters (letters and/or figures) in a paragraph number is
seven in order to allow for stroke numbers to be inserted at a later date if necessary. However
the most important thing is to ensure that the whole paragraph number will fit in the margin of
the paper product.
Stroke Paragraph Numbers

When inserting a new paragraph into an existing run of paragraphs, stroke numbers can be
used to preserve the existing paragraph numbering. For example, when inserting paragraphs
between existing paragraphs 12123 and 12124, the new paragraphs can be numbered 12
123.1, 12123.2, 12123.3, etc.
Link Lines

When deleting a paragraph from within an existing run of paragraphs, a link line can be used
to preserve the existing paragraph numbering. For example, when deleting paragraph 12-124,
a link line can bridge the gap between paragraphs 12-123 and 12-125, in the form:
[THE NEXT PARAGRAPH IS 12125.]
35
1.5 QUOTATIONS

Quotations should be clearly indicated and it is vital that they be accurately copied down to the
last comma.
Double quote marks should be inserted at the beginning and end of every quotation including
part reproductions of legislation and judgments. But quote marks should not be used when
reproducing entire Acts or entire sections of Acts, or entire transcripts.
Single and double quotations should be used alternately for further levels of quotations.
When the extract in analytical text is over 22 words it should be typed as a separate
paragraph and indented.
o It should be preceded by a colon
o It should begin with a capital letter.
This does not apply to text in fielded content centres such as S3C and CAwCC
The text following the indented extract should be full out if it is not a new paragraph.
If the quote is less than 22 words or it is not certain that the quote is a full sentence:
o It should be preceded by a comma;
o It should begin with a lower case letter.
Statutory material and case reports should be reproduced in the exact form of the original
(Note for each content area the original will mean something different e.g. a transcript for
Cases or a HMSO document for Legislation).
The typographical representation (e.g. font type and size) may be changed to match the
output style. Typographical representation does not include amending date style or anything
else style based.
Where material is omitted from a quotation, this should be indicated by ellipses. Ellipses
should have spaces either side eg
Where material is omitted this should be indicated by ellipses
Bad language within a quotation should not be omitted or changed on principle.
Any interpolations or alterations to the quotation (other than omissions) should be indicated by
being placed in square brackets.
Correct any obvious spelling errors in quotations silently. However this should only be done
where there is no doubt at all. If instead you are guessing, flag the change by using square
brackets, or simply allow the quoted text to stand but flag with [sic].
Square brackets should be used if words are amended to help the sense of the quotation, for
instance, amending it was of the opinion that' to [the court] was of the opinion that".
It is the authors responsibility to quote correctly. In particular, statutory material and case
reports should be reproduced in the exact form of their originals.
Quotation marks should also be used for:

enclosing a word or phrase whose meaning is being referred to, e.g. The operator presses the
letter n to indicate no and the letter y to indicate yes;
enclosing words or phrases following: entitled, the term, marked, designated, classified,
named, enclosed, cited as, referred to as, signed. Do not enclose an expression following:
known as, called or so-called. The exception is when the expression is slang;
nicknames and pseudonyms;
36

a word, often a colloquialism, used out of context (e.g. making the information on-screen less
cluttered). However, do not routinely enclose slang or technical jargon in quotation marks,
unless it is expected to be foreign to the vocabulary of the reader.
Punctuation in Quotations

If the punctuation is part of the quotation, it should appear inside the quotation marks. If the
punctuation has been added, but is not part of the quotation, it should appear outside the
quotation marks.
Always indicate clearly on the copy where punctuation marks should be set, as some
typesetters will automatically set punctuation inside quotation marks.
1.6 LISTS
Lists in commentary

Use bullet points for all lists, except where a numbered list is required, e.g. the text states,
There are four points to note or a series of steps to be undertaken.
For sub-levels within bulleted lists use em dashes
For levels within numbered lists use the follow pattern: first level element, Arabic number
with a full point and no parentheses, e.g. 1., 2. subsequent levels: (a), (b), followed by (i), (ii):
1. C
ase citations
(a) party names
(b) case references
(i)
court
(ii)
judge
2. Legislation citations
(a) act name
(b) year
List items that are complete sentences start with initial upper case and end in full points.
Sentence fragments do not, and are usually lower case.
If the sentence preceding the list ends in a full stop, then each list item should be initial upper
case and end with a full point. If the sentence preceding the list ends in a colon then each list
item should begin with lower case and end in a semi-colon, with the last bullet point ending
in a full stop.
Lists in case digests

FACTS: the issues were (i) whether this was true; (ii) whether B was wrong; (iii) whether M
was wrong.
SUBMISSIONS: B submitted that (1) it was; (2) there was no case to answer
HELD: (1) The court was (2) It was wrong. When sub-points are used in the Held field, use
lower case letters in brackets (with semi-colons).
37
1.7 FOOTNOTES

For the purpose of preparing the manuscript, footnotes should be typed at the bottom of the
page to which they refer.
Footnotes in books, journals and law reports should be numbered from 1 onwards from the
beginning of each chapter or article/report. Footnotes in looseleafs should be numbered from
1 on each new page.
It may be necessary, on occasion, to renumber footnotes, particularly at page proof stage.

However, renumbering should be avoided if at all possible. Remember that it is time
consuming and expensive to renumber. If new footnotes have to be added at proof use a letter
suffix, e.g. 12, 12a, 12b, 13, etc. If some have been deleted close up the resulting gap. For
example if footnote 9 has been deleted, the reference for footnote 8 in the text and notes
should appear as "89".
When inserting an additional footnote at the beginning or end of an article in a journal (such as
one containing author details, which stands alone from the rest of the footnotes), use the
symbol * and then (if a further one is required) the symbol .
Footnote numbers in the text should appear after any punctuation except a colon or semi
colon, em dash or en dash. These types of punctuation represent a break in meaning so the
footnote belongs to the text before the punctuation, whereas punctuation such as a full stop
denote the end of a statement and the footnote appears after it.
Footnotes should not appear in headings. Narrative footnotes (i.e. those not already present
as part of reproduced legislation) should not appear within the body of reproduced legislation.
1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHIES
A bibliography is a list of works that is usually placed at the end of a publication before the index. The
list is usually arranged alphabetically by author surname, but may also be subdivided by type of
publication. There are minor differences between footnotes and bibliographies in the way in which
works are cited. These are explained in Part 2 below.
38
1.9 CROSS-REFERENCES

Cross-references are the responsibility of the author, but they may need to be reminded/made
aware of this.
Internal cross-references should follow one consistent style: see above, p.000; see below,
p.000 or see above, para.000; see below, para.000
A book should always be adequately cross-referenced, but over-cross-referencing to page

numbers should be avoided if possible, as these will have to be filled in at page proof stage.
Use first and last page numbers rather than et seq. wherever possible e.g. See pp.123-129
rather than See pp.123 et seq.
Always abbreviate page and pages to p. and pp.
Where supra and ante are used they should be replaced with above. Infra and post should be
replaced with below.
Within reproduced legislation replace references to narrative paragraph numbers with

references to specific rules, sections, etc.
Exception: references to internal paragraphs within Archbold should use the paragraph
symbol e.g. 1234
Cross-references to Footnotes

Use "fn.", e.g. Rye v Rye [1962] A.C. 496 at p.501fn.
Always abbreviate page to p. and footnote to fn., e.g. "see p.42, fn.3".
The plural of "fn." is "fnn."
Abbreviation "s." for section in lower case at the beginning of footnotes but upper case "S."
when
beginning
a
sentence
within
the
footnote,
e.g.
1
s.15 of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. S.16 provides that...
39
1.10 PUNCTUATION
General

A comma should precede, not follow in these constructions:

, that is
, namely
, i.e.
, e.g.
, etc.
A serial comma should not normally be used before and or or in a list of three or more
items.
E.g. the bishops of Winchester, Salisbury, Bristol and York.
However it should be used in order to resolve ambiguity or for clarification where one of the
items listed includes an and
E.g. the bishops of Winchester, Salisbury, Bristol, and Bath and Wells.
The comma after Bristol makes it clear that Bath and Wells go together. Without the comma it
would be unclear whether Bath went with Bristol or Wells. Similarly:
He had orange juice, toast, and ham and eggs for breakfast
But:
He had orange juice, toast and eggs for breakfast
Use a comma before a final extension phrase such as etc

E.g. potatoes, swede, carrot, etc.
Use a comma in the names of Government Departments and similar bodies where necessary.
Note that the Taxonomy does not use commas and should not be followed in this instance.
E.g. Department of Culture, Media and Sport
An apostrophe should be used where the sense would not be clear without one.
Do not use an apostrophe for, e.g. 1990s, nineties, UFOs and contractions like plane, bus,
phone, flu.
The plural of single letters and figures is made by adding s only, e.g. M.P.s, NCOs, SIs,
1870s.
Possessive case: For nouns in the singular that end in s, the possessive must be formed by
adding s as in Burnss poems, St Jamess Street. Also Kantorowiczs.
Possessive case: When the s would be silent in speech, it is omitted, e.g. for conscience
sake, for convenience sake. N.B. two years imprisonment, United States ambassador, United
Nations bond, a Netherlands ship.
A colon should not be followed by a dash; use one or the other unless both appear in quoted
material.
An ampersand should be used as it appears in a company's name and not replaced by "and",
e.g. B&Q, Sweet & Maxwell. If in doubt, use an ampersand without spaces for initials and with
spaces for complete words (as in these examples).
Ems
There are two distinct meanings of em:

The square of the body of any size of type, used as a measurement. The name em comes
from the area of metal body of the letter M.
The standard unit of measurement of typeset material, 4.23mm (about one-sixth of an inch) or
12 points. Also known as pica em; pica
40

em rule A rule which occupies the width of an em or the square of any size of type; also
known as em dash. An em dash can be created on the keyboard using Ctrl + Alt + minus key
on the number pad
The em rule can be used in place of commas/brackets for interjections within sentences, e.g.
The parties themselvesand perhaps, in particular, the claimantare more likely than the
arbitral tribunal to know where recognition and enforcement of an award will be sought.
It is also commonly used in indented material, e.g.
Industrial buildings and structures

a writing-down allowance at the rate of four per cent per annum on a straight-line basis.

An em rule may also be used in tabular material to indicate a lack of data.
Ens
Half of an em, regarded as the average width of characters and used in typesetters calculation of the
extent of a text.

en rule A rule which is half the width of an em rule. Also known as en dash. An en dash can
be created on the keyboard using Ctrl + minus key on the number pad
An en rule may be used to express connection or relation between words in the same sense
as an oblique stroke, e.g. MarxistLeninist theory (same as Marxist/Leninist theory), Labour
Liberal alliance (same as Labour/Liberal alliance), or HolyfieldTyson fight (same as
Holyfield/Tyson fight).
It can also be used in this way to distinguish a difference of meaning, e.g. redgreen colour
blind (as opposed to blue-green colour-blind, where it is a bluish-green); or "the Smith-Jones
theory" (one person) compared to "the SmithJones theory" (two people).
It is also (and perhaps most commonly) used as the short dash to mean "to", e.g. 193945,
ss.4045, pp.4045 and MondaySaturday
For the use of hyphens see separate section on Part 1.10: Hyphenation.
See separate section for punctuation in quotations Part 1.5: Quotations.
Rules for Word Division

This is relevant to proof-reading but not marking up of copy as these rules are dealt with in keying
instructions to suppliers.
At proof stage, word divisions should be left unaltered unless they are misleading for the reader, i.e.
they lead the reader to think the word is a different one, which is largely a matter of pronunciation. For
example, psycho- is a suitable place to break psychosomatic but not psychology; Christian should be
broken after Chris-, not Christ-. Three examples of misleading word division are read-just, reap-pear
and the-rapist.
As general rules: words should not be broken in the middle of a syllable; two successive lines ending
with a divided word should be avoided; and a divided word should not end a page if it is possible to
avoid this without a great deal of resetting. Other guidelines are:

A line must not begin with the last syllable of a word if the syllable comprises two letters only,
e.g. teach-er.
A consonant between two vowels belongs to the latter syllable. (Exceptions are dis-ease, tal
ent.)
When two consonants come together, make the division between them: splen-dour, forget
ting, haemor-rhage.
In present participles take over -ing; carry-ing, crown-ing; but trick-ling and chuck-ling.
41

Compound and derivative words are resolved thus: man-slaughter, school-master, theo-cracy,
litho-graphy.
Terminations -tion, -sion, -cial, -tial, -cious must not be divided: starva-tion, ten-sion, provin
cial, consequen-tial, pugna-cious.
Avoid dividing proper names where possible. Never end a line between the two initials
preceding a name, e.g. avoid Prof. A. L. Goodhart.
The list below gives some examples of preferred word divisions, but see The Oxford Guide to Style
(Oxford University Press) for further examples and for foreign word division.
absolu-tism
abun-dance
agnosti-cism
appel-lant
appli-cable
atmos-phere
bio-graphy
blas-pheme
corre-spon-dence
criti-cism
defen-dant
depen-dent
dimin-ish
environ-ment
govern-ment
happi-ness
impor-tance
inexpli-cable
inter-est
minis-ter
pamph-let
philo-sophy
plan-ning
print-ing
pun-ish
Puritan-ism
respon-dent
Roman-ism
tautolo-gism
tele-phone
trans-port
witti-cism
zoolo-gist
1.11 HYPHENATION

The general rule to follow is to keep hyphens to a minimum, only inserting them where
necessary to avoid confusion. The SMG Taxonomy provides a base standard for which words
should be hyphenated. For words not in the Taxonomy refer to the Oxford Guide to Style.
The Taxonomy can be found at : S:\Taxonomy\taxview2.exe
and P:\Public\Taxonomy\taxview2.exe
Some points to note are:

Hyphens are used where needed to avoid ambiguity. Examples of a hyphen dramatically
altering meaning are: "re-creation" (create again) as opposed to "recreation" (amusement);
"pickled herring-merchant" as opposed to "pickled-herring merchant"; "best-known incident" as
opposed to "best known incident"; "deep-blue sea" as opposed to "deep blue sea"; "ill
educated child" as opposed to "ill educated child"; "eight-weekly visits" as opposed to "eight
weekly visits", etc.
Hyphens are frequently used where one syllable ends and the next begins with the same letter
(particularly if a vowel). Some examples of correct usage are co-operate, pre-eminent and
book-keeper, but refer also to special cases below.
Hyphens are used when a prefix is added to a proper noun: for example, "pre-Raphaelite",
"anti-Darwinian".
42

Hyphens are used when phrases are used adjectivally to express an idea: for example,
"never-to-be-forgotten moment".
Hyphens should not be used when the adjective or noun follows the word/s described, e.g.
"the case is well known", but they should be used when the adjective or noun precedes the
word/s described and expresses an attribute, e.g. "the well-known case".
Hyphens are used where either: (a) a noun and an adjective or a participle, or (b) an adjective
and a noun are used in combination as a compound adjective, e.g. "a poverty-stricken family"
or "blood-red hands".
If at all possible, ending a page with a hyphen should be avoided.
Capital letters are not used after hyphens (except in names of legislation, e.g. "Hire-Purchase
Order 1965"), for example, in a narrative upper & lower case heading: Low-cost Airlines; Ecommerce Transactions; Sub-leasing Housing.
1.12 USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS

One of the most common causes of excessive corrections to proofs is the inconsistent use of capital
letters. It is essential therefore that this is checked carefully. Lots of capital letters are distracting;
when in doubt, use lower case. All capitals should be marked where there is any room for confusion
(as should all small caps).
The rule generally

Proper nouns take an initial capital, e.g. names of people, places, days, months, buildings, etc.
Adjectives from proper nouns also take an initial capital, unless the connection has grown remote, so
French language, Herculean task, but wellington boot.
For example:
The Conservative Party

Parliament had a late-night sitting
Judge Brown stated...
Bristol University
The King of France
The British Government
but
but
but
but
but
but
His taste in ties was very conservative

East European parliaments
It will be for a judge to decide
In a demonstration of university students
France needs a new king
government control
Acronyms
Do not assume that because a phrase has an acronym that the first letters of each word in the phrase
will be upper case. Use the full name as normally spelt, e.g. statutory maternity pay not Statutory
Maternity Pay (SMP). Refer to specialist sources to determine the correct capitalisation.
Courts
Where a specific court is named or where a reference to a court can only possibly mean one particular
court, the name of that court is given an initial capital.
For example:
the Halifax Magistrates' Court
the Crown Court
43
When referring to the court generally, use lower case.
For example:
It would be for the court to decide
The evidence before the youth court indicated that
The clerk at the local magistrates court
The court of first instance held that
Courts requiring initial capital letter

Administrative Court
Admiralty Court
Central Criminal Court
Chancery Division
Commercial Court
Companies Court
Consistory Court
Court of Appeal
Court of Auditors
Court of Protection
Court of Session
Court of [+ anything]
Courts-Martial Appeal Court
Crown Court
Divisional Court
European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Justice
High Court
House of Lords
International Court of Justice
International Criminal Court
Land Court
Land Valuation Appeal Court
Patents County Court
Patents Court
Privy Council
Queens Bench Division
Supreme Court
Technology and Construction Court
44
The State, Judiciary, Office Holders, Organisations
and Institutions, Religions, Deities
An initial capital letter should only be used for a particular office, organisation or body, or a persons
full title. Where the reference is general the lower case initial should be used.
For example:
Parliament,
the House of Commons,
the Government (a specific onebut government control),
the Opposition,
H.M. the Queen,
the Prime Minister,
the Archbishop of Canterbury,
the Pope (but papal elections),
Labour (as a party title),
the Labour Party,
Christian Democrat,
the Stock Exchange,
the Church (specific) (but a small country church, or church politics),
Roman Catholic,
Buddhism,
Christianity,
God; he, his, him (of deity), all without capitals unless these are strongly preferred.
Master of the Rolls
Lord Chief Justice
President of the Family Division
Attorney General
Official Solicitor
Director of Public Prosecutions
Director General of Fair Trading
Official Receiver
Secretary of State for the Home Department.
Black Rod
in the presence of a lord
.the secretary of state contended that
the judge expressed the view that
the managing director was disqualified.
the president shouted.
45
Examples of the correct use of capitals when referring to judges (Part 2.7: Cases) is also included in
this guide.
Companies
Smith & Co (formerly Jones & Co)
Smith (otherwise Jones)
Smith (t/a AJ Packaging)
BUT
Smith & Co (In Administration)
Smith & Co (In Receivership)
Smith & Co (In Liquidation)
Tribunals
Where a tribunal is a single one of its kind, use capital letters.
Agricultural Land Tribunal
Appeals Tribunal
Care Standards Tribunal
Competition Appeal Tribunal
Competition Commission Appeals Tribunal
Copyright Tribunal
Data Protection Tribunal
Employment Appeal Tribunal
Financial Services Tribunal
Financial Services and Markets Tribunal
Immigration Appeals Tribunal
Information Tribunal
Insolvency Practitioners Tribunal
International War Crimes Tribunal
Lands Tribunal
Pensions Appeal Tribunal
Police Appeals Tribunal
Scottish Solicitors Discipline Tribunal
Solicitors Disciplinary Tribunal
Special Educational Needs and Disability Tribunal
Special Educational Needs Tribunal
Transport Tribunal
Where a specific type of tribunal has a number of regional centres, use lower case.
arbitral tribunal
46
child support appeal tribunal
disability appeal tribunal
employment tribunal
international war crimes tribunal
leasehold valuation tribunal
medical appeals tribunal
mental health review tribunal
rent tribunal
social security tribunal
social security appeal tribunal
VAT and duties tribunal
Committees and panels

Organisations, ministries, departments, political parties and governmental bodies are given initial
capitals when their full name (or recognised equivalent) is being used:
Crown Prosecution Service
Department of Social Security
University of Westminster Examination Appeal Panel
Parliamentary Select Committee on Defence
Criminal Injuries Compensation Appeal Panel
Parole Board
However, for second and subsequent mentions of these bodies, or when they are referred to
informally or generically, initial capitals are not used:
The panel concluded
The board was found to be in error
The department had proved.
The select committee decided
Informal organisations are not given an initial capital:
The SMG social committee
The cricket club management committee
The word "committee" is not capitalised unless it forms part of a formal title.
Legislation

A capitalised initial should be used when the legislation is abbreviated:
Mental Health Act 1983 becomes "the Act"
47

Civil Procedure Rules 1998 becomes "CPR" (on the first mention, the legislation linking
tool brings back a reference to CPR r.3.4. On the second and subsequent mentions,
refer to CPR r.4.1 or under the CPR).
European Convention on Human Rights becomes "the Convention"
Provisions of legislation (including foreign domestic legislation (ie of other countries),

international and EU legislation) such as sections and articles are lower case.
Rules and regulations take an initial capital letter only when referring to a specific set of rules
or regulations or an entire statutory instrument:
(the) Return of Cultural Objects Regulations 1994
(the) Criminal Appeal Rules 1968
But
It was provided by reg.3 that
Parts and Schedules take an initial capital
Miscellaneous examples
Use capitals for the following words and types of documents:
Class where referring to planning use classes e.g. Class 35
Command Papers
Convention (as Treaty)
Decree (where legislative)
Discussion Papers
Government (unless used generically, e.g. government control)
Green Papers
Northern Circuit
Parliament (unless used generically)
Parliamentary Paper
Planning Circular (but planning circular where the term is used generically)
Planning Policy Guidance (but planning policy guidance where the term is used generically)
Planning Policy statements
Practice Direction
Practice Statement
Statements of Standard Accounting Practice
Stock Exchange
the Church, but "a small country church" or church politics
White Papers
World Wide Web
Use lower case for:
green belt
48
internet
any kind of court document, e.g. writ, summons, divorce/winding up petition
European and international material

Member States
Directives (EC only)
Treaty
anything beginning with European
contracting states
contracting parties
signatory states
Titles
Sir Charles Smith, the Duke of Gateshead, the King of France, King Henry VIII (but "kings and
queens" in a general sense).
Parts of Familiar Geographical Names

Capitalisation of geographic names should follow SMG Taxonomy usage eg Northern Ireland, West
Germany, South East Asia when referring to the specific area. But if referring to a general area (not a
specific or a political entity), use eg northern England. If the name is not in the Taxonomy use the
accepted English language version, e.g. Rome not Roma; Normandy not Normandie
Points of the Compass

in a northern part of the town;
in a northwesterly direction;
away to the north-west; north-north-west;
in the east of the country, but Western philosophy, or the wisdom of the East (= Occident or Orient
respectively).
Eras of History, Events

Carboniferous, Early Minoan, the Middle Ages, the Renaissance, the First World War, the Boston Tea
Party, the South Sea Bubble, the Wars of the Roses.
Trade Names
The guidance changes depending on which department you are in so:
Cases Department
49
When citing a particular trade mark, use capital letters for the whole of the mark, e.g. REEF
BRAZIL.
Take care with brand names which have become so successful that they are used in ordinary
speech as a generic label for a class of products. Examples are Kleenex for facial tissues,
Sellotape for any kind of transparent sticky tape, Hoover for any kind of vacuum cleaner.
Other
a Fiat Brava; a Biro; a Boeing (but a jumbo jet); Daz; Disprin; Hoover; Technicolor; Thermos
(but if you do not mean specifically a Thermos flask it is better to refer to a vacuum flask);
Sellotape, etc.
Other "Semi-proprietary" Names

chelsea bun, french toast, french windows, wellington boot, etc. (i.e. where the name has become
adjectival).
International Law
In international law material articles of treaties are always lower case.
Nationality and Ethnicity

All words denoting places, belonging to a place or nationality; or belonging to a particular racial or
ethnic background, take a capital letter. The same applies for religious groupings e.g. Christians,
Muslims etc.
For example
English
European
Gypsy (n and adj) only use lower case when using the strict legal definition to be found in some
statutes and statutory instruments.
Jew
Spaniard
As an aside, there are some ethnic labels which are now regarded as offensive and so have been
replaced.
For example
Afro-Caribbean not Negro in Britain
but African-American not Black in the USA.
Native American not Indian or red Indian.
Native Australian not Aborigine
Black and White when applied to human beings should take a capital as many regard them as
ethnic labels comparable to say Chinese or Indian.
50
1.13 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES

In principle all foreign words and phrases should be italicised. However words that have been
naturalised into English should be in roman.
In particular italicisation should not be applied to foreign words or phrases which have passed
into everyday legal usage. All of the following are regarded as having passed into everyday
legal usage and should be in roman type:
a fortiori
a prendre
a priori
ab initio
acte clair
actus reus
ad hoc
ad valorem
amicus curiae
ante
autrefois acquit
bona fide
bona vacantia
caveat
caveat emptor
certiorari
cestui que trust
cf.
chose in action
cy-prs
de facto
de jure
de minimis (non
curat lex)
dictum, dicta
e.g.
ejusdem generis
etc
et al
et seq.
ex gratia
ex parte
ex post facto
ex relatione
ex tempore
ex turpi causa (non
oritur action)
ferae naturae
fieri facias
force majeure
functus officio
habeas corpus
ibid.
i.e.
in loco parentis
in personam
in rem
indicia
insitu
infra
inter alia, alios
inter partes
inter vivos
intra vires
ipso facto
lacuna
laissez-faire
locus in quo
locus standi
mandamus
mens rea
mutatis mutandis
nisi; nisi prius
non compos mentis
non est factum
non sequitur
novus actus
interveniens
obiter
obiter dictum, dicta
pari passu
passim
per
per annum
per capita; per
caput
per curiam
per incuriam
per se
post
post mortem
prima facie
pro bono
pro forma
pro rata
pro tanto
profit a prendre
qua
quaere, sed quaere
quantum
quantum meruit
quasi
quid pro quo
quorum
raison d'tre
ratio decidendi
res gestae
res ipsa loquitur
res judicata
restitutio in integrum
semble
seriatim
simpliciter
sine die
sine qua non
stare decisis
status quo (ante)
sub judice
sub nom.
subpoena
sui generis
sui juris
supra
terra nullius
uberrimae fidei
ultra vires
verbatim
via
vice versa
vis--vis
viz
voir dire
volenti non fit injuria
51

Any foreign words or phrases that do not appear in the list above should be italicised, except
in headings (see below).
Foreign company and organisation names should be roman, not italics
Note i.e." and e.g. roman not italics.
Wherever possible, Latin terms should be replaced with their English equivalent. Latin terms
should be avoided unless applied to a specific legal term to describe a subject.
When part of a heading, Latin terms and other foreign words and phrases that would usually
be set in italics should instead adopt the font style of the heading. The style of the heading
level takes precedence at all times.
No diphthongs should be used.
Do not use accents on Latin words; use accents where necessary for other languages, but do
not use accents on capitals in French.
Use j in Latin words not i, e.g. jus not ius
See Osborn's Concise Law Dictionary for meanings of foreign words and phrases.
52
1.14 GENDER NEUTRAL NOUN USAGE

If you are talking about a single person generically when you are actually referring to a
category of person, re-phrase the sentence to use the plural if possible. So, for example, when
talking about the customer in its generic sense e.g. The customer would like to see his
cases published in Current Law, you could say instead Customers would like to see their
cases published in Current Law.
Alternatively, re-phrase the sentence to avoid the need for a pronoun. This is often achieved
by changing from the active to the passive tense e.g. The sum was to be disclosed to the
judge after he had given judgment could easily be re-written as The sum was to be disclosed
to the judge after judgment had been given. Likewise, The customer went in search of a
mechanic to ask him for advice could be re-written as The customer went in search of a
mechanic to ask for advice.
If neither of the above options is appropriate, use either he or she but do not alternate
within a single piece of text.
1.15 CONTRACTIONS AND
ABBREVIATIONS
Contractions
In general (but with some exceptions) no full stop is needed where the last letter of an abbreviation is
the same as the last letter of the full word (i.e. it is a contraction of the complete word), e.g. Mr
(Mister), Dr (Doctor), Mrs, Messrs, Mme, Ltd, St (whether for "street" or "saint"), 1st, 2nd, 3rd (note no
full points), hr
Note the following list of abbreviations and contractions which Sweet & Maxwell use regularly (except
in headings and the start of a sentence):
App.
Apps
art.
arts
Asp
c.
CC
Ch.
Chs
Ch.
Chs
cl.
cll.
Co
Corp
Application
Applications
article (UK, foreign domestic, international and EU legislation)
articles (UK, foreign domestic, international and EU legislation)
Act of the Scottish Parliament
chapter (when referring to the chapter number of an Act)
County Council
Chapter (when referring to chapters of a book)
Chapters (when referring to chapters of a book)
Chapter as part of Act or SI
as above plural
clause
clauses
Company
Corporation
53
CPR Pt/Pts
Dir.
Dr
ed.
edn
fig.
figs
fn.
fnn.
Form
Forms
Hr
Ltd
Messrs
Mme
Mr
Mrs
no.
nos
ord.
ords
p.
pp.
para.
paras
Plc
Pt
Pts
r.
rr.
reg.
regs
CPR Part/Parts
Direction
Doctor
editor
edition
figure
figures
footnote (not n.)
footnotes/notes
Form as part of Act or SI
as above plural
hour
Limited (not LTD or ltd)
Mister
number
numbers
order
orders
page
pages
paragraph
paragraphs
Public limited company (not PLC or plc)
Part
Parts
rule
rules (except when referring to the title of an entire piece of legislation)
regulation
regulations (except when referring to the title of an entire piece of
legislation)
RSC/CCR Ords RSC/CCR Orders
s.
section
ss.
sections
Sch.
Schedule (not Sched.)
Schs
Schedules (not Scheds)
Sch.nn para.nn Schedule paragraph sublevels of Acts and SIs
Sch.nn Pt nn As above Schedule Part
SI
Statutory Instrument
SSI
Scottish Statutory Instrument
St
Street or Saint (not St.)
subs.
subsection
subss.
subsections
54
Table
Tables
Vol.
Vols
Table sublevels of Acts and SIs
as above plural
Volume
Volumes
Exception: Archbold uses the abbreviations Sched. and Scheds for schedule and schedules.
Exception: Trademark Handbook and Community Trade Mark Handbook use Article(s) instead of art.
and arts for EU and International legislation
As outlined in the section on capitalisation, where the reference is to a specific office, organisation or
body then a capital letter should be used; but where the reference is a general one or is non-specific
then the lower case letter should be used. This rule can also be applied to "Chapter", "Part", "Volume",
etc.
Other rules on the use of abbreviations are:

Appendix and Appendices should not be abbreviated in order to avoid confusion with the
abbreviations for Application
Case citations: A, B, C do not take a full point if they are, for example, used as the names of
parties. If in doubt regarding any rule pertaining to party names, court abbreviations,
jurisdictions and citations refer to the new hierarchy document, courts document (see House
Style Intranet homepage) and Part 2.1: Citation of Authorities.
Do not repeat the full point when an abbreviation falls at the end of a sentence, e.g. She ate
potatoes, carrots, spinach, etc.
E, W, S and NI are used as jurisdiction indicators in Lawtel (England, Wales, Scotland,

Northern Ireland)
Trademark Handbook and Community Trade Mark Handbook do not abbreviate United
Kingdom
Abbreviations and Acronyms

Acronyms should be avoided if at all possible.
Very common acronyms such as BBC and NHS may be used but only if they exist in the SMG
Taxonomy.
Where such common acronyms are used, they do not have to be spelt out in full on the first
mention, especially when they are very well known e.g. EC law. However, it can be helpful to
use the full form on the first reference, particularly in respect of the less well known acronyms
where more specialised knowledge is required.
Additional acronyms can be suggested to the Taxonomy team.
Note that full points are not used in acronyms.
55

Acronyms that are common in a specific subject product (eg a book on criminal or
international law) are acceptable as long as they are consistent throughout the product. This
includes references to legislation and regulatory guidance e.g. PPG for Planning Policy
Guidance
eg PACE instead of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act.
Where specific subject acronyms are to be used, they should be spelt out in full when first
mentioned, followed by the acronym in brackets. The acronym can then be used subsequently
on its own. Products in which acronyms are used significantly should include a table of such
acronyms/abbreviations.
Courts should never be abbreviated in text except in case digests and other products where
courts are commonly referred to. Citations will always use abbreviated courts as in the court
list.
1.16 FIGURES

Spell out from one to nine only and use arabic numerals thereafter. This does not apply to
citations.
Number ranges follow the same rule e.g. three to six months; 24-36 months
Ages: spell out ages from one to nine. Hyphenation should be used in adjectival expressions:
A three-year-old boy but He was three years old
D, a 41-year-old builder but D, a builder aged 41
Where there is a mix of numbers close together in the same sentence, so that it would look
wrong to use a mix of words and numerals, you should use numerals for them all. For
example:
It was found in 9 out of 40 cases that
A record of eight disqualifications from 2 to 10 years [note that eight looks fine as a word
here even though it appears close to two other numbers]
6 and 10 months imprisonment
3-12 months
Use a comma when there are four or more figures, e.g. 2,160; 18,429 (except when referring
to page numbers).
Use 293294 in full (en rule) not 2934.
2nd, 3rd (not 2d, 3d; no points). These should not appear as superscript (i.e. not 2nd or 3rd).
Groups: 56 sheep, 25 lawyers
Units: Third Army, Second Battalion, Fifth Regiment.
Ratios: Use numbers separated by a colon e.g. 1:5
Fractions: Use words in text and footnotes but not in arithmetical equations or statistical tables
e.g. two-thirds not ; three-eighths not
half the proceeds; a quarter of the profit; two-thirds of the estate
56

Spacing should be removed wherever possible, e.g. s.4 is preferred to s. 4. As a general rule,
space is only required where abbreviated words and their figure are not separated by a full
point, e.g. r.4, s.12(1), but Pt 1, etc.
A number starting a sentence is usually spelt out in words; it is best to avoid long numbers at
the beginning of a sentence. Neither of these points applies to mathematical work, legislation
or legislation tables, or status information on Parliamentary Bills
Telephone numbers should be set as 020 7393 7000 (i.e. not hyphenated, and without
brackets).
Percentages should be expressed in full in text (per cent) rather than using the per cent
symbol (%). E.g. 2 per cent. The symbol can be inserted on output from content centres if
required
The exceptions are: tabular material, footnotes, calculations, diagrams and graphics where the
per cent symbol (%) should be used.
Quotations: under no circumstances should quotations be amended to follow the house style
percentage rules.
57
1.17 DATES AND TIMES

Month precedes year with no contractions eg January 1993. This does not apply to the text of
legislation or legislation tables
Use American date format e.g. January 1, 2005. This does not apply to the text of legislation
or legislation tables
Exceptions: Numeric dates eg 1/1/2005 can be used in legislation
18901910; 196465 (not 19645) (en rule).
1990s (no apostrophe).
For AD and BC follow OED style. AD should precede the date e.g. AD 50, while BC should
follow the date e.g. 50 BC (note no full points).
Twentieth century and/or 20th century, but a fourth-century church or an eighteenth-century

house (where used adjectivally). Please note that 20th century i.e. making use of numerals
rather than spelling out in full may be used in text and footnotes. As always, be mindful of
consistency; do not switch between the two. However, should they appear as part of a
quotation, legislation or case transcript, do not amend to house style.
Use the 24-hour clock as preferred style to follow the OED e.g. 08.00, 23.45. Note the
numbers are separated by a full point, not a colon. This does not apply to legislation
If the 24 hour clock cannot be used and it is necessary to use am and pm, they take no full
points and follow the time, e.g. 8am, 9.30pm
As with other numbers, sentences should not start with a figure. This does not apply to
legislative tables
1.18 MONTHS, DAYS AND SEASONS

Names of months should be given in full in the text, whether alone or in full date, but may be
abbreviated in tables or footnotes: Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, Aug, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec, but do not
abbreviate: May, June, July.
Names of days should be normally be given in full, but may be abbreviated as follows in tables
or footnotes: Sun, Mon, Tues, Wed, Thurs, Fri, Sat.
Monday December 3, 2001 not Monday, December 3, 2001.
Seasons should be written in lower case unless referring to a specific issue of a newsletter or
journal in which case the first letter should be capitalised.
58
1.19 MONEY, WEIGHTS AND
MEASUREMENTS
Currency, weights and measurements do not follow the rule of taking a full point to represent
the abbreviated letters: 23m; 3sq m; 10cu m; 42km; 18kg; 5g; 15mg; 75ml; 1,500l; 111mm;
112cm; 16yds; 2ft 3in; 300fl oz; 2oz; 5lb; 10cwt
Use m as an abbreviation for metres not miles. Always express miles in words
Numbers in currency, weights and measurements are always listed as a numeral e.g. 6km,
10kg, 12.67
Do not mix imperial and metric measurements.
Currency ranges should be expressed as e.g. 22,000-45,000
Always use abbreviations in tables, footnotes, etc. but spell out in isolated cases in the text,
e.g. "it landed 3 inches away"
Figures over a million should be expressed as e.g. 100 million litres; 5 million square miles; 9
million
Pence should only be used with an abbreviation where the amount is less than 1 and no
currency mnemonic is being used, e.g. 67p but 3.54. If a currency mnemonic is being used
then GBP 0.50
Pre decimal currency is expressed as 1. 8s. 3d.
A three letter mnemonic is used in content centres to denote different currencies e.g. GBP
100, noting space between mnemonic and amount e.g. DM 9 million; FRF 1 million. They can
be converted to pound, dollar and euro symbols on output if required.
For calculations, tables, diagrams and graphics, currency symbols can be used.
Authored law materials use pound, dollar and euro symbols. It is preferable to use the symbol
for the Euro () rather than spelling out "Euros".
Where there may be some confusion, use a currency mnemonic to define which dollars (i.e.
Canadian, Australian, US, etc.) are being referred to in the text, e.g. US $100 rather than
simply $100.
Under no circumstances should quotations be amended to house style
70C; 35F
Currency mnemonics
Taken from ISO 4217 list of currency abbreviations, used by the international banking community. The
latest list can be accessed at
http://www.iso.org/iso/en/prods-services/popstds/currencycodeslist.html
* Countries marked with an asterisk now use the euro

ALBANIA
Lek
AUSTRALIA
Australian dollar
*AUSTRIA
Austrian Schilling
*BELGIUM
Belgian franc
BOSNIA HERZEGOVINA
Convertible Mark
ALL
AUD
SCH
BFR
BAM
59
BULGARIA
CANADA
CHINA
CROATIA
*CYPRUS
CZECH REPUBLIC
DENMARK
ESTONIA
EUROPEAN UNION
*FINLAND
*FRANCE
*GERMANY
*GREECE
HONG KONG
HUNGARY
ICELAND
*IRELAND
ISRAEL
*ITALY
JAPAN
LATVIA
LITHUANIA
*LUXEMBOURG
*MALTA
MOLDOVA
*NETHERLANDS
NEW ZEALAND
NORWAY
POLAND
*PORTUGAL
ROMANIA
RUSSIA
SINGAPORE
SLOVAKIA
*SLOVENIA
*SPAIN
SWEDEN
SWITZERLAND
TURKEY
UKRAINE
UNITED KINGDOM
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
YUGOSLAVIA
Lev
Canadian dollar
Yuan Renmimbi
Kuna
Cyprus pound
Koruna
Danish krone
Kroon
Euro
Markka
French franc
Deutschmark
Drachma
Hong Kong dollar
Forint
Icelandic kronar
Punt
Shekel
Italian lira
Yen
Lats
Litas
Luxembourg franc
Maltese lire
Leu
Guilder
New Zealand dollar
Krone
New Zloty
Escudo
Leu or Lei
Rouble
Singapore dollar
Koruna
Tolar
Peseta
Krona
Swiss franc
Turkish lira
Hryvna
Pound
US dollar
Yugoslav dinar
BGL
CAD
CNY
HRK
CYP
CZK
DKK
EEK
EUR
FMK
FRF
DM
GRD
HKD
HUF
ISK
PT
ILS
ILR
JPY
LVL
LIT
LUF
MTL
MDL
NLG
NZD
NOK
PLN
PTE
ROL (pre 2005); RON (post 2005)
RUR
SGD
SKK
SIT
PST
SEK
CHF
TRL
UAH
GBP
USD
YUD
60
This Guide is up to date to 5 January 2009. Because the Guide is frequently

updated it is recommended that it is not printed out. If you are using a printed
copy please check on MyThomson for the latest version.
PART 2: CITATION OF
AUTHORITIES
2.1 FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES
Where numbered footnotes or endnotes are used, any reference in the text can be brief, such
as authors surname, title, part of a case name etc. The full reference is then given in the
footnote. Where footnotes are not used the full reference should be given as they would be in
footnotes.
Where a bibliography is used, the references are simply a list of works used. They are not
directly related to the text but are arranged in an alphabetical list. This requires some minor
differences in citation style from footnotes:

The authors surname must come first because of the alphabetical ordering
Pagination is only required for journal articles. The start and end page numbers are
specified to identify where the article occurs in the journal issue.
The number of volumes comprising the work is specified rather than a specific
volume
Punctuation and the order of citation elements may vary
Bibliography examples
Footnote examples
Pollock, S., and Maitland, T., The History

of English Law, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Arnhem:
Kluwer, 1911).
S. Pollock and T. Maitland, The History of

English Law, 2nd edn (Arnhem: Kluwer,
1911), Vol.1, pp.518, 520522.
Chitty on Contracts, edited by H.G. Beale,

28th edn, 2 vols (London: Sweet &
Maxwell, 1999).
Chitty on Contracts, edited by H.G. Beale,

28th edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell,
1999), Vol.1, paras 40244029.
Baxter, Ian, and Davidson, John (eds),

Studies in Accounting Theory, 2nd edn
(London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998).
Ian Baxter and John Davidson (eds),

Studies in Accounting Theory, 2nd edn
(London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998), p.236.
Institute of Chartered Accountants in

England
and
Wales.
Accounting
Standards Committee, Accounting for the
Effects of Changing Prices: a Handbook
(London: ICAEW, 1986).
Institute of Chartered Accountants in

England
and
Wales.
Accounting
Standards Committee, Accounting for the
Effects of Changing Prices: a Handbook
(London: ICAEW, 1986).
Archbold on Criminal Pleading, Evidence

and Practice, edited by P.J. Richardson,
2006 edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell,
2005).
Archbold on Criminal Pleading, Evidence

and Practice, edited by P.J. Richardson,
2006 edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell,
2005), First supplement, para.195.
The different styles for footnotes and bibliographies are detailed below under each type of
publication.
61

2.2 BOOKS
Footnotes
The following elements are essential in the first citation: Author, title, edition, date, page/para.
number
Citation elements are:

Authors (forename or initials followed by surname).

o The author is omitted where the title includes a statement of original
authorship,,e.g. Chitty on Contracts.
o Corporate authors are cited as Organisation name. Section/Department
responsible, e.g. Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales.
Accounting Standards Committee.
o Forenames should be preferred over initials where known
o Where there are more than 3 authors use et al after the first name, e.g.
Rosemary Stewart et al.
Title (including statement of original authorship where it is an integral part of the title).
o Include subtitle preceded by a semi colon where the main title is not clear or
indicative as to content, e.g. Accounting for the Effects of Changing Prices: a
Handbook.
o Title is italicised and significant words are capitalised.
Editor or subsidiary author (forename or initials followed by surname).

o The editors name is followed by (ed.) or (eds).
o A subsidiary author is one who is usually named as the editor of an edition of
a work whose title includes the name of the original author. Chitty is the
original author; H.G. Beale is the subsidiary author. The subsidiary author is
prefaced by edited by, e.g. Chitty on Contracts, edited by H.G Beale
Edition (where not the first), e.g. 2nd edn
Place of publication
Publisher
Year of publication (place of publication, publisher and year to appear in parenthesis)
Volume statement (Omitted where numeration of volume follows)
Numeration of volume or supplement, pagination reference where citation is not to

whole item
Examples:

S. Pollock and T. Maitland, The History of English Law, 2nd edn (Arnhem: Kluwer,
1911), Vol.1, pp.518, 520522
Chitty on Contracts, edited by H.G. Beale, 28th edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell,
1999), Vol.1, paras 40244029
Ian Baxter and John Davidson (eds), Studies in Accounting Theory, 2nd edn
(London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998), p.236
Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales. Accounting Standards

Committee, Accounting for the Effects of Changing Prices: a Handbook (London:
ICAEW, 1986)
Archbold on Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, edited by P.J. Richardson,
2006 edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2005), First supplement, para.195
62

Successive citations (Subsequent references)
Ibid. and op. cit. should not be used as they require the reader to refer back to see what is
being cited.
Use authors surname only, abbreviate the title to words that clearly identify the item, volume
if necessary and date of publication.
Examples:

Baxter and Davidson, Studies in Accounting Theory, 1998, p.238
Chitty on Contracts, Vol.1, 1999, para 4025
Pollock and Maitland, The History of English Law, Vol.1, 1911, p.519
Bibliographies
The citation elements are as for footnotes but the author or editor surname(s) come first,
followed by a full point. A volume statement replaces any volume reference.

Pollock, S. and Maitland, T. The History of English Law, 2nd edn, 2 vols (Arnhem:
Kluwer, 1911)
2.3 ESSAYS IN COLLECTIONS

Footnotes
If a book consists of collected essays by various authors, the title of the essay should be in
roman with quotes and the title of the book in italics, e.g.

T. Maitland, "The Mystery of Seisin" in Select Essays on Anglo-American Legal

History (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1993), Vol.3, p.591
R. Goldberg, "Concepts of Depreciation" in Ian Baxter and John Davidson (eds),

Studies in Accounting Theory, 2nd edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998), p.236

being cited.
Use authors surname only, abbreviate the essay title to words that clearly identify the item,
book title, date:
Goldberg, "Concepts of Depreciation" in Studies in Accounting Theory, 1998, p.236
Bibliographies
As for footnotes but the author or editor surname(s) come first and the punctuation is different

Goldberg, R. "Concepts of Depreciation". In Ian Baxter and John Davidson (eds),

Studies in Accounting Theory, 2nd edn (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1998)
63

2.4 LEGAL PERIODICALS

Articles in Journals
Footnotes
All the following elements are essential in order to correctly identify the item.


o Authors (forename or initials followed by surname).
o Title of article in double quotation marks.
o Journal title or abbreviation. If the journal title is spelt out in full it goes in
italics. If it is abbreviated it must follow the form in the list of LJI abbreviations
o Year, volume and issue citation.
o Page numbers.
Abbreviations of journal titles can be found at:
https://my.thomson.com/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_94813_603555_0_0_18/Jo
urnal%20abbreviations%20(LJI%20citation%20formats).xls

Order of citation elements. Two formats are used, 1) Analytical format, 2) LJI format
Traditional legal format used by Analytical
o (Year) Volume Journal title or abbreviation Pages
e.g. (2004) 120 L.Q.R. 203
Note: Some legal journals are paginated separately in each issue. These
journals therefore require the issue month or number in their citation, in
brackets after the volume number, e.g. 120(Apr). Consult the list of "Journals
separately paginated" on the HS intranet page (under Supporting
Documentation) to find out which journals this concerns.
https://my.thomson.com/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_94813_60356
3_0_0_18/Journals%20separately%20paginated%20(Analytical%20style).xls
Note: Only the first page is given. If referring to a particular page, the citation
should be as follows: 203, 206
o Examples of legal (Analytical) format:
Joshua Getzler, Forfeiture for breach of a time condition (2004) 120
L.Q.R. 203
W. Pengilley, Restraint of Trade and Antitrust: A Pigskin Review
Post Super League (1997) 6 Canterbury L. Rev. 610
Bob Reynolds, From Congress with love to Group A (2004)
133(1327) Accountancy 64
Adrienne Margolis, All hooked up (2004) 117(Feb) I.H.L. 30
Legal Journals Index format

o Journal title or abbreviation, Year, Volume(Issue), Pages:
e.g. L.Q.R. 2004, 120(Apr), 203-208
64

o Note:

Consecutively numbered pages are entered as, e.g. 4648
Non-consecutively numbered pages are entered as, e.g. 46,48 (there

are no spaces between the numbers and the commas)
If referring to a particular page, the citation should be as follows: 203

208 at p.204
o Examples of LJI format:

Bob Reynolds, From Congress with love to Group A, Accountancy
2004, 133(1327), 6465
Adrienne Margolis, All hooked up, I.H.L. 2004, 117(Feb), 30,3233
or Adrienne Margolis, All hooked up, In House Lawyer 2004,
117(Feb), 30,3233
Joshua Getzler, Forfeiture for breach of a time condition, L.Q.R.
2004, 120(Apr), 203208
W. Pengilley, Restraint of Trade and Antitrust: A Pigskin Review
Post Super League, Canterbury L. Rev. 1997, 6, 610670

being cited.
Use authors surname only, abbreviate the title to words that clearly identify the item, journal
title, year, volume and issue citation:

Pengilley, Restraint of Trade and Antitrust (1997) 6 Canterbury L. Rev. 610, 650
656 [Analytical format]
Reynolds, From Congress with love, Accountancy 2004, 133(1327), 6465 [LJI
format]
Margolis, All hooked up, I.H.L. 2004, 117(Feb), 30 at 32 [LJI format]
Bibliographies

Pengilley, W. Restraint of Trade and Antitrust: A Pigskin Review Post Super
League, Canterbury L. Rev. 1997, 6, 610670
Reynolds, Bob. From Congress with love to Group A, Accountancy 2004,
133(1327), 6465 [LJI format]
Book Reviews
Footnotes
All the following elements are essential in order to correctly identify the item.
65


Author (forename/initials followed by surname)
Title
Editor or subsidiary author (forename or initials followed by surname)
Edition (where not the first), e.g. 2nd edn
Publisher
Date of publication
Review at Journal title or abbreviation following LJI abbreviations
Year, volume and issue citation following Analytical or LJI style as appropriate
Page numbers following Analytical or LJI style as appropriate
Example

A.J. Oakley, Megarrys Manual of the Law of Real Property, 8th edn (London:
Sweet & Maxwell, 2002). Review at (2004) 120 L.Q.R. 220 [Analytical format]
A.J. Oakley, Megarrys Manual of the Law of Real Property, 8th edn (London:
Sweet & Maxwell, 2002). Review at L.Q.R. 2004, 120(Apr), 220221 [LJI format]

being cited.
Use authors surname only, abbreviate the book title to words that clearly identify the item,
edition, date. Review information
Oakley, Megarrys Manual of the Law of Real Property, 8th edn, 2002. Review at
L.Q.R. 2004, 120(Apr), 220221 [LJI format]
Bibliographies
A.J. Oakley. Megarrys Manual of the Law of Real Property. 8th edn (London:
Sweet & Maxwell, 2002). Review at (2004) 120 L.Q.R. 220 [Analytical format]
2.5 LOOSELEAFS
Footnotes
The following elements are essential in order to correctly identify the item: title, volume
number, paragraph number

Title (In italics)
Publisher
Volume number
Paragraph number. Use to when referring to ranges
Do not give the year of publication when referring to a looseleaf.

Examples:
66

Palmers Company Law, (London: Sweet & Maxwell), Pt 1, para.5523
Encyclopedia of Housing, (London: Sweet & Maxwell), Vol.4, paras 4423 to 4426

being cited.
Use title, volume and paragraph only.
Encyclopedia of Housing, Vol.4, paras 4423 to 4426
Bibliographies
As for footnotes except for the volume statement
Encyclopedia of Housing, (London: Sweet & Maxwell), Vols 14
2.6 GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS

Footnotes
The following elements are essential in order to correctly identify the item: Official body,
Section/Department responsible, Title, Date of publication, Series

Official body. Use a comma in the names of Government Departments and similar
bodies where necessary. Note that the Taxonomy does not use commas and should
not be followed in this instance.
E.g. Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Section/Department responsible
Title in italics with initial capital for first word only
Publisher
Date of publication (use n.d. where none given)
Series. The correct abbreviation for command papers has varied as follows:
o 1836-69, 1870-99
C.
o 1900-18
Cd.
o 1919-56
Cmd.
o 1956-85
Cmnd.
o 1986 to date
Cm.
House of Commons papers
HC
House of Lords Papers
HL
Law Commission reports may be either House of Commons papers or Command Papers and
their citation will vary accordingly as shown in the examples below.
67

Examples:
Law Reform Committee. First report of the Law Reform Committee. HMSO, 1963. Cmnd.641
Law Commission. Legislating the Criminal Code: involuntary manslaughter. HMSO, 1996.
Law Com. No.237. HC Paper No.171 (Session 1995-96)
Law Commission. Restitution: mistakes of law and ultra vires public authority receipts and
payments. HMSO, 1994. Law Com. No.227. Cm.2731.
House of Commons. Select Committee on Modernisation of the House of Commons. Scrutiny
of European matters in the House of Commons. Government memorandum from
the Leader of the House of Commons: session 2003-04. The Stationery Office, 2004. HC
Paper No.508 (Session 2003/04)
House of Commons. Liaison Committee. Annual report for 2003 first report of session 2003
04: report, together with appendices and formal minutes. The Stationery Office, 2004. HC
Paper No.446 (Session 2003/04)
Commission of the European Communities. Report from the Commission to the European
Parliament, the Council and the European Economic and Social Committee on the application
of Articles 7 to 10 of Directive 92/12. Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive
92/12 on the general arrangements for products subject to excise duty and on the holding,
movement and monitoring of such products submitted in application of Article 27 of Directive
92/12. COM (2004) 227 final.
Department for Transport. The Government's response to the Transport Committee's report
on the Departmental annual report 2003. The Stationery Office, 2004. Cm.6157

being cited.
Use abbreviated title, date of publication and series only.
First report of the Law Reform Committee. 1963. Cmnd.641
Scrutiny of European matters in the House of Commons. 2004. HC Paper No.508 (Session
2003/04)
Proposal for a Council Directive amending Directive 92/12. COM (2004) 227 Final.
Bibliographies
As for footnotes
Parliamentary Debates

Cite as follows by volume number, series, column and date:

Hansard, HC Vol.457, col.999 (December 18, 2001)
For House of Lords, substitute HL for HC. The year may be substituted for the exact
date.
Before 1909 the two Houses did not have separate volumes for their debates, so cite,
e.g.
Parl.Deb., Vol.37, ser.4, col.445 (February 17, 1896)
68


The text of written answers should be printed in italics.
References to Hansard should be in italics.
Parliamentary Journals
Cite as follows by volume, page and date:
207 H.C.J. 117 (March 4, 1952)
171 H.L.J. 256 (June 20, 1939)
2.7 MISCELLANEOUS
E-terminology

Website addresses should be italicised (not underlined or in bold).
Include http at the start of the website address.

Exceptions:
o Archbold underlines but does not italicise web addresses.
Add a date accessed in the form Accessed July 1, 2008 as pages can go out of
date very quickly. This includes home pages:
e.g. http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm68/6878/6878.asp [Accessed
July 1, 2008]
If in doubt as to how to cite internet material, please cite as it is supplied.
Remember to put the Sweet & Maxwell website URL on the copyright page of all
published works.
Email addresses: an.author@nottingham.ac.uk.

Note that, although URLs are italicised, email addresses should be set in roman.
Note the spelling, hyphenation and capitalisation of the following: internet, intranet,
email, e-commerce, e-mindset, e-information, online.
Biblical References
I John iii, 4,5.
Matthew ii, 6.
Newspapers
Cases: Smith v Smith, The Times, January 1, 1994.
Articles, etc.: The Times, August 5, 1994, p.5.
69

Note the use of "the" only for certain newspapers: The Times, The Economist but Sunday
Times, Guardian, Independent, Daily Telegraph, Financial Times, etc. but "the Times
correspondent".
Exception: Trademark Handbook and Community Trade Mark Handbook do not italicise the
name of the newspaper
Plays, Films and TV

Titles should appear in upper and lower case italics. When an individual programme within a
television series is referred to, the series should appear in italics and the programme in roman
with double quotes, e.g.
World in Action, "The State of the Legal System".
Poems
Titles should be cited in roman and surrounded by quotation marks.
CDs
Footnotes

Authors (forename or initials followed by surname) (Omitted where title includes

statement of original authorship). Corporate authors as Organisation name.
Include subtitle where main title is not clear or indicative as to content. Title should be
in double quotes
CD Rom title in italics (where applicable)
[CD-ROM]
Version or release number or date
Publisher
Year of publication
o Current Legal Information [CD-ROM], December 2006. (London: Sweet &
Maxwell, 2007)

being cited.
Abbreviate the title to words that clearly identify the item, CD Rom or online database title,
date accessed
o Current Legal Information [CD-ROM], December 2006
Bibliographies
As for footnotes
70

Online
Footnotes

Authors (forename or initials followed by surname) (Omitted where title includes

statement of original authorship). Corporate authors as Organisation name.
Include subtitle where main title is not clear or indicative as to content. Title should be
in double quotes
Publisher / Organisation responsible
Document date or date of last revision
Online database title in italics (where applicable)
Protocol and address
Date accessed in form [Accessed July 1, 2004]

o P. Cross, A Guide to Citing Internet Sources, (Bournemouth University, 1996).
Bournemouth Online, http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis [Accessed July
1, 2004]

being cited.
Abbreviate the title to words that clearly identify the item, online database title, date accessed
o Cross, Guide to Citing Internet Sources, http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service
depts/lis [Accessed July 1, 2004]
Bibliographies
o Cross, P. A Guide to Citing Internet Sources, (Bournemouth University, 1996).
Bournemouth Online, http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/service-depts/lis [Accessed July
1, 2004]
71

2.8 CASES
ENGLAND AND WALES
In general the form of citation is as follows: Rye v Rye [1962] A.C. 496 HL; Palmer v Stear
(1963) 113 L.J. 420 QBD. Individual case citations should be checked on Westlaw UK to
ensure accuracy of the citation.
Below are the particular points to note.
Exceptions:

Archbold retains the full point after the v between party names and Ex p takes a lower
case e.
Italicisation. Case names are italicised, but not the law report reference. Where a case has
given its name to a legal concept or procedure this should also be italicised. Eg Newton
hearing, Wednesbury unreasonableness, Moorov corroboration, Norwich Pharmacal orders,
Rylands v Fletcher liability, Smith v Manchester damages.
Citation in text and online services.

No footnotes to the text
Main text: the full name of the case and the citation must be cited on the first
reference in the text. If a media neutral cite is used, it should always be followed by a
report reference where one exists.

Successive cites. Second and subsequent references may be shortened by

referring to one party only and, perhaps, in an abbreviated form.
Filmlab Systems International Ltd v Pennington [1995] 1 W.L.R. 673 becomes eg:
Filmlab in text
Barnet LBC v Hurst [2002] EWCA Civ 1009; [2003] 1 W.L.R. 722 becomes eg:
Hurst in text
Shortened names. Some cases may only be cited in an abbreviated form, e.g.
Fibrosa case. (Note that cases cited only in this form have "Case" as follows:
Shelleys Case, i.e. capitals and italics where the word Case has become part of the
actual name of the case.)
Footnotes used (or Cases Referred field in online)

Main text: Case names may be abbreviated in the first reference in the main text as
for successive cites where there are no footnotes (see successive cites and
shortened names in No footnotes to the text above). However the full case name
and citation must be included in the first footnote. If a media neutral cite is used, it
should always be followed by a report reference where one exists.

Footnote: The form of citation in the footnote is as follows:
Filmlab Systems International Ltd v Pennington [1995] 1 W.L.R. 673
Barnet LBC v Hurst [2002] EWCA Civ 1009; [2003] 1 W.L.R. 722
72


Successive cites: The party name may be shortened or abbreviated but the full
citation to at least one published report series must be included. It is not necessary to
add the court abbreviation. Where a case is referred to in several footnotes next to
each other, the citation only may be used provided that it is clear from the text what
the name of the case is.
Filmlab [1995] 1 W.L.R. 673
Hurst [2003] 1 W.L.R. 722
Name of Case

Forenames, names. In civil cases, forenames should be omitted except where

necessary for greater ease of distinction, particularly with common surnames, e.g. R.
v Smith (Terry) (see further below). Where they occur in the names of organisations
they should appear in the order normally found in that name, e.g. John Menzies, not
Menzies (John).
Citation of common surnames: there is no strict rule on the citation of common

surnames, so commonsense should be applied in the first instance. The citation
largely depends on how many cases have been heard in the past which have the
same party names as those in the case to be cited. Therefore, the editor is required
to ascertain whether there are any previous instances where the same case name
has appeared and then decide whether it would be helpful to customers to include the
parties' forenames.
Where both party names are the same, e.g. Smith v Smith, Singh v Singh, the
forenames would automatically be added. Where the party names are different,
distinguishing the case from others becomes easier, so whereas Smith v Jones may
include both parties' forenames, Jones v Whalley wouldn't require any forenames.
Criminal cases should include the surname and up to two forenames
Companies
The names of both limited companies and unincorporated firms should be cited using
the full name and standard abbreviation for the type of company.
Eg:
Bob the Builder & Sons [and not Builder (Bob) & Sons]
John Menzies Plc
Tiffany & Co
Never use any full stops or spaces between initials. Always use the following
abbreviations without commas:
Co instead of Company
Ltd instead of Limited
Plc instead of Public Limited Company
Corp instead of Corporation
Inc instead of Incorporated
Bros instead of Brothers
cyf instead of Cyfyngedig (no full points, all lower case).
ccc instead of Cwmni cyfyngedig cyhoeddus (no full points, all lower case).
Exception: White Book cites Plc as per companys official name eg Plc. or plc
73

If a company name has two initials separated by an "&", there should be no spaces
between the initials and the "&" e.g. W&J Smith. If you are absolutely sure that a
company name is expressed with the word "and" instead of an "&" then this is
acceptable; however this occurrence is very rare. If in doubt always use an "&".
Exceptionally where the company name in common use is an acronym, cite without
full points, eg BBC, IBM, ICI.
Only where the name of a firm could easily be mistaken for the name of a person, use
(A Firm) next to the party name e.g. J Seasons (A Firm).
Parties trading as should be cited in brackets e.g. Taylor v Smith (t/a Smiths Supplies
Ltd)

Capitalisation of descriptions in case names

Smith & Co (formerly Jones & Co)
Smith (otherwise Jones)
Smith (t/a AJ Packaging)
BUT
Smith & Co (In Administration)
Smith & Co (In Receivership)
Smith & Co (In Liquidation)
For Cyfyngedig use cyf (note no full points, all lower case).
For Cwmni cyfyngedig cyhoeddus use ccc (note no full points, all lower case).
Separate each case and each citation with a semi-colon, e.g. "see Apple v Banana
[1999] 1 W.L.R. 123; [1999] 1 All E.R. 321; Apple v Cherry [2000] 2 W.L.R. 456 Ch D"
[NB: This is not relevant for Westlaw as each new case appears on a new line. Lawtel
cases are separated by space colon space e.g. Apple v Banana [1999] 1 W.L.R. 123;
[1999] 1 All E.R. 321 : Apple v Cherry [2000] 2 W.L.R. 456 Ch D]
Where there is more than one party on either side, name the first only and do not
add "& Ors" or "& Another" or "et al." or any other similar abbreviation.
Different names for a case: sub nom. Where it is necessary to indicate that a case
has appeared in one report under a different name than in another, then the form
"sub nom." (under the name of) is used, e.g. R. v Stafford Justices Ex p. Ross; sub
nom. R. v Stafford Borough Justices Ex p. Ross [1962] 1 W.L.R. 456; [1962] 1 All
E.R. 540 DC.
Note, however, that it is usually only necessary to give the sub nom. and both
citations in text and footnotes when they vary a great deal, and the reader would not
be aware that the two reports were of the same case. But sub noms are always
included in tables of cases in order to aid the search process.
Joined cases. Where two or more cases are heard together and only one judgment
is handed down follow the style for citing reports where a case is reported under
different names, i.e. repeat using semicolon sub nom., i.e. Smith v Jones [2002] 1 All
E.R. 7; sub nom. Williams v Bloggs [2002] 1 All E.R. 7 QBD.
Titles, etc. should be repeated as stated in the report, e.g. Sugden v Lord St
Leonards.
Shortened names. Some cases may only be cited in an abbreviated form, e.g.
Fibrosa case. (Note that cases cited only in this form have "Case" as follows:
Shelleys Case, i.e. capitals and italics where the word Case has become part of the
actual name of the case.)
74


Both "affirmed" or "affirming" should be spelt out in full and set in roman.
In works on criminal law, it is permissible to cite the case by the name of the
accused only. Note also in criminal cases that the Sovereign should invariably be
abbreviated "R.".
Admiralty cases should be cited by the name of the parties and the name of the ship
in parentheses, e.g. Ellis Shipping Corp v Voest Alpine (The Mermaid). Where the
parties are cargo owners and ship owners the case should be cited as Owners of the
Titanic v Owners of the Cargo Lately Laden on Board The Titanic (The Titanic).
Exception: White Book cites Admiralty cases as per the author, not in any particular
style
Citation styles for judicial reviews changed on October 2, 2000 in accordance with
the Practice Direction (Administrative Court: Establishment) reported in [2000] 1
W.L.R. 1654.
o Cases heard before October 2, 2000 should be cited: R. v Immigration
Appeals Tribunal Ex p. Zazoun.
o Cases heard after October 2, 2000 should be cited: R. (on the application of
Zazoun) v Immigration Appeals Tribunal.
75

Note the following regarding party names:
Att Gen (Attorney General) (Exception: Attorney General is spelt in full within the content
centres and in White Book)
Attorney Generals Reference (No.1 of 2002), Re
Deceased express as Smith, In the Estate of or Smith (Deceased), Re
Re (In the matter of) express as Smith, Re
Ex parte express as Ex p. Exception: Archbold uses ex p.
Co
Ltd
Corp
Plc
Inc
Bros
(instead of Company)
(instead of Limited)
(instead of Corporation)
(instead of Public Limited Company)
(instead of Incorporated)
(instead of Brothers)
AHA
BC
CBC
CC
DC
DHA
DPP
HA
LBC
LEA
MBC
MDC
NHS
RBC
RC
RHA
RLBC
Rural DC
Urban DC
Area Health Authority

Borough Council
County Borough Council
County Council
District Council (NB: also means Divisional Court)
District Health Authority
Director of Public Prosecutions
Health Authority
London Borough Council
Local Education Authority
Metropolitan Borough Council
Metropolitan District Council
National Health Service
Royal Borough Council
Regional Council
Regional Health Authority
Royal London Borough Council
Rural District Council
Urban District Council
Commonly used abbreviations for company and organisation names:

BBC
IBM
ICI
NSPCC
RSPCA
RSPB
British Broadcasting Corporation

International Business Machines
Imperial Chemical Industries
National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
Then note the following common form of citation.

Att Gen (Australia) v Smith

In reports of the old action for ejectment the fictitious plaintiff is named, followed by
"d." ("on the demise of"), followed by the names of the parties, e.g. Doe d. Banning v
Griffin. In a table of cases it is the last name which governs alphabetical order: within
the "D"s, Doe d. Banning v Griffin would precede Doe d. Aston v Hunt.
76

Date and Use of Round and Square Brackets

For a list of the reports series and their correct citation, see the new hierarchy
document (see the House Style Intranet homepage).
Square brackets must be used around the year where this forms an integral part of
the citation of the report, e.g. Rye v Rye [1994] A.C. 496 HL
Round brackets (parentheses) should be used when the reports are referred to by
volume numbers, e.g. Rye v Rye (1994) 105 S.J. 530 HL
The date in parentheses is the date of the report rather than judgment.
No comma before or after the date where round or square brackets are used.
Note generally that before 1891 all reports have the date in round brackets.
Volume and Page/Case and Paragraph Reference

When a series of reports is numbered consecutively the volume is placed before the
abbreviation of the report, e.g. (1965) 49 Cr. App. R. 77.
The first page reference should always be to the first page of the report. If later pages are
referred to, the style should be:
Rye v Rye [1994] A.C. 496 HL at 500 (N.B. Not "at p. 500".)
Rye v Rye [1994] A.C. 496 HL at 500, 503505
Note that all Sweet & Maxwell law reports after January 11, 2001 must be referenced to case
and paragraph number rather than page number. Eg.
R. (on the application of Crowch) v DPP [2009] P.N.L.R. 1 QBD at [1], [2] and [3]
The only exceptions to this rule are Cr. App. R and Cr. App. R.(S.) where the page number is
included in addition to the case and paragraph number. It appears in round brackets after the
case number, e.g.
[2002] 1 Cr. App. R.(S.) 12 CA (Crim Div) (p.64); [2002] 1 Cr. App. R.(S.) 12 CA (Crim Div)
(p.64) at [77].
Media Neutral Citations

Since January 11, 2001, judgments deriving from the High Court (all divisions), from the Court
of Appeal (civil and criminal divisions), from the House of Lords, and from the Privy Council
have been issued with unique judgment numbers, which form part of a "media neutral
citation". The judgments will be numbered in the following way:
Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Court of Appeal (Criminal
Division)
High Court (Administrative
Court)
House of Lords
Privy Council
Privy Council (for Devolution
cases)
[2001] EWCA Civ 1, 2, 3, etc.

[2001] EWCA Crim 1, 2, 3, etc.
[2001] EWHC Admin 1, 2, 3, etc. (pre-January 12, 2002)
[2001] UKHL 6
[2001] UKPC 5
[2001] UKPC D3
Each of these unique judgment numbers represents a case number allocated by the court,
and must appear as the first in any string of citations, e.g. paragraph 59 in Smith v Jones, the
77

tenth numbered judgment of the year in the Criminal Division of the Court of Appeal and the
second reported case in Cr. App. R. in 2001, would be cited:
Smith v Jones [2001] EWCA Crim 10 at [59];
(now cited to case number and paragraph number).
High Court January 12, 2002 onwards

From January 12, 2002, all High Court judgments were provided with a media neutral citation
by virtue of the allocation of a unique number from a central register. This applies to:
Administrative Court
Admiralty
Chancery Division
Commercial Court
Family Division
Patents Court
Technology and Construction Court
After this date, no suffix will be added after the EWHC abbreviation as the numbering is
sequential. However, the Admin suffix will be retained for legacy material, i.e. judgments
delivered between January 11, 2001 and January 12, 2002.
Exception: White Book continues to include the court suffix
Due to space constraints in tables, cases should be cited as: [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 2 [59]
See Part 5: Prelims, Tables and Indexes and the freelance Tabling Manual for further
information. A copy can be obtained from the Freelance Manager or the Editorial
Administrator.
Court of Decision

The name of the court should be correctly abbreviated. Do not enclose the whole
abbreviation in brackets or precede by a comma: e.g. [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 263 CA
(Crim Div).
Note that in abbreviations for the Court of Appeal, its subdivisions are enclosed in
brackets (see list of court abbreviations below)
County Courts have their location in brackets after the court abbreviation e.g. CC
(Worthing)
Do not add the court where a media neutral cite has been used as this already
supplies information about the court: e.g. Smith v Jones [2001] EWCA Crim 10,
[2001] A.C. 234
Note the following abbreviations and see also Courts (see House Style Intranet homepage):
CA
Court of Appeal
CA (Civ Div) Court of Appeal (Civil Division)
Court of Appeal (Criminal Division)
CA (Crim
78

Div)
CC
CCC
Ch D
CMAC
Cons Ct
Crown Ct
DC
EAT
Fam Div
HL
IAT
MC
PC
Pat Ct
QBD
County Court (followed by location)

Central Criminal Court
Chancery Division (no full points)
CourtsMartial Appeal Court
Consistory Court
Crown Court
Divisional Court
Employment Appeal Tribunal
Family Division
House of Lords
Immigration Appeal Tribunal
Magistrates Court
Privy Council
Patents Court
Use of Capitals when referring to Courts

References to courts generally take a lower case "c"; specific references take a capital. See
Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters above.
Judges
References to judges generally take a lower case "j." Thus: "a judge; a judge in chambers."
But specific references need the capital. Thus: "a Judge in Lunacy; H.H. Judge Brown (in
county court)". See Part 1.10: Use of Capital Letters.
In citing judgments or dicta of particular judges, the general rule is to name the judge and to
show his or her office by initials after the name; no comma between name and initials or after
initials, except as syntax demands, e.g. "Lawton J. decided..." "A court composed of Lord
Denning M.R., Harman and Diplock L.JJ. decided..."
The abbreviations are as follows:
B.
C.
C.B.
C.J.
B
aron (Exchequer)
Chancellor of the High Court
Chief Baron (Exchequer)
Chief Justice (sometimes followed by K.B. or Q.B. for Kings or Queens Bench, or
C.P. for Common Pleas)
H.H.
His/Her Honour. Used for Circuit judges as in eg H.H. Judge Brown
J.
Justice
J.A.
Judge of Appeal (Courts of Appeal and Crown Cases Reserved; in use only for a
short time after 1875) (Smith J.A.)
J.O.
Judge Ordinary (Divorce Court; 18581875)
L.C.
Lord Chancellor (Lord Smith of London L.C.)
L.C.B. Lord Chief Baron (Exchequer)
L.C.J. Lord Chief Justice (Kings or Queens Bench, or corresponding Division of the High
Court, but Lord Bingham C.J., see below) (Lord Smith of place L.C.J.)
L.J.
Lord Justice (Court of Appeal in Chancery; Court of Appeal) (plural L.JJ.) (Smith
L.J.)
L.K.
Lord Keeper
M.R.
Master of the Rolls (Smith M.R.)
V.C.
Vice-Chancellor (Chancery) (Smith V.C.) (no hyphen)
79


The Lord Chief Justice of England is referred to by his title and name, followed by
initials indicating his office, e.g. Lord Bingham C.J. (not Bingham L.C.J. only used
within the content centres). Other judicial peers in the Supreme Court are referred to
similarly, e.g. Lord Greene M.R.
The general abbreviation for a judge is applied to the judges of the superior courts
only; thus Coleridge J. means Mr Justice Coleridge, of the Court of Kings Bench and
later Queens Bench. It is incorrect to refer to Judge Coleridge (though this
designation is applied to judges of county courts) or to Justice Coleridge. When two
or more judges of a superior court of first instance or of appeal are named, the
relevant initial is duplicated (without a full stop between), e.g. Coleridge and
Crompton JJ.; Gurney, Alderson and Parke BB.; Scrutton and Bankes L.JJ. Although
such judges are usually not peers but knights, by convention the phrases "his
Lordship" or "their Lordships" are used of them in indirect speech, and in court they
are addressed as "My Lord."
Circuit judges are referred to as, e.g. H.H. Judge Brown.
In abbreviated references, particularly footnotes, the authority for a dictum is

introduced by the word "per", e.g. per Scrutton L.J. In headnotes of cases it
introduces the opinion of a certain judge and appears at the beginning of a sentence
in brackets e.g. (Per Scrutton L.J.)
See the Legal Editing training document on the T drive for the correct terms of address for
judges, etc.
Practice Directions (from courts)

Citations of practice directions and similar documents issued by the courts should be cited as
follows:
Practice Direction/ Practice Note/ Protocol (whatever it happens to be) followed by (in
brackets)

An abbreviated name of the applicable court
A descriptive phrase giving the gist of the PD. Usually this will be as given in the law
reports and as recorded by the S3C case citator
e.g.:
Practice Direction (Fam Div: Ancillary Relief: Costs)
Practice Direction (QBD: Magistrates Courts: Anti Social Behaviour Orders: Composition of
Benches)
Practice Direction (SENT: Guidance on Applications to Review Decision of Tribunal)
These should be treated as case citations and italicised on output to print. Practice Direction
citations should be validated against the S3C case citator
Northern Ireland Practice Directions
Practice Direction No.6 of 2002 (QBD (Comm) (NI): Expert Evidence)
Unreported Cases
Most cases now have media neutral citations regardless of whether they have been published
in law reports. However where a case has neither a media neutral cite nor a law report, it
should be cited with the elements:
name Unreported date court
80

e.g. Dean v Woods Unreported April 21, 1994 CA (Civ Div).
Note: there are no commas between the elements (date has the usual comma however).
Exceptions:
White Book style is Smith v Jones, June 4, 2007, unrep.
Decisions of Administrative Tribunals

The method of citation for tribunals varies depending on the tribunal.

Some, such as the Employment Appeals Tribunal, are cited by party name as normal
cases and have a transcript number e.g. EAT/0286/06. Strictly speaking these cases
are not reported and Westlaw cites them as unreported, without the transcript
number.
However the transcript number is a useful identifier and may be used on a product
specific basis. Product use should always be consistent.
Other tribunal decisions, such as Social Security tribunals, are only known by number
or a number is an integral part of the citation. These should be cited by an
appropriate description with the number and last two figures of the year, e.g. Social
Security Decision No. R (G) 1/93.
Yearbooks and Court Rolls

Cases in the Yearbooks are cited by the year in round brackets, the abbreviation Y.B., the
term (if known) and the regnal year or years, with the number of the plea or folio or both, e.g.
(1466) Y.B.Mich. 6 Edw. 4, pl, 18, f.7
Cases in the Rolls Series of Year Books, or those printed by the Selden Society or Ames
Foundation, are cited by the regnal years, an abbreviation of the series, society or foundation,
and the page of the volume, e.g. (1341) Y.B. 14 & 15 Edw. 3 (R.S.) 260.
Which Reports to Cite (Prior to 1865)

Cite original report and, ideally, give parallel citation to the English Reports if the case
appears therein. Cite the Revised Reports (17851866) only if the case is not in the English
Reports.
Which Reports to Cite (After 1864)

See the new hierarchy document (see the House Style Intranet homepage) for further details
of the correct citations.
For Court of Appeal (civil and criminal divisions), High Court, House of Lords, and Privy
Council cases after January 11, 2001, always cite the media neutral citation first.
Cite the Law Reports alone if the case appears therein. Otherwise cite the Weekly Law
Reports (1953 to date) and All England Reports or the Weekly Law Reports alone. Only cite
All England Reports alone if the case is not in Weekly Law Reports or the Law Reports. If the
case is in none of these series cite some other full report (e.g. H.L.R, Cr. App. R., P. & C.R.,
etc.) rather than a shortened report (e.g. Solicitors Journal). (Refer to the authoritative guide
to ranking in the new hierarchy document on the House Style Intranet homepage).
In books on specialist subjects cite the specialist series of reports in addition to either the law
reports, W.L.R. or All E.R. (e.g. Tax Cases in taxation books; Criminal Appeal Reports in
books on criminal law; Common Market Law Reports in books on EC law).
81

CASES (SCOTLAND)
From 1989 onwards, Scottish cases are listed separately at the back of the Current Law Case
Citator.
The following should never be used:
Re
Ex p.
R. (representing the Crown)
Three forms of citation which do not appear in English cases are:
MacDonald, Petitioner
Stewarts Trustees, Special Case
MacKinnon, Noter
These refer to the procedure being used.
Local authorities should be referred to as City Council or Council. The Western Isles Council
calls itself by its Gaelic name of Comhairle nan Eilean Siar, but this should be used as the
sub nominee.
In criminal cases the prosecution is represented by the HM Advocate or the Procurator Fiscal,
the latter should be cited by his/her surname.
Name of Case
Details of the correct alphabetical order of Mc/Mac, etc. are also given.
Cite generally as for English cases, but note the following.

When a married woman is a party her maiden name is stated in the report first, then
her married name, e.g. McAlister or Donoghue v Stevenson; such cases should be
cited by the married surname, i.e. Donoghue v Stevenson.
In civil proceedings on behalf of a government department by the Lord Advocate, his

official title is given: Lord Advocate v Brown. Trustees, Judicial Factors, Executors,
etc. are cited by the name of the trustor, etc. e.g. Smiths Trustees.
In criminal cases the prosecution is represented by the HM Advocate or the

Procurator Fiscal, the latter should be cited by his/her surname.
W Green & Son renders both the apostrophe and turned apostrophe in Scots names
(MLeod, MKechnie) as "Mc" (McLeod, McKechnie).
Dates and Use of Brackets

See the new hierarchy document (House Style Intranet homepage).

Parentheses are used where the reports are referred to by volume number, e.g.
(1873) 1 R. 93.
However, where the year forms an integral part of the citation of the report brackets
are not used, e.g. 1964 S.L.T. 93.
From 1907 onwards, Session Cases (abbr. S.C.) have no brackets: R. v Scott, 1907
S.C.40.
82


From 1909 onwards, Scots Law Times (abbr. S.L.T.) reports have no brackets: R. v
MacVean, 1909 2 S.L.T. 20. From 1922 onwards the correct citation is 1922 S.L.T.
(one volume a year only).
Scottish cases never have the date in square brackets.
Courts and Judges

Some of the abbreviations of the reports include initials showing the court which gave the
decision.
Court of Session from 1907, cited S.C.
House of Lords from 1907, cited S.C. (HL)
Court of Justiciary from 1907 to end of 1916, cited S.C. (J); from 1917,
cited J.C.
In other cases the practice of indicating the court at the end of the citation by initials may
sometimes be appropriate.
The President of the Court of Session is known as the Lord President, and presides in the
First Division of the Inner House; the Lord Justice-Clerk presides in the Second Division.
Each Division includes three other Lords of Session, three judges making a quorum. An Extra
Division, comprising any three Court of Session judges, may be convened to deal with
additional appeal business. Seventeen Lords of Session, known as Lords Ordinary, sit singly
in the Outer House. The same 25 judges exercise criminal jurisdiction in the High Court of
Justiciary, sitting singly in cases of first instance. The Lord President, in his capacity as Lord
Justice General of Scotland is also president of that court. Although the Scottish judges are
not as a rule peers, they have the courtesy title of "Lord" and are so referred to individually.
CASES (IRELAND)
Cite generally as for English cases. See the new hierarchy and courts documents (House
Style Intranet homepage).
How the Individual Reports should be Cited

Irish Jurist Reports (1935 to date):
but note:
Irish Law Times Reports (1867 to date):
Irish Reports (1894 to date):
Northern Ireland Law Reports (1925 to
date):
[1964]
Ir.Jur.Rep
[196263]
Ir.Jur.Rep
(1960) 96
I.L.T.R.
[1956] I.R.
[1960] N.I.
Northern Ireland Practice Directions

Practice Direction No.6 of 2002 (QBD (Comm) (NI): Expert Evidence)
83

84

2.9 LEGISLATION
ENGLAND AND WALES
Statutes: Public General Acts
Summary
Citation in text

Spelling and hyphenation of titles should be exactly as they appear on the Office of
Public Sector Information website http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts.htm. E.g. Anti-social
Behaviour Act 2003 even though house style is Antisocial behaviour. This is how they
are held in the Legislation Content Centre and titles can also be validated on Westlaw
UK. Citations should be as follows:
the Law of Property Act 1925 s.32 or
s.32 of the Law of Property Act 1925.
Note that there should be no comma after the year
Exception: Within Archbold the act name appears in italics and the year in roman. Italics
will be applied automatically when tagged as legisname in SMART. This also applies
where acts have been abbreviated to a three letter acronym (see below).

Abbreviation of statute names. Acronyms should not be used for legislation unless
the legislation is frequently referred to in the product, e.g. ICTA in a tax book. Usage
must be consistent within the product. The legislation should be spelt out in full when
first mentioned, followed by the acronym in brackets.
To avoid repeated references in the text, the year of the Act can be used, e.g. "the
1925 Act", once the full name of the Act has been given in full.
In discrete items such as case abstracts, the Act can be used if only one Act is
mentioned. This does not usually apply to Analytical products where numerous Acts
are likely to be mentioned in the product.
Exception: S3C never use acronyms for legislation in digests
Abbreviation of provisions. Provisions of an Act, e.g. parts, sections, subsections,

paragraphs, schedules, should be abbreviated in text and footnotes when a specific
provision is referred to:
s.5
s.5(1)
subs.(1) when referred to on its own e.g.
Section 5 deals with dangerous dogs, subs.(1) detailing the penalties.
Pt 9
Exceptions. Do not abbreviate provisions if they appear at the start of a sentence or

if a provision is referred to on its own, e.g. By this section it is laid down
Citation in footnotes

Act name or abbreviation, followed by the abbreviated provision:

LPA s.32
85

Law of Property Act 1925 s.32

Footnotes should be re-written so that the sentence starts with the Act name and not
an abbreviated provision.
If the Act name is abbreviated in the text, also abbreviate it in the footnotes.
Successive citations. Acronyms or abbreviated titles may be used in successive

cites. Where an acronym is used the legislation should be spelt out in full when first
mentioned, followed by the acronym in brackets.
o Law of Property Act 1925 becomes, e.g.
LPA 1925 s.3
o
Caravan Sites and Control of Development Act 1960 becomes, e.g.

Caravan Sites Act 1960
Chapter numbers are the sequential numbers allocated to Acts upon being passed
by Parliament within a given year, e.g. Gas Act 1986 (c.4).
Regnal years of the session of Parliament in which an Act was passed were used as
identifiers of statutes until 1963, e.g. Perjury Act 1911 (1&2 Geo. 5 c.6). A full list of
regnal years is included in this guide.
Editorial notes within the LCC are written as short citations e.g. yyyy.c.nn s.nn
(1999 c.19 s.5; 2001 c.4 Sch.5 para.2(a)(ii).
Parts, Sections, Paragraphs and Schedules

Parts and Schedules have an initial capital
The Part numbers can be arabic or romanfollow the usage in the Act itself.
The singular and plural abbreviations are as follows:
Pt 8
Pts II and III
Sections are numbered with arabic numerals, while the further divisions are either
lettered or have roman numerals in round brackets.
The singular and plural abbreviations are:
s.10 and ss.1214, 15.
subs.(3) and subss.(4), (5)(7)
para.(a) and paras (a), (b)(d)
sub-para.(i) and sub-paras (ii), (iii)(v)
When the subdivisions form part of a longer reference they follow each other in the
above order but without abbreviations. Note the correct use of commas and dashes,
which are only used to connect more than two consecutive references, e.g. (the)
Road Traffic Act 1960 ss.16(1), (2), 17(3)(a)(ii), 1921, 25, 26, Sch.2.
When citing two subsections in the same section, do not repeat the section number or
refer to sections (plural), e.g. "s.4(3) and (4)" (not "ss.4(3) and 4(4)").
Schedules should be abbreviated, e.g. Sch.8, not Sched.8 or 8th Sched. Use the
initial capital in the abbreviation and where referring to a specific schedule in full in
86

the text, e.g. "Schedule 8 to the Finance Act..." Use arabic or roman numerals
following the usage of the particular Act itself.
Exception: Archbold uses the abbreviations Sched. and Scheds for schedule and
schedules.

Schedules are subdivided into paragraphs with arabic numerals and sub-paragraphs
with arabic numerals in parentheses, e.g. Sch.8 para.1(2). Note that there is no
comma between the Schedule number and the paragraph.
In descriptive text use "Schedule to the Act", not "of" as this is the most common
form. This also applies where a detailed reference is given to a Schedule eg Sch.8
Group 15 Item 9 to the 1994 Act.
Exception: This does not apply to the full text of legislation nor to recording of
amendments etc in LCC where the language of the legislation should be used
Articles should be lower case "article" and abbreviated as "art." or "arts".
Printed Series of Statutes

A reference is sometimes given to the series of volumes in which an Act is printed, with the
number of the volume and the page, if numbered. These series include those shown in the
following table.
Enactments
Series
12351713
12251835
Statutes of the Realm (Record Commission, 181028)

Statutes at Large (Ruffhead, 1786. Continued to 1800, and thence as
Statutes of the United Kingdom). (The numbering of volumes in various
editions is not uniform.)
Public General Acts (Annual, sometimes two volumes) (Kings or Queens
Printer; Stationery Office; Law Reports, 18661951)
Statutes Revised (3rd edn, Stationery Office, 1950)
Firth and Rait, Acts and Ordinances of the Interregnum (1911)
1831 to date
12351948
16421660
There are numerous other printed series of statutes, including in the 19th and 20th centuries
Chittys Statutes, arranged by subject-matter alphabetically, and the series in the Law
Journal; in the 20th century, Halsburys Statutes of England, also arranged by subject-matter,
and Current Law Statutes Annotated.
In the case of early Acts variations may occur between printed editions and official records.
Variations also occur between printed editions, and those between Runningtons edition of
Ruffheads Statutes at Large and the Statutes of the Realm are set out in the early pages of
the official Chronological Table of the Statutes and The Statutes Revised.
Private, Local and Personal Acts

These are cited in the same way as Public General Acts, except that in Local Acts the chapter
number is printed in small roman numerals (e.g. Chester Waterworks Act 1935 (25 & 26 Geo.
5, c.xix)) and in Personal Acts the chapter number is printed in italic arabic numerals (e.g.
c.19).
Church Assembly Measures

These are cited in the same way as Public Acts, except that serial number replaces chapter
number, e.g. (the) Representation of the Laity Measure 1956 (4 & 5 Eliz. 2, No.2).
Measures are published after the Acts in the annual volumes of Public General Acts. Those
from 1920 to 1948 are collected in The Church Assembly Measures Revised (1950) and since
1949 in Current Law Statutes Annotated.
87

Bills
Cite as for Acts except use the word Bill (capital "B") instead of Act. Bills have no chapter
number and have clauses (abbreviated to cl., plural cll.) instead of sections.
Statutory Instruments
Summary
Full form of citation is, e.g.
(the) Animals (Cruel Poison) Regulations 1994 (SI 1994/1278)
Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (Consequential Amendments and Repeals)
Order 2001 (SI 2001/3649)
Note the inclusion of the year at the end of the SI name, before the SI number in
brackets
Delegated legislation may take various forms, including rules, regulations, orders,
proclamations. Most were known as Statutory Rules and Orders (abbreviated to SR & O;
plural SR & Os) under the Rules Publication Act 1893, but since 1948, by the Statutory
Instruments Act 1946, they have been known as Statutory Instruments (abbreviated to SI;
plural SIs).
Exceptions:

Lawtel uses S.I. with full points until it moves to Novus
Within Archbold the SI name appears in italics and the number in roman. Note the
number format is as follows: S.I. 1989 No. 299. Italics will be applied automatically
when tagged as legisname in SMART.
Subdivision of Statutory Instruments

General rule. Provisions of an SI, e.g. articles, regulations, rules should be abbreviated in
text and footnotes when a specific provision is referred to:
reg.3
art.5
rr.711
Exceptions. Do not abbreviate provisions if they appear at the start of a sentence or if a
provision is referred to on its own, e.g. By this regulation it is laid down
The subdivision of SIs varies: some are divided into parts and have schedules, but chiefly
Orders are divided into articles (abbreviated to art./arts), Rules into rules (abbreviated to r./rr.)
and Regulations into regulations (abbreviated to reg./regs).
The rules for spelling out or abbreviating are as for the subdivision of statutes, i.e.
art.4 of the Local Authorities (Amendment) Order 1994
88

or
(the) Local Authorities (Amendment) Order 1994 art.4.
Capitalisation in Statutory Instruments

Article should always take a lower case "a", e.g.

(the) Export of Goods (Control) Order 1994 arts 58
Rules and regulations take an initial capital letter only when referring to a specific
set of rules or regulations or entire statutory instrument:
(the) Return of Cultural Objects Regulations 1994
(the) Criminal Appeal Rules 1968
Lower case should be used when referring to individual rules or regulations within the
set or statutory instrument:
It was provided by reg.3 that
Those Rules contain six rules and two schedules.
Printed Collections of SIs

Official collections of SIs are published annually, usually in more than one volume.
Instruments up to 1948 are collected in Statutory Rules and Orders and Statutory Instruments
Revised (19491952); this is cited "SI Rev" followed by volume number in large roman
numerals and page in arabic numerals, e.g. SI Rev III, p. 457. The annual series are cited by
year, number, volume and page, e.g. SI 1955, I, p.911. There is also a Guide to Government
Orders published in alternate years.
Amendments or Repeals
Amendments and repeals, apart from the volumes mentioned above, can also be ascertained
from the official annual, SI Effects. There is also an official Numerical Table of General
Statutory Rules and Orders and Statutory Instruments, published in 1953. See also the
Current Law Citator, 19471958, the Current Law Year Books 196071, and the Current Law
Legislation Citators 197288 and 198992. From 1992 onwards, see the Statutory
Instruments Citator.
See also the CLI website.
Rules of Court

The Rules of the Supreme Court 1965, as amended, and the County Court Rules
1981, as amended, are divided into Orders and rules, the numbering of the rules
starting anew in each order.
Orders are abbreviated as Ord. or Ords except where used on its own in a sentence
e.g. Order 4 provides that..
Exception: White Book abbreviates to O. where followed by a rule number
"Order" always takes the initial capital whether referring to a complete statutory
instrument or to merely a part of one.
Citation of the Rules of the Supreme Court:
89

RSC Ord.6 r.5(1), provides that
RSC Ords 6, 7, 911 rr.35, provide
Exception: White Book uses RSC O.17, r.12 but RSC Ords 1 & 2
Citation of the County Court Rules:
CCR Ord.6 r.5(1), provides that (and as above)
Exception: White Book uses CCR O.33, r.12 but CCR Ords 1 & 2
Citation of the Civil Procedure Rules:
CPR Part 5 r.5 should be cited as CPR r.5.5
CPR 5 should be cited as CPR Pt 5
Earlier RSC may be cited as follows:
RSC 1883 Ord.6 r.5(1), provided that...
RSC (Revision) 1962 Ord.6 r.5(1), provided that...
Civil Procedure Practice Directions

The full citation (long title in LCC) is e.g.:
CPR PD 2 (Court Offices) para.2.1(1)(a)
The full title can be verified on Westlaw UK and from the website of the Department of
Constitutional Affairs at http://www.dca.gov.uk/civil/procrules_fin/menus/rules.htm.
The citation may be abbreviated when cited subsequently (but not in footnotes) e.g.:
CPR PD 2 para.2.1(1)(a)
Exception: where a citation to the CPR appears within the White Book the CPR portion of
the citation may be excluded e.g. PD 2 para.2.1(1)(a).
90

SCOTLAND
Acts of Parliament
General
From 1424 (at least) to 1706 statutes were enacted by the Parliament of Scotland. Thereafter
Acts of the United Kingdom Parliament apply to Scotland in the absence of any provision or
implication to the contrary. Statutes applying exclusively to Scotland have a reference in the
short title, e.g. Education (Scotland) Act 1956. For "asps" see below.
Citation
Acts of the Parliament of Scotland are cited by the word "Act" followed by year and chapter
number, e.g. Act 1567 c.14 (no comma). Some had a title, e.g. Act concerning Tailies (1685).
The Statute Law Revision (Scotland) Act 1964 (c.80) assigned short titles to each of the Acts
which remain in force.
Printed Series
11241707 statutes are contained in Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland (R.C. 18141875).
And apart from the series on pages 4142 for post-1707 Acts, those of 14241946 are
contained in Scots Statutes Revised (18991907, with continuation volumes to 1948). The
Record Commissions series may be cited by an abbreviation, volume and page, it being
noted that there are two parts of Volume 6, e.g. A.P.S. vi. (2), 31; A.P.S. x, 239.
Acts of the Scottish Parliament

The Scotland Act 1998 allowed for the devolvement of certain legislative areas to the Scottish
Parliament. Within these areas Acts may be passed. Acts of the Scottish Parliament are
referred to as such:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 5)
asp is lower case and is placed in brackets in much the same way as chapter numbers for
Acts of the United Kingdom. asp is not pointed unlike (c.).
Exception: Lawtel uses asp. with a full point until it moves to Novus
Statutory Instruments
As for England and Wales. Those applying exclusively to Scotland indicate this in the short
title.
Scottish Statutory Instruments (SSIs)

These are identical in function to Statutory Instruments except that they are applicable only to
Scotland. They are referred to in the same manner:
Mull Salmon Fishery District Designation (Scotland) Order 2002 (SSI 2002/138)
91

SSI is not full pointed and there should be a space between SSI and the year as can be seen
in the above example.
You can access either Acts of the Scottish Parliament or Scottish Statutory Instruments on
Westlaw or the HMSO website under the Scottish facility.
Exception: Lawtel uses S.S.I. with full points until it moves to Novus
Rules of Court
Procedure in the Scottish courts is regulated in civil proceedings by Acts of Sederunt (cited by
name, e.g. Act of Sederunt (Adoption of Children) (Amendment) 1992); and in criminal
proceedings by Acts of Adjournal (cited also by name, e.g. Act of Adjournal (Consolidation)
1988). Both are now issued as statutory instruments. The abbreviations A.S. and A.A. may be
used in footnotes.
The current Rules of the Court of Session 1994 are numbered 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, etc. with further
subdivisions as in Acts. The form "RCS, rule 22.3" is permitted; "Rule of Court 22.3" remains
in common use, though is disliked by the draftsman and should preferably be avoided.
The Codifying Act of Sederunt 1913 was divided into books, chapters, and sections and was
cited accordingly, e.g. C.A.S., A, ii, 2. It is now mostly superseded by the Rules of Court.
Ordinary causes in the sheriff court are now governed by the Ordinary Cause Rules 1993,
technically an amended schedule to the Sheriff Court (Scotland) Act 1907 but normally
referred to by the 1993 title. These are numbered in the same way as the Rules of the Court
of Session, e.g. "Ordinary Cause Rule (or OCR) 16.9". Note that the former rules in the 1907
Act, simply numbered consecutively, remain in force for any cases begun before January 1,
1994 and still in progress. At the time of writing, the separate Summary Cause Rules, Small
Claims Rules and Summary Application Rules each retain the old style numbering, though
changes are expected.
WALES
The Government of Wales Act 1998 established a National Assembly for Wales which is
empowered to develop and implement policies and make subordinate legislation in the areas
of: agriculture; arts, culture and the Welsh language; economic development; education;
environment; housing; job creation; NHS; planning; social services; sports and leisure, and
transport and roads. The Assembly is not empowered to alter primary legislation which
remains the responsibility of the Westminster Parliament. There is no separate style therefore
for Welsh legislation; it follows the same rules as for statutes and SIs published by the
Westminster Parliament.
NORTHERN IRELAND
Statutes
For a list of all statute law affecting Northern Ireland, see Chronological Table of the
StatutesNorthern Ireland. This comprises Acts passed prior to 1801 by the Parliament of
Ireland or the Parliaments of England and Great Britain, Acts passed from 1801 by the
Parliament of the United Kingdom, Acts passed by the Parliament of Northern Ireland from
1921 to its prorogation on March 30, 1972, Orders in Council made in 1972 and 1973 under
section 1(3) of the Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972, Measures passed in
1974 by the Northern Ireland Assembly and Orders in Council made from 1974 under
paragraph 1 of Schedule 1 to the Northern Ireland Act 1974.
92

Cite as:
Act: Budget Act (Northern Ireland) 2008 (c.3)
Order in Council: Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 (SI 2008/1216) (NI 1)
Statutory Rules
All Statutory Rules, plus United Kingdom Statutory Instruments which are applicable to
Northern Ireland, can be found in Northern Ireland Statutory Rules.
Cite as: Energy Order 2003 (Supply of Information) Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2008 (SR
2008/3)
IRELAND
Statutes
Criminal Justice Act 2006 (2006 No. 26)
Statutory Rules
Electoral (Amendment) Act 2001 (Commencement) Order 2006 (S.I. No. 26 of 2006)
93

PART 3: EUROPEAN MATERIAL

3.1 EUROPEAN CASES
Background
All cases brought before the ECJ and the CFI are numbered as they are registered at the
court, with the number of the case followed by the year in which it is registered. Cases are
rarely judged in the same year in which they are registered, so the year of the case number
and the year of the citation are likely to be quite different.
Before the creation of the CFI in 1988, case numbers had no prefix.
After the reallocation of the case load in November 1989, all cases with judgments handed
down after November 16, 1989 were renumbered and given a prefix, according to the Court
they were heard before
Pre 1989 case have no prefix:
Directeur Regional de la Scurit Sociale de Nancy v Gillard (9/78)

ECJ cases have a C- prefix (C + hyphen):
Biehl v Administration des Contributions du Grand-Duch du Luxembourg (C-175/88)
CFI cases have a T- prefix (T + hyphen):
Sabatucci v European Parliament (T-31/89)
It is essential that the correct prefix is used, as C-23/97 and T-23/97 are completely different
cases. If you are unsure if the correct prefix has been used, or whether it should have a prefix
or not, check in the S3C or in the European Court Reports.
There is no need to include an abbreviation of the Court in the citation as the prefix is a clear
indication as to which Court the case has been heard before.
European Court Reports

Every ECJ and CFI case is reported in the European Court Reports.
After the creation of the CFI in 1989, two volumes were created, with ECJ cases reported in
Volume I and CFI cases in Volume II. The form of citation is as follows:
Pre 1989
[Year]/E.C.R./page number
e.g.
[1978] E.C.R. 1661
Post 1989
[Year]/E.C.R./Volume Number/hyphen/Page number
e.g.
[1990] E.C.R. I-1779
[1990] E.C.R. II-265
94

Citation in text and online services

No footnotes to the text
Main text: When citing EU cases in main text, the following core elements must be
included:
1. Case name in italics
2. Case number in parenthesis
3. Citation
The form of citation is as follows:
Directeur Regional de la Scurit Sociale de Nancy v Gillard (9/78) [1978] E.C.R.
1661
Biehl v Administration des Contributions du Grand-Duch du Luxembourg (C
175/88) [1990] E.C.R. I-1779
Sabatucci v European Parliament (T-31/89) [1990] E.C.R. II-265

Successive cites: For subsequent references the case should be referred to by

name only, shortened where applicable. The form of citation is as follows:
Gillard
Biehl
Sabatucci
Shortened names. EU cases are often cited in an abbreviated name form that may
not be the first party , e.g. Bosman case
Union Royale Belge des Socts de Football Association v Bosman [1996] 1
C.M.L.R. 645 ECJ in the first reference becomes eg:
Bosman in successive citations
Nicknames: Some EU cases are commonly known by a nickname, in the same way
that some English cases are.
The first time such a case is mentioned, its full name should be cited with the
nickname in brackets after the full name. The form of citation is as follows:
Rewe-Zentral AG v Bundesmonopol fr Branntwein (Cassis de Dijon) (120/78)
[1979] E.C.R. 649
The nickname should then be used for subsequent citations.
Footnotes used (or Cases Referred field in online)

Main text: Case names may be abbreviated in the first reference in the main text as
for successive cites (see successive cites and shortened names in No footnotes to
the text above). However the full case name, number and citation must be included
in the first footnote.
95

Footnote: The form of citation in the footnote is as follows:

Biehl v Administration des Contributions du Grand-Duch du Luxembourg (C-175/88)
[1990] E.C.R. I-1779
Successive cites: Subsequent references in footnotes may be shortened by
referring to one party only and, perhaps, in an abbreviated form. However the full
citation must be used. Where a case is referred to in several footnotes next to each
other, the citation only may be used provided that it is clear from the text what the
name of the case is.
Biehl [1990] E.C.R. I-1779
General rules
Advocate Generals Opinion
Most ECJ judgments are preceded by an Advocate Generals Opinion, given some months
before the judgment, with which it should not be confused
Interim orders
Certain cases have an interlocutory injunction or interim order prior to the final judgment. An
interim order is signified by the presence of an R in the case number. A space should
always be included between the last number and the R to facilitate searching:
Leali SpA v Commission of the European Communities (T-46/03 R) [2003] E.C.R. II
4473
Appeals
Cases decided by the CFI can be appealed against before the ECJ. Such appeal cases are
signified by the presence of a P in the case number. A space should always be included
between the last number and the P to facilitate searching:
Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) v Erpo
Mobelwerk (C-64/02 P) [2004] E.C.R. I-10031
Joined cases
Several cases which raise the same point of law are sometimes joined, and one judgment is
given for all of them. All joined case numbers and full case names should be recorded on first
reference and the form of citation is as follows:
Commune de Braine-Le Chateau, Michel Tillieut v Region Wallone (C-53/02 & C
217/02) [2004] E.C.R. I-3251
R. (on the application of ABNA Ltd) v Secretary of State for Health, Food Standards
Agency, Fratelli Martini & C SpA v Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali,
Ferrari Mangimi Srl v Ministero delle Politiche Agricole e Forestali, Nederlandse
Vereniging Diervoederindustrie (Nevedi) v Productschap Diervoeder (C-453/03, C
11/04, C-12/04 & C-194/04) [2005] E.C.R. I-10423
Multiple parties
Where there is more than one party on either side, name the first only and do not add "& Ors"
or "& Another" or "et al." or any other similar abbreviation.
Forenames, names
In case reporting and citation, individuals first names should not be used other than to
distinguish between commonly appearing surnames.
96

Criminal and administrative cases
In criminal and administrative cases against a named individual, the source material should
be followed except for the first names of the individual concerned. If the case merely refers to
the name of an individual, simply use that name:
Hanner (C-438/02) [2005] E.C.R. I-4551
Institutions
Where one or other of the parties to a case being reported is an EU institution, upon first
citation, the institution should be cited in full, following the rules above on forms of citation in
text and footnotes:
Commission of the European Communities v Germany (113/82) [1983] E.C.R. 1173
For subsequent citations, a shortened version of the institution should be used along with the
case number so as to distinguish it from different proceedings with the same name:
Commission v Germany (113/82)
The institutions should be shortened in the following way:
Commission of the European Communities Commission
European Parliament Parliament
Council of the European Union Council
Exception: In products that focus principally on EU law, EU institutions may be shortened on

the first citation, although it is preferable to retain the full form as above
The Crown as party to a case before the ECJ

In references to the ECJ, cases appearing as The Queen v . should be cited as R. v .
Foreign States
Hellenic Republic should be cited as Greece, Federal Republic of Germany should be cited
as Germany, Kingdom of Spain should be cited as Spain and so on. Names of countries
should be in the form used by the SMG Taxonomy. Proceedings against the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Northern Ireland should be cited as proceedings against the United
Kingdom. Where the proceedings relate to the French State or Belgian State as parties,
these should be retained.
Foreign institutions
Foreign institutions that are parties to cases should be left in the original language in the titles
and citation of cases. The headnote or text of the judgment should include a translation of the
name of the institution. For example, instead of (Dutch) Secretary of State for Finance, leave
Staatssecretaris van Financin.
Foreign courts
Where a foreign court is referred to, the name of the court should be italicised and the English
translation given afterwards,
e.g.
Bundespatentgericht (German Federal Patent Court)

Arbeitsgericht, Berlin (Labour Court, Berlin)
97

3.2 QUASI-JUDICIAL COMMISSION
DECISIONS
Certain Commission Decisions relating to competition matters, mergers and state aid are
quasi-judicial in nature, in that they involve an assessment of facts, the hearing of arguments
and the drawing of conclusions that have legal consequences for the parties concerned
(including enforced changes in business practices and possible fines).
All such decisions are subject to possible review by the Court of First Instance on the same
basis as any EU legal act.
Not all Quasi-judicial Commission Decisions are reported in the Official Journal. Whether a
Decision is reported in the OJ affects the mode of citation.
Decisions reported in the Official Journal

Only when a decision is cited in the Official Journal is it assigned a Decision number.
The forms of citation of such Decisions are:
Long Title - Full citation from source, unedited. Official citations vary, so cite exactly as it
appears in original source.
2005/670/EC: Commission Decision of 22 June 2005 relating to a proceeding
pursuant to Article 82 of the EC Treaty and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (Case
COMP/A.39.116/B2 Coca-Cola)
Title - Edited version of Long Title. Consists of Decision number and year, basic subject
matter, name (italics) and file number. Dates, adopting institutions and suffixes indicating
parent treaty are removed. Name and file number should be contained in parenthesis and
separated using a hyphen:
Decision 2005/670 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 82 of the EC Treaty
and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (COMP/A.39.116/B2-Coca-Cola)
Short Title - Shortened version of Title. Consists of Decision number and year and name
(italics):
Decision 2005/670 Coca-Cola
Editors Title - Consists of name (italics) plus Decision:
Coca-Cola Decision
Citation in text
As Decisions which are reported in the OJ have both a decision number and an OJ citation,
the file number becomes redundant and it is not necessary to include it in the citation.
Therefore, the core elements which must be included are:
98

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Type of measure
Number
Year
Name in italics
OJ reference
Thus, upon first citation, the Short Title along with an OJ citation should be used. The form of
citation is as follows:
Decision 2005/670 Coca-Cola [2005] OJ L253/21

For subsequent references in main text, the Editors Title should be used:
Coca-Cola Decision
Upon first citation in text with footnotes, the Short Title should be used in the main text and a
footnote added containing the Title and OJ citation. The form of citation in the footnote is as
follows:
Decision 2005/670 relating to a proceeding pursuant to Article 82 of the EC Treaty
and Article 54 of the EEA Agreement (COMP/A.39.116/B2-Coca-Cola) [2005] OJ
L253/21
For subsequent references in footnotes, either the Short Title should be used or the Editors
Title plus the OJ citation should be used. The form of citation is as follows:
Coca-Cola Decision [2005] OJ L253/21
or
Decision 2005/670 Coca-Cola
Citation in online services

Upon first citation in online products which do not make use of a cases referred to/cases cited
field the Short Title should be used along with an OJ citation:
For any subsequent citations in the main text, the Editors Title should be used.
Upon first citation in online products which do make use of a cases referred to/cases cited
field, the Short Title should be used in the main text and the Title and OJ citation included in
the cases cited field
Decisions not reported in the Official Journal

Quasi-judicial Commission Decisions which are not reported in the Official Journal do not
have a Decision number assigned. Nor will they have an OJ citation.
The forms of citation of such Decisions are:
Long Title - Full citation from source, unedited. Official citations vary, so cite exactly as it
appears in original source:
Commission Decision of 14 September 2005 relating to a proceeding under Article 81
of the EC Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement Case 38.337 PO/Thread
99

Title - Edited version of Long Title. Consists of type of measure, date, basic subject matter,
name (italics) and file number. Adopting institutions and suffixes indicating parent treaty are
removed. Name and file number should be contained in parenthesis and separated using
hyphen:
Decision of 14 September 2005 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC
Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (COMP/38.337-PO/Thread)
Short Title - Shortened version of Title. Consists of type of measure, name (italics) and file
number. Hyphen separating name and file number:
Decision in COMP/38.337-PO/Thread
Editors Title - Consists of name (italics) plus Decision:
PO/Thread Decision
Citation in text
As Decisions which are not reported in the Official Journal have neither a Decision number
nor an OJ citation, the file number and name become relevant for citation purposes.
Thus, when citing a Quasi-judicial Commission Decision which has not been reported in the
Official Journal, the following core elements must be included:
1. Type of measure
2. File number
3. Name in italics
Therefore, upon first citation, the Short Title should be used. The form of citation is as follows:
For subsequent references in main text, the Editors Title should be used:
PO/Thread Decision
Upon first citation in text with footnotes, the Short Title should be used in the main text and a
footnote added containing the Title. The form of citation in the footnote is as follows:
Decision of 14 September 2005 relating to a proceeding under Article 81 of the EC
Treaty and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (COMP/38.337-PO/Thread)
For subsequent references in footnotes, the Short Title should be used:
Upon first citation in online products which do not make use of a cases referred to/cases cited
field the Short Title should be used.
100

Upon first citation in online products which do make use of a cases referred to/cases cited
field, the Short Title should be used in the main text and the Title included in the cases cited
field
101

3.3 EUROPEAN LEGISLATION

European Union legislation consists of:
(1) Primary law (Treaties and Conventions)
The main source of and basis for EU legislation. Everything the European Union does
is derived from Treaties, which are agreed on by all Member States. The Treaties lay
down the fundamental features of the European Union, in particular the
responsibilities of the various actors in the decision-making process, the legislative
procedures under the Community system and the powers conferred on them. The
Treaties themselves are the subject of direct negotiations between the governments
of the Member States, after which they have to be ratified in accordance with the
procedures applying at national level (in principle by the national parliaments or by
referendum). Previously signed treaties have been changed and updated to keep up
with developments in society
(2) Secondary law (Regulations, Directives and Decisions)
The main body of EC legislation, adopted by the Council, the Council and European
Parliament or the Commission (depending on the purpose of each piece of legislation
and the powers attributed to the institutions by the EC Treaty).
Published in the Official Journal of the European Union (OJ) and each is given a
unique number, comprising the year of adoption, the regulation/directive/decision
number and the treaty under which it was adopted.
Regulations are addressed to all Member States and have automatic effect in
Member States legal systems. Directives are addressed to all Member States and
their objectives (which may be set out in some detail) must be implemented by the
Member States in their legal systems. Decisions bind only those to whom they are
addressed (individuals, companies or Member States).
(3) Soft law (Notices, Communications, Resolutions, Recommendations etc)
Have no binding legal effect but are nevertheless influential.
(4) Draft legislation

Draft EU legislation comes in the form of preparatory documents which are all the
documents corresponding to the various stages of the legislative process.
Preparatory documents include Commission legislative proposals, Council common
positions, legislative resolutions and initiatives of the European Parliament, and
Opinions of the European Economic and Social Committee and of the Committee of
the Regions, Green papers and White papers.
Structure of statutory material
Treaties, Conventions, Regulations, Directives etc are generally subdivided into:
Preamble - all EU/EC treaties and legislation are prefaced by a Preamble, which sets out the
legal context of a measure and the reasons for adopting it; these reasons are set out in
paragraphs referred to as recitals. More recent legislation numbers each of these recitals.
Articles all EU/EC treaties and legislation are made up of articles. Articles of EU/EC treaties
and legislation do not have an initial capital and the form of citation is as follows:
102

art.5(2)
arts 10-12
Parts, Titles and Chapters - comparable to Parts, Titles and Schedules in UK Acts of
Parliament (see Part 2.8 of the House Style Guide).
Annexes - other than when in tabular form, Annexes are broken down into points rather than
articles.
Official Journal
Most European treaties and conventions, all secondary legislation and all Soft law should be
cited with an Official Journal (OJ) reference if one is available. The mode of citation is as
follows:
[year]/OJ/series/number/page
e.g
[1982] OJ C172/3
[1983] OJ L281/24
Pre-1972 OJ references
Between 1952 and 1972 inclusive, there was no English version of the OJ as neither the UK
nor the Irish Republic were members of the Communities. It was available in the existing
official languages and of course still is -- the French version of which is the Journal Officiel
(JO). When the UK joined the Community, an English translation was made of the relevant
legislation, etc., that was still in force. It was incorporated into the OJ Special English Edition
series.
In most cases, for every JO reference, there is an equivalent OJ Spec. Ed. reference. Always
replace JO references with OJ Spec. Ed. references. These can be found by looking in the OJ
indexes for the Special Editions. However, not every JO has a corresponding OJ Spec. Ed. In
those cases, the JO reference is needed.
For OJ Special English Edition references the form of citation is as follows:
[1965] OJ Spec. Ed. 321
For JO references between 1952 and 1967 the form of citation is as follows:
JO 1653/67
For JO references between 1968 and 1972, the form of citation is as follows.
[1968] JO L332/22
COM Documents
Certain Soft law measures such as Communications as well as Draft legislation are not
reported in the Official Journal, but are assigned a COM Document number. The method of
COM(year) number
e.g.
COM(2007) 0075
Reference sources
All Community legislation in force, treaties, preparatory legislation and the Official Journal of
the European Communities: http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/index.html
103

Council of the European Union homepage: http://ue.eu.int/en/summ.htm
European Commission homepage: http://ec.europa.eu/
European Parliament homepage: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
Primary law
Under SMG House Style, EU Primary law is assigned a Long Title and a Short Title. A full list
of EU Primary law detailing both titles can be found in the tables below.
Founding Treaties:
Long Title
Treaty establishing the European Coal
and Steel Community (ECSC)
1951
Treaty establishing the European
Atomic Energy Community
(Euratom) 1957
Economic Community 1957
(pre-Union
Treaty)
(as
amended)
Community
(post
Union
Treaty) (as amended)
Community (post Treaty of
Amsterdam) (as consolidated
and further amended)
Treaty establishing a Single Council
and Commission of the
European Communities 1965
Single European Act 1986
Treaty on European Union 1992
Treaty of Amsterdam 1997
Treaty of Nice 2001
Treaty establishing a Constitution for
Europe 2004
Short Title
ECSC Treaty
Euratom or EAEC Treaty
EC Treaty or EC
[See
below for more detailed

guidance on citation of the
EC Treaty]
Merger Treaty
Single European Act
EU Treaty or TEU
Treaty of Amsterdam
Treaty of Nice
Treaty establishing a Constitution for
Europe
Other important EU/EC related treaties:

Long Title
Treaty of Accession to the European
Communities (United Kingdom,
Ireland and Denmark) 1972
Communities (Greece) 1979
Communities
(Spain
and
Portugal) 1985
Union (Austria, Finland and
Sweden) 1994
Union
(Czech
Republic,
Estonia,
Cyprus,
Latvia,
Lithuania, Hungary, Malta,
Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia)
Short Title
Treaty of Accession 1972
104

2003
Union (Bulgaria and Romania)
2005
Agreement on the European Economic
Area 1992
Schengen Agreement on the Gradual
Abolition
of
Checks
at
Common Borders 1985

EEA Agreement
Schengen Agreement
EC Treaty
The present EC Treaty results from the amendments made to the Treaty establishing the
European Economic Community (EEC Treaty), which was signed in Rome in 1957 and came
into force on January 1, 1958.
That Treaty has been amended several times, in particular by the Single European Act, which
came into force in 1987, the Treaty on European Union, which came into force in 1993, the
Treaty of Amsterdam, which came into force in 1999, and the Treaty of Nice, which came into
force on February 1, 2003.
As a result, the EC Treaty exists in various versions. To distinguish between these and to
make it clear which version of the EC Treaty is being referred to, SMG House Style adopts
the following three modes of citation of the Long Title of the EC Treaty, which reflect the
amendments referred to above:

Treaty establishing the European Economic Community 1957 (pre-Union Treaty)

(as amended)
Treaty establishing the European Community (post Union Treaty) (as amended)
Treaty establishing the European Community (post Treaty of Amsterdam) (as

consolidated and amended)
The last of these examples is the latest and most recent version of the EC Treaty and should
be the preferred citation for current material.
Treaty on European Union
The Treaty on European Union (EU Treaty) which was signed in Maastricht on February 7,
1992 and entered into force on November 1, 1993 changed the designation of the European
Economic Community (EEC) to European Community (EC).
Treaty of Amsterdam
The Treaty of Amsterdam, which was signed on October 2, 1997 and came into force on May
1, 1999, renumbered the articles of the EC Treaty and the EU Treaty.
The EC Treaty was simply renumbered:
e.g. the former art.85 EC is now art.81 EC.
The EU Treaty, which originally used letters, was changed into numerical form.
e.g. the former art.A TEU is now art.1 TEU
A useful table of the renumbered articles for both the EC Treaty and the EU Treaty is
attached to the Treaty of Amsterdam.
Only the new article numbers should be cited in cases registered at the Court of Justice/Court
of First Instance after May 1, 1999.
105

All current references should be to the revised numbering unless the earlier version of a treaty
provision is being referred to specifically.
If necessary the new reference should be prefaced with the phrase what is now . This
might be the case, for example, where in an article or commentary, legislation or case law is
quoted that includes references to the earlier version of the EC Treaty.
Accessions
There are two elements to each accession arrangement: (1) the Treaty of Accession and (2)
the Act of Accession.
The Treaty of Accession contains the terms laid down for the new countries accession to the
European Union and the necessary adjustments to the treaties on which the Union is
founded.
The Act of Accession will usually include transitional, amending and modifying measures.
The Treaty and the Act should not be confused and each has its own separate citation:
e.g.
Treaty of Accession to the European Union (Bulgaria and Romania) 2005

Act of Accession to the European Union (Bulgaria and Romania) 2005
Citation of Primary law in text and footnotes

When citing Primary law in text and footnotes, the Short Title should be used. The form of
art.5
of the EC Treaty or art.5 EC
art.20 of the EU Treaty or art.20 TEU

art.1 of the Treaty of Amsterdam
art.2 of the Treaty of Nice
art.5 of the Treaty of Accession 2003
art.7 of the Act of Accession 2003
Secondary law
Under SMG House Style, Secondary law is assigned 4 titles:
Long Title - Full citation from source:
Council Regulation (EC) No 812/2004 of 26 April 2004 laying down measures concerning
incidental catches of cetaceans in fisheries and amending Regulation No 88/98
106

Directive 2005/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2005
concerning unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the internal market and
amending Council Directive 84/450/EEC, Directives 97/7/EC, 98/27/EC and 2002/65/EC of
the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EC) No 2006/2004 of the
European Parliament and of the Council (Unfair Commercial Practices Directive)
Commission Decision 2005/439 of 13 June 2005 amending Commission Decision
2005/131/EC as regards the financial assistance for one Community reference laboratory
in the field of veterinary public health (biological risks) in the United Kingdom for the year
2005
Council Regulation No 1419/2006 of 25 September 2006 repealing Regulation (EEC) No
4056/86 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to
maritime transport, and amending Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 as regards the extension of
its scope to include cabotage and international tramp services.
Commission Regulation (EC) No 1982/2004 of 18 November 2004 implementing
Regulation (EC) No 638/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on
Community statistics relating to the trading of goods between Member States and
repealing Commission Regulations (EC) No 1901/2000 and (EEC) No 3590/92
Title - Edited version of Long Title. Consists of number, year and basic subject matter.
Adopting institutions removed together with dates and suffixes indicating parent treaty:
Regulation 812/2004 on measures concerning incidental catches of cetaceans in
fisheries
Directive 2005/29 on unfair business-to-consumer commercial practices in the
internal market
Decision 2005/439 amending Decision 2005/131 on financial assistance for one
Community reference laboratory in the field of veterinary public health (biological
risks) in the United Kingdom for the year 2005
Regulation 1419/2006 repealing Regulation 4056/86 on detailed rules for the
application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport, and amending
Regulation 1/2003 as regards the extension of its scope to include cabotage and
international tramp services.
Regulation 1982/2004 implementing Regulation 638/2004 on Community statistics
relating to the trading of goods between Member States and repealing
Regulations 1901/2000 and 3590/92
Short Title Shortened version of Title. Consists of type of measure and number. Adopting
institutions, dates and suffixes removed:
Regulation 812/2004
Directive 2005/29
Decision 2005/439
Editors Title - Informal name/nickname. Used for convenience rather than giving measure its
formal designation:
Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
107

A full list of EU Secondary law detailing the 4 forms of title will be available in the LCC in the
near future. Once complete the LCC should then be used to validate all citations.
Content management systems which currently use picklists should continue to do so until the
new LLC validation service becomes available.
Citation in judgments
Where EU legislation is referred to in the text of a judgment, editing should be kept to a
minimum.
The extent of editing permitted includes removal of adopting institutions, suffixes indicating
parent treaty and dates, which means, as general rule, in such circumstances using the Title
of the piece of legislation will be acceptable. Other minor house style amendments such as
style of OJ citation and abbreviation of article are also permitted
The following example shows the extent of the editing permitted:
Original version
This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Articles 2(1), 5(1)
and 6 of Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of
the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to
employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (OJ 1976 L
39, p. 40) and of Article 10 of Council Directive 92/85/EEC of 19 October 1992 on the
introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work
of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding
(tenth individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC)
(OJ 1992 L 348, p. 1).
SMG version
This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of arts 2(1), 5(1) and
6 of Directive 76/207 on the principle of equal treatment for men and women as
regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working
conditions [1976] OJ L39/40 and of art.10 of Directive 92/85 on the introduction of
measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant
workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding [1992] OJ
L348/1.
Citation in text
When citing EU legislation in main text, the following core elements must be included:
1. Type of measure
2. Number
3. Year [NB: From 1999 onwards the year component was changed to include four
digits rather than two]
4. OJ reference
Upon first citation the Short Title should therefore be used along with an OJ citation where
appropriate. The form of citation is as follows:
108

Regulation 1033/2006 art.5(2) [2006] OJ L186/46
Directive 2002/96 (WEEE Directive) art.2(1) [2003] OJ L37/24
Decision 2005/439 art.1(1) [2005] OJ L152/20
For any subsequent citations, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used. If the legislation
has an Editors Title, this should be contained in brackets following the first citation.
Upon first citation of legislation in text with footnotes, the Short Title should be used in the
main text and a footnote added containing the Title and OJ citation. The form of citation in the
footnote is as follows:
Regulation 1033/2006 on the requirements on procedures for flight plans in the pre
flight phase for the single European sky [2006] OJ L186/46
Directive 2002/96 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE Directive)
[2003] OJ L37/24
Decision 2005/439 amending Decision 2005/131 on financial assistance for one
Community reference laboratory in the field of veterinary public health (biological
risks) in the United Kingdom for the year 2005 [2005] OJ L152/20
For any subsequent citations in footnotes, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used.

Upon first citation of legislation in online products which do not make use of a legislation
referred to/legislation cited field the Short Title should be used along with an OJ citation.
For any subsequent citations, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used, following the
examples given under the section headed Citation in text above.
Upon first citation of legislation in online products which do make use of a legislation referred
to/legislation cited field, the Short Title should be used in the main text and the Title and OJ
citation included in the legislation cited field following the examples given under the section
headed Citation in footnotes above.
For any subsequent citations in the main text, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used.
Soft law
As with Secondary law, Soft law is assigned 4 titles:
Commission Recommendation of 12 July 2004 on the transposition into national law
of Directives affecting the internal market (2005/309/EC)
Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament and
the European Economic and Social Committee - the rules of origin in preferential
109

trade arrangements: orientations for the future (COM(2005) 100 final of 16 March
2005)
Commission notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases
Title - Edited version of Long Title. Includes type of measure, number and year (where
applicable), and basic subject matter. Dates, adopting institutions and suffixes indicating
parent treaty and recipient institutions are removed:
Recommendation 2005/309 on the transposition into national law of Directives
affecting the internal market
Communication on the rules of origin in preferential trade arrangements: orientations
for the future
Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases
Short Title Shortened version of Title. Consists of type of measure and number or basic
subject matter. Adopting institutions, dates and suffixes removed:
Recommendation 2005/309
Communication on the rules of origin in preferential trade arrangements
Notice on immunity from fines
Editors Title Informal name/nickname. Used for convenience rather than giving measure its
formal designation:
Leniency Notice
Citation in text
When citing EU Soft law, the following essential elements must be included:
1. Type of measure
2. Number and Year (Recommendations)
3. Basic subject matter (Communications/Notices)
4. OJ reference (Recommendations/Notices) or COM Doc number
(Communications)
Upon first citation the Short Title should therefore be used along with an OJ citation or COM
Doc number where appropriate. The form of citation is as follows:
Recommendation 2005/309 art.3(2) [2005] OJ L98/47
Communication on the rules of origin in preferential trade arrangements COM(2005)
100 final
Notice on immunity from fines (Leniency Notice) [2002] OJ C45/3
For any subsequent citations, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used.
If the legislation has an Editors Title, this should be contained in brackets in the first citation.
110

Upon first citation of Soft law in text with footnotes, the Short Title should be used in the main
text and a footnote added containing the Title and OJ citation or COM Doc number. The form
of citation in the footnote is as follows:
Recommendation 2005/309 on the transposition into national law of Directives
affecting the internal market [2005] OJ L98/47
Communication on the rules of origin in preferential trade arrangements: orientations
for the future COM(2005) 100 final
Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases [2002] OJ C45/3
For any subsequent citations in footnotes, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used.

Upon first citation of Soft law in online products which do not make use of a legislation
referred to/legislation cited field the Short Title should be used along with an OJ citation or
COM Doc number.
Upon first citation of Soft law in online products which do make use of a legislation referred
to/legislation cited field, the Short Title should be used in the main text and the Title and OJ
citation or COM Doc number included in the legislation cited field following the examples
given under the section headed Citation in footnotes above.
For any subsequent citations in the main text, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used.
Draft legislation
Under SMG House Style, draft legislation is assigned 2 titles:
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the
protection of the environment through criminal law
Proposal for a Council Regulation Establishing a multi-annual recovery Plan for
Bluefin tuna in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean
Short Title Shortened version of Long Title. Consists of type of draft measure and basic
subject matter. Adopting institutions removed:
Draft Directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law
Draft Regulation establishing a multi-annual recovery Plan for Bluefin tuna in the
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean
Citation in text
When citing Draft legislation, the following essential elements must be included:
1. Type of measure
2. Basic subject matter
3. COM Doc number
111

Upon first citation the Short Title should therefore be used along with a COM Doc number.
The form of citation is as follows:
Draft Directive on the protection of the environment through criminal law COM(2007)
51 final
Draft Regulation establishing a multi-annual recovery Plan for Bluefin tuna in the
Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean COM(2007) 169 final
For any subsequent citations, the Short Title should be used.
Upon first citation of draft legislation in text with footnotes, the Short Title should be used in
the main text and a footnote added containing the Long Title and COM doc number. The form
of citation in the footnote is as follows:
Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the
protection of the environment through criminal law COM(2007) 51 final
Proposal for a Council Regulation Establishing a multi-annual recovery Plan for
Bluefin tuna in the Eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean COM(2007) 169 final
For any subsequent citations in footnotes, the Short Title should be used.
Upon first citation of Draft legislation in online products which do not make use of a legislation
referred to/legislation cited field the Short Title should be used along with a COM Doc
number.
Upon first citation of Draft legislation in online products which do make use of a legislation
referred to/legislation cited field, the Short Title should be used in the main text and the Long
Title and COM Doc number included in the legislation cited field following the examples given
under the section headed Citation in footnotes above.
For any subsequent citations in the main text, the Short Title or Editors Title should be used
112

PART 4: INTERNATIONAL AND
FOREIGN MATERIAL
4.1 CASES (EUROPE AND THE REST OF

THE WORLD)
See the hierarchy and courts documents on the House Style Intranet homepage.
Reference sources
EFTA court: http://www.eftacourt.lu/
European Court of Human Rights: http://www.echr.coe.int/
International Court of Justice: http://www.icj-cij.org/
For US cases see The Blue Book: A Uniform System of Citation (16th edn) published by
Harvard Law Review Association.
4.2 FOREIGN DOMESTIC LEGISLATION
Citation
Foreign Acts are cited with initial upper case, giving a date where possible in the format day
month year with no commas.

Do not include Law No. so:

Law 518 of 29 December 1992 on Copyright in Computer Software (Italy)
Not
Law No.518 of 29 December 1992 on Copyright in Computer Software (Italy)
If legislation is in draft form the word Draft should be included in brackets at the end
of the name.
Legislative provisions, such as articles, parts, sections etc, take an initial lower case.
The country name should follow the legislation title in brackets unless the country is
already named in the title, such as in constitutions or some codes
For abbreviation of Act names, abbreviation of provisions, citation in footnotes and

successive citations follow the guidance given in the summary at the start of HSG
Part 2.8.
See the list the end of the Foreign Legislation section for country specific citation
examples.
113

US legislation
There are three tiers of federal legislation, which are applicable throughout all states:
The US Constitution
Federal statutes (passed by Congress and equivalent to Acts of Parliament)
Rules and regulations of federal bodies (secondary legislation made under federal
statutes equivalent to UK SIs)
Federal statutes, rules and regulations once passed are codified and officially published.
The United States Code consists of all the federal statutes which have been passed,
arranged in titles or volumes, each related to a particular subject.
E.g. Title 11, Chapters 7-15 of the United States Code contains all the statutes relating to
bankruptcy and insolvency law, including for example the Bankruptcy Reform Act 1978 and
the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act 2005.
On first citation include the title no. of the code followed by USC and then the year in brackets
e.g. United States Code 5 USC (1999) Ch.7 s.552 (a)(1)
Subsequent citations may be shortened to 5 USC Ch.7 s.552(a)(1)
Subject codes
Sometimes the title for a particular subject is commonly referred to as the code for that
subject. Title 11 is commonly referred to as the Bankruptcy Code even though it is actually
just part of the United States Code.
Cite initially as United States Code 11 (the Bankruptcy Code) Ch.15
Subsequent citations may be shortened to 11 USC (2005) Ch.15
Note that the year 2005 was the year of the last update to title 11 and the year in which this
particular Ch.15 was added.
US Constitution
Cite initially as Constitution of the United States art.III s.2 cl.2
Subsequent citations may be shorted to US Constitution art.III s.2 cl.2
Acts
Cite e.g. Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 (United States)
If available, the code reference may be included after the initial citation in brackets e.g. Public
Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act 2002 (18 USC s.1350)
For abbreviation of statute names, abbreviation of provisions, citation in footnotes and
successive citations follow the guidance given in the summary at the start of HSG Part 2.8.
Draft US legislation
Cite as for Acts but always use the word Bill (capital B) instead of Act.
Federal rules and regulations
Cite e.g. Code of Federal Regulations Pt.260 throughout.
Uniform and model laws
These may cause confusion as they are called Acts and Codes but have not been passed as
legislation. These need to be distinguished from other Acts and Codes, which do have legal
force and form part of the United States Code or state law, by prefacing them with Uniform or
Model as appropriate e.g.
Uniform Mediation Act 1993 (United States)
Model Punitive Damages Act 1996 (United States)
Successive citations may be shortened to 1993 Uniform Act, 1996 Model Act
114

A complete list of uniform and model laws can found on the National Conference of
Commissioners on Uniform State Laws (NCCUSL) website www.nccusl.org
State legislation
Most states have the following tiers of legislation, passed by the state government:
A state constitution
A codified body of statute law
Uncodified statute law or regulations
State Constitution
Cite e.g. Constitution of New York art.1 s.9 cl.2
State statutes
State codes should be cited as e.g. Iowa Code (2005) art.1 s.9 cl.2
State subject codes should be cited as e.g. California Probate Code (2005) s.141.
Uncodified statutes or regulations

Cite e.g. New York State Defence Emergency Act Ch.784/51
Constitutions
These may not have a date as they are being constantly amended. Using the name of the
country as per the Taxonomy cite as follows:
Constitution of Zambia
Civil Codes etc

Only cite the year where it is necessary, for example for a revised code.
Civil Code (France)
Criminal Procedure Code (Singapore)
Court Rules
Follow the style given in the source
Usual form of citation for specific countries

Albania
Law 8017 of 25 October 1995 on Bankruptcy Procedure (Albania)
Argentina
Law 24, 481 on Patents 1996 (Argentina)
Australia
115

Family Law Reform Act 1995 (Australia)
Austria
Telecommunications Act 1997 (Austria)
Bahamas
Trustee Act 1998 (Bahamas)
Barbados
Value Added Tax Act 1997 (Barbados)
Belgium
Law of 5 August 1991 on Protection of Economic Competition (Belgium)
Belize
Domestic Violence Act 1992 (Belize)
Bermuda
Proceeds of Crime Act 1997 (Bermuda)
Botswana
Ombudsman Act 1995 (Botswana)
Brazil
Law 9307/96 of 23 September 1996 on Arbitration (Brazil)
British Virgin Islands
Mutual Funds Act 1996 (British Virgin Islands)
Bulgaria
Concessions Act 1995 (Bulgaria)
Canada
Competition Act 1986 (Canada)
Cayman Islands
Special Trusts (Alternative Regime) Law 1997 (Cayman Islands)
Cyprus
Banking Law 1997 (Cyprus)
Czech Republic
Family Law (Amendment) Act 1988 (Czech Republic)
Denmark
Competition Act 1997 (Denmark)
Egypt
Law 27 of 1994 on Civil and Commercial Arbitration (Egypt)
Estonia
Trade Marks Act 1992 (Estonia)
Finland
Trade Marks Act 1993 (Finland)
France
Law 94-475 of 10 June 1994 on Insolvency Reform (France)
But
116

post 2000 is cited e.g. Law 2002-1575 rather than Law 02-1575
Germany
Copyright (Amendment) Act 1998 (Germany)
Greece
Law 2251/1994 on Consumer Protection (Greece)
Hong Kong
Copyright Ordinance 1997 (Hong Kong)
Hungary
Civil Procedure (Amendment) Act 1997 (Hungary)
India
Arbitration and Conciliation Act 1996 (India)
Ireland
Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 (Ireland)
Israel
Patents Law 1967 (Israel)
Italy
Law 518 of 29 December 1992 on Copyright in Computer Software (Italy)
Jamaica
Money Laundering Act 1996 (Jamaica)
Lithuania
Law on Bankruptcy 1998 (Lithuania)
Luxembourg
Law of 21 July 1992 on Bankruptcy (Luxembourg)
Malaysia
Extradition Act 1992 (Malaysia)
Malta
Consumer Affairs Act 1994 (Malta)
Mexico
Industrial Property Law 1991 (Mexico)
Namibia
Foreign Investment Act 1990 (Namibia)
Netherlands
Competition Act 1997 (Netherlands)
New Zealand
Employment Contracts Act 1991 (New Zealand)
Nigeria
Copyright Act 1988 (Nigeria)
Norway
Competition Act 1993 (Norway)
117

Peoples Republic of China
Highway Law 1997 (Peoples Republic of China)
Poland
Animal Protection Act 1997 (Poland)
Portugal
Decree Law 91/97 of 1 August 1997 on Telecommunications (Portugal)
Russia
Law on Bankruptcy 1998 (Russia)
Seychelles
Elections (Amendment) Act 1996 (Seychelles)
Singapore
International Arbitration Act 1994 (Singapore)
Slovakia
Law of 2 April 1998 on Energy Supply (Slovakia)
South Africa
Intellectual Property Laws Amendment Act 1997 (South Africa)
Spain
Law 11/1998 of 26 April 1998 on Telecommunications (Spain)
Sri Lanka
Banking Act 1988 (Sri Lanka)
Sweden
Closed Circuit Television Act 1998 (Sweden)
Switzerland
Banking Act 1994 (Switzerland)
Thailand
Bankruptcy Act 1988 (Thailand)
Turkey
Law 4207 of 26 November 1996 on the Prevention of Harm caused by Tobacco Products
(Turkey)
Uganda
Children Statute 1996 (Uganda)
Ukraine
Metrology Act 1998 (Ukraine)
United Arab Emirates
Federal Law 11/1992 on Civil Procedure (United Arab Emirates)
Zambia
Securities Act 1993 (Zambia)
Zimbabwe
Administration of Estates Amendment Act 1997 (Zimbabwe)
118

(Countries not listed have no discernible usual form of citation).
4.3 INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATION

NB The term international legislation is used throughout the guide to describe the law that
applies between states eg UN treaties, and should not be confused with foreign domestic
legislation.
International Conventions/Treaties
The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties defines a treaty as an international
agreement concluded between States in written form and governed by international law,
whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever
its particular designation. The 1986 Vienna Convention extended this definition to
international agreements involving international organisations as parties. Treaties may be
bilateral or multilateral and are only binding upon the parties to the agreement.
Citation
It is important to note that treaties may be referred to by a variety of names including:
Agreements (and International Agreements) e.g. Agreement concerning the Activities of
States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies 1979
Conventions (and International Conventions) e.g. Universal Postal Convention 1989
Memoranda of Understanding e.g. Memorandum of Understanding between the
Government of the United States and the Government of Israel on Strategic Cooperation
1981
Exchanges of Letters e.g. Exchange of Letters establishing the Australia/EU Joint Group on
Industrial Cooperation (JGIC) 1992
Accords e.g. Accord of Co-operation for the Protection of the Coasts and Waters of the
North-East Atlantic against Pollution due to Hydrocarbons or other Harmful Substances 1990
Covenants e.g. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
EC Conventions should be cited without a reference number and using initial capitalisation
e.g. Convention on the Elimination of Double Taxation in Connection with the Adjustment of
Profits of Associated Enterprises 1990 not Convention 90/436 on the elimination of double
Sublevels
European Convention on Human Rights 1950 art.8
European Convention on Human Rights 1950 Protocol 1 1952 art.1
Treaties should be cited as fully as possible in the first instance; for subsequent references a
short title may be used if one is available.
Use initial upper case (apart from for words such as establishing, relating to, amending,
applicable, concerning) and include a date. If appropriate, the international organisation
making the treaty should be included in the jurisdiction field e.g. United Nations, OECD.
Reference Sources
A standard list of citations for international treaties and conventions, compiled at the end of
2006, is available on the House Style page on My Thomson.
119

An additional reference source is Multilateral Treaties: Index and Current Status, 1984 (and
Eleventh Cumulative Supplement, 1995) by Bowman, M.J. and Harris, D.J. This publication
ceased after the Eleventh Supplement. There are also various sources available on the
internet, plus the International Legal Materials (ILM) database on Westlaw.
Protocols
Tend to be used for agreements that are less formal than Treaties or Conventions. Usually
cited as follows:
Protocol relating to the 1981 Madrid Agreement concerning the International Registration of
Marks 1989
Fourth Protocol to the General Agreement on Privileges and Immunities of the Council of
Europe 1961
But: European Convention on Human Rights Protocol 4 1963
ILO Conventions
International Labour Organisation Conventions are cited by title, followed by their ILO
number:
Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention 1948 (ILO 87)
Treaties between two countries

Usually cited as: Treaty between Spain and Peru on Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters
2000
Agreement between France and Germany on the Protection of Marks of Origin 1960
Double Tax Treaties

Countries appear in alphabetical order in the country name given in the Taxonomy e.g.
Russia-United Kingdom Double Taxation Convention 1997
India-South Africa Double Tax Treaty 1997
UN Resolutions
Security Council Resolutions
On first citation the following core elements must be included:
Resolution number and year separated by a slash

Title of the resolution
United Nations in brackets
E.g. Resolution 1441/2002 The situation between Iraq and Kuwait (United Nations).
The correct title can be verified at http://www.un.org/documents/scres.htm
120

Subsequent citations may be shortened to Resolution 1441/2002
General Assembly Resolutions
On first citation the following core elements must be included:
Session number and resolution number separated by a slash

Year in brackets
Title of the resolution
United Nations in brackets.
E.g. Resolution 61/198 (2006) International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (United Nations).
The correct title can be verified at http://www.un.org/documents/resga.htm
Subsequent citations may be shortened to Resolution 61/275 (2006)
121

PART 5: PRELIMS, TABLES AND
INDEXES
5.1 ORDER OF ITEMS

Books
A. Preliminary pages
1. Half-title
2. Full title and publisher's imprint (recto) (see below)
3. Copyright page: history of work, including all reprints; date of publication; publisher's
full address and website address; typesetter's and printer's imprint; environmental
statement; ISBN number and reference to CIP data; copyright notice (see below)
4. List of contributors/editors
5. Foreword (if any)
6. Dedication, if any (verso or recto)
7. Acknowledgments, if any (verso or recto)
8. Preface signed or initialled and dated (recto)
9. Contents (recto)
10. Table of Cases (recto)
11. Table of Statutes (recto)
12. Table of Statutory Instruments (recto)
13. Table of Rules of Court (recto)
14. Tables of European Cases/Legislation/Treaties and Conventions and Agreements
15. Table of Circulars
16. Table of International Legislation
17. Other tables, e.g. PPG, etc.
18. Table of Abbreviations (recto)
B. Text
C. Appendices
D. Bibliography
E. Index
Journals and Law Reports

There are a variety of styles for the prelims, tables and index of journals, depending on format
(A4/A5) and whether there is a bound volume service.
The following information must appear in each issue:
1. Full title and publisher's imprint (recto)
2. Issue number and/or publication month, volume number (optional)
3. Copyright statement
4. ISSN number
5. Subscriptions and orders details
6. Copyright line: as footer on each page
7. Publisher's full address and website address; typesetter's and printer's imprint;
8. Editorial board details
9. Information for contributors
10. Contents page
11. DocDel details (back cover)
The following information can be included in each issue or appear in the last issue of the year
and the bound volume
122

12. Table of Cases
13. Table of Statutes
14. Table of Statutory Instruments
15. Other tables
16. Index
The following must be included in bound volume prelims in addition to tables and index:
17. Half title page
18. Copyright, publishing details inc. ISBN of bound volume
19. Full title page
20. Editorial board details
21. Cumulative Contents
Looseleafs
Looseleaf prelims are more complicated than those in books. See the following table for
details of the order.
Description
1.
2.
2a.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
To fall on page
notes
Linen End
Separate booklet RB follows in

some services. In Woodfall RB,
FIs, CL and Subscriber Info all
appear in separate booklet.
[Wrapper if filed]
Generally, wrappers should not

be filed and should contain a
line destroy this sheet
Stop Press or erratum slip

(optional)
new recto
Filing record card
Inserted in exceptional
circumstances to convey
important information to
subscribers (e.g. a significant
change in legislation or an error
in filing instructions).
Photo frontispiece follows in
Kemp
Filing instructions
new recto
Checklist
new recto
Half title page
new recto
Title page
new recto
Copyright page
verso
*may have editors/authors

details on this page if they are
few
123

9.
List of Editors & qualifications

/or Contributing Editors or
Author information (IBNG)
10. Acknowledgments
11.
12.
13.
14.
new recto
new recto
Foreword
new recto
Preface
new recto
Contents
new recto
Table of Abbreviations
new recto
1.
1st dividerService
Information
2.
SI Contents page
new recto
Release Bulletin
new recto
3.
4.
*optional page not required if

editors details all fit on title page.
(May be more than 1 page)
Table of page and para nos

used in Ency. follow in Planning
(new recto). Additional Notes
follow in Kemp.
In HS Guide this is after the

other tables, however, in llf
tables may be in separate
divider or binder
[How to use the Ency. follows in

Env.Law] [Users Guide follows
in Rennie]
Subscriber Helplinenew
recto
New
Old
incl. The
Looseleaf
Hospital
Current Year
and Future
Releases
Customer
Services
Subscription
Renewal
Subscription
renewal
Service
Information
Editorial
Queries
Editorial Queries
Publishing
History
Contents
Replacement
Service
These 2 columns detail the

headings in old and new Service
Information sectionswe need
to standardise to new version.
124

Publishing
History
(new recto)
Table of
Previous
Releases
5.
Explanation of Terms
new recto
6.
Missing Pages Request form
new recto
7.
Looseleaf Filing Guide
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
2nd dividerTables
Sometimes tables in sep.

binder.
[May be Tables title page] Then either

Table of Cases
Supp. Tablesall to follow

each main table
Table of European Cases
Order of tables taken from HS

Guide and Euroguide
or (if includes a lot of Euro Material)

Alphabetical list of all cases
Numerical list of all ECJ cases
Cases before the European
Court of First Instance
EC Commission Decisions
National Cases
International Cases
Then Legislation either (for UK-specific titles)
Table of Statutes
Table of Statutory Instruments
125

15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
Table of Rules of the Supreme

Court
[Table of County Court Rules]
European Community Treaties
and Conventions
Regulations*
Directives*
Decisions*
Table of International Treaties
and Conventions
or for Euro-specific titles
European Community Treaties
and Conventions
Regulations*
Directives*
Decisions*
Notices
Rules of Procedure
National Legislation
By country, by date (or alpha if

no dates but consistent within
country)
International Treaties and

Conventions
Other Tables
32.
Table of Monopolies and

Mergers Decisions
33.
Table of Department of
Environment Circulars
34.
Table of Welsh Office

Circulars
additional Euro table
126

35.
Table of Planning Policy

Guidance Notes
36.
Table of Planning Guidance

(Wales)
37.
Table of Technical Advice

Notes (Wales)
38.
Table of Planning Policy

Guidance Notes (Wales)
39.
Table of Mineral Policy

Guidance Notes
40.
Table of Regional Planning

Guidance Notes
1.
2.
3.
[3rd divider
In IBNGs order is prelims, then

disk divider, then SI divider,
there are no tables.
(disk wallet incl. licence

agreement)
Disk user instructions]
127

5.2 PUBLISHER'S IMPRINT

[At the foot of title page]
See Part 5.6: Corporate branding for full details on use of company logos.
or
and
In the case of joint imprints the publisher who initiates the book and invites the
other to co-publish appears first on the title page.
128

5.3 COPYRIGHT PAGE TEXT
[On reverse of title page]
History of Work
If applicable, all previous editions, reprints and any title changes should be
listed with details of authors and year of publication, e.g.
First Edition
Second Edition
Third Edition
1869
1914
1950
Second Impression
Fourth Edition
1951
1994
by John Smith
by John Smith
by John Smith and Arthur
Brown
by Arthur Brown
This should be followed by publishers', typesetters' and printers' information,

e.g.
Published in 2006 by Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited
(Registered in England & Wales, Company No 1679046.
Registered Office and address for service:
100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF)
trading as [Sweet & Maxwell/W.Green]
Typeset by Interactive Sciences Ltd, Gloucester
Printed and bound in Great Britain by TJ International, Padstow, Cornwall
*For further information on our products and services, visit

www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk
*To be included on Sweet & Maxwell titles only until the re-launch of the new
W.Green website.
For those titles produced through SMART, the typesetter's line on this page
should be replaced by the following sentence:
Typeset by Sweet & Maxwell Ltd, 100 Avenue Road, London, NW3 3PF
Environmental Mission Statement and CIP Dates

This should be followed by the environmental mission statement:
"No natural forests were destroyed to make this product; only farmed
timber was used and re-planted"
and then by a line referring to the Cataloguing in Publication data:
129

"A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library".
ISBN/ISSN
The ISBN (used for books and looseleafs) should appear on the reverse of
the title page. Where there is a paperback edition as well as a hardback
edition the ISBNs for the paperback and hardback should both appear in each
edition:
ISBN
Hardback
978 0 421 00000 0
ISBN
Paperback
978 0 421 00000 0
The ISSN is used for periodicals, and should appear on the same page in the
prelims as the copyright notice.
Trademark Information
The following should be added regarding the Thomson Reuters logos:
Thomson Reuters and the Thomson Reuters logo are
trademarks of Thomson Reuters.
Sweet & Maxwell only titles should also carry:
Sweet & Maxwell is a registered trademark of Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited.
130

5.4 COPYRIGHT NOTICE

The essential elements are the symbol plus the name of the copyright
owner and the date. Wherever new material in which copyright is required has
been added, then the copyright notice should be updated. Copyright can
belong to the publisher(s), the author(s), or can be held jointly.
2006 [Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited/author]
Or
2006 Thomson Reuters (Legal) Limited [and contributors]
In all publications the copyright acknowledgement should be:
Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of
HMSO and the Queens Printer for Scotland.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in
any form or by any means, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without
prior written permission, except for permitted fair dealing under the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988, or in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency in respect of photocopying and/or reprographic
reproduction. Application for permission for other use of copyright material including
permission to reproduce extracts in other published works shall be made to the
publishers. Full acknowledgement of author, publisher and source must be given.
131

5.5 CORPORATE BRANDING

Rules
Where possible the logo will be printed in black or white (gold or silver
blocking can be used on cloth & foil titles). If not possible, a Thomson
Reuters palette is available for a full list of alternative colours that can
be used for the logos.
The logos will never be split over 2 lines.
The logos will be used on products as outlined in the grid below.
There will be no deviations from these rules other than for the
exceptions listed at the end of the grid.
Sweet & Maxwell/

W.Green
Books and
Journal Bound
Volumes
Full title
page
Front
Cover
Spine
(up to
34mm)
Logo to be positioned
20mm in from left-hand
edge of page; 25mm
from bottom of page to
base of logo.
Logo to be centred,
15mm from bottom of
cover to base of logo.
Thomson Reuters
20mm in from righthand edge of page;
25mm from bottom of
page to base of logo.
Cloth & Foil
n/a
Comments
Pre-sized logos are available:

30mm Sweet & Maxwell
17mm W.Green
These are determined by matching
the logos to 11 pt font.
The Thomson Reuters logo should

not appear on the outside of any of
our products.
Use 50mm Sweet & Maxwell logo,
27mm W.Green logo.
If Sweet & Maxwell logo being
used maximum width 30mm, if
W.Green logo being used
maximum width 27mm.
27mm W.Green logo.
Logo to be vertical,
n/a
centred on spine;
15mm from base of
logo to bottom of cover.
Spine
Logo to be horizontal,
n/a
(34mm +) centred on spine;
15mm from base of
Paperback/ Laminated Hardback
Front
Logo to be centred,
n/a
Cover
15mm from bottom of
our products.
27mm W.Green logo.
132

Spine
n/a
If S&M logo being used
(up to
centred on spine;
maximum width 30mm, if W.Green
34mm)
15mm from base of
logo being used maximum width
27mm.
Spine
Logo to be horizontal, n/a
(34mm +) centred on spine;
15mm from base of
27mm.
Sweet & Maxwell/
Thomson Reuters
Comments
W.Green
Looseleaf
Binder
Logo to be centred,
Front
15mm from bottom of
Cover
our products.
Use 50mm Sweet & Maxwell logo.
27mm W.Green logo.
Binder
Logo to be centred,
Spine
15mm from bottom of
27mm W.Green logo.
Wrapper Logo to be centred,
25mm from bottom of
27mm W.Green logo.
Full title Logo to be positioned 20mm in from left-hand Use 30mm Sweet & Maxwell logo,
page
20mm in from left-hand edge of page; 25mm
17mm W.Green logo.
edge of page; 25mm
from bottom of page to base of logo.
base of logo.
Looseleaf Logo to be centred at
Filing
top of card.
17mm W.Green logo.
Guide
and Filing
Record
Card
Sweet &
Thomson Reuters
Comments
Maxwell,/W.Green
Journals
Front
Depending on the
n/a
cover
design of the cover, the
logo should either be
our products.
centred on the cover or
Use 50mm Sweet & Maxwell logo.
in the centre of the
27mm W.Green logo.
coloured panel; 25mm
On some law reports the logo is in
from bottom of cover.
the left-hand corner of the cover,
in these cases the 30mm wide
logo should be used to replace
existing logo (should be 25mm
133

from bottom of logo to bottom of
page).
Spine
n/a
(up to
9.5mm)
Spine
(9.5mm+) centred on spine;
25mm from bottom of
cover (if possible).
n/a
Back
cover
Inside
front
cover
n/a
n/a
No logo or wording.
edge of page; 25mm
base of logo.
edge of page; 25mm
base of logo.

17mm W.Green logo. Thomson
Reuters logo has been resized to
match.
Newsletters &
Bulletins
CD Products
No logo or wording.

27mm.
Sweet &
Thomson Reuters
Maxwell/W.Green
Follow current design
n/a
substituting existing
logo for new Sweet &
Maxwell or W.Green
logo.
Sweet &
Thomson Reuters
Maxwell/W.Green
Replace Connections
branding with new logo.
Comments
17mm W.Green logo.
Comments
17mm W.Green logo.
Exceptions
The only printed products that can deviate from the guidelines set out above are those cloth &
foil books that are part of one of the series listed below.
Property & Conveyancing Library; Common Law Library; Litigation Library; British Tax Library
In all of the above cases the front cover will follow the guidelines above. The logo on the
spine will take the same form as it currently does but the existing logo will be replaced with
the new logo.
Civil Procedure
Civil Procedure will continue to use the White Book logo, but the Sweet and Maxwell logo
within the White Book logo will be changed to the new version.
134

5.6 CONTENTS

In general, detailed contents pages are preferred by readers, but two factors should
be borne in mind: (a) if the contents are very long it may be difficult to use; and (b) it may
be duplicating the job done properly by the subject-matter index.
The entries should match the style and wording of the corresponding headings in the
text.
Style can vary, but where two levels of headings are used, an example would be:
page
1. Introduction54
A. Criminal Law..56
Leader dots are optional
Prelims, tables and index should be listed in upper and lower case italics
References can be either to page or paragraph numbersthis must be clearly

indicated.
135

5.7 SERVICE INFORMATION PAGES

(LOOSELEAF)
Release lines
The release line should appear at the foot of each printed side of pages in the Encyclopedia
in the form
R. Traffic R. 119: November 2002
In each example the first number is the number of the Release with which that page was
issued. The second set of figures is the up-to-date date. The title should only be abbreviated if
necessary.
Up-to-date dates
The "up-to-date" date is a guide to the history of the issue of pages for the looseleaf. They are
not an indication that all the content on any page is up-to-date to the date contained in the
Release line although, necessarily, they are a clear indicator that content may not be current
beyond that date. This is because, for the maintenance of a looseleaf service, pages may be
reissued for technical and production reasons unrelated to updating the content of the page.
The month should be the month in which copy was delivered by the author not the publication
date.
136

5.8 TABLE OF CASES

The cases are arranged in alphabetical order according to the name of the first party. For full
details of the rules governing the creation of tables, freelance tablers should refer to the
Tabling Manual. A copy can be obtained from Editorial Support Manager or their Assistant.
The Manual sets out the techniques and methods of tabling required by Sweet & Maxwell for
tables of all types of work, and freelance tablers are required to compile tables in accordance
with these.
Alphabetical Order
A Ex p.
Cases which are Ex p. or Re (i.e. single party

cases) come first but see below for fuller
list.
A, Re
A (A Minor), Re
AvA
Cases which begin with initials come before

those whose names are full out, except for
those exceptions noted below
AG Securities v Vaughan
Abbey National v Smith
Attock Cement v Romanian Bank
Att Gen v Smith
This is treated as if Attorney General written in

full, see below
Att Gens Reference (No.1 of 1994)

Brown Ex p. Smith, Re
DAvenant
D should be treated simply as if the

apostrophe doesnt exist.
Dayspring v Smith
De Silva v Wyllie
De is treated as a word in its own right and so

precedes words which begin Dea...
Dearborn v Marsh
La Rasoir v McAndrew
The same rule applies to La and Le as to De
Laceman v Silk
Le Mesurier v Ferguson
Lean v Alston
Macbryan v Brooke
McC v Mullen
MacCabe v Joynt
Ochse v Duncan
OConnor v Amos
O should be treated simply as if the
137

apostrophe does not exist. The same rule
applies to D and L.
Oddy v Beans
R Ex p.
R, Re
R. v Abbey National Ex p. Smith
R. v Secretary of State for Education and When putting Secretaries of State in
Science
alphabetical order, just take into account the
important words and disregard "the"
R. v Secretary of State for the Environment
R. v Secretary of State for Foreign and
Commonwealth Affairs
R. v Secretary of State for Health
R. v Secretary of State for Home Affairs
R. v Secretary of State for the Home
Department
R. v Secretary of State for the Home Office
R. v Secretary of State for Social Services
R. v Secretary of State for Trade and
Industry
R. v Secretary of State for Transport
R. (on the application of x) v y
Cases R. (on the application of) come at the

end of all the R. v cases; ordered by the x
party name, then by the y party name.
RCA Corp v Pollard
Cases which begin with initials come after

those cases which begin with R. as an
abbreviation for Regina (inc. R. (on the
application of); and before those whose names
are full out
Rawhide v Bonanza
Smith (Deceased), Re; sub nom. Smith v
Brown
Smith Ex p.
Smith, In the estate of
Smith, In the goods of
Smith, Re
Smith, Re; sub nom. Brown v Jones
Smith, The
Smith v Anderson
Smith v Brown
Smith & Brown, Re
Smith and Brown v Jones
Smith & Co, Re
Smith & Co v Jones
138

Smith, Brown & Jones v Green
Smith (J) v Brown
Smith (John) v Brown
Smith (Marquis of) v Brown
Smith (otherwise Brown) v Green
Smiths Application, Re
Smiths Case
Smiths Patent
Smiths Settlement, Re
Smiths Trusts
Smiths Will Trusts, Re
Smiths Advertising Co v Brown
Smiths Truck Co v Brown
Smith-Brown, Re
Smith-Brown v Jones
The following abbreviations are treated as if set out in full:
Att Gen (Attorney General)
DPP (Director of Public Prosecutions)
IRC (Inland Revenue Commissioners)
St (Saint)
The following general points should be noted for the purposes of tabling.

Words like "Re," "Ex p." and "The" are placed after the name. Thus:
Harris, Re
Jenion, Re; sub nom. Jenion v Wynne
Kim, The
Admiralty cases cited by the name of the ship (and other cases so cited) should be
cross-referred to under the name of the parties, e.g. Oinoussin Pride, The. See Pride
Shipping Corp v Chung Hwa
Trade mark cases cited by the name of the mark should have the report references
under the name of the parties with a cross-reference thereto under the name of the
mark.
Criminal cases may be listed under the name of the accused; otherwise they will be
arranged under "R.," alphabetically according to the name of the accused.
Ejectment actions should be arranged according to the name of the defendant; thus
Doe d. Rodd v Archer precedes Doe d. Lewis v Baster.
Anonymous cases are tabled in abbreviated form with the year if known.
Yearbook cases are included under "Y" in chronological order.
Where consecutive cases have plaintiffs of exactly the same name then the
second has a two-em dash in place of the name and the cases are arranged in
alphabetical order of defendants. The two-em dash is inserted when tables are sent
for typesetting; the tabler will include the name in full. Thus:
Cooper, Re
Cooper (Cuthbert) & Sons, Re
139

Cooper v Bailey
v Cooper
v Cooper
v Cooper and Harmer
Where there are two cases of the same name and year then the numerical order by
which they are distinguished in the reports is observed; where they are of same name
but different years then they are placed in chronological order.
All tables should contain the page (or paragraph) references to every place where
the case is cited in the work.
References

On grounds of expense students books or other books not intended for practising
lawyers may have "best references" instead of full references in the table of cases.
This is not a general rule, each instance being decided on its own merits. Where
there are no references then the table will be set in two columns of type divided by a
two-em space.
Tables containing "full references". A full table need only show those cases referred
to in the work. Thus, if the book discusses a case only as it was decided in the House
of Lords, then it is only necessary to give the reports of that decision; it is not
necessary to recite the previous history. It is, however, necessary to do so if the text
discusses the earlier decisions in any way, and in this case the form is as follows:
DPP v Smith; sub nom. R. v Smith [1961] A.C. 290; [1960] 3 W.L.R. 546; [1960] 3 All E.R.
161; 44 Cr. App. R. 261, HL; reversing [1960] 3 W.L.R. 92; (1960) 104 S.J. 510, CA.
If, on the other hand, the decision referred to in the text is the decision of a lower court, then
the full references should be given to the reports of that decision and only the one best
reference given to each of the decisions of any higher court. Thus:
Ministry of Health v Simpson; sub nom. Diplock, Re, Diplock v Wintle [1951] A.C. 251, HL;
[1948] Ch. 465, CA; reversing [1947] Ch. 716; [1947] 1 All E.R. 522.

Tables containing "all references", i.e. references to all those places where the case
is reported at the time the table is compiled, should be set to full measure.
For titles produced through SMART, all case citations need to be validated in order to appear
correctly in the generated Table of Cases. There are several options available when
validating a case citation in SMART:

"Rewrite casename and ref" is often the best option to choose when tagging and
validating cases in SMART, as it ensures that the case citation text and reference
tables in the publication are consistent.
"Leave author cite as is" may, however, be preferable if an author has used an
abbreviated name for a case, or if an authors reference is preferred to the best
reference offered by the database.
"Rewrite casename" may be the best option if an authors reference is preferred to

the best reference offered by the database but the case name needs to be changed
for consistency.
See the Online User Manual on the SMART Editorial website for more details about the
validation of citations.
140

Order of Citation
The most frequently cited law reports and journals are listed below in groups showing their
preferred order of citation (i.e. any references from Group 1 should appear first, followed by
any references from Group 2, and so on). The groups are as follows:
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Official Law Reports

Weekly Law Reports
All England Reports
Subject-based full text reports
Non full text reports
Newspaper reports
If a case is reported in more than one of the reports in Group 1, the order the reports are
listed in in the table should be observed (i.e. Appeal Cases would precede Queens Bench
reports). In Groups 4 and 5, the reports/journals are listed in alphabetical order for
convenience; there is no set hierarchy within these groups.
See the new hierarchy document (House Style Intranet homepage) for correct citation of
reports.
6. Newspapers
The Times, January 23, 2002
Independent, March 22, 2002
Guardian, April 6, 1995
Daily Telegraph, May 26, 1999
Financial Times, June 29, 2000
[NB: "The" is used only for The Times and The Economist]
Exception: Trademark Handbook and Community Trade Mark Handbook do not italicise the
name of the newspaper
General Points

References should be separated by a semi-colon
Sub nom. Where it is necessary to indicate that a case has appeared in one report
under a different name than in another, then the form "sub nom." is used, e.g. R. v
Stafford Justices Ex p. Ross; sub nom. R. v Stafford Borough Justices Ex p. Ross
[1962] 1 W.L.R. 456; [1962] 1 All E.R. 540, DC.
Where a case is not at first instance the court (abbreviated) should be named at
the end of the references to the reports of that courts decision (see above).
Use of Italics in the Table of Cases

Case names, including the "v", should be roman in the Table of Cases. Note that "Re", "Ex p."
and "sub nom." should also be roman. The only word to appear in italics should be "See".
141

5.9 TABLE OF STATUTES

Acts of Parliament are arranged chronologically. Within each calendar year the
Acts are arranged in chapter order, except that Private Acts and Church Assembly
Measures and Bills are placed, in that order, after the Public General Acts of the
same year.
Acts before 1963 should have a regnal year as well as a chapter number (see
below for a list of regnal years and the correct style of citation).
The calendar year should be stated first, followed by short title, regnal years (if
appropriate) and chapter number.
Generally the table should be divided between general references to the Act and
specific references to particular sections, etc. and their subdivisions. In this case
the table will be set in two columns separated by a two-em space.
Section, etc. numbers are put on the same line to save space whenever they are
discussed on identical pages (or paragraphs) and the correct sequence of the
subdivisions can be maintained. Section, etc. numbers are linked with an en dash
only when those sections are discussed together; they must not be linked merely
because more than two are consecutive. Tables of Statutes should also include
references to the level of subsections, and Schedule paragraphs, where
appropriate.
Page or paragraph numbers are linked with an en dash wherever the identical item
is cited on more than two consecutive pages. Where paragraph numbers contain en
dashes, the tabler will use an underscore to indicate to the typesetter the inclusion of
a string of location references.
The table should give reference to every page where every Act is cited in the
work.
Pages or paragraphs where sections, etc. are set out verbatim should be
differentiated from the other references by setting them in bold.
Parts of Acts should be listed before all section references (unless they are parts of
Schedules in which case they follow Schedules), and Schedules to Acts follow
sections.
Commonwealth, European or Irish legislation should generally be put in a

separate table. In the case of isolated references, however, they should be placed at
the very end of the references for any year. Commonwealth and other foreign
legislation will sometimes need to be in a different style.
Continuation lines should be used where appropriate at the start of a new column.
Legislation from the Scottish Parliament should be placed at the very end of the
references for any year. Acts of the Scottish Parliament should always be given their
asp number, e.g. Sea Fisheries (Shellfish) Amendment (Scotland) Act 2000 (asp 12).
Legislation emanating from the Scottish Parliament should not be confused with
legislation emanating from Westminster but affecting Scotland, which will have a
chapter number and be included in the main section of the tables with all other UK
legislation.
For titles produced through SMART, all legislation citations need to be validated in
order to appear in the generated Table of Statutes. If a legislation citation is not
validatedeven if it is correctly taggedit will not appear in the generated tables.
"Leave author cite as is" is the preferred button to select (rather than "Rewrite title"),
as it ensures that all extra author-supplied data (i.e. in addition to the data contained
in the database) is not dropped from the publication. See the Online User Manual on
the SMART Editorial website for more details about the validation of citations.
142

[See a table of statutes]
Regnal Years and Chapter Number in Pre-1963
Acts
The regnal years and chapter number should be enclosed in brackets, e.g.
Road Traffic Act 1960 (8 & 9 Eliz. 2 c. 16), s. 16
The numbers are arabic not roman, on grounds of space and readability but numerals
should be roman for a local Act.
The regnal years are connected by an ampersand.
The abbreviations of the sovereigns names should be as in the accession table

below.
"Chapter" is abbreviated to "c." not "cap." and is not preceded by a comma, e.g. 13
Anne c.13; 5 Geo. 1 c.11; 49 & 50 Vict. c.31.
The regnal years are calculated from the date of accession, e.g. 4 & 5 Eliz. 2 indicates
February 6, 1956 (end of 4th year of Elizabeth IIs reign) to February 5, 1957 (end of 5th year
of her reign). The years cited are those which include the session of Parliament in which an
Act received the Royal Assent. The dates of accession are as follows.
Hen. 6
Edw. 4
Edw. 5
Ric. 3
Hen. 7
Hen. 8
Edw. 6
Mary
Ph. & M.
Eliz. 1
Geo. 3
Geo. 4
Wm. 4
Vict.
Edw. 7
Wm. 3
Anne
Geo. 1
Geo. 2
Geo. 5
Edw. 8
Geo. 6
Eliz. 2
Sept. 1, 1422
Mar. 4, 1461
Apr. 9, 1483
June 26, 1483
Aug. 22, 1485
Apr. 22, 1509
Jan. 28, 1547
July 6, 1553
July 25, 1554
Nov. 17, 1558
Oct. 25, 1760
Jan. 29, 1820
June 26, 1830
June 20, 1837
Jan. 22, 1901
Dec. 28, 1694
Mar. 8, 1702
Aug. 1, 1714
June 11, 1727
May 6, 1910
Jan. 20, 1936
Dec. 11, 1936
Feb. 6, 1952
Early statutes sometimes contain various chapters, each being the equivalent of a modern
act.
143

5.10 TABLES OF STATUTORY
INSTRUMENTS AND RULES OF COURT
Generally the rules are the same as for statutes.
The table will be set out in two columns.
Rules of Court (RSC/CCR/CPR) should be dealt with in a separate table unless there
are insufficient references to justify this.
[See a table of statutory instruments]
144

5.11 BIBLIOGRAPHIES

Style is set out in Part 2 Citation of Authorities
Set in alphabetical order unless another order seems preferable for a particular
reason.
145

5.12 INDEXES
An Indexing Manual exists to guide all freelance indexers. A copy is available in the Manuals
and
guides
section
of
the
Editorial
Analytical
page
on
MyThomson:
https://my.thomson.com/portal/server.pt?open=17&objID=10897&parentname=CommunityPa
ge&parentid=2&mode=2&in_hi_userid=95117&cached=true. The Manual sets out the
techniques and methods of indexing required by Sweet & Maxwell for indexes of all types of
work. Freelance indexers are required to compile indexes in accordance with the Manual, the
principal style requirements being set out in summary form below.
Whilst House Editors are encouraged to read and be aware of the contents of the Manual, it is
unnecessary to digest the contents in detail.
5.13.1 Heading
All indexes should be given one of the following headings:
Index
Cumulative Index
Supplementary Index
No reference should be made to the title of the product or release/issue number.
5.13.2 Taxonomic indexes

Indexes that are taxonomic should have the following explanation and logo inserted after the
heading:
This index has been prepared using Sweet and Maxwells Legal Taxonomy. Main index
entries conform to keywords provided by the Legal Taxonomy except where references to
specific documents or non-standard terms (denoted by quotation marks) have been included.
These keywords provide a means of identifying similar concepts in other Sweet & Maxwell
publications and online services to which keywords from the Legal Taxonomy have been
applied. Readers may find some minor differences between terms used in the text and those
which appear in the index. Suggestions to: sweetandmaxwell.taxonomy@thomson.com
Law reports only
Because law reports also use keywords in the content, a single explanation should be used in
the frontmatter:
Each case report in this issue has been allocated keywords from the Legal Taxonomy utilised
by Sweet & Maxwell to provide a standardised way of describing legal concepts. These
keywords are identical to those used in Westlaw UK and have been used for many years in
other publications such as Legal Journals Index. The keywords provide a means of identifying
similar concepts in other Sweet & Maxwell publications and online services to which keywords
from the Legal Taxonomy have been applied. Keywords follow the taxonomy logo at the
beginning of each item. The index has also been prepared using Sweet & Maxwells Legal
Taxonomy. Main index entries conform to keywords provided by the Legal Taxonomy except
where references to specific documents or non-standard terms (denoted by quotation marks)
have been included. Readers may find some minor differences between terms used in the
text and those which appear in the index. Please send any suggestions to
sweetandmaxwell.taxonomy@thomson.com
146

At the top of the index put the taxonomy logo and the following line:
This index has been prepared using Sweet & Maxwell's Legal Taxonomy. Please see the
note at the front of this publication.
Journals only
Because journals also use keywords in the content, a single explanation should be used in
the frontmatter:
Each article and case commentary in this issue has been allocated keywords from the Legal
Taxonomy utilised by Sweet & Maxwell to provide a standardised way of describing legal
concepts. These keywords are identical to those used in Westlaw UK and have been used for
many years in other publications such as Legal Journals Index. The keywords provide a
means of identifying similar concepts in other Sweet & Maxwell publications and online
services to which keywords from the Legal Taxonomy have been applied. Keywords follow
the taxonomy logo at the beginning of each item. The index has also been prepared using
Sweet & Maxwells Legal Taxonomy. Main index entries conform to keywords provided by the
Legal Taxonomy except where references to specific documents or non-standard terms
(denoted by quotation marks) have been included. Readers may find some minor differences
between terms used in the text and those which appear in the index. Please send any
suggestions to sweetandmaxwell.taxonomy@thomson.com
5.13.3 Main entries
All main entries take the format initial capital and bold. Hence:
Share issues
5.13.4 Second and third level entries
Use a capital for the initial letter only for proper nouns or names of statutes, publications, etc.
In all other circumstances the initial letter should be lower case. Hence:
Master of the Rolls
Denham (Lord)
But
Default judgments
setting aside
5.13.5 Continuation lines
Continuation lines are not used.
5.13.6 Alphabetical line breaks
No line breaks should be placed between letters of the alphabet.
5.13.7 Word forms
The general rule for indexing purposes, whether the index is taxonomic or not, is to follow the
word form set in the Taxonomy, including capitalisation, hyphenation, plural and singular
5.13.8 Quotation marks
Quotation marks are used for terms in taxonomic indexes where a decision has been taken
not to add that term to the Taxonomy but the indexer has determined that it is absolutely
necessary to create an index entry for that term.
e.g. Course of dealing
second level entry, xxx
147

5.13.9 Brackets
Occasionally, to provide further clarification, main entries may be included which consist of
two taxonomy terms. The second taxonomy term is added in brackets (with a lower case
initial letter).
5.13.10 Definite & Indefinite Articles
Articles at the beginning of a title should be omitted in all cases, including Reports and
governmental and quasi-governmental material. They should not be transposed to the end of
the title except in the case of Times, The.
5.13.11 Alphabetisation
Use a modified word-by-word system [as opposed to a letter-by-letter system]:
Reach
Read
Read (Lord)
Read, Andrew
Read, Andy (Lord)
Read, A P
Read-Martin, Andrew
Read the future
Readable
Ready, Andrew
Real
Realistic
Re-animate
5.13.11.1 The exception to this is statutes or statutory instruments with the same name, which
should be indexed chronologically.
5.13.11.2 Numbers should be arranged as if spelled out. Hence:
Ten commandments
1066 And All That
10,000 Maniacs
Ten times ten
Tent pegs
5.13.12 Directions
Set in italics. Hence:
formerly, now known as, also known as
5.13.13 Foreign & Latin Words
Reference should be made to HSG Part 1.12 Foreign words and phrases as to which
foreign and Latin phrases appear in italics. Hence:
Fieri facias
5.13.14 Titles of Publications
Conspiracy and Criminal Law Reform (Law Com. No. 76, 1976)
Times, The
5.13.15 Case Names

Tomlin orders
5.13.16 Indents
Indents should not exceed two [thus allowing three index levels].
148

5.13.17 Page & Paragraph Numbers
An em rule should be used to separate references within a string, not a hyphen or en rule.
Hence: 1720, not 1720 or 17-20.
Page numbers should not be elided. Hence 2227, not 227
Commas should be used to separate:
Second and third level entries from page and paragraph numbers
Page and paragraph numbers
Hence:
Dominant position
abusive practices, 324, 326
Phrases such as passim, ff., et seq., supra., infra., etc. should not be used.
5.13.18 Full Stops
Full stops should not be used save for abbreviations. Hence:
etc., i.e.
They should not be used in acronyms nor for cross-references nor at the end of entries.
5.13.19 Cross-references
Appear immediately under the main or second level entry to which they relate.
Use "see" (lower case, italic) if no references appear under the entry, or "see also" (lower
case, italic) if references do appear under the entry.
The entry you are directed to is set in bold. Hence:
Default judgments
service abroad
generally, 1720
introduction, 17
setting aside
see also Setting aside [This tells the user that there is more on the subject elsewhere]
claimants duty, 2122
costs, 2223
Judgments and orders

default judgments
see Default judgments [This tells the user where to find the relevant entries]
Semi-colons must be used if cross-referring to more than one main entry (which should be
arranged alphabetically). Hence:
Trade marks
see Compound marks; Device marks; Gustatory marks; Olfactory marks
149

PART 6: BSI PROOFING
SYMBOLS
Reproduced with the permission of BSI.
Table 1 Classified list of marks

NOTE The letters M and P in the notes column indicate marks for marking-up copy and for
correcting proofs respectively.
Group A General
Number Instruction
Textual mark
A1
None
A2
Correction is
concluded
Marginal mark
Notes
P
Make after each correction
Leave unchanged
MP
under characters to
remain
A3
Remove
Encircle marks to be
extraneous marks removed
e.g. film or paper edges

visible between lines on
bromide or diazo proofs
A3.1
Push down risen

spacing material
Encircle blemish
A4
Refer to
Encircle word(s)
appropriate
affected
authority anything
of doubtful
accuracy
Group B Deletion, insertion and substitution

Number Instruction
B1
Insert in text
the matter
indicated in the
margin
Textual mark
Marginal mark
New matter
followed by
Notes
MP
Identical to B2
150

B2
B3
MP
Insert additional
matter
identified by a
letter in a
diamond
Followed by for
example
The relevant section of the

copy should be supplied
with the corresponding
letter marked on it in a
diamond e.g.
MP
Delete
or
B4
MP
Delete and
close up
or
B5
Substitute
character or
substitute part
of one or more
word(s)
New character
MP
or
or
new word(s)
B6
Wrong fount.
Replace by
character(s) of
correct fount
Encircle character(s) to
be changed
B6.1
Change
damaged
character(s)
Encircle character(s) to
be changed
B7
Set in or
change to italic
This mark is identical to A3

MP
Where space does not
151

under character(s) to
be set or changed
B8
Set in or
change to
capital letters
permit textual marks

encircle the affected area
instead
be set or changed
B9
Set in or
change to small
capital letters
be set or changed
B9.1
Set in or
change to
under initial letters
capital letters
for initial letters and
and small
capital letters
for the rest of
under rest of word(s)
the words
B10
Set in or
change to bold
type
be set or changed
B11
Set in or
change to bold
italic type
be set or changed
B12
Change capital Encircle character(s) to

letters to lower be changed
case letters
Change small
Encircle character(s)
capital letters to to be changed
lower case
letters
B13
Change italic to Encircle character(s)

upright type
to be changed
B14
Invert type
B12.1
Encircle character to
be inverted
For use when B5 is

inappropriate
For use when B5 is

inappropriate
152

B15
Substitute or
insert character
in superior
or
position
B16
Substitute or
insert character
in inferior
or
position
B17
Substitute
ligature e.g.
for separate
letters
B17.1
Substitute
separate letters
for ligature
B18
Substitute or
insert full stop
or decimal point
B18.1
through characters
affected
Write out separate

letters
MP
or
MP
Substitute or
insert colon
or
B18.2
B18.3
Substitute or
insert semi
colon
MP
or
MP
Substitute or
insert comma
or
153

B18.4
B18.5
B18.6
B19
Substitute or
insert
apostrophe
Substitute or
insert single
quotation
marks
Substitute or
insert double
quotation
marks
MP
or
MP
or
MP
or
MP
Substitute or
insert ellipsis
or
B20
B21
Substitute or
insert leader
dots
MP
or
Give the measure of the

leader when necessary
MP
Substitute or
insert hyphen
or
B22
MP
Substitute or
insert rule
or
Give the size of the rule in

the marginal mark e.g.
154

B23
MP
Substitute or
insert oblique
or
Group C Positioning and spacing

Number Instruction
Textual mark
Marginal mark
Notes
C1
Start new
paragraph
MP
C2
Run on (no new

paragraph)
MP
C3
Transpose
characters or
words
MP
between characters or
words, numbered when
necessary
C4
MP
Transpose a
number of
characters or
words
1 2 3
To be used when the

sequence cannot be
clearly indicated by the
use of C3. The vertical
strokes are made
through the characters
or words to be
transposed and
numbered in the
correct sequence
C5
Transpose lines
MP
C6
Transpose a
number of lines
P
To be used when the
sequence cannot be
clearly indicated by
C5. Rules extend from
the margin into the text
with each line to be
155

transposed numbered
in the correct
sequence
C7
Centre
MP
C8
Indent
P
Give the amount of the
indent in the marginal
mark
C9
Cancel indent
C10
Set line justified

to specified
measure
Set column
justified to
specified
measure
MP
Move matter
specified
distance to the
right
Move matter
specified
distance to the
left
Take over
character(s),
word(s) or line
to next line,
column or page
Take back
character(s),
word(s), or line
to previous line,
column or page
C11
C12
C13
C14
C15
Give the exact

dimensions when
necessary
Give the exact

dimensions when
necessary
Give the exact

dimensions when
necessary
Give the exact

dimensions when
necessary
The textual mark

surrounds the matter
to be taken over and
extends into the
margin
The textual mark

surrounds the matter
to be taken back and
extends into the
margin
156

C16
Raise matter
P
over matter to be raised
Give the exact

dimensions when
necessary. (Use C28
for insertion of space
between lines or
paragraphs in text)
under matter to be raised

C17
Lower matter
P
over matter to be lowered
Give the exact

dimensions when
necessary. (Use C29
for reduction of space
between lines or
paragraphs in text)
under matter to be lowered

C18
Move matter to
position
indicated
C19
Correct vertical
alignment
C20
Correct
horizontal
alignment
C21
C22
Enclose matter to be moved and indicate new

position
P
Give the exact
dimensions when
necessary
P
Single line above and

below misaligned matter
e.g.
Close up. Delete

space between
linking
characters or
words
P
The marginal mark is
placed level with the
head and foot of the
relevant line
MP
characters
MP
Insert space
between
characters
Give the size of the

space to be inserted
when necessary
between characters
affected
C23
Insert space
between words
MP
Give the size of the
space to be inserted
157

between words affected
C24
MP
Reduce space
between
characters
between characters
affected
C25
C27
C28
C29
Make space
appear equal
between
characters or
words
Give the amount by

which the space is to
be reduced when
necessary
MP
Reduce space
between words
between words affected
C26
when necessary
Give amount by which

the space is to be
reduced when
necessary
MP
between characters
or words affected
Close up to
normal interline
spacing
MP
Insert space
between lines or
paragraphs
MP
Reduce space
between lines of
paragraphs
MP
The textual marks

extend into the margin
The marginal mark

extends between the
lines of text. Give the
size of the space to be
inserted when
necessary
The marginal mark

extends between the
lines of text. Give the
amount by which the
space is to be reduced
when necessary
158

PART 7: SUBJECT INDEX
Abbreviations, 5356
companies and local authorities, 76
courts, 78
judges, 79
party names, 76
punctuation, 53
statutes, 85
Acronyms, 55
capitalisation, 43
Ages, 56
Apostrophes, 40
Articles
citation of statutory provisions, 88
Authors
citation, 62
bibliographies, 63
successive citations, 63
Biblical references
citation, 69
Bibliographies, 145
books, 63
Bills
citation, 88
Book reviews
citation, 65
Books
citation, 61, 62
preliminary pages, 122
Brackets
use in case citations, 77
British Standards
proofreading symbols, 15058
Capitalisation, 4350
acronyms, 43
committees and panels, 47
courts, 43, 79
geographical names, 49
historical eras and events, 49
international law, 50
judges, 79
legislation, 47
nationality and ethnicity, 50
organisations and institutions, 45
points of the compass, 49
proper nouns, 43
semi-proprietary names, 50
statutory instruments, 89
titles, 49
trade names, 49
tribunals, 46
Case citations, 7283

abbreviations in party names, 76
brackets around year of law reports,
77
case names, 73
italicisation, 72
companies, 73
EU cases, 9497
in text, 95
foreign domestic cases, 113
generally, 72
hierarchy of reports, 81, 141
international cases, 113
judicial review cases, 75
law reports prior to 1865, 81
media neutral citations, 77
Northern Ireland, 83
paragraphs, 77
references in tables, 140
Scottish cases, 82
SMART validation, 140
tables of cases, 13741
tribunals, 81
unreported cases, 80
volume, year and paragraph
reference, 77
yearbooks, 81
Cataloguing in publication, 129
Centuries, 58
Church Assembly Measures
citation, 87
Citation of authorities
biblical references, 69
book reviews, 65
books, 61, 62
159

cases. See Case citations
Essays in collections
companies, 73
citation, 63
essays in collections, 63
E-terminology
government publications, 67
citation, 69
journal articles, 64
Ethnicity and nationality

looseleafs, 66
capitalisation, 50
newspapers, 69
EU law
Parliamentary debates, 68
case citations, 9497
Parliamentary journals, 69
in text, 95
plays, films and television, 70
Commission decisions, 98101
poems, 70
legislation, 10212
statutes. See Statutes
draft legislation, 111
statutory instruments. See Statutory
Official Journal, 103
instruments
secondary law, 106
websites, 69
soft law, 109
treaties, 104
Civil Procedure Rules

citation, 90
Figures. See Numbers

Practice Directions, 90
Films
citation, 70
Command papers, 67
Commas, 40
Footnotes, 38
cross-references to, 39
Commission decisions, 98101
Companies
Foreign words and phrases, 51, 149
abbreviations, 76
Fractions, 56
citation, 73
Gender neutral noun usage, 53
Geographical names
Contents pages, 135
capitalisation, 49
Contractions. See Abbreviations
Copy editing
Government publications
BSI proofreading symbols, 150
citation, 67
numbering headings and indents, 34
Headings
proof mark up, 33
numbering headings and indents, 34
proof mark up, 34
Copyright notices, 131
Copyright page, 129
Hyphenation, 42
paragraph numbering, 35
Correcting proofs. See Copy editing,
Proof mark up
Imprint, 128
Courts
Indentation
abbreviations, 78
headings, 34
capitalisation, 43, 79
Indexes, 14649
alphabetisation, 147
Scotland, 83
cross references, 149
Cross-references, 39
footnotes, 39
page and paragraph numbers, 148
Currencies, 5960
Initials
citation of authors, 62
Dashes
em dashes, 40
en dashes, 41
Ink colour
paragraph numbering, 35
proof mark up, 33
Dates, 58
International law
capitalisation, 50
Days and months, 58
cases, 113
Double tax treaties, 120
Environmental mission statement,
International Standard Book
129
Number (ISBN), 130
160

statutory instruments. See Statutory
International Standard Series
instruments
Number (ISSN), 130
Ireland
Link lines, 35
statutes, 93
Lists, 37
Local authorities
abbreviations, 76
Italicisation
case names, 72
Logos. See Corporate branding

foreign words and phrases, 51
Looseleafs
citations, 66
Journals
citation of articles, 64
service information pages, 136
Judges
abbreviations, 79
Measurements, 59
capitalisation, 79
Media neutral citations, 77
citation, 79
Money. See Currencies
Scotland, 83
Months and days, 58
Latin terms, 52
Nationality and ethnicity
capitalisation, 50
Law reports. See also Case citations
brackets around year of law reports,
Newspapers
77
citations, 69
hierarchy of reports, 81, 141
Northern Ireland
case citations, 83
law reports prior to 1865, 81
legislation, 92, 93
volume, page and paragraph
Practice Directions, 83
reference, 77
statutory rules, 93
Legislation. See also Legislation

Numbers, 56
weights and measures, 59
citations, Statutes, Statutory

Instruments
capitalisation, 47
Orders. See Statutory instruments;

EU, 10212
Rules of Court
draft legislation, 111
Page ranges, 56
Paragraphs
secondary law, 106
case citations, 77
soft law, 109
citation for looseleafs, 66
treaties, 104
citation of statutory provisions, 85,
foreign domestic, 11319
86
international, 11921
contents pages, 135
contractions, 53
Ireland, 93
Northern Ireland, 92, 93
indexes, 148
numbering, 35
Scotland, 91
United States, 114
tables
Wales, 92
cases, 140
legislation, 142
Legislation citations, 8592

Bills, 88
Parliamentary debates
Church Assembly Measures, 87
citation, 68
Civil Procedure Practice Directions,
Parliamentary journals
90
citation, 69
Rules of court, 89
Parts
SMART validation, 142
statutes. See Statutes
Percentages, 57
161

Periodicals. See Journals, Law
Regnal years, 143
Reports
Regulations
Plays
citation, 70
Reports. See also Law reports; Case

Poems
citations
citation, 70
citation of authorities, 67
Points of the compass, 49
Rules
Possessive case, 40
Practice Directions
Rules of Court
Civil Procedure Practice Directions,
citation, 89
90
Scotland, 92
Court Practice Directions, 80
tables of Rules of Court, 144
Schedules
Prefixes
hyphenation, 42
Scotland
case citations, 82
Preliminary pages
courts, 83
books, 122
cataloguing in publication, 129
judges, 83
legislation, 91
contents, 135
Rules of Court, 92
copyright notices, 131
copyright page, 129
environmental mission statement,
Seasons, 58
129
Sections
ISBN/ISSN, 130
journals, 122
Service information pages

law reports, 122
looseleafs, 136
looseleafs, 123
Statutes
publisher's imprint, 128
citations
trademark information, 130
abbreviations, 85
footnotes, 85
Private, local and personal Acts

citation, 87
printed series, 87
Private, local and personal Acts,
Proof mark up
BSI proofing symbols, 15058
87
headings, 34
regnal years, 143
ink colour, 33
Sections, parts, paragraphs and
schedules, 86
Proper nouns
capitalisation, 43
text, 85
Publisher's imprint, 128
Ireland, 93
Punctuation. See also Hyphenation
abbreviations, 53
Northern Ireland, 92, 93
Scotland
apostrophes, 40
commas, 40
citation, 91
generally, 40
printed series, 91
possessive case, 40
tables of statutes, 142
quotations, 37
Wales, 92
word division, 41
Statutory instruments
amendments and repeals, 89
Quotation marks, 36
capitalisation, 89
Quotations, 36
bad language, 36
citation, 88
punctuation, 37
provisions and parts, 88
162

Ireland, 93
Television programmes
citation, 70
printed collections, 89
Time
Scotland, 91
dates and times, 58
historical eras and events, 49
tables of statutory instruments, 144
months, days and seasons, 58
Stroke paragraph numbers, 35
Successive citations
Titles
book reviews, 66
capitalisation, 49
books, 63
Trade names
cases, 72
capitalisation, 49
CDs, 70
Trademark information, 130
essays in collections, 63
Treaties
government publications, 68
bilateral, 120
journal articles, 65
double tax, 120
online services, 71
EU, 104
statutes, 86
protocols, 120
Symbols
Tribunals
currency symbols, 59
capitalisation, 46
percentages, 57
citation, 81
Tables
United Nations resolutions, 120
books, 122
United States
journals, 122
legislation, 114
law reports, 122
Unreported cases
SMART tables
citation, 80
cases, 140
Wales
legislation, 142
legislation, 92
tables of cases, 13741
Websites
citation of authorities, 69
order of citation, 141
references, 140
Weights and measures, 59
roman not italic, 141
Word division, 41
tables of Rules of Court, 144
Yearbooks
tables of statutes, 142
citation, 81
tables of statutory instruments, 144
163

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Sweet and Mawell House Style Guide January 2009

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This Guide is up to date to 5 January 2009.

Because the Guide is frequently updated it is

SWEET & MAXWELL

HOUSE STYLE GUIDE

UP TO DATE TO 5 JANUARY 2009

PART 1: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 32

1.2 INK COLOUR ............................................................................................................... 33

1.3 HEADINGS ................................................................................................................... 34

Numbering Headings and Indents .................................................................................... 34

1.4 PARAGRAPH NUMBERING ...................................................................................... 35

Stroke Paragraph Numbers............................................................................................... 35

Link Lines ........................................................................................................................ 35

1.5 QUOTATIONS .............................................................................................................. 36

Punctuation in Quotations ................................................................................................ 37

1.6 LISTS ............................................................................................................................. 37

Lists in commentary ......................................................................................................... 37

Lists in case digests .......................................................................................................... 37

1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHIES ....................................................................................................... 38

Cross-references to Footnotes .......................................................................................... 39

1.10 PUNCTUATION ......................................................................................................... 40

Rules for Word Division .................................................................................................. 41

1.11 HYPHENATION ......................................................................................................... 42

1.12 USE OF CAPITAL LETTERS .................................................................................... 43

Parts of Familiar Geographical Names ............................................................................ 49

Points of the Compass ...................................................................................................... 49

Eras of History, Events..................................................................................................... 49

Trade Names .................................................................................................................... 49

Other "Semi-proprietary" Names ..................................................................................... 50

International Law ............................................................................................................. 50

Nationality and Ethnicity ................................................................................................. 50

1.13 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES ......................................................................... 51

1.14 GENDER NEUTRAL NOUN USAGE ....................................................................... 53

1.15 CONTRACTIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................ 53

Abbreviations and Acronyms........................................................................................... 55

1.16 FIGURES ..................................................................................................................... 56

1.17 DATES AND TIMES .................................................................................................. 58

1.18 MONTHS, DAYS AND SEASONS ............................................................................ 58

1.19 MONEY, WEIGHTS AND MEASUREMENTS ........................................................ 59

PART 2: CITATION OF AUTHORITIES .............................................................................. 61

2.1 FOOTNOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHIES ..................................................................... 61

2.2 BOOKS .......................................................................................................................... 62

2.3 ESSAYS IN COLLECTIONS ....................................................................................... 63

2.4 LEGAL PERIODICALS................................................................................................ 64

Book Reviews .................................................................................................................. 65

Parliamentary Journals ..................................................................................................... 69

Biblical References .......................................................................................................... 69

Plays, Films and TV ......................................................................................................... 70

2.8 CASES ........................................................................................................................... 72

ENGLAND AND WALES .............................................................................................. 72

Citation in text and online services. ............................................................................. 72

Name of Case ............................................................................................................... 73

Date and Use of Round and Square Brackets .............................................................. 77

Volume and Page/Case and Paragraph Reference ....................................................... 77

Media Neutral Citations ............................................................................................... 77

High Court January 12, 2002 onwards.................................................................. 78

Court of Decision ......................................................................................................... 78

Use of Capitals when referring to Courts ..................................................................... 79

Practice Directions (from courts) ................................................................................. 80

Unreported Cases ......................................................................................................... 80

Decisions of Administrative Tribunals ........................................................................ 81

Yearbooks and Court Rolls .......................................................................................... 81

Which Reports to Cite (Prior to 1865) ......................................................................... 81

Which Reports to Cite (After 1864)............................................................................. 81

CASES (SCOTLAND) .................................................................................................... 82