Rules for Indices:

1. a0 = 1

2. a-p = a p
1

p a

3.

ap =

4.

a p =( p a)

5.

am

6.

am
=a mn
an

an

m +n
= a

7.

(am)n = amn
8. an x bn = (ab)n
9.

an a
=
bn b

()

Rationalizing denominator of surds:

4 33 2
2 33 2

4 33 2
2 33 2

2 3+3 2
2 3+3 2

Change the equations denominator ( 2 33 2 from subtraction to

addition (or vice versa) and make it into a fraction that equals to 1 (refer to the
highlighted equation).
(a b) (a + b) = a2 b2
Hence, ( 2 33 2 (2 3+3 2) = ( 2 3

( 3 2 )2

= 22( 3 )2 32( 2 )2
= 4(3) 9(2)

Logarithms
log 3 9

1. Logarithmic form:
2.

log a a

=2

is equivalent to

Index form: 32 = 9

=1

log 1

a
3.
=0
4. Changing base:

log c b
log c a

a.

log a b

b.

log a b

= log b a

5.

log a xy

6.

log a

7.

log a x r = r ( log a x )

8. IF

( xy )

log a x
log a x

log a M =log a N

log a y
log a y

then, M = N

Exponential equations:
ax is an exponential equation. There are a few characteristics about this equation
that is worth knowing.
1. When x = 0, ax = 1, this is the turning point of the exponential graph
where it goes from minor differences to major changes.
2. When x <0, there are very little differences. Example: a-2 and a-7 has a
difference of less than 1.
3. When x>0, there are big differences. Example: a2 and a7 has a difference
of 124.
4. From the above points, we can conclude that the shape of a plotted
exponential graph would look like:

Linear Law:
Y = mX + c
Y = the label on the y-axis
X = the label on the x-axis
m = gradient
=

y1 y2
x1 x2

c = y-intercept

Circular Measure:
1. Degree radians

x
o
180

x = ______ radians

2. Radians degree
x

o
x 180 = ________degrees

3. Length of sector:
4. Area of sector:
5. Remember:
for length of sector & area of sector, is always in
x Hyp
otenu

se

radians!
6. I went TOA SOH CAH game:

Opposite

b. Sin x = Hypotenuse
Adjacent

Adjecent

a. Tan x =

Opposite
Adjacent

c. Cos x = Hypotenuse
Opposite

d. Remember to check the mode in your calculator and see if its in

the right mode (R or D) when using TOA SOH CAH
e. Example: Tan 0.52 rad (R mode) = Tan 30o (D mode) = 0.57