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VO
rms
VS
n, m
k
a
'3
0
cycles
Load angle
Conduction angle (8 =,8 - a)
IFC-TCR, VFC- -TCR FC-TCR current and voltage
Compensator susceptance
BFC -TCR
Capacitor susceptance
BC
Inductor susceptance as a function of
BTCR
delay angle
Maximum inductor susceptance
Bmax
Co
Angular frequency
C,L
Capacitance & inductance value
Vorms
t) =VSmn
m+n = VSk
(1)
Vrms 021-
F1(
1
2
Si
1 7-a/-v
I0 2f Sir?II
i 4t)1 =V / (T_
2il
f
(2)
I. INTRODUCTION:
f
L22(n+)m)s
79
(3)
O<a<cT
While (2) maybe then re- written as:
1
2/m
=22
F1(sin2asin)
Vs('+
2,6+12
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
B. Number of Devices.
Lower number reduces the cost; hence the cheapest
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Delay
Angle
Syndnoui_
tIon
i4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0
&I
&6Ci
t0f0
GatcLe
vt
l0v
80
configurations (i, j, k), and not at the lines like others, they
could have lower current and higher voltage ratings.
(a) Conf. a
-----------
F.
-----;;;;;;;;_;;;;
~~~----
--G
;;;;;;;,;;;;
(b) Conf. b
I
.1
,I
,
.1
.-
|~~
3[ ------------------I----------1-----------------------------------
------------I
-----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------
(THD):
I
- ...... _
.-----------------------------
------------ --------------
------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(e) Conf. e
v
n0
7
I~~~~~~~~---------F
-----------------------------------------
Oc
04
0
ttreRsecf) ConfDo
---00
--------------i000
-----
---
00000T
------------i
-4
(g) Conf. i
81
Io
THD = 82.95%
RMS= 82.95 p.u
DC= -7e-4 P.u
3c
THD = 96.43%
f9
10
13
t4
1S
1S
(f) Conf. f
(h) Conf. j
.L
C-
ii..
07
------------------------------------------------------------------------ ......
(g) Conf. i
_THD = 105 .1%
RMS= 0.33
(i) Conf. k
Figure 4: Simulation and experimental load phase voltage and current waveforms
for different configurations. Graphs in sequence are:
Right graphs: EXPERIMENTAL
Left graphs: SIMULATION
1st Voltage, R -load
1st Voltage, R -load
2nd = Current, R- load
2nd = Current, R- load
3rd= Voltage, RL- load
3rd= Voltage, RL- load
4'h Current, RL- load
4'- Current, RL- load
Scales: Voltage: 50 V/ div, Current: 1 A/ div, Time: 0.01 sec/div
THD= 186.8%
RMS= 0.48 p.u
~~~~DC=O p.u
p.u
DC= Op.u
I. I
(h)
(i) Conf. k
Figure 5: Harmonic analysis for output voltage for different configurations
Right: RL- load
Left: R- load
(a) Conf. a
oc
=400
800
cL=1200
(Conf. a)
(Conf. b)
(Conf. c & g)
(Conf. i)
(Conf. j)
(Conf. k)
CL=400"
(b) Conf. b
,
;
oc=800
THD = 266.9%
RMS= 0.69 p.u
DC= Op.u
CL=1200
Alpha4
cL=40
oc=80
cL=120
(Conf d & h)
(Con.
e)
""
(Conf fi
82
VM TCR
\di
Nrducdon bll
B3FC-TCR =IBc\
VjBFC-TCR
BFC-TCR = Bc -BTCR, BC = wC
IT
BFC-TCR Be BTrR
3
FICTCCR
(5)
Ria
Conetol
ern d
Capactistidctcrves
1
wOL
Fig. 7-c shows the operating characteristics and the
susceptance (BFC-TCR ) of this type of compensator based on
(5) and it can be seen that VAR (reactive power) production
as well as VAR absorption is possible by varying the delay
angle of thyristors; hence the power factor changes from
leading to lagging. The firing gates of the thyristors are
synchronized with the capacitance voltage and can be varied
from 900 to 1800.
From (5) and for L= 448 mH, C= 18 [tF, =314.15 rad/sec,
then:
if
a=90' BFC-TCR= BC - Bmax= (1.45 e-3) mho.
or if a=l80 BFC-TCR= BC = (5.65e3 ) mho.
Such configuration of the FC-TCR has been experimentally
connected and simulated using Matlab. Fig. 8 shows the
experimental and the corresponding simulation waveforms of
the FC-TCR voltage and current for different delay angles. It
can be seen that experimental and simulation waveforms are
matched and show the validity of controlling the flow of
reactive power. This configuration could be utilized to
replace the traditional bank of capacitors in many
applications such as power factor improvement, power
system voltage and reactive power control, voltage control of
induction generator and performance optimization of three
phase induction motor operated from a single phase supply.
BTCR (C)= Bmax 2 -2a
2T
/ 1YIRB
sin 2 ), B
4a
c= 1600 (leading)
40
40
P. ----.4
time(t)
cx= 1250
0.6 007
--z
time(t)
(lagging)
c=
1330
0.0 0.0
--------------.0
time(t)
in phase
c=
1600 (leading)
B.
F,%50
1 1 -25 -1-
5(
Losses=
5.4 watt
83
VII. CONCLUSION:
REFERENCES:
[1] K. H. Sueker, S.D. Hummel and R.D. Argent, "Power Factor
Correction and Harmonic Mitigation in a Thyristor Controlled Glass
Melter," IEEE Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 972975, November/December 1989.
[2] V. V. Sastry, M.R.Prasad and T.V. Sivakumar, " Optimal Soft Starting
of Voltage- Controller Fed IM Drive Based on Voltage Across
Thyristor," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 10411051, November 1997.
[3] A. Garcia- Cerrada, P. Garcia- Gonzalez, R. Collantes, T. G6mez and J.
Anzola, " Comparison of Thyristor- Controlled Reactors and Voltage Source Inverters for Compensation of Flicker Caused by Arc
Furnaces," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 1225123 1, October 2000.
[4] A-R. A. M. Makky, F. N. Abd- Elbar and E. E. Mobarak, " Speed
Control of 3- Phase Induction Motor Using Delta- Connected
Thyristors Switch," The Ninth International Middle- East Power
Systems Conference MEPCON', pp. 827-833, December 2003.
[5] P.C. Sen, "Power Electronics", TATA McGraw-Hill, 1987, ch. 8, pp.
588-689.
[6] Muhammad H. Rashid, "Power Electronics Circuits, Devices and
Applications", Prentice - Hall International, Inc, 1993, ch. 6, pp. 190222.
[7] A. Ginart, R. Esteller, A. Maduro, R. Pifiero and R. Moncada, " High
Starting Torque for AC SCR Controller," IEEE Trans. Energy
Conversion, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 553-559, September 1999.
[8] M.S. Jamil Asghar, "Power Electronics", Prentice-Hall of India, 2004,
ch.8, pp.158-170
[9] L. J. Bohmann and R. H. Lasseter, "Stability and Harmonics in
Thyristor Controlled Reactors," IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 5,
No. 2, pp. 1175-1181, April 1990.
[10] J. H. Chen, W. J, Lee and M. Chen, " Using a Static Var Compensator
to Balance a Distribution System," IEEE Trans. Industry Applications,
Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 298-304, March/April 1999.
[11] C. Champoo-inwai, C. Yingvivatanapong, K. Methaprayoon and W.
Lee, " Reactive Compensation Techniques to Improve the Ride Through Capability of Wind Turbine During Disturbance," IEEE
Trans. Industry Applications, Vol. 41, No. 3, pp. 666-672, May/June
2005.
[12] Frede Blaaberg, John K. Pedersen, Soren Rise, Hans- Henrik Hansen
and Andrzej M. Trynadlowski, "Can Soft- Starters Help Save
Energy?," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, pp. 56-66,
September/ October 1997.
[13] Adel Gastli and Mohamed Magdy Ahmed, "ANN- Based Soft Starting
of Voltage- Controlled- Fed IM Drive System," IEEE Trans. Energy
Conversion, pp. 1- 7, 2005.
.d
-I
IC
THD= 226.5%
1.5%
THD= 24]
DC=O
I I---
DC=0.05
- s
I I
Right: 3 SCRs
current
g1<_-_
1..j_I_.
cL=1300
CHI voltage: 50 V / div, CH2 current:
Left: 6 SCRs
84