Lymphatic drainage of th

Tip of the tongue- submental lymph nodes

Lateral part of tongue- submandibular lymph nodes
Middle part of tongue- deep cervical chain lymph nodes
Posterior part of tongue- retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Air sinuses
The maxillary sinus is innervated by V2- (the anterior, middle, and
posterior superior alveolar nerves).
Sphenoid sinus innervation- pharyngeal n. (V2), posterior ethmoidal n.
(V1)
Ethmoid sinus innervation- anterior and posterior ethmoidal nerves (both
V1)
Frontal sinus innervation- supraorbital n. (V1)

Bone Junctions:
Lambda: Parietal bone and occipital bone.
Pterion: Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, parietal bone, and temporal bone
Nasion: Frontal bone and nasal bone
Bregma: Frontal bone and parietal bone
Most of the oral cavity is keratinized or non keratinized
stratified squamous epithelium. It is keratinized in the area
directly around teeth and on the hard palate.
The GI tract is mostly simple columnar (ciliated).
The respiratory tract is mostly simple columnar (non ciliated),
this may be called psuedostratified squamous epithelium. Ciliated
columnar epithelium lines the upper respiratory tract.
The urethra and bladder are lined by transitional epithelium

Superior Orbital Fissure- V1, CN III, IV, VI

Foramen Rotundum- V2
Foramen Ovale- V3, Lesser Petrosal Nerve
The Pterygomaxillary fissure transmits the terminal part of the
maxillary artery.

Trochlear nerve:
Longest intracranial length of any cranial nerve
Innervates superior oblique muscle only.
Intorts (twists in and out) the eye primarily, also depresses and abducts
the eye

The mental foramen is located on the anterior portion (body) of the

mandible below the premolars.

The skin of the forehead is supplied by the left and right supraorbital,
supratrochlear, and anterior branches of the temporal artery.
Nasal septum- supplied by the sphenopalatine artery
Mandibular incisors- mandibular branch of the inferior alveolar

artery
Hard and soft palate - descending palatine artery
Muscles of mastication- deep temporal artery, masseteric, buccal and
pterygoid artery
Structures passing medially to the hyoglossus muscle are the
lingual vein and lingual artery.
Laterally, in between the hyoglossus muscle and the mylohyoid
muscle lay several important structures (from superior in
inferior):
sublingual gland, submandibular duct, lingual nerve, and the
hypoglossal nerve.

CN I: Cribiform Plate of Ethmoid bone

CN II: Optic Canal
CN III, IV, VI, V1: Superior orbital fissure
V2: Foramen rotundum
V3: Foramen ovale
CN VII: Stylomastoid foramen and Internal acoustic meatus
CN VII, VIII: Internal acoustic meatus
CN IX, X, XI: Jugular foramen
CN XII: Hypoglossal canal

The four recti muscles arise from the common tendinous ring (Annulus of Zinn).
The superior oblique originates from body of the sphenoid.
The inferior oblique originates from the maxilla.
The Levator palpebrae superioris originates from the sphenoid

bone.

The baroreceptor reflex detects changes in systemic blood pressure and can
stimulate respiratory rate if pressure decreases. The goal of the reflex is to
maintain adequate blood flow in the circulatory system.
Acquired reflex: A very complex and learned motor reflex pattern. Ex. Slamming
the brakes of a car when an animal jumps in front.
Chemoreceptor reflex: Detects changes in pH, PCO2, and PO2 and stimulates
compensatory measures..
Hering-Breuer reflex: Consists of the inflation reflex and the deflation reflex. The
inflation reflex prevents over expansion of the lungs during forceful breathing. The
deflation reflex inhibits the expiratory center and stimulates the inspiratory center
when the lungs are in danger of collapse.
Protective reflex: Triggered in response to inspiration of toxic substances such as
chemical irritants and toxic vapors, or simply from mechanical stimulation of the
respiratory system. Ex. coughing, sneezing