Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Both magnetic fields are sensed by the receiver coil and a reading
of apparent conductivity is given. The value of apparent
conductivity depends on many factors:
- porosity,
- conductivity of pore fluid,
- pore surface area,
- degree of saturation of sub-surface sediments,
- temperature, and
- (if present) clay content.
EM34 Equipment
We will concentrate on EM34 (2 coil) equipment
Exploration depths for EM34:
Transmitter coil
Receiver coil
Transmitter coil
should point
back to receiver coil
Start at one beach with person using receiver in front. Take GPS reading.
Keep coil vertical and pointed at the other coil.
Person with receiver (or 3rd person) writes EM reading, GPS reading and
comments.
Person with transmitter makes mark on ground for next reading location.
Both then walk at right angles to beach using compass for direction, taking
EM and GPS readings at every 20m.
Finish at other beach, and switch from 20m to 10m cable.
Walk back over same locations as for 20m readings, and take 10m EM
Interpretation
Methods of Interpretation:
1. Direct interpretation using multiple EM readings
at selected locations
Using (empirical) formulae
Using EMIX34 computer software
EM surveys
Abatao
Pacific
Ocean
Tarawa atoll
Tarawa
Lagoon
Abatao
Village
Statistics:
Length: 1.7 km
Max. width: 800 m
Min. width: 250 m
Area: 75 ha
Rainfall: approx. 1,950 mm/year
Population: approx. 400
Abatao
Rig drilling
borehole ABA1
Receiver coil
Receiver box
Notes re EM conductivity:
1. is higher for 20m spacing than for 10m spacing (as more saline groundwater is
included in the exploration depth)
2. increases with increasing groundwater salinity (e.g. closer to beach rather than in
centre of island)
3. decreases with increasing ground level above water table
4. is abnormally high near buried metal objects (e.g. cables or pipes)
Borehole ABA2
Borehole ABA3
Interpretation
Interpretation:
1. Correlated EM results at boreholes with known
thickness of fresh groundwater using:
(a) Salinity profiles from boreholes on Abatao and
Tabiteuea
(b) As above and including data from nearby Bonriki
boreholes
2.
Note : this data is added to the data in previous graph and is plotted in next graph
All available data from Bonriki, Abatao & Tabiteuea, Tarawa, Kiribati
Estimated
EM conductivity
Tabiteuea
Map of Abatao
island,
freshwater lens
Tarawa
thickness
atoll,
contours
using all
Kiribati
borehole and EM
data