Day One Presentation by Nelson Lam

11/03/2013
A global approach to
Ground motion predictive

relationships
for structural design applications
Nelson Lam
Lam, John Wilson and Hing Ho Tsang
Contents
1.
Review of Attenuation Models /Ground Motion Prediction Equations
2.
Global Approach of ground motion modelling
3.
Global model for peak displacement demand
4.
Construction of response spectra a new approach
5.
Global benchmarking of seismic hazard level
6.
Inter-storey drift predictions of structures
7.
Closing remarks
11/03/2013
Attenuation Models
Attenuation Models is an old term which is used in these slides
- nowadays often referred to as Ground motion prediction models
or Ground motion prediction equations
or simply Ground motion models
The purpose of an attenuation model is to estimate the intensity of ground

shaking (in terms of PGA or PGV, for example) for any given earthquake
magnitude distance (M-R) combination and a given site class (eg. rock
site). For example, an earthquake of magnitude M = 5.6 and hypocentral
distance R = 20 km estimates a peak ground velocity PGV = 60 mm/sec on
rock sites.
Different types of attenuation models :
Empirical Models (the traditional approach)
Theoretical and Semi-Theoretical Models
Intensity Models based on historical Intensity data
(eg. from Isoseimal maps)
Stochastic Seismological Models
suited to low
and moderate
seismicity regions
with lack of data
Types of Attenuation Models
Empirical Models
Semi-Theoretical Models
Intensity Models
11/03/2013
Empirical Models
An (old) attenuation model

providing predictions for PGA only
Empirical model
developed by
Joyner and Boore
for Californian
earthquakes on
average soil sites
(extracted from
Seismic Design
Handbook by
Farzad Naeim)
Empirical Models
Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE)

(as reviewed in the well known Seismological Research Letter Journal Vol.68 (1) in 1997)
Model by Abrahamson & Silva for shallow crustal earthquakes.

Model by Boore, Joyner and Fumal for Western North American
Earthquakes.
Campbell model for shallow crustal earthquakes.
Sadigh Model for shallow crustal earthquakes.
In addition :
Ambrasey Model for Europe
11/03/2013
Empirical Models
Model by Abrahamson & Silva for shallow crustal

earthquakes
main function style of faulting function
Soil type function
Hanging Wall Function

(only applies to near fault
conditions)
Empirical Models
M d lb
Model
by
Abrahamson & Silva
for shallow crustal
earthquakes (contd)
11/03/2013
Empirical Models
Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) Project

co-ordinated by the lifelines program of Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre (PEER) at Berkeley
in collaboration with United States Geological Survey (USGS)
and Southern Californian Earthquake Centre
Five separate sets of ground motion models have been developed and published
during
du
g thee period
pe od 20077 2010 by five
ve we
well known
ow pplayers
ye s in thiss field
e d bbased
sed on
o
analyses of the PEER database of 1574 accelerograms recorded from mainshocks
of 58 shallow crustal earthquakes mainly from Western North America but also
contains recordings from Taiwan (plenty), Turkey, Italy and Iran.
Boore & Atkinson
Campbell & Bozorgnia
Chiou & Youngs providing an update of the Sadigh Model
Idriss
Abrahamson & Silva
Empirical Models
Intensity Models
11/03/2013
Empirical Models
Intensity Models
Intensity Models
Attenuation Model based on Intensity

Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) is a common scale used to represent
the overall level of damage caused by an earthquake in a particular area.
An MMI value is assigned based on observations of damage and
feedbacks from people who experienced the earthquake.
11/03/2013
Intensity Models
Example Iso-seismal Map
MMI data is then digitised on a map for the construction

of contours to produce an Iso-seismal map
Iso seismal map
Iso-seismal
of Newcastle Earthquake
New South Wales
Australia in
December, 1989.
Magnitude ML = 5.6
Epicentre was 16 km from
the CBD of the city of Newcastle.
The rupture was at a depth of 11 km
Hypo-central distance was approx. 20
km
Intensity Models
Use of Attenuation Relationship

to estimate ground motion Intensity
XII
12
MMI attenuation
relationshipp
for SE Australia
10
VIII
8
MMI for
M=5.6 R=20km
Is estimated at
between
betwee
VII and VIII
VI
M=7
6
M=6
IV
M=5
M=4
II
10
MMI = 1.5ML - 3.9 Log R + 3.9
100
1000
R (km)
11/03/2013
Intensity Models
MMI Intensity versus Peak Ground Velocity

Newmark &
Rosenblueth
1971
7
2MMI PGV
5
MMI = VII VIII
corresponds to
PGV in the order
of 125 mm/sec
1000
100
10
II
IV
VI
VIII
XII
Intensity Models
A magnitude M=5.6
M=5 6 earthquake at a hypocentral distance R = 20 km is
estimated to produce a peak ground velocity PGV = 125 mm/sec which is
consistent with MMI = VII VIII (in broad agreement with observations
from the 1989 Newcastle Earthquake)
Th
The presenters have
h
collated
ll d Intensity
I
i data
d from
f
countries
i including
i l di
Australia, China, Iran and India (Gujarat Earthquake) and have the
Intensity values converted to PGV values for comparison with existing
attenuation models.
11/03/2013
Empirical Models
Intensity Models

Some elementary concepts of a stochastic model
Sum of 8 harmonics (of equal amplitude)
start time
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0.5
start time
1.5
0.5
1.5
start time
0.5
1
time(s)
0.5
start time
1.5
1.5
1
tim e(s)
1.5
1
tim e(s)
1.5
1
tim e(s)
1.5
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
0.5
start time
1.5
1
tim e(s)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
1
time(s)
0.5
start time
1
time(s)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
Acceleration
(m/s/s)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
1
time(s)
Acceleratiion
(m/s/s)
Accelerat ion
(m/s/s))
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0.5
Acceleration
(m/s/s)
Acceleration
(m/s/s)
Acceleration
(m/s/s)
start time
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
Acceleration
(m/s/s)
Acceleration
(m/s/s)
start time
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0.5
11/03/2013
10
Amplitude of individual harmonics

1
0.1
10
100
Frequency (hz)
Acceleration (m
m/s/s)
Time--history
Time
6
3
0
-3
-6
-9
0
0.5
1
tim e(s)
1.5

Frequency Content modifications
Amplitude (m/s/s)
Stochastic simulations of ground shaking

10

1
0.1
10
100
Frequency (hz)
Filtering
Amplitude ((m/s/s)
Amp
plitude (m/s/s)
close toWhite Noise
10

1
0.1
0.1
10
Frequency (hz)
10
11/03/2013
Frequency Modulated Motion

Fourier Am plitude
s)
(m/s
Stochastic simulations of ground shaking

10
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
0.1
0.1
Corner
Acceleration (m/s/s
s)
10
Frequency fc
Frequency (hz)
Time--history
Time
6
3
0
-3
-6
-9
0
0.5
1
tim e(s)
1.5
Frequency Modulated Motions
10
Fourier Am
mplitude
(m/s
s)
Fourier Am
mplitude
(m/s
s)
Fourier Amplitude Spectra
0.1
0.1
1
Frequency (hz)
fc
10
0.1
10
1
Frequency (hz)
Low corner freq (large M earthquake)
fc
10
High corner freq (small M earthquake)
Acceleration (m
m/s/s)
Acceleration (m
m/s/s)
Ground Motion Time

Time--histories
9
6
3
0
-3
-6
-9
0
0 .5
1
t im e ( s )
1.5
Lower Frequency Motions
9
6
3
0
-3
-6
-9
0
0.5
1
tim e (s )
1.5
Higher Frequency Motions
11
11/03/2013
Fourie
er Amplitude
(m/s)
Frequency Modulated Motion (with attenuation)

10
Fourier
Amplitude
Spectrum
0.1
1
10
Frequency (hz)
Acceleration (m/s/s)
Time--history of attenuated motion

Time
3
0
-3
-6
0
0.5
1
tim e(s)
1.5

Ground Motion Generated by Program GENQKE
Amplitude Modulated White Noise
(sum of hundreds of harmonics)
Filtering of the Seismological Model

A A
An
Artificial
tifi i l Earthquake
E th k Ground
G
d Motion
M ti
12
11/03/2013

Example Parameters for input into a seismological model
for Modelling Long Distance Earthquakes Affecting Malaya and Singapore
Focal depth = 20 km
= 2.8 t/m3 and = 3.7 km/s
Crustal Thickness D = 30 km.
Quality Factor Q0 = 150
Upper crustal attenuation factor = 0.02
18 synthetic accelerograms have been simulated stochastically with
random phase angles.
The response spectra recorded on a rock site in Singapore at both N-S
and E-W directions have been plotted.

Some examples of Stochastic Seismological Models
presented in the form of an (empirical model like) attenuation model
Atkinson and Boore Model for Eastern North America

Toro model for Central and Eastern North America
The Component Attenuation Model of Melbourne
which was originally
g
y derived from the seismological
g
model of
Central and Eastern North America

Lam, N.T.K., Wilson, J.L., Chandler, A.M. and Hutchinson, G.L.,2000 : Response Spectral Relationships for Rock Sites Derived
from The Component Attenuation Model ", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.29(10),1457-1490
and reconciled with Intensity data from:

Australia
Nelson Lam, Cvetan Sinadinovski, Raymond Koo and John Wilson (2003) "Peak Ground Velocity Modelling for
Australian Intraplate Earthquakes". International Journal of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Vol.5(2): 11-22 (2003)
China
T
Tsang,
H.H.,
H H Sh
Sheikh,
ikh N
N. and
dL
Lam, N
N.T.K.
T K (2010) Regional
R i l Differences
Diff
in
i Attenuation
Att
ti Modelling
M d lli for
f Eastern
E t
China, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 39(5): 451- 459.
Adrian Chandler and Nelson Lam. (2004) An attenuation model for distant earthquakes, . Journal of Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics. John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Vol.33(2):183-210 (2003). .
India
Iran
Yaghmaei-Sabegh, S and Lam, N.T.K. (2010). Ground motion modelling in Tehran based on the stochastic
method, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 30: 525-535
Malaysia & Singapore Lam, N.T.K., Balendra, T., Wilson, J.L. and Srikanth, V. (2009), Seismic Load Estimates of Distant
Subduction Earthquakes Affecting Singapore, Engineering Structures, 31(5): 1230-1240
13
11/03/2013
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Closing remarks
A Global Approach
to ground motion - structural response modelling
Challenges
Many competing blends of ground motion models.
Steep learning curve for engineers also difficult to choose which one to use.
Challenges with interpreting inter-model discrepancies. Weighting factors often used to give
compromised results.
The NGA project is aimed at addressing this issue by bringing together experts into a unified framework
Even then, five different groups of experts came up with five different NGA models independently.
g NGA models claim to cover the whole world the data were nonetheless from onlyy a few
Although
countries (regions) including Western America, Taiwan, Turkey, Iran and Italy
Even though the database contains some 1500 records they were recorded from only 58 mainshocks of
earthquakes (whilst aftershocks dont count).
The empirical data has little representation from low-moderate seismicity regions.
14
11/03/2013
A Global Approach
Wish list ...

We need
A ground motion model which is much easier for engineers to use.
A model which can readily be used to predict damage and risks of collapse of a structure
A model which has the support from data sourced from different parts of the world.
Only one model and not many different models giving different results we need a global model.
We need conceptual advancement, and not just more data and better curve-fits
A Global Approach
Contributions and progress made by presenters and co-workers

Development of a model which is based on the predictions of displacement demand which is
related directly to damage and risks of collapse.
A displacement demand model associated with longer period response properties is less
sensitive to regional conditions and hence more robust and easier to generalise
Treating site effects as a separate modelling step - ground motion model can be based wholly on
bedrock conditions which have relatively low inter-regional
inter regional variabilities.
variabilities
Predictions from empirical models (for high seismic interplate areas) have been correlated with
predictions from stochastic and intensity models (for low-moderate intraplate areas)
demonstrating modelling robustness
15
11/03/2013
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Closing remarks
16
11/03/2013
Attenuation of Response Spectral Accelerations

BO
AM
0.50
M6.5
BJF
0.40
RSAmax (g's)
CB
SD
0.30
AS
0.20
TAS(gulf)
TAS(mid-continental)
0 10
0.10
CAM(HardRock)
0.00
0
10
20
30
Distance (km)
40
50
60
CAM(Rock)
DA
17
11/03/2013
BO
450
AM
M7
RSVmax (mm/sec)
400
BJF
350
CB
300
SD
250
200
AM
150
TAS(gulf)
100
TAS(mid-continental)
50
C (
CAM(HardRock)
)
0
0
10
20
30
Distance (km)
40
50
60
CAM(Rock)
DA
18
11/03/2013
M6.5
Western North America

Taiwan
Italy Middle East
Japan
Central & Eastern
North America
Australia
China
India
Iran
Sumatra/Malaysia
Lumantarna, E., Wilson, J.L. & Lam, N.T.K. (2012) Bi-linear displacement response
spectrum model for engineering applications in low and moderate seismicity regions Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 43: 85-96.
19
11/03/2013
M5.5
M6
M6.5
Lumantarna, E., Wilson, J.L. & Lam, N.T.K.

(2012) Bi-linear displacement response
spectrum model for engineering applications in
low and moderate seismicity regions Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 43:
85-96.
20
11/03/2013
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Closing remarks
Second Corner Period
T2 0.5 M25
Lam, N.T.K., Wilson, J.L., Chandler, A.M. and Hutchinson, G.L.,2000 : Response
Spectral Relationships for Rock Sites Derived from The Component Attenuation
Model ", Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, Vol.29(10),1457-1490
T2
21
11/03/2013
Second Corner Period

T2 0.5 M25
versus
Empirical Data
Lumantarna, E., Wilson, J.L. & Lam, N.T.K. (2012) Bi-linear displacement response
spectrum model for engineering applications in low and moderate seismicity regions Soil
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 43: 85-96.
22
11/03/2013
acceleration
Second Corner Period T2
RSA sensitive region
Acceleration
Compatible with
tri-linear velocity
response spectrum
T1
T2
Natural period
(a) Acceleration response spectrum

velocitysensitive
region
RSV
Tri-linear form
in logarithmic
scale
Velocity
T1
T2
Natural period
(b) Velocityresponse spectrum
RSD
displacement
sensitive region
PDD
Bi-linear
displacement
response spectrum
Displacement
Compatible with
tri-linear velocity
response spectrum
T1
T2
Natural
(c) Displacementresponse spectrum
period
Generalised Model in Velocity Format
Log Response Spectral Veelocity

L
For rare earthquake scenario of M6.5 at 30km

RSV (mm/s) = 55 (2/1.25) = 276 mm/s
Example
55 mm for M6.5 at 30 km
Log Natural Period

T2 = 1.25s
Example
The expression T2 = 0.5 + 0.5 (M-5) = 0.5 + 0.5 (6.5 5) = 1.25s
23
11/03/2013
First Corner Period T1

RSA
acceleration
sensitive region
Acceleration
Compatible with
tri-linear velocity
response spectrum
T1
T2
Natural period

velocitysensitive
region
RSV
Tri-linear form
in logarithmic
scale
Velocity
T1
T2
Natural period
(b) Velocityresponse spectrum
RSD
displacement
sensitive region
PDD
Bi-linear
displacement
response spectrum
Displacement
Compatible with
tri-linear velocity
response spectrum
T1
T2
Natural
(c) Displacementresponse spectrum
period
Generalised Model in Conventional Acceleration Format

For rare earthquake scenario of M6.5 at 30km
or 0.19 g
Loog Response Spectral Vellocity
PGA(m/s) ~1.9m/s
RSA(m/s) = 0.276 (2/0.3) = 5.8 m/s
Basedd on M6.5
B
M6 5 at 30km
30k
which is considered to be
a rare earthquake
scenario (RP=2500 yrs)
in a low-moderate
seismicity regions
Example
RSA = 0.276 x /T
RSA = 0.055 x (/T)2
Log Natural Period

T1 = 0.3 s
for rock sites
1.25s
24
11/03/2013
Modelling the Effects of Site Resonance

Fundamental Site Natural Period Ts
Amplification Factor
of up to 4
Nelson Lam, John Wilson (2004) Displacement Modelling of Intraplate Earthquakes Invited paper,
International Seismology and Earthquake Technology Journal (special issue on Performance Based Seismic
Design; Ed Nigel Priestley), 2004. Indian Institute of Technology, Vol.41(1), paper no. 439: pp. 15-52.
HH Tsang, AM Chandler and NTK Lam.(2006) Estimating non-linear site response by single period
approximation. Journal of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 35(9): 1053-1076
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Closing remarks
25
11/03/2013
Design PGA values in major cities

(2500 years RP)
World
City
China
Design Basic Acceleration of Ground Motion

(PE=2%/50 yrs), PGA in g
Taiwan
0.80 1.0
Tokyo
0.80 1.0
Los
Angeles
0.80 1.0
City
Design Basic Acceleration of Ground Motion

(PE=2%/50 yrs), PGA in g
Beijing
0.3 (Changping, Mentougou, Huairou) / 0.40
Wenchuan
0.40 (rated as 0.20 g before 2008 EQ)
Tangshan
0.4
Hong
Kong
0.24
Hong
Kong
0.24
Sydney,
Melbourne
0.16
Guangzho
u
0 1(Huadu) / 0
0.1(Huadu)
0.20
20
New York
0.1 0.2
Shenzhen
0.1 (Longgang) / 0.20
Shanghai
London
< 0.1
0.1 (Jinshan) / 0.20
Macau
0.2
PGA (m/s/s)
500 years RP
upper
mid
lower
0.1
Design PGA
values in
Europe
100
1000
Distance from nearest tectonic plate boundary
10000
2500 years RP
upper
mid
PGA~1.5m/s2
PGA (m/s/s)
away from
tectonic
plate
boundaries
lower
0.1
100
600km
1000
10000
Distance from nearest tectonic plate boundary (km)
26
11/03/2013
PGA (m/sec^2)
500 years RP
Design
D
i PGA
values in
North America
mid
lower
0.1
100
1000
Distance to nearest tectonic boundaries (km)
10000
10
2500 years RP
PGA (m/s
sec^2)
away from
tectonic
plate
boundaries
upper
upper
mid
lower
0.1
100
1000
Distance to nearest tectonic boundaries (km)
10000
Benchmarking of PGA values (2500 years RP)

Low seismic zones
London 0.10g (lower bound)
Melbourne 0.16g (mid)
Hong Kong 0.24g (upper bound)
Peninsula Malaysia falls in this zone
Moderate seismic zone like Wenchuan (Sichuan) 0.40g
High seismic zone like Taiwan, Tokyo, Los Angeles 0.60g to 1.00g
27
11/03/2013
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Closing remarks
Estimation of the average drift ratio demand

The average seismic inter-storey drift angle with the
contribution from the first vibration mode
1 roof
1 max
1avg
RSD1
Hb
H eff
2H b /3
1avg
1roof
Hb
1roof can be related to RSD1 by a factor

avg
1roof
RSD1
1.6
Combining the above two equations,

1st mode displacement
1avg 1.6
RSD1
Hb
This equation is useful for estimating the drift demands of first-mode

dominant shear wall buildings with T2 sec.
This slide was modified from the original version prepared by AProf Ray Su
28
11/03/2013
avg
2.5
Drift factor avg
2.0
avg=1.6
1.5
1.0
0.5
Num. results
0.0
0
4 5 6 7
Period (sec)
10
Variation of drift factor avg

Zhu Y, Su RKL and Zhou FL (2007), Earthquake
Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 6(1), p85-97
Estimation of the maximum drift ratio demand

The maximum seismic inter-storey drift angle 1max with the
contribution from the first vibration mode may be related to the
average drift angle by the drift factor
1roof
1max
1max
1avg
3
RSD1
Hb
H eff
2H b /3
1avg
2.5
1.8
1 1.5
1.2
1
0.5
1st mode displacement
0
0
10
Period (sec)
Variation of drift factor 1
29
11/03/2013
Estimation of the maximum drift ratio demand
max
To take into account the higher mode effects, the

maximum seismic inter
inter-storey
storey drift angle max may be
related to 1max by a drift factor
max
1 max
Hence, by the above equations, the maximum drift

ratio max can be related to RSD1
max 12 avg
Displacement due to all modes
RSD1
RSD1
max
Hb
Hb
max
max 0.056T 2 0.088T 3.12
Drift factorr max
5
4
For T<1.5 s
For 1.5T3 s
For 3<T5 s
3
2
avg
max
Zhu et al. (2007)

Fardipour et al. (2011)
Tsang et al. (2009)
1
0
max=2.6
max=3.2
max=4.4
3
4
Period T (sec)
Figure 3C.4. Variation of drift factor max

Zhu Y, Su RKL and Zhou FL (2007), Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration,
6(1), p85-97
Fardipour M, Lumantarna E, Lam N, Wilson J, Gad E (2011), Drift demand predictions in
low to moderate seismicity regions, Australian Journal of Structural Engineering, 11(3),
195-206.
30
11/03/2013
New Discovery on
Torsional Amplification
in Displacement Controlled Conditions
PDD 1.6 RSDmax
RSDmax
Lumantarna, E., Lam, N.T.K. & Wilson, J.L.(in
press) Displacement Controlled Behaviour of
Asymmetrical Single-Storey Building Models
Journal of Earthquake Engineering. Manuscript
no.UEQE-2012-1471
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Closing remarks
31
11/03/2013
Closing Remarks
Summary
The meaning of an attenuation model (or ground motion model) has been
defined followed by a review of models that are available. A simple model
which provides prediction of the peak displacement demand (PDD) value for
given M-R combination was first introduced.
Given the value of PDD and second corner period (T2 ) the value of the peak
velocity demand (RSVmax) can be inferred. Given the value of the first corner
period (T1) which is typically 0.3s 0.4s on rock the value of the peak
acceleration demand (RSAmax), and that of the peak ground acceleration (PGA)
can also be inferred.
The calculated PGA value can be compared against global benchmarks to check
if the assumed earthquake scenario was appropriate.
appropriate
The PDD value could then be used to calculate the average and maximum interstorey drift of a building to evaluate its risks of collapse.
Illustration by example
Finally, the use of the proposed generic model in estimating the drift demand of
a building is illustrated by example.
Illustration by Example ( 1 of 4)
The new town is populated by buildings of up to 15
storeys (T<1s). Estimate the maximum drift for the
following building types on average (shallow) soil sites.
The new town is located at

least 600 km away from the
nearest tectonic plate boundary
in a developing country. No
meaningful amount of local
seismological data has been
collected.
ll
d
E h k
Earthquakes
off
magnitude up to M6.5 is
considered possible.
Table of Peak Displacement Demand PDD (mm)
Consider M6.5 R50 km

PDD = 35 mm
T2 0.5 M25 0.5 6.525 1.25s
35 mm
1.25s
2
35 180 mm/s
1.25
2
RSAmax (m/s 2 )
0.180 3.8 m/s 2
0.3
3.8 m/s 2
PGA(m/s 2 )
1.5 m/s 2
2.5
RSVmax (mm/s)
32
11/03/2013
Check if the earthquake scenario of M6.5 R=50 km is appropriate
The new town is located at
least 600 km away from the
nearest tectonic plate boundary
in a developing country.
country No
meaningful amount of local
seismological data has been
collected.
Earthquakes
of
magnitude up to M6.5 is
considered possible.
2500 years RP
upper
OK
mid
PGA (m/s/s)
PGA~1.5m/s2
lower
0.1
100
600km
1000
10000
Distance from nearest tectonic plate boundary (km)
55
1.6 0.002 or 0.2%
45000
max 0.2%1.5 0.3% for symmetrical configurations
avg
T~1s
45 m
max 0.2% 1.5 1.6 0.5% for worstcase of assymmetrical configurations

0.3 0.5 %
depending on
degree of as-symmetry
Max Drift Angle of Soft - Storey Columns

PDD (rock) 35mm
PDD (avg sites) 35 mm 1.5 55 mm
T
0.6
RSD PDD 55
26 mm
T2
1.25
26
0.008 or 0.8% for symmetrical configurations
3500
max 0.8% 1.6 1.3% for worst case of assymmetrical configurations
max
T~0.6s
3.5m
0.8 1.3%
depending on
degree of as-symmetry
33
11/03/2013
acceleration
3.8 m/s2
RSA sensitive region
Compatible with
tri-linear velocity
response spectrum
PGA=1.5 m/s2
T1
T2

0.3
s
Natural period
velocity sensitive
region
RSV
180 mm/s
Tri-linear form
in logarithmic
scale
T1
RSD
T2
Natural period
(b) Velocity
V l it response spectrum
t
displacement
sensitive region
PDD
Bi-linear
displacement
response spectrum
35 mm
Compatible with
tri-linear velocity
response spectrum
T1
T2
(c) Displacement response spectrumNatural
1.25s
period
End of Presentation
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Day One Presentation by Nelson Lam

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11/03/2013

Ground motion predictive

Review of Attenuation Models /Ground Motion Prediction Equations

Global Approach of ground motion modelling

Global model for peak displacement demand

Construction of response spectra a new approach

Global benchmarking of seismic hazard level

Inter-storey drift predictions of structures

The purpose of an attenuation model is to estimate the intensity of ground

Types of Attenuation Models

An (old) attenuation model

Ground Motion Prediction Equations (GMPE)

Model by Abrahamson & Silva for shallow crustal earthquakes.

Model by Abrahamson & Silva for shallow crustal

Hanging Wall Function

Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) Project

Boore & Atkinson

Campbell & Bozorgnia

Chiou & Youngs providing an update of the Sadigh Model

Abrahamson & Silva

Types of Attenuation Models

Types of Attenuation Models

Attenuation Model based on Intensity

Example Iso-seismal Map

MMI data is then digitised on a map for the construction

Use of Attenuation Relationship

MMI = 1.5ML - 3.9 Log R + 3.9

MMI Intensity versus Peak Ground Velocity

Types of Attenuation Models

Stochastic Seismological Models

Stochastic Seismological Models

Amplitude of individual harmonics

Stochastic Seismological Models

Stochastic simulations of ground shaking

Amplitude of individual harmonics

close toWhite Noise

Amplitude of individual harmonics

Stochastic Seismological Models

Frequency Modulated Motion

Stochastic simulations of ground shaking

Stochastic Seismological Models

Frequency Modulated Motions

Fourier Amplitude Spectra

Low corner freq (large M earthquake)

High corner freq (small M earthquake)

Ground Motion Time

Lower Frequency Motions

Higher Frequency Motions

Stochastic Seismological Models

Frequency Modulated Motion (with attenuation)

Time--history of attenuated motion

Stochastic Seismological Models

Filtering of the Seismological Model

Stochastic Seismological Models

Stochastic Seismological Models

Atkinson and Boore Model for Eastern North America

Central and Eastern North America

and reconciled with Intensity data from:

Review of Attenuation Models /Ground Motion Prediction Equations

Global Approach of ground motion modelling

Global model for peak displacement demand

Construction of response spectra a new approach

Global benchmarking of seismic hazard level

Inter-storey drift predictions of structures