Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
solution:ahomogenousmixturewithauniformcomposition
o asolutionconsistsofasmallerquantityofonesubstance,thesolute,dissolvedin
alargerquantityofanother,thesolvent
HowIonicCompoundsDissolveinWater:
waterseparatestheionsbyreplacingtheseattractionswithothersbetweenseveralwater
moleculesandeachion
dissolutionoccursbecausetheattractionsbetweeneachtypeofionandseveralwater
moleculesoutweightheattractionsbetweentheions
gradually,alltheionsseparate(dissociate),becomesolvated:surroundedcloselyby
solventmolecules,andthenmoverandomlyinthesolution
foranioniccompoundthatdoesntdissolveinwater,theattractionbetweenionsis
greaterthantheattractionbetweenionsandwater
asubstancethatconductsacurrentwhendissolvedinwaterisanelectrolyte
Covalent Compounds in Water:
mostsolublecovalentsubstancesdonotseparateintoions,butremainintactmolecules
therefore,theiraqueoussolutionsdonotconductanelectriccurrent,andthesesubstances
arenonelectrolytes
concentration:thequantityofsolutedissolvedinagivenquantityofsolution(orsolvent)
Precipitation Reactions
precipitationreaction:twosolubleioniccompoundsreacttofromaninsolubleproduct
calledaprecipitate
formbecausetheelectrostaticattractionbetweentheionsoutweighsthetendencyofthe
ionstoremainsolvatedandmovethroughthesolution
metathesisreactions:doubledisplacementreactions
Acid-Base Reactions
acidbasereaction(neutralizationreaction):acidreactswithabase
acid:asubstancethatproducesH+ionswithdissolvedinwater
base:asubstancethatproducesOHionswhendissolvedinwater
thekeyeventinaqueousreactionsbetweenastrongacidandastrongbaseisthatanH+
ionfromtheacidandanOHionfromthebaseformawatermolecule
theioniccompoundthatresultsfromthereactionofanacidandabaseiscalledasalt
acidbasereactionsaremetathesis(doubledisplacement)reactions
anacidbasereactionisaprotontransferprocess
o anacidisamoleculeorionthatdonatesaproton
o abaseisamoleculeorionthatacceptsaproton
whenanioniccarbonateistreatedwithanacid,oneoftheproductsiscarbondioxide
eachatominamolecule(orformulaunit)isassignedanoxidationnumber
(O.N.),oroxidationstate,whichisthechargetheatomwouldhaveifelectronswere
transferredcompletely,notshared.
Elementsinioniccompoundshavefullcharges;elementsincovalentorpolyatomic
ionshavepartialcharges
O.N.hasthesignbeforethenumber:+2,whereasionicchargehasthesignafter,2+
Activity Series:
Metal are ranked by their ability to displace H2 and another metal from solution; the most
reactive metals displace H2 from liquid water
Equilibrium:
wehaveviewedreactionsastransformationsofreactantsintoproductsthatproceeduntil
theyarecomplete,thatis,untilthelimitingreactantisusedup.
However,manyreactionsstopbeforethishappensbecausetwoopposingreactionsare
takingplacesimultaneously:theforward(lefttoright)reactioncontinues,butthereverse
(righttoleft)reactionoccursjustasfast(atthesamerate).
Atthispoint,nofurtherchangesappearintheamountsofreactantsorproducts,andthe
reactionmixturehasreacheddynamicequilibrium
o everyreactionisreversibleandwillreachdynamicequilibriumifallthereactants
andproductsarepresent
o equilibriumisreachedwhenallthesubstancesremainincontactwitheachother