10th Science - I Notes of Lessson PDF

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.
SCHOOL
ARAKKONAM
SCIENCE - I
X-STD
STUDY MATERIAL -2014
BASED ON
SAMACHEER KALVI TEXT BOOK
M.MAGESH KUMAR., B.Sc., B.Ed., (Chemistry)

Bharathidhasanar Matric Hr.Sec.School-Arakkonam
1
BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1
BHARATHIDHASANAR MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM-3

X- SCIENCE - I
X- SCIENCE I ( UNIT TEST QUESTION PATTERN)

I. Choose the correct answer
(One mark)
10x1=10
II. Answer the following questions: (Two marks)
15x2=30
III. Answer the following in detail:
2 x 5=10
(Five marks)
50
X- SCIENCE (MONTHLY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN)

I. Choose the correct answer
: (One mark)
15x1=15
II. Answer the following questions: (Two marks)
20x2=40
III. Answer the following in detail: (Five marks)
4 x 5=20
CHOOSE (phy 1 ,che 1 , bot 1 , zoo- 1)
75
PRACTICAL -
25
100
UNIT TEST AND MONTHLY EXAM PORTION :- ( SCIENCE I )

UNIT TEST - 1:
9. SOLUTIONS
UNIT TEST 2:
14. MEASURING INSTUMENT
15. LAWS OF MOTION AND GRAVITATION
MONTHLY EXAM 1:
9. SOLUTIONS
UNIT TEST 3:
10. ATOMS AND MOLECULES
UNIT TEST 4:
11. LAWS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS
MONTHLY EXAM 2:
9. SOLUTIONS
UNIT TEST 5:
16. ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY ( FIRST HALF) UP TO JOULES LAW
OF HEATING
UNIT TEST 6:
16. ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY ( SECOND HALF)
QUARTERLY EXAM:
9. SOLUTIONS
3
16. ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY

UNIT TEST 7:
12. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
UNIT TEST 8:
13. CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS
MONTHLY EXAM 3:
UNIT TEST 9:
17. MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT AND LIGHT
( FIRST HALF ) UP TO ELECTRIC GENERATOR.
UNIT TEST 10:
( SECOND HALF )
MONTHLY EXAM 4:
9. SOLUTIONS
HALF YEARLY EXAM ( FULL PORTION 1 ):
9. SOLUTIONS
4

16. ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY
FULL PORTION 2:
FULL PORTION 3:
FULL PORTION 4:
FULL PORTION 5:
FULL PORTION 6 :
ANNUAL PUBLIC EXAM:
BHARATHIDHASANAR MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM

STD:- X
SCIENCE - I
9. SOLUTIONS:
ONE MARK:1. A true solution is a homogenous mixture of solute and solvent. Chalk
powder in water is a heterogenous mixture. Is it a true solution?
NO, it is a suspension
2. Solution that contains water as the solvent is called aqueous solution.
If carbon disulphide is a solvent in a given solution, then the solution is
called
Non aqueous solution
3. Solubility of common salt in 100g water is 36g. If 20g of salt is
dissolved in it how much more required to attain saturation. (16g)
4. If two liquids are mutually soluble, they are called _______ liquids.
(miscible, immiscible)
5. When sunlight passes through window of the classrooms its path is
visible. This is due to _______of light. (reflection,scattering)
6. The particles in various forms are visible only under ultramicroscope.
A solution containing such particles is called __________.
(True solution/ colloidal solution)
7. The mixture of gases used by deep sea divers is _______
(Helium-oxygen, oxygen-nitrogen)
8. Earth soil cannot store more nitrogen than it can hold. Hence earth
soil is referred to be in a state of _________.
(saturation,unsaturation)
9. In an endothermic process, solubility increases with _________ in
temperature.
(increase, decrease)
10. When sunlight passes through the window of your house, the dust
articles scatter the light making the path of the light visible. This
phenomenon is called as --------------------(Brownian motion, tyndall effect, Raman effect, uniform motion)
11. The solubility of Sodium Nitrate in water is ----------------(92g, 184g, 95g, 36g)
12. Which of the following is a true solution---------------(Milk, Salt in carbon di sulpride, Blood, Sugar solution)
13. If carbon disulphide is a solvent in a given solution, then the solution
is .. Solution
(Aqueous, Non-aqueous , Standard, True)
6
14. The process of food assimilation by man is in the form of solution.

15. Blood and lymph are in the form of solution.
16. A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two (or) more substances.
17. All solutions exist in homogeneous form.
18. Homogeneous - state in which two (or) more substances are
uniformly present in a given mixture.
19. If a solution contains two components, then it is called as a Binary
Solution.
20. Example for binary solution - Salt solution.
21. In a solution, the component present in lesser amount by weight is
called solute and the other in a larger amount by weight is called
solvent.
22. A solvent is a dissolving medium.
23.Solute + Solvent Solution.
24.Based on the particle size of the solute, the solutions are divided into
three types true solution, colloidal solution and Suspension.
25.True solution is a homogeneous mixture with small solute particles
dissolved in the solvent eg. Sugar in water.
26. Colloidal solution is a heterogeneous mixture made up dispersed
phase and dispersion medium.
27. In a colloidal solution, the substance distributed as particles is called
dispersed phase.
28. In a colloidal solution, the continuous phase in which the colloidal
particles are dispersed is called dispersion medium.
29. Suspension is a heterogeneous mixture of small insoluble particles in
a solvent.
30. In a suspension, the particles of solid stay in clusters that are large
enough to be seen (e.g. Chalk powder in water).
31. In a true Solution the particles are of 1Ao to 10 Ao, transparent, not
visible even under ultra microscope, homogeneous, diffuse rapidly,
and do not scatter light .
32. In a Colloidal Solution the particles are of 10 Ao to 1000 Ao,
translucent, visible under ultra Microscope, heterogeneous, diffuse
slowly, and scatter light.
33. In a Suspension, the particles are more than 1000 Ao, opaque,
visible to the naked eye,heterogeneous, dont diffuse, and do not
scatter light.
34. Based on the type of solvent solutions are classified in to aqueous

solution and non -aqueous solution.
35. The solution in which water acts as a solvent is called aqueous
solution. For e.g., sugar solution.
36.The solution in which any liquid other than water acts as a solvent is
called non aqueous solution. e.g.,Sulphur in carbon disulphide.
(Benzene, ether, CS2, are some of the examples for non aqueous
solvents.)
37.Based on the amount of solute in the given amount of solvent,
solutions are classified into Unsaturated solution, Saturated
solution and Super saturated solution.
38. A solution in which the solute is in lesser amount in comparison with
the solvent is called unsaturated solution.
39. In unsaturated solution, addition of solute is possible till the solution
reaches the point of saturation. is called unsaturated solution
40. A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in a definite
amount of solvent at a given temperature is called a saturated
solution is called saturated solution.
41. 36g of NaCl in 100g of water at room temperature forms saturated
solution.
42. A solution which has more of solute at a given temperature than that
of saturated solution is called super saturated solution.
43. Solubility of a solute is defined as the number of grams of solute
necessary to saturate 100g of the solvent
44. Solubility of CuSO4 in H2O is 20.7g at 20oC.
45. Factors affecting solubility Temperature, Nature of solute (or)
solvent and Pressure.
46. In endothermic process, solubility increases with increase in
temperature.
47. In exothermic process, solubility decreases with increase in
temperature.
48. A polar compound dissolves in a polar solvent. E.g., Common salt
dissolves in water.
49. A polar compound is less soluble (or) insoluble in a non polar
solvent.
50. An increase in pressure increases the solubility of a gas in a liquid.
TWO MARKS:1. you have prepared a saturated solution of sugar. it is possible to

dissolve some more sugar to this solution? justify your stand ?
No it is not possible to dissolve some gram of sugar to the saturated
solution.A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in a defi nite
amount of solvent at a given temperature is called a saturated solution but if
the temperature increases it is possible to dissolve some gram sugar to the
solution
2. Find the concentration of solutions in terms of weight

percentage if 20g of common salt is dissolved in 50g of water.
Solution :
Weight of NaCl
= 20g
Weight of H2O
= 50g
Weight percentage =
x 100
=
=
x 100
28.57%
3. Distinguish between the saturated and unsaturated solution

using the data given below at a temperature of 25oc.
A. 16g NaCl in 100 g water B. 36g NaCl in 100 g water
Saturated solution
A solution in which no more
solute can be dissolved in a
definite amount of solvent at a
given temperature is called a
saturated solution e.g., i) 36g of
NaCl in 100g of water at room
temperature forms saturated
solution
Unsaturated solution
A solution in which the solute
is in lesser amount in comparison
with the solvent is called unsaturated
solution. In this, addition of solute is
possible till the solution reaches the
point of saturation. e.g., 5g or 10g or
20g of NaCl in 100g water
4. Distinguish between True solution and colloidal solution?

Property
Visibility of particles
Nature
Diffusion of particles
True solution
Colloidal solution
Not visible even under visible
under
ultra microscope
microscope
Homogenous
Heterogenous
Diffuses rapidly
Diffuses slowly
ultra
5. From the table given below, furnish your points of inferences?

Substances
Solubility at 25oC
Nacl
36g
NaBr
95g
NaI
184g
Ans :
All substances form saturated solution
100ml of water can dissolve 36g of NaCl at 250C to attain saturation.
100ml of water can dissolve 95g of NaBr at 250C to attain saturation.
100ml of water can dissolve 184g of NaI at 250C to attain saturation.
6. DEFINE SOLUTE ?
In a solution, the component present in lesser amount by weight is
called solute
7. DEFINE SOLVENT ?
In a solution the component present in a larger amount by weight is
called solvent.
. 8. DEFINE TRUE SOLUTIONS ?
It is a homogeneous mixture that contains small solute particles that
are dissolved throughout the solvent eg. Sugar in water.
10
9. DEFINE COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS ?

It is a heterogeneous mixture made up of two phases namely, dispersed
phase and dispersion medium. The substance distributed as particles is called
dispersed phase. The continuous phase in which the colloidal particles are
dispersed is called dispersion medium. (Dispersed phase + Dispersion medium
Colloidal solution)
10. DEFINE SUSPENSIONS ?

It is a heterogeneous mixture of small insoluble particles in a solvent. In
a suspension, the particles of solid stay in clusters that are large enough to be
seen (e.g. Chalk powder in water).
11. DEFINE TYNDALL EFFECT ?
The phenomenon by which colloidal particles scatter light is called Tyndall
effect.
12. DEFINE BROWNIAN MOVEMENT ?
The phenomenon by which the colloidal particles are in continuous random
motion is called Brownian movement.
13. DEFINE AQUEOUS SOLUTION ?
The solution in which water acts as a solvent, is called aqueous solution. For
e.g., sugar solution.
14. DEFINE NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTION ?
The solution in which any liquid other than water acts as a solvent is called
non-aqueous solution. Solution of sulphur in carbon disulphide is a suitable
example for non-aqueous solution. (Benzene, ether, CS2, are some of the
examples for non aqueous solvents.)
11
15. DEFINE UNSATURATED SOLUTION ?

A solution in which the solute is in lesser amount in comparison with the
solvent is called unsaturated solution. In this, addition of solute is possible till the
solution reaches the point of saturation. e.g., 5g or 10g or 20g of NaCl in 100g
water
16.DEFINE SATURATED SOLUTION ?
A solution in which no more solute can be dissolved in a defi nite amount
of solvent at a given temperature is called a saturated solution e.g., i) A saturated
solution of CO2 in H2O
ii) 36g of NaCl in 100g of water at room temperature forms saturated solution
17.DEFINE SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION ?

A solution which has more of solute at a given temperature than
that of saturated solution is called super saturated solution.
18.DEFINE SOLUBILITY ?
Solubility of a solute in a given solvent at a particular temperature is
defined as the number of grams of solute necessary to saturate 100g of the
solvent at that temperature. For example Solubility of CuSO4 in H2O is 20.7g at
20oC
19.DEFINE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ?
In endothermic process, solubility increases with increase in temperature.
e.g., Solubility of KNO3 increases with the increase in temperature. In
exothermic process, solubility decreases with increase in temperature. e.g.,
Solubility of CaO decreases with increase in temperature.
20.NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT ?
Solubility of a solute in a solvent depends on the nature of both solute and
solvent. A polar compound dissolves in a polar solvent
12
21.STATE HENRYS LAW ?

Increase in pressure increases the solubility of gases. At a given temperature,
the mass of gas dissolved in a fixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to
the pressure of the gas on the surface of the liquid. This is called Henrys Law.
22.Take 10g of common salt and dissolve it in 40g of water. Find the
concentration of solution in terms of weight percent.
23. 2g of potassium sulphate was dissolved in 12.5 ml of water. On cooling,

the first crystals appeared at 60C. What is the solubility of potassium
sulphate in water at 60C?
SOLUTION
Weight of Solute =
Weight of Solvent =
Solubility
=
2g
12.5 ml
x 100
=
=
x 100
16 g
.
24. 50g of saturated solution of NaCl at 30oC is evaporated to dryness when

13.2g of dry NaCl was obtained. Find the solubility of NaCl at 30oC in water.
NaCl = 36g (appx.)

13
25. An empty evaporating dish weighs 20.0g On the addition of saturated

solution of NaNO3, the dish weighs 66.0g. When evaporated to dryness, the
dish with crystals weighs 41.5g. Find the solubility of NaNO3 at 20oC.
10. ATOMS AND MOLECULES:ONE MARK

1. The word atom is derived from the Greek word Atomos which means
indivisible.
2. John Dalton modeled atoms as hard indivisible spheres.
3. Atom is considered to be a divisible particle.
4. Atoms of the same element may not be similar in all respects is called
Isotopes
5. Atoms of different elements may be similar in some respects Isobars
6. Atom is the smallest particle which takes part in chemical reactions.
7. The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be fixed and integral but may not
be simple e.g., C12H22O11 is not a simple ratio (Sucrose).
8.The number of atoms present in one molecule of an element is called
the atomicity of an element.
9. Atomicity of nitrogen is 2 and the atomicity of oxygen is 2.
10.Molar Volume of a gas at STP=22.4 lit (or) 22400 cm3
11. Atomic mass is expressed in atomic mass unit (amu).
TWO MARKS :14
1. From the given examples the pair of Isotopes and the pair of isobars.
40
, 17cl35 , 20Ca40 , 17Cl37
18Ar
Ans:- Isotopes:- 17cl35 , 17Cl37
40
40
Isobars :, 20Ca
18Ar
2. Gram molecular mass of oxygen is 32g. Density of oxygen is 1.429g/cc.
Find the gram molecular volume of oxygen?
3. One mole of any substances contain 6.023 x 1023 particles.

If 3.0115 x 1023 particles are present in Co2. Find the number of moles.
Solution
No of molecules = 3.0115 x 1023
No of moles
=
= 3.0115 x 1023
6.023 x 1023
= 0.5 moles
4. Molecular mass of nitrogen is 28g. Its atomic mass is 14. Find the
atomicity of nitrogen?
=
= 2g
15
5. Calculate the gram molecules mass of water from the values of gram
atomic mass of hydrogen and of oxygen.
Gram atomic mass of hydrogen=1g
Gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16g
6. DEFINE MOLE ?
Mole is defined as the amount of substance that contains as many specified
elementary particles as the number of atoms in 12g of carbon-12 isotope.
7. DEFINE ONE MOLE ?
One mole is also defi ned as the amount of substance which contains
Avogadro number (6.023 x 1023) of particles.
8. DEFINE AVOGADRO NUMBER ?
Number of atoms or molecules or ions present in one mole of a substance is
called Avogadro number. Its value is 6.023 x 1023.
9. DEFINE ISOTOPES ?
These are the atoms of same element with same atomic number (Z) but
different mass number (A). example (17Cl35,17Cl37 )
10. DEFINE ISOBARS ?
These are the Atoms of the different element with same mass number but
different atomic number. example (18Ar 40, 20Ca 40 )
11. DEFINE ISOTONES ?
These are the atoms of different elements with same number of neutrons
Example : (6C13, 7N14 )
16
12. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ATOM AND MOLECULE ?
13.DEFINE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS BASED ON HYDROGEN

SCALE ?
The relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio of mass of one atom of the
element to the mass of one atom of hydrogen taken as standard.
14.DEFINE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS BASED ON CARBON SCALE ?
Relative atomic mass of an element is the ratio of mass of one atom of element to
the 1/12th part of mass of one atom of carbon.
17
15.DEFINE RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS BASED ON

SCALE ?
CARBON
The relative molecular mass of an element or a compound is the ratio of mass of

one molecule of the element or a compound to the mass of 1/12 th part of mass of
one atom of carbon
16. DEFINE RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS BASED ON HYDROGEN
SCALE ?
The relative molecular mass of an element or a compound is the ratio of mass of

one molecule of the element or a compound to the mass of one atom of
hydrogen.
17.State Gay-Lussacs law of Combining volumes of gases ?
Whenever gases react, they do so in volumes which bear a simple ratio to
one another, and to the volumes of the gaseous products, provided all the
volumes are measured under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
18
FIVE MARK :1. Modern atomic theory takes up the wave concept, principle of
uncertainty and other latest discoveries to give a clear cut picture
about an atom. State the findings of modern atomic theory ?
Atom is considered to be a divisible particle.
Atoms of the same element may not be similar in all respects.
eg: Isotopes (17Cl35,17Cl37 )
Atoms of different elements may be similar in some respects
eg. Isobars (18Ar 40 , 20Ca 40
Atom is the smallest particle which takes part in chemical reactions.
The ratio of atoms in a molecule may be fixed and integral but may
not be simple e.g., C12H22O11 is not a simple ratio
Atoms of one element can be changed into atoms of other
element by transmutation.
The mass of an atom can be converted into energy. This
is in accordance with Einsteins equation E=mc2
2. To establish the relationship between vapour density and relative
molecular mass of a gas :i.
Relative Molecular Mass: It is defined as the ratio of the mass
of 1 molecule of the gas or vapour to the mass of 1 atom of
hydrogen.
ii. Vapour Density (V.D): It is defined as the ratio of the mass of a certain
volume of the gas or vapour to the mass of the same volume of hydrogen at
the same temperature and pressure.
19
3. Calculate the number of moles in

a. 12.046 x 1023 atoms of copper
b. 27.95g of iron
c. 1.51 x 1023 molecules of CO2
Ans:
a) No. of Moles =
=
=
b) No. of Moles
12.046x1023
6.023x1023
2 moles
=
=
=
27.95
55.9
0.5 moles
c) No. of Moles =
=
=
20
1.51x1023
6.023x1023
0.25 moles
4. Applications of Avogadros law

1. It is used to determine the atomicity of gases
2. It is helpful in determining the molecular formula of gaseous compound.
3. It establishes the relationship between the vapour density and molecular
mass of a gas.
4. It gives the value of molar volume of gases at STP. Molar Volume of a
gas at STP=22.4 lit (or) 22400 cm3.
5. It explains Gay Lussacs law effectively
5. Write a note on homo atomic and hetero atomic molecule ?
(i)Homo atomic molecules These are the molecules which are made up of
atoms of the same element Most of the elementary gases consist of homo atomic
molecules. For example hydrogen gas consists of two atoms of hydrogen
(H2).Similarly oxygen gas consists of two atoms of oxygen (O2). In accordance
with the number of atoms present in these molecules they are classified as
monoatomic, diatomic, triatomic or poly atomic molecules showing that they
contain one, two, three, or more than three atoms respectively.
(ii) HETERO ATOMIC MOLECULES The hetero atomic molecules are
made up of atoms of different elements. They are also classified as diatomic,
triatomic, or polyatomic molecules depending upon the number of atoms present.
H2O, NH3, CH4, etc., are the examples for hetero atomic molecules.
11. CHEMICAL REACTIONS :-
ONE MARKS:1. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

The above reaction is an example of
a) Combinationreaction b) Double displacement reaction
c) Displacement reaction d) Decomposition reaction.
2. A reddish brown coloured element X on heating in air becomes black
coloured compound Y. X and Y are______ and ________
(Cu, CuO /Pb, PbO).
3. A student tested the pH of pure water using a pH paper. It showed
green colour. If a pH paper is used after adding lemon juice into
water, what color will he observe? (Green / Red /Yellow)
21
4. Chemical volcano is an example of

(combination reaction / decomposition reaction)
5. When crystals of lead nitrate on heating strongly produces a ____ gas
and the colour of the gas is _________.(NO2, Reddish brown)
6. When aqueous solution of silver nitrate and sodium chloride are mixed
_______ precipitate is immediately formed (white / yellow / red).
7. Zinc can displace aluminium metal from aquous solution of aluminium
sulphate (zinc is more reactive than aluminium / aluminium is more
reactive than zinc ).
8. To protect tooth decay, we are advised to brush our teeth regularly.
The nature of the tooth paste commonly used is ______ in nature.
(Basic)
9. Vinegar is present in acetic acid. Curd contains _____ acid
(Lactic acid / Tartaric acid).
10. pH = - log10 [H+]. The pH of a solution containing hydrogen ion
concentration of 0.001M solution is _____( 3 / 11 / 14)
11. Silver anklet has got tarnished, due to the formation of silver
sulphide (Ag2S), as a result of the reaction between silver and
hydrogen sulphide in the air.
12. Calcium oxide reacts with water to produce slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide).
13. the chemical formula for marble is also CaCO3.
14.The chemical reactions which proceed with the evolution of heat
energy are called exothermic reactions.
Eg., N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Heat
15. All combustion reactions are exothermic.
16. The chemical reactions which proceed with the absorption of heat
energy are called endothermic reactions
17. The greater the surface area, greater is the rate of the reaction.
18. Acids have one or more replaceable hydrogen atoms.
19. A substance which alters the rate of the reaction without undergoing
any change in mass and composition is known as catalyst.
20. Organic acids are present in plants and animals (living beings) eg.
HCOOH, CH3COOH (Weak acids).
21. Inorganic (mineral) acids are found in rocks and minerals. eg., HCl,
HNO3, H2SO4 (Strong acids).
22. Strong acids ionize completely in water e.g., HCl .
22
23. Weak acids ionize partially in water e.g., CH3COOH.

24. Apple contains malic acid.
25. Lemon contains Citric acid.
26. Grapes contain Tartaric acid.
27. Tomato contains Oxalic acid.
28. Vinegar (food preservative) contains Acetic acid.
29. Curd contains Lactic acid.
30. All metals do not liberate hydrogen gas on reaction with acids.e.g.,
Ag, Cu.
31. Sulphuric acid (King of chemicals) is used in car battery and in the
preparation of manyother compounds.
31. Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate which is
used as fertilizer in agriculture.
32. Hydrochloric acid is used as cleansing agent in toilet.
33. Tartaric acid is a constituent of baking powder.
34. Salt of benzoic acid (sodium benzoate) is used in food preservation.
35. Carbonic acid is used in aerated drinks.
36. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap.
37. Calcium hydroxide is used in white washing the buildings.
38. Magnesium hydroxide is used as a medicine for stomach troubles.
39. Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove grease stains from
clothes.
40. pH of Lemon juice is 2.2 - 2.4
41. pH of Tomato juice 4.1
42. pH of Coffee 4.4 - 5.5
43. pH of Human saliva 6.5 - 7.5
44. pH of House hold ammonia 12.0
45. The pH of a normal, healthy human skin is 4.5 to 6.
46. pH of stomach fluid is approximately 2.0.
47. Human blood pH range is 7.35 to 7.45.
48. The ideal pH for blood is 7.4.
49. pH of normal saliva ranges between 6.5 to 7.5.
50. Common salt (NaCl) It is used in our daily food and as preservative.
51. Washing soda (Na2CO3) is used in softening hard water, as a
cleaning agent.
52. Baking soda (NaHCO3) is used in making baking powder.
53. Baking powder is the mixture of baking soda and tartaric acid.
54. Baking powder is used to make cake and bread soft and spongy .
55. Baking soda is an ingredient in antacid.
23
56. Bleaching powder (CaOCl2) is used for disinfecting drinking water

to make it free from microorganisms.
57. Bleaching powder is used for bleaching cotton and linen in the
textile industry.
58. Plaster of paris (CaSO4. 1/2H2O) is used for plastering fractured
bones and in making casts for statues
TWO MARKS:1. The PH values of certain familiar substances are given below analyze
the data in the table and answer the following questions.
Substance
Blood
Baking soda
Vinegar
House hold ammonia
PH value
7.4
8.2
2.5
12
a. Which substance is acidic in nature?

Ans : Vinegar
b. Which substances are basic in nature?
Ans : Baking soda, Ammonia, Blood is very slightly basic.
2. Why does the colour of copper sulphate change when an iron nail is kept
in it? Justify your answer.
Ans: Copper is displaced by iron and iron sulphate is formed. Due to this, the
blue colour of copper sulphate is changed to green.
CuSO4 + Fe
FeSO4 + Cu
Iron is more reactive than copper
3. The hydroixyl ion concentration of a solution is 1.0 x 10-8M. What is
the pH of the solution?
Solution :
The hydroxyl ion concentration [OH-] =
1.0 x 10-8 M
=
-log10 [OH]
=
-log10 (1.0 x 10-8)
[log10 1= 0]
24
=
=
-(log10 1+ log10 10-8)

-(0-8 log10 10)
[log10 10= 1]
pOH
=
=
-(0-8 x1)
8
pH + pOH = 14
pH + pOH = 14 pOH
pH
= 14-8
pH
=6
(The pH of the solution is less than 7. So, it is acidic in nature)
4. Equal lengths of magnesium ribbons are taken in the tubes A and B.

Hydrochloric acid is added to test tube A. While acetic acid is added to
test tube B. Amount and concentration taken for both the acids are
same in which test tube reaction occurs more vigorously and why.
Ans : The reaction in test tube A is more vigorous because, HCI is a strong
mineral acid, [completely ionisable]. Acetic acid is a weak organic acid,
[partially ionisable].
Hydrochloric acid is a mineral acid whereas acetic acid is an organic acid.
Mg + 2HCl
MgCl2 + H2 (fast) HCl is more reactive than acetic acid.
Mg + 2CH3 COOH
Mg(CH3COO)2 + H2 (very slow)
5.What type of chemical reaction takes place when
i) limestone is heated?
Ans : Decomposition reaction
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
ii) a magnesium ribbon is burnt in air?
Ans : Combination reaction
2Mg + O2
2 MgO
6.DEFINE COMBINATION REACTION ?
A reaction in which a single product formed from two or more reactants is
known as combination reaction. 2Mg + O2 2MgO
7. DEFINE DECOMPOSITION REACTION ?
A single compound breaks down to produce two or more substances. Such
type of reaction is called decomposition reaction .
1. Decomposition of lime stone
CaCO3 CaO + CO2
25
8.DEFINE DISPLACEMENT REACTION ?

The reaction in which, a more reactive element displaces a less reactive
element from its compound is called displacement reaction.
Fe + CuSO4 FeSO4 + Cu
9.DEFINE DOUBLE DECOMPOSITION REACTION (DOUBLE
DISPLACEMENT REACTION) ?
Double decomposition reaction is any reaction in which exchange of ions
between two reactants occur, leading to the formation of two different products.
:
CuSO4 + H2S CuS + H2SO4
10.DEFINE OXIDATION ?
A chemical reaction which involves addition of oxygen or removal of
hydrogen or loss of electron(s) is called as oxidation.
2Mg + O2 2MgO (addition of oxygen)
H2S + Br2 2HBr + S (removal of hydrogen)
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e- (loss of electron)
11. DEFINE REDUCTION ?
A chemical reaction which involves addition of hydrogen or removal of
oxygen or gain of electron(s) is called as reduction.
2Na + H2 2NaH (addition of hydrogen)
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O(removal of oxygen)
Fe3+ + e- Fe2+ (gain of electron)
12. DEFINE REDOX REACTION ?
A chemical reaction in which oxidation and reduction take place
simultaneously is called redox reaction.
Zn + CuSO4 Cu + ZnSO4
13.DEFINE EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS ?
The chemical reactions which proceed with the evolution of heat energy are
called exothermic reactions.
N2 + 3H2 2NH3 + Heat
26
14.DEFINE ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS ?

The chemical reactions which proceed with the absorption of heat energy
are called endothermic reactions. 2NH3 + Heat N2 + 3H2
15.DEFINE RATE OF THE CHEMICAL REACTION ?
Rate of the chemical reaction is defi ned as change in concentration of any
one of the reactants or product per unit time.
16 .WRITE ANY TWO USES OF ACIDS ?
1. Sulphuric acid (King of chemicals) is used in car battery and in the
preparation of many other compounds.
2. Nitric acid is used in the production of ammonium nitrate which is used
as fertilizer in agriculture.
3. Hydrochloric acid is used as cleansing agent in toilet.
4. Tartaric acid is a constituent of baking powder.
5. Salt of benzoic acid (sodium benzoate) is used in food preservation.
6. Carbonic acid is used in aerated drinks
17. WRITE ANY TWO USES OF BASES ?
1. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap.
2. Calcium hydroxide is used in white washing the buildings.
3. Magnesium hydroxide is used as a medicine for stomach troubles.
4. Ammonium hydroxide is used to remove grease stains from clothes.
18. The hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 0.001M. What is the
pH of the solution
Solution pH = log10 [H+]
pH = log10 (0.001)
pH = log10 (10-3)
= (3) log10 10
pH = 3
[ log 1010 = 1]
27
19.The hydrogen ion concentration of a solution is 1.0 x 10-9 M. What is the

pH of the solution? Predict whether the given solution is acidic, basic or
neutral.
Solution pH = log10 [H+]
pH = log10 (1.0 x 10-9 )
pH = (log101.0 + log1010-9 )
[ log10 1 = 0]
= (09 log10 10)
pH = (0 9) = 9
pH = 9
ie pH >7 Therefore the given solution is basic.
20.The hydroxyl ion concentration of a solution is 0.001M. What is the pH of

the solution?
Solution pOH = log10[OH]
pOH = log10 (103)
pOH = 3
pH = 14 pOH
pH = 14 3 = 11
21.The hydroxyl ion concentration of a solution is 1.0 x 10-9 M. What is the
pH of the solution?
Solution pOH = -log10[OH]
pOH = log10 (1.0 x 10-9)
pOH = 9
pH = 14 pOH
pH = 14 9 = 5
22.WRITE ANY TWO USES WASHING SODA (Na2CO3)
1. It is used in softening hard water.
2. It is used as a cleaning agent for domestic purposes.
28
23.WRITE ANY TWO USES OF BAKING SODA (NaHCO3)

1. It is used in making baking powder, which is the mixture of baking
soda and tartaric acid. Baking powder is used to make cake and bread soft and
spongy .
2. It is an ingredient in antacid. Being alkaline, it neutralises excess of acid
in the stomach.
24. WRITE ANY TWO USES OF BLEACHING POWDER (CaOCl2)
1. It is used for disinfecting drinking water to make it free from microorganisms.
2. It is used for bleaching cotton and linen in the textile industry Plaster of paris
(CaSO4. 1/2H2O) It is used for plastering fractured bones and in making casts for
statues
12. PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS :

ONE MARKS:1. In the modern periodic table periods and groups are given. Periods
and groups indicate
a) Rows and Columns b) Columns and rows
2. Third period contains 8 elements, out of these elements how many
elements are non-metals?. (5)
3. An element which is an essential constituent of all organic compounds
belongs to _________ group. (14th group / 15th group)
4. Ore is used for the extraction of metals profitably. Bauxite is used to
extract aluminium, it can be termed as ________. (ore / mineral)
5. Gold does not occur in the combined form. It does not react with air
(or) water. It is in ______. (native state / combined state)
6. Modern periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties
of elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers.
7. In the periodic table, horizontal rows are called periods and vertical
columns are called groups.
8. First group elements are called alkali metals.
9. Second group elements are called alkaline earth metals.
10. Groups three to twelve are called transition elements.
29
11. Group 1, 2 and 13 - 18 are called normal elements or main group

elements or representative elements.
12. Group 16 elements are called chalcogen family (except polonium).
13. Group 17 elements are called halogen family.
14. Group 18 elements are called noble gases or inert gases.
15. Atomic size of the elements in a period decreases from left to the
right.
16. In a period, the metallic character of the element decreases while
their non-metallic character increases.
17. Copper was the first metal to be used for making utensils, weapons
and for other works.
18. Metals like titanium, chromium, manganese, zirconium etc. are used
in the manufacture of defense equipments.(strategic metals).
19. The metal uranium plays, a vital role in nuclear reactions releasing
enormous energy called nuclear energy.
20. Copper, silver and gold are called coinage metals as they are used
in making coins, jewellery etc.
21. The process of extracting the ores from the earth crust is called
mining.
22. Various steps involved in the extraction and refining of metals from
their ores are known as metallurgy.
23. The rocky impurity, associated with the ore is called gangue or
matrix.
24. Flux is a compound added to the ore to remove its impurities by
fusion. e.g., CaO
25. Gold, silver and platinum are examples of metals that are partly
found in a free state.
26. Electronic configuration of aluminium is 2, 8, 3.
27. Valency of aluminium is 3.
28. Atomic mass of aluminium is 27.
29. The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O).
30. Melting point of aluminium is 660oC
31. Aluminium is a powerful reducing agent.
32. Electronic configuration of copper is 2, 8, 18, 1.
33. Valency of copper is 1 and 2.
34. Blister copper contains 98% pure copper.
35. In Electrolytic refining of copper the electrolyte used is copper
sulphate solution.
30
36. Copper is a reddish brown metal, with high luster, high density and
high melting point (1356oC).
37. Copper is extensively used for making electric cables and other
electric appliances.
38. Copper is used for making utensils, containers, calorimeters, coins.
39. Copper is used in electroplating.
40. Copper is alloyed with gold and silver for making coins and jewels.
41. Valency of Iron is 2 & 3.
42. Electronic configuration of Iron is 2, 8, 14, 2.
43. Iron is the second most abundant metal after aluminium.
44. Iron is a heavy metal of specific gravity 7.9
45. Calcination is a process in which ore is heated in the absence of air.
26. Roasting is a process in which ore is heated in the presence of
excess of air.
27. Pig iron is used in making stoves, radiators, railings, man hole
covers and drain pipes.
28. Steel is used in the construction of buildings, machinery,
transmission and T.V towers and in making alloys.
29. Wrought iron is used in making springs, anchors and
electromagnets.
30. An amalgam is an alloy of mercury with metals such as sodium,
gold, silver, etc.,
31. Corrosion is defined as the slow and steady destruction of a metal
by the environment.
32. Alloys of copper - Brass (Cu,Zn), Bronze(Cu,Sn,Zn).
33. Alloys of aluminium - Duralumin (Al,Mg,Mn,Cu),
Magnalium(Al,Mg).
34. Iron Alloys - Stainless steel (Fe,C,Ni,Cr), Nickel steel (Fe,C,Ni)
TWO MARKS :1. Assertion: Greenish layer appears on copper vessels if left uncleaned.
Reason: It is due to the formation of layer of basic copper carbonate Give
your correct option.
a. Assertion and reason are correct and relevant to each other.
b. Assertion is true but reason is not relevant to the assertion.
Ans. Assertion and reason are correct and relevant to each other.
31
2. A process employed for the concentration of sulphide ore is_________

(froth floation / Gravity separation)
3. Coating the surface of iron with other metal prevents it from rusting. If it is
metal prevents it from rusting. If it is coated with thin layer of zinc it is
called________(galvanization/ painting/ cathodic protection)
4. Any metal mixed with mercury is called amalgam. The amlgam used for
dental filling is__________(Ag-Sn amalgam/ cu-Sn amalgam)(
5. Assertion: In thermite welding, aluminium powder and Fe2O3 are used.
Reason: Alluminium powder is a strong reducing agent. Does the reason
satisfy the assertion?
Ans. Yes, reason satisfy the assertion .
6. Can rusting of iron nail occur in distilled water. Justify your answer.
Ans. Yes, Rusting of iron can occur in distilled water. In fact, the rusting is
faster, since, the ionic content in distilled water is lesser.
7. Why cannot aluminium metal be obtained by the reduction of aluminium
oxide with coke?
Ans. Aluminium is a stronger reducing agent than carbon. Hence it cannot be
obtained by reducing alumina using coke.
8. Iron reacts with con. HCl and con. H2SO4. But it does not react with con.
HNO3. Suggest your answer with proper reason.
Ans. When iron is dipped in con. HNO3 it becomes chemically inert or
passive due to the formation of a layer of iron oxide ( Fe3O4 ) on it surface. So, it
does not react with con. HNO3
9. To design the body of the aircraft aluminium alloys are used. Give your
reason.
Ans. Aluminium alloys are used in designing aircrafts. The alloy of
Aluminium is Duralumin [Al, Mg, Mn, Cu], which is used for its light weight,
strength and resistance to corrosion. Duralumin is stronger than aluminium.
32
10. X is a silvery white metal. X reacts with oxygen to form Y. The same
compound is obtained from the metal on reaction with steam with the
liberation of hydrogen gas. Identify X and Y.
Ans. X is Aluminium [silvery white metal].
X reacts with O2 to form Y
4Al + 3O2
2Al2 O3
X is Aluminium
Y is Al2 O3 [Aluminium oxide]
11. STATE MODERN PERIODIC LAW ?
Modern periodic law states that the physical and chemical properties of
elements are the periodic function of their atomic numbers
12. PURITY OF GOLD IS EXPRESSED IN CARAT EXPLAIN?
Purity of gold is expressed in carat. 24 carat gold = pure gold. For making
ornaments 22 carat gold is used which contains 22 parts of gold by weight and 2
parts of copper by weight. The percentage of purity is 22/24 x 100=91.6% (916
Make gold) From one gram of gold, nearly 2km of wire can be drawn. Its an
amazing fact indeed!
13. MATCH THE FOLLOWING :Fe a constituent of blood pigment (haemoglobin)
.
Ca - a constituent of bone and teeth.
Co - a constituent of vitamin B-12
Mg - constituent of chlorophyll.
14. DEFINE MINERALS ?

A mineral may be a single compound or complex mixture of various
compounds of metals which are found in earth.
15. DEFINE ORES ?
The mineral from which a metal can be readily and economically extracted on
a large scale is said to be a ore. For example, clay (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O)
33
16. DEFINE MINING ?

The process of extracting the ores from the earth crust is called mining.
17. DEFINE METALLURGY ?
Various steps involved in the extraction of metals from their ores as well as
refining of crude metal are collectively known as metallurgy.
18. DEFINE GANGUE or MATRIX ?
The rocky impurity, associated with the ore is called gangue or matrix
19. DEFINE FLUX ?
It is the substance added to the ore to reduce the fusion temperature
20. DEFINE SLAG ?
It is the fusible product formed when flux reacts with gangue
during the extraction of metals. Flux + Gangue Slag
21.DEFINE SMELTING ?
Smelting is the process of reducing the roasted oxide to metals
in the molten condition
22. DEFINE ROASTING ?
The concentrated ore is roasted in excess of air. During roasting,
i.moisture and volatile impurities are removed. ii.copper pyrite is partly
converted into sulphides of copper and iron.
2CuFeS2 + O2 Cu2S + 2FeS + SO2
23. DEFINE SMELTING ?

The roasted ore is mixed with powdered coke and sand and is heated in
a blast furnace to obtain matte and slag. (Matte = Cu2S + FeS) The slag is
removed as a waste.
34
24. DEFINE BESSEMERISATION:

The molten matte is transferred to Bessemer converter in order to obtain
blister copper. Ferrous sulphide from matte is oxidised to ferrous oxide which is
removed as slag using silica.
2Cu2S + 3O2 2Cu2O + 2SO2
2Cu2O + Cu2S 6Cu + SO2
FeO+SiO2 FeSiO3 (Iron silicate, slag)
25.DEFINE BLISTER COPPER ?
Blister copper contains 98% pure copper and 2% impurities and are
purified by electrolytic refining.
26.WRITE ANY TWO USES OF COPPER ?
It is extensively used for making electric cables and other electric appliances.
It is used for making utensils, containers, calorimeters, coins.
It is used in electroplating.
It is alloyed with gold and silver for making coins and jewels
27.DEFINE CALCINATION ?
It is a process in which ore is heated in the absence of air. As a result of
calcinations the carbonate ore is converted into its oxide.
28. DEFINE ROASTING ?
It is a process in which ore is heated in the presence of excess of air. As a
result of roasting the sulphide ore is converted into its oxide.
29. Write The Three Types Of Iron With Carbon Content ?
Depending upon the carbon content iron is classifi ed into 3 types.
Pig iron with carbon content of 2- 4.5%
Wrought iron with carbon content <0.25%
Steel with carbon content of 0.25-2%.
35
30.Write Any Two Uses Of Pig Iron ?

Pig iron is used in making pipes, stoves, radiators, railings, man hole
covers and drain pipes.
31. Write any two uses of steel iron ?
Steel is used in the construction of buildings, machinery, transmission and
T.V towers and in making alloys.
32.Write Any Two Uses Of Wrought Iron ?
Wrought iron is used in making springs, anchors and electromagnets
33. Write the alloys of copper and uses
34. Write the alloys of aluminium and uses
35. Write the alloys of iron and uses
36
37. Define corrosion ?

Corrosion is defined as the slow and steady destruction of a metal by the
environment. It results in the deterioration of the metal to form metal compounds
by means of chemical reactions with the environment.
38. Define Galvanisation?
This is a process of coating zinc on iron sheets by using electric current.
In this zinc forms a protective layer of zinc carbonate on the surface of iron. This
prevents corrosion.
39. Define Electroplating?
It is a method of coating one metal with another by passing electric
current. Example: silver plating, nickel plating. This method not only lends
protection but also enhances the metallic appearance
5 MARKS :1.Write a note on extraction of aluminium ?

The chief ore of aluminium is bauxite (Al2O3.2H2O). Extraction of
aluminium from bauxite involves two stages
a) Conversion of Bauxite into Alumina by Baeyers Process The
conversion of Bauxite into Alumina involves the following steps:
i.Bauxite ore is finely grounded and heated under pressure with
concentrated caustic soda solution at 150C to obtain sodium meta aluminate.
Al2O3.2H2O + 2NaOH 2NaAlO2 + 3H2O Bauxite Sodium Meta aluminate
ii.On diluting sodium meta aluminate with water, aluminium hydroxide
precipitate is obtained. NaAlO2 + 2H2O NaOH + Al(OH)3
iii.The precipitate is fi ltered, washed, dried and ignited at 1000C to get
alumina. 2Al(OH)3 Al2O3 + 3H2O
b) Electrolytic reduction of Alumina by Halls process Aluminium is
produced by the electrolytic reduction of fused alumina (Al2O3) in the
electrolytic cell.
37
Cathode : Iron tank lined with graphite

Anode : A bunch of graphite rods suspended in molten electrolyte
Electrolyte : Pure alumina + molten cryolite + fluorspar (fluorspar
lowers the fusion temperature of electrolyte)
Temperature : 900-950C
Voltage used : 5-6V .The overall equation for aluminium extraction is
2Al2O3 4Al + 3O2 Aluminium deposits at cathode and oxygen gas is
liberated at anode
2. Write the uses of aluminium ?
13.BONDING IN CARBON AND ITS COMPOUNDS

ONE MARK :1. Assertion: Chemical bonds in organic compounds are covalent in
nature. Reason: Covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons
in the bonding atoms. Does the reason satisfy the given assertion?
Yes the reason satisfy the assertion
38
2. Assertion: Diamond is the hardest crystalline form of carbon Reason:

Carbon atoms in diamond are tetrahedral in nature. Verify the
suitability of reason to the given Assertion mentioned above.
No, Three dimentional Structure.
3. Assertion: Due to catenation a large number of carbon compounds are
formed.
Reason: Carbon compounds show the property of allotropy.
Is the reason holding good for the given Assertion. No
4. Buckminster Fullerene is the allotropic form of _______________
(Nitrogen / Carbon / Sulphur)
5. Eventhough it is a non metal, graphite conducts electricity. It is due to
the presence of (free electrons / bonded electrons)
6. Formula of methane is CH4 and its succeeding member ethane is
expressed as C2H6. The common difference of succession between
them is (CH2 / C2 H2)
7. IUPAC name of first member of alkyne is
(ethene / ethyne)
8. Out of ketonic and aldehydic group which is the terminal functional
group? Aldehyde group CHO
9. Acetic acid is heated with a solid X kept in a test tube. A colourless
and odourless gas (Y) is evolved. The gas turns lime water milky
when passed through it. Identify X and Y.
X Na2CO3,
Y CO2
10. Assertion: Denaturation of ethyl alcohol makes it unfit for drinking
purposes.
Reason: Denaturation of ethyl alcohol is carried out by methyl
alcohol. Check whether the reason is correct for assertion.
Yes Methyl alcohol is poisonous in nature when it is mixed with
ethyl alcohol
11. Carbon is a non metal. In nature, it occurs in its pure form as
diamond and graphite.
12. Carbon chemistry is called Living Chemistry.
13. The term organic chemistry was used by the Swedish chemist
Berzelius.
14. The German chemist Wohler succeeded in creating an organic
compound (urea) from an inorganic compound (ammonium cyanate)
in his laboratory.
15. The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its ground state electronic
configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p2.
39
16. Allotropy is defined as the property by which an element can exist in

more than one form that are physically different but chemically
similar.
17. Carbon exists in three allotropic forms - crystalline form (diamond
and graphite), amorphous form (coke,charcoal) and fullerene.
18. Isomerism is the phenomenon by which two or more compounds to
have same molecular formula but different structural formula with
difference in properties.
19. Hydrocarbons are classified into - saturated and unsaturated
hydrocarbons.
20. Saturated hydrocarbons Alkanes (General formula = CnH2n+2
Suffix : ane).
21. Saturated hydrocarbons were earlier named as paraffins(Latin :
meaning little affinity) due to their least chemical reactivity.
22. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are classified into alkenes and alkynes.
23. Alkenes: General formula: CnH2nSuffix: ene.
24. Alkynes: General formula: CnH2n-2 Suffix : yne
25. Ethanols boiling point is 351K.
26. Ethanol is completely miscible with water in all proportions.
27. Ethanol is used as an anti-freeze in automobile radiators.
28. Ethanol is used as a preservative for biological specimen.
29. Ethanol is used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds in hospitals.
30. Ethanol is used as a solvent for drugs, oils, fats, perfumes, dyes, etc.
31. Ethanol is used in the preparation of methylated spirit (95%
ethanol + 5% methanol), rectified spirit (95.5% ethanol+ 4.5% of
water), power alcohol (petrol + ethanol) and denatured sprit
(ethanol + pyridine).
32. Ethanol is used in cough and digestive syrups.
33. Ethanoic acid is miscible with water in all proportions.
34. The boiling point of Ethanoic acid is (391K).
35. Ethanoic acid is used in making vinegar which is used as a
preservative in food and fruit juices.
36. Ethanoic acid is used as a laboratory reagent.
37. Ethanoic acid is used for coagulating rubber from latex.
38. Ethanoic acid is used in the preparation of dyes, perfumes and
medicine.
40
TWO MARKS:1. Write down the possible isomers and give their IUPAC names using the
formula C4H10.
S.No. Isomeric forms
IUPAC Names
1. CH3 CH2 CH2-CH3
Butane
2. CH3 CH CH3
2- methyl propane
CH3
2. Diamond is the hardest allotrope of Carbon. Give reason for its hardness.
Ans. In diamond, each carbon atom is bonded with four other carbon atoms
covalently and forms a rigid structure of tetrahedral shape (three
dimensional). This makes diamond very hard.
3. An organic compound (A) is widely used as a preservatives in pickles and
has a molecular formula C 2H4O2. This compound reacts with ethanol to
form a sweet smelling compound (B).
i) Identify the compound A and B.
ii) Name the process and write corresponding chemical equation.
Ans. (i) Compound used in pickles as a preservative is vinegar Acetic acid
CH3COOH. When Acetic acid reacts with ethanol, in the presence of
conc. H2SO4. it forms ester with sweet smell.
(ii) The process is called esterification.
C2H5OH + CH3 COOH H2SO4 CH3COOC2H5+H2O
ethyl ethanoate
S.No. Compound
Molecular formula
Name
1.
A
CH3 COOH
Acetic acid or
ethanoic acid
2.
B
CH3 COOC2 H5
Ethyl methyl ester
[or] Ethyl ethanoate
4. An organic compound (A) of molecular formula C2H6O on oxidation with
alkaline KMnO4 solution give an acid (B) with the same number of carbon
atoms. Compound A is used as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds in hospitals.
Identify A and B. Write the chemical equation involved in the formation of
B from A.
Ans. Compound A used in hospitals as an antiseptic is Ethanol (C2H5OH)
C2H5OH Alkaline KMnO4 CH3 COOH + H2O
Oxidation
Acetic acid (B)
41
Ethanol, (A)
B is Acetic acid
S.No. Compound
1.
A
2.
Molecular formula
C2 H5OH
CH3 COOH
Name
Ethanol (or)
Ethyl alcohol
Acetic acid [or]
Ethanoic acid
5. DEFINE ALLOTROPY ?
Allotropy is defined as the property by which an element can exist in more
than one form that are physically different but chemically similar.
6. WRITE THE IUPAC AND COMMON NAME FOR THE
FOLLOWING COMPOUND

FOLLOWING COMPOUND
42

FOLLOWING COMPOUND

FOLLOWING COMPOUND
43

FOLLOWING COMPOUND

FOLLOWING COMPOUND
12. DEFINE FERMENTATION ?

The slow chemical change taking place in an organic compound by the
action of enzymes leading to the formation of smaller molecules is called
fermentation
13. WRITE ANY TWO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL ?
(i) Ethanol is a clear liquid with burning taste.
(ii) Its boiling point is 351.5 K which is higher than corresponding alkane.
(iii) It is completely miscible with water in all proportions.
14. WRITE A NOTE ON ESTERIFICAITON ?
Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of conc.H2SO4 (catalyst) to
form ethyl ethanoate and water. The compound formed by the reaction of an
alcohol with carboxylic acid is known as ester (fruity smelling compound) and
the reaction is called esterification.
44
15.WRITE A NOTE ON DECARBOXYLATION ? (REMOVAL OF CO2)

When sodium salt of ethanoic acid is heated with soda lime (Solid
mixure of 3 parts of NaOH and 1 part of CaO) methane gas is formed.
16.WRITE A NOTE ON DEHYDROGENATION ?

When the vapour of ethanol is passed over reduced copper catalyst at
573 K, it is dehydrogenated to acetaldehyde.
17.WRITE A NOTE ON PREPARATION OF ETHANOIC ACID ?

Ethanol on oxidation in the presence of alkaline potassium permanganate or
acidified potassium dichromate gives ethanoic acid.
18.WRITE ANY TWO PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOIC ACID ?
(i) Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid and has a sour taste.

(ii) It is miscible with water in all proportions.
(iii) Boiling point (391 K) is higher than corresponding alcohols, aldehydes
and ketones.
(iv) On cooling, pure ethanoic acid is frozen to form ice like flakes. They look
like glaciers, so it is called glacial acetic acid.
FIVE MARKS :1. Fill in the blanks using suitable formula in the given table
No.
1.
2.
3.
45
Alkane
C2H6ethane
C3H8 Propane
C4H10 Butane
Alkene
C2H4 ethene
C3H6 Propene
C4H8 Butene
Alkyne
C2H2 ethyne
C3H4 Propyn
C4H6 Butyne
2. Homologous series predict the properties of the members of

hydrocarbon. Justify this statement through its characteristics ?
A homologous series is a group or a class of organic compounds having
similar structure and similar chemical properties in which the successive
compounds differ by a CH2 group.
Characteristics of homologous series
Each member of the series differs from the preceeding or succeeding
member by a common difference of CH2 and by a molecular mass of 14 amu (
amu = atomic mass unit).
All members of homologous series contain same elements and the same
functional groups.
All members of homologous series have same general molecular formula.
e.g
Alkane = CnH2n + 2
Alkene = CnH2n
Alkyne = CnH2n - 2
The members in homologous series show a regular gradation in their

physical properties with respect to increase in molecular mass.
The chemical properties of the members of the homologous series are
similar.
All members of homologous series can be prepared by using same
general method
46
3. Write the common name and IUPAC name of the following
Molecular
formula
CH3 CH2 CHO
CH3 COCH3
CH3 CH-CH3
OH
CH3 COOH
HCHO
Common name
IUPAC name
Propionaldehyde
Dimethyl ketone (Acetone)
Propanal
Propanone
Isopropy1 alcohol (or)

Secondary propy1 alcohol
2-Propanol
Acetic acid
Formaldehyde
Ethanoic acid
Methanal
4. WRITE A NOTE ABOUT BONDING IN CARBON AND ITS

COMPOUNDS ?
The atomic number of carbon is 6 and its ground state electronic
configuration is 1s2 2s2 2p2. Since it has four electrons in its outermost shell, its
valency is four. To achieve noble gas configuration, carbon atom has to lose or
+
gain four electrons to form C4 and C4- ions.
1. It could gain four electrons forming C4- anion, but it would be difficult for the
nucleus with six protons to hold on to ten electrons i.e.four extra electrons.
2. It could lose four electrons to form C4+ cations, but it would require a large
amount of energy to remove four electrons leaving behind the carbon cations
with six protons in its nucleus holding on to just two electrons.
Carbon overcomes this problem by sharing its valence electrons with other atoms
of carbon or with atoms of other elements. This characteristic of carbon atom by
virtue of which it forms four covalent bonds is generally referred as tetra
valency of carbon.
A molecule of methane (CH4) is formed when four electrons of carbon
are shared
47
5.WRITE A NOTE ON ALLOTROPY OF CARBON ?

ALLOTROPY
Allotropy is defined as the property by which an element can exist in more
than one form that are physically different but chemically similar.
Allotropes of carbon
Carbon exists in three allotropic forms. They are crystalline form (diamond and
graphite), amorphous form (coke,charcoal) and fullerene.
In diamond each carbon atom is bonded to four other carbon atoms forming a
rigid three dimensional structure , accounting for its hardness and rigidity.
In graphite each carbon atom is bonded to three other carbon atoms in the same
plane giving hexagonal layers held together by weak vander Waals forces
accounting for softness.
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity unlike other non-metals since it has
free electrons in it.
Fullerenes form another type of carbon allotropes. The first one was identified
to contain 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a football. (C-60). Since this looks
like the geodesic dome designed by the US architect Buck Minster Fuller, it is
named as Buck Minster Fullerene.
Carbon has the ability to form covalent bonds with other atoms of carbon
giving rise to large number of molecules through self linking property
This property is called catenation.
isomerism, the phenomenon by which two or more compounds to have same
molecular formula but different structural formula with difference in
properties. i.e the formula C2H6O represents two different compounds namely
ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) and dimethyl ether (CH3OCH3).
6. WRITE A NOTE ON MANUFACTURE OF ETHANOL FROM
MOLASSES ?
(1) Manufacture of ethanol from molasses
Molasses is a dark coloured syrupy liquid left after the crystallization of sugar
from the concentrated sugar cane juice. Molasses still contain about 30% of
sucrose which cannot be separated by crystallization. It is converted into ethanol
by the following steps:
(i) Dilution Molasses is first diluted with water to bring down the concentration
of sugar to about 8 to 10 percent.
48
(ii) Addition of ammonium salts Molasses usually contains enough nitrogenous

matter to act as food for yeast during fermentation. If the nitrogen content of the
molasses is poor, it may be fortified by the addition of ammonium sulphate or
ammonium phosphate.
(iii) Addition of yeast
The solution from step (ii) is collected in large fermentation tanks and yeast is
added to it. The mixture is kept at about 303K for a few days.During this period,
the enzymes invertase and zymase present in yeast, bring about the conversion of
sucrose into ethanol.
The fermented liquid is technically called wash.

(iv) Distillation of wash
The fermented liquid containing 15 to 18 percent alcohol and the rest of the
water, is now subjected to fractional distillation. The main fraction drawn, is an
aqueous solution of ethanol which contains 95.5% of ethanol and 4.5% of water.
This is called rectified spirit. This mixture is then heated under reflux over
quicklime for about 5 to 6 hours and then allowed to stand for 12 hours. On
distillation of this mixture, pure alcohol (100%) is obtained. This is called
absolute alcohol.
7. WRITE A NOTE ON CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ETHANOL
(i) Dehydration
(a) Intra molecular dehydration : Ethanol, when heated with excess conc.
H2SO4 at 443 K undergoes intra molecular dehydration (i.e. removal of water
within a molecule of ethanol).
49
(b) Inter molecular dehydration : When excess of alcohol is heated with

conc.H2SO4 at 413K two molecules condense by losing a molecule of water to
form ether(i.e.removal of water from two molecules of ethanol).
(ii) Reaction with sodium : Ethanol reacts with sodium metal to form sodium
ethoxide and hydrogen gas.
(iii). Oxidation : Ethanol is oxidized to ethanoic acid with alkaline KMnO4 or

acidified K2Cr2O 7
During this reaction, orange colour of K2Cr2O7 changes to green. Therefore, this
reaction can be used for the identification of alcohols.
(iv) Esterificaiton : Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid in the presence of
conc.H2SO4 (catalyst) to form ethyl ethanoate and water. The compound formed
by the reaction of an alcohol with carboxylic acid is known as ester (fruity
smelling compound) and the reaction is called esterification.
(v). Dehydrogenation : When the vapour of ethanol is passed over reduced

copper catalyst at 573 K, it is dehydrogenated to acetaldehyde.
50
8. WRITE THE USES OF ETHANOL ?

1. as an anti-freeze in automobile radiators.
2. as a preservative for biological specimen.
3. as an antiseptic to sterilize wounds in hospitals.
4. as a solvent for drugs, oils, fats, perfumes, dyes, etc.
5. in the preparation of methylated spirit (mixture of 95% of ethanol and 5% of
methanol), rectified spirit (mixture of 95.5% of ethanol and 4.5% of water),
power alcohol (mixture of petrol and ethanol) and denatured spirit (ethanol
mixed with pyridine).
6. in cough and digestive syrups.
9 .WRITE ANY FIVE EVIL EFFECTS OF CONSUMING ALCOHOL ?
If ethanol is consumed, it tends to slow down metabolism of our body and
depresses the central nervous system.
It causes mental depression and emotional disorder.
It affects our health by causing ulcer, high blood pressure, cancer,
brain and liver damage.
Nearly 40% accidents are due to drunken drive.
Unlike ethanol, intake of methanol in very small quantities can cause death.
Methanol is oxidized to methanal (formaldehyde) in the liver and methanal
reacts rapidly with the components of cells.
Methanal causes the protoplasm to get coagulated, in the same way an egg
is coagulated by cooking. Methanol also affects the optic nerve, causing
blindness.
10. WRITE THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OT ETHANOIC ACID ?
(i) Ethanoic acid is a weak acid but it turns blue litmus to red.
(ii) Reaction with metal
Ethanoic acid reacts with metals like Na, K, Zn, etc to form metal ethanoate and
hydrogen gas
(iii) Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates.

Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates and produces brisk
effervescence due to the evolution of carbon dioxide.
51
(iv) Reaction with base

Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium ethanoate and water.
(v) Decarboxylation (Removal of CO2)
When sodium salt of ethanoic acid is heated with soda lime (Solid mixure of 3
parts of NaOH and 1 part of CaO) methane gas is formed.
14.MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
ONE MARK:1. Screw gauge is an instrument to measure the dimensions of very small objects
upto __________ ( 0.1 cm., 0.01 cm., 0.1 mm., 0.001 mm )
2. In a screw gauge if zero of the head scale lies below the pitch scale azis, the
zero error is _______________ ( positive, negative, nil)
3. Screw gauge is used to measure the diameter of _________
( crow bar, thin wire, cricket ball)
4. One light year is equal to ____________ ( 365.25 x 24 x60x60x3x108 m,
1x24x60x60x3x108m, 360x24x60x60x3x108m)
5. One astronomical unit is the distance between the centre of the earth and
_________ ( centre of the Moon, centre of the Sun, centre of the Mars)
Part-B
1. Correct the mistakes if any, in the following statements.
a) Astronomical distance is the mean distance of the surface of the sun from
the surface of the earth.
b)Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum at a
speed of 3x108 m. per month
Ans: a) Astronomical distance is the mean distance of the centre of the sun
from the centre of the earth.
Ans: b)Light year is the distance travelled by light in one year in vacuum at
a speed of 3x108 m. per second
52
2. Match the items in group A with the items in group B

Group A
Group B
Small dimensions
Kilo meter
Large dimensions
Screw gauge
Long distances
Scale
Small distances
Light year
Altimeter
Ans : 1.b
2. c
3. d
4. a
3. Fill in the blanks:
Special methods adopted to determine very large distances are______and
_________(Laser pulse method, Light year method, Radio echo method}
4. Least count of a screw gauge is an important concept related to screw
gauge. What do you mean by the term least count of a screw gauge?
Ans : The least count of the screw gauge is the smallest length of the objects
that can be measured by screw gauge.
5. Label the following parts of the screw gauge in the given screw gauge
diagram.
1. Head scale 2. Pitch scale 3. Axis 4. Ratchat

ONE MARKS :1. The acceleration in a body is due to ___________.
a) balanced force b) un-balanced force
2. The physical quantity which is equal to rate of change of momentum is
(a) displacement b) acceleration c) force d) impulse
3. The momentum of a massive object at rest is _______.
a) very large b) very small c) zero d) infinity
4. The weight of 50 kg person at thesurface of earth is ________
a) 50N b) 35N c) 380N d) 490N.
5. The freezing of biotechnology products like Vaccine requires_______
a) Helium b) Nitrogen c) Ammonia d) Chlorine
53
6. Force is one which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of

uniform motion of a body.
7. Force is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is newton.
8. The first law of motion is also known as the law of inertia.
9. The inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion
by itself is called inertia.
10. Inertia of body depends mainly upon its mass.
11. Momentum has both direction and magnitude. It is a vector quantity.
The SI unit of momentum is kg ms-1.
12. The force of attraction between objects is called the gravitational
force.
13. Mass is a fundamental quantity. The unit of mass is kilogram.
14. Cryogenics is the study of the production of very low temperature
(below 123k); and the behaviour of materials at those temperature.
15. Liquefied gases such as liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are used
in many cryogenic applications.
16. Liquid nitrogen is the most commonly used element in cryogenics
17. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows for the lowest
attainable temperature to be reached.
18. Liquid nitrogen and liquid helium are held in special containers
called Dewar flasks.
19.Liquid nitrogen is used for specially chilling and freezing
applications.
20.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is used to scan inner organs of
human body.
21.The only space stations are Almaz and Salyut series, Sky lab and
Mir.
TWO MARKS :1. From the following statements write down that which is not
applicable to mass of an object?
a. It is fundamental quantity
b. It is measured using physical balance.
c. It is measured using spring balance.
Ans. It is measured using spring balance.
54

a. Force = mass x acceleration, then momentum = _______?_____
b. Liquid hydrogen is for rocket, then___________is for MRI.
Ans. a.mass and velocity
b. liquid helium
3. The name of some organizations which are associated with

Chandrayan-1 mission are given below. But some of them are not. List
out the wrong ones.
(ISRO, BARC, NASA, ESA, WHO, ONGC)
Ans: BARC, WHO, ONGC
4. Correct the mistakes, if any, in the following statements.
a. One Newton is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in an
object of 1 gram mass.
b. Action and reaction is always acting on the same body.
Ans. One Newton is the force that produces an acceleration of 1 ms-2 in
an object of 1 kilogram mass.
b. Action and reaction is always acting on the different body.
5. The important use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuels. What do you mean
by cryogenic fuels?
Ans : Cryogenic fuels are fuels that require storage at extensively low
temperatures in order to maintain them in a liquid state. It constitutes
liquefied gases such as liquid hydrogen which is mainly used for rockets as a
fuel. It produces energy at very low temperatures.
6. As a matter of convention, an anticlockwise moment is taken
as_______and a clockwise moment is taken as______
Ans : positive, negative
7. DEFINE FORCE ?
Force is one which changes or tends to change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of a body. Force is a vector quantity. Its SI unit is newton.
55
8.DEFINE BALANCED FORCE ?

Forces acting on an object which do not change the state of rest or of
uniform motion of it are called balanced forces
9.DEFINE UNBALANCED FORCE ?
The resultant of two forces acts on an object and brings it in motion. These
opposite forces are called unbalanced forces
10. STATE FIRST LAW OF MOTION ?
An object remains in the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled to change that state by an applied unbalanced force.
11. STATE SECOND LAW OF MOTION ?
The second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of an
object is proportional to the applied unbalanced force in the direction of force.
12. DEFINE ONE NEWTON ?
One unit of force(1N) is defined as the amount of force that produces an
acceleration of 1 m s-2 in an object of 1 kg mass.
13. A constant force acts on an object of mass 10 kg for a duration of
4 s. It increases the objects velocity from 2 ms-1 to 8 m s-1 Find the
magnitude of the applied force.
Solution:
Given, mass of the object m = 10 kg
Initial velocity u = 2 m s-1
Final velocity v = 8 m s-1
56
14. Which would require a greater force for accelerating a 2 kg of mass at

4 m s-2 or a 3 kg mass at 2 m s-2?
Solution
We know, force F = ma
Given m1 = 2 kg a1 = 4 m s-2
m2 = 3 kg a2 = 2 m s-2
Thus, F1 = m1 a1 = 2 kg 4 m s-2 = 8 N
and F2 = m2 a2 = 3 kg 2 m s-2 = 6 N
F1 > F2
Thus, accelerating a 2 kg mass at 4m s-2 would require a greater force.
15. DEFINE COUPLE ?
Two equal and opposite forces whose lines of action do not coincide are
said to constitute a couple in mechanics.
16. STATE GRAVITATIONAL FORCE ?
Newton concluded that all objects in the universe attract each other. This
force of attraction between objects is called the gravitational force.
17. STATE NEWTON LAW OF GRAVITATION ?
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which
is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them.
18.Mass of an object is 5 kg. What is its weight on the earth?
Solution:
Mass, m = 5 kg Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m s-2
Weight, w = m g
w = 5 kg 9.8 m s-2 = 49 N
Thus the weight of the object is, 49 N
19.DEFINE INERTIA ?
The inability of a body to change its state of rest or of uniform motion by
itself is called inertia.
20.DEFINE MOMENTUM ?
The momentum p of an object is defined as the product of its mass m and
velocity v. That is, p=mv The SI unit of momentum is kg ms-1.
57
FIVE MARKS:1. a. Newtons first law of motion gives a qualitative definition offorce.
Justify.
Ans : Newtons first law is a qualitative definition of force because it explains
velocity]. It also gives the definition of force and also explains the property of
inertia and momentum.
First law states that if there is no force, there is no change in state of rest or of
uniform motion.
Inertia is the inability of the body to change by itself its state of rest or of uniform
motion in a straight line.
b. The figure represents two bodies of masses 10kg and 20 kg and
moving with an initial velocity of 10ms-1 and 5 ms-1 respectively.
They are colliding with each other. After collision they are
moving with velocities 12 ms-1 and 4 ms-1 respectively. The time
of collision be 2s. Then calculate F1 and F2
Solution :
Given :
For body A
For body B
-1
Mass m1 = 10kgms
m2 = 20kg
-1
Initial velocity u1 =10ms u2 = 5ms-1
Final velocity V1=12ms-1 t = 2s
Formula : F1 = -F2
The force acting on B
(action ) F1
= mass m2 x acceleration on B
F1
= m2(v2-u2)
t
(
)
=
F1
The force acting on A
( reaction ) F2
58
=
=
= -10 N
=-10N
= mass m1 x acceleration on A
= m1(v1-u1)
t
=
= 10 N
According to Newtons III law F1 = -F2
Ans : Force F1= -10 N : Force F2 = 10N
2. a Space stations are used to study the effects of long-space flight on the
human body. Justify.
These stations have various issues that limit their long-term
habitability, such as very low recycling rates, relatively high radiation
levels and a lack of gravity. Some of these problems cause discomfort and
long-term health effects
b. F=G m1 m2 /d2 is the mathematical form of Newtons law of
gravitation G-gravitational constant, m1 and m2 are the masses of
two bodies separated by a distance d, then give the statement of
Newtons law of gravitation.
Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force
which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them. The force act along the
line joining the centers of two objects.
m1
m2
d
F m1m2
F 1
d2
3.WRITE A NOTE ON FIRST LAW OF MOTION ?

An object remains in the state of rest or of uniform motion in a straight line
unless compelled to change that state by an applied unbalanced force.
Certain experiences that we come across while travelling in a motor car can be
explained on the basis of the law of inertia. We tend to remain at rest with respect
to the seat until the driver applies a braking force to stop the motor car. With the
application of brakes, the car slows down but our body tends to continue in the
same state of motion because of inertia. A sudden application of brakes may thus
cause injury to us by collision with panels in front.
59
4.WRITE A NOTE ON SECOND LAW OF MOTION ?

Suppose an object of mass m is moving along a straight line with an initial
velocity u. It is uniformly accelerated to velocity v in time t by the
application of constant force, F throughout the time, t.
Initial momentum of the object = mu
Final momentum of the object = mv
The change in = mv - mu = m(v - u) (1) momentum
K is known as the constant of proportionality. The SI unit of mass and

acceleration are kg and m s-2 respectively. The unit of force is so chosen that the
value of the constant K becomes one.
Therefore, F = ma (4)
1 unit of force = (1 kg) x (1 m s-2)
The unit of force is kg m s-2 or newton which has the symbol N.
60
5. WRITE A NOTE ON CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM AND

PROOF ?
The law of conservation of momentum states that, in the absence of
external unbalanced force the total momentum of a system of objects remains
unchanged or conserved by collision.
Consider two objects (two balls) A and B of masses m1 and m2 are
traveling in the same direction along a straight line at different velocities u1 and
u2 respectively Fig.15.6(a) .There are no other external unbalanced forces
acting on them . Let u1 > u2 and the two balls collide with each other as shown
in Fig. 15.6(b). During collision which last for time t , the ball A exerts a force
F1 on ball B , and the ball B exerts a force F2 on ball A. Let v1 and v2 be the
velocities of two balls A and B after collision respectively in the same direction
as before collision
61
m2 (v2 u2) = m1 (v1-u1)

m2v2 m2u2 = m1v1 + m1u1
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2
Therefore,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
The total momentum before collision is equal to the total momentum after
collision.
6. A bullet of mass 15g is horizontally fired with a velocity 100 m s-1 from a
pistol of mass 2 kg what is the recoil velocity of the pistol?
Solution:
The mass of bullet, m1 = 15 g = 0.015 kg
Mass of the pistol, m2 = 2 kg
Initial velocity of the bullet, u1 = 0
Initial velocity of the pistol, u2 = 0
Final velocity of the bullet, v1 = + 100 m s-1
(The direction of bullet is taken from left to right-positive, by convention)
Recoil velocity of the pistol, = v
Total momentum of the pistol and bullet
before fire, = (0.015 0 + 2 0) kg m s-1
= 0 kg m s-1
Total momentum of the pistol and bullet after fire,
= (0.015 100 + 2 v)
= (1.5 + 2v) kg m s-1
According to the law of conservation of momentum,
Total momentum after fire = total momentum before fire
1.5 + 2v = 0
2v = -1.5
v = -0.75 m s-1
Negative sign indicates that the direction in which the pistol would recoil is
opposite to that of the bullet, that is, right to left.
62
7. EXPLAIN NEWTON LAW OF GRAVITATION ?

Every object in the universe attracts every other object with a force which
is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional
to the square of the distance between them. The force acts along the line joining
the centers of two objects.
Let two objects A and B of masses m1, m2 respectively lie at a distance d from
each other as shown in Fig.15.12. Let the force of attraction between two objects
is F. According to above law,
F m1 X m2 (1)
Where G is the constant of proportionality and is called the Universal gravitation

constant. From eqn (4)
Substituting the S.I units in this equation the unit of G is found to be N m2kg-2
The value of G is 6.67310-11 N m2kg-2
63
8.Difference between mass and weight ?
9. WRITE A NOTE ON ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY AT THE

SURFACE OF THE EARTH ?
Consider a body of mass m on the surface of the earth
Its distance from the centre of the Earth is R (radius of the Earth).
The gravitational force experienced by the
mass of the earth. From Newtons second law of motion,
64
Force, F = mg
Equating the above two forces,
This equation shows that g is independent of the mass of the body m but, it
varies with the distance from the centre of the Earth. If the Earth is assumed to be
a sphere of radius R, the value of g on the surface of the Earth is given by
10. WRITE A NOTE ON CHANDRAYAAN -1 ?

Chandrayaan-1 is a moon-traveler or moon vehicle. It was Indians first
unmanned lunar probe. It was launched by Indian Space Research Organization
in October 2008 from Srihari Kota in Andrapradesh and operated until August
2009. The mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor. It carried five ISRO
payloads and six payloads from other space agencies including NASA, European
Space Agencies(ESA), and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency which were carried
free of cost.
11. write any six ACHIEVEMENTS OF CHANDRAYAAN ?
The discovery of wide spread presence of water molecules in lunar soil.
Chandrayaans Moon Mineralogy Mapper has confirmed that moon was once
completely molten.
European Space Agency payload- Chandrayaan-1 imaging X-ray spectrometer
(CIXS) detected more than two dozen weak solar flares during the mission.
The terrain mapping camera on board Chandrayaan-1 has recorded images of
the landing site of US space craft Apollo-15, Apollo-11.
It has provided high-resolution spectral data on the mineralogy of the moon.
.More than 40000 images have been transmitted by Chandrayaan Camera in 75
days.
The Terrain Mapping Camera acquired images of peaks and Craters. The moon
consists of mostly of Craters.
65
12. WRITE THE USES OF CRYOGENIC FUEL ?

(i) Rocket
The important use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuels. Cryogenic fuels mainly
liquid hydrogen has been used as rocket fuel.
(ii) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
MRI is used to scan inner organs of human body by penetrating very intense
magnetic field. The magnetic field is generated by super conducting coils with
the help of liquid helium. It can reduce the temperature of the coil to around 4k.
At this low temperature very high resolution images can be obtained.
(iii) Power transmission in big cities:
It is difficult to transmit power by over head cables in cities. So underground
cables are used. But underground cables get heated and the resistance of the wire
increases leading to wastage of power.
16.ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY

ONE MARKS:1. The potential difference required to pass a current 0.2 A in a wire of
resistance 20 ohm is _________.
(a) 100V b) 4 V c) 0.01 V d) 40 V)
2. Two electric bulbs have resistances in the ratio 1 : 2. If they are joined
in series, the energy consumed in these are in the ratio _________.
(a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1 c) 4 : 1 d) 1 : 1
3. Kilowatt-hour is the unit of __________.
(a) potential difference b) electric power c) electric energy d) charge
4. ________ surface absorbs more heat than any other surface under
identical conditions. a) White b) rough c) black d) yellow
5. The atomic number of natural radioactive element is _________.
(a) greater than 82 b) less than 82 c) not defined d) at least 92
3. A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an
electric circuit.
4. The S.I unit of electric charge is coulomb. This is equivalent to the
charge contained in nearly 6X1018 electrons.
5. The fuse consists of a piece of wire made of metal or an alloy (37%
lead, 63% tin).
6. Fuse has high resistance and low melting point.
7. The SI unit of electric power is watt (W).
66
8. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (kWh).

9.The phenomenon of the conduction of electricity through electrolytes
and chemical decomposition is called electrolysis.
10.The cells in which the electrical energy is derived from the chemical
action are called electrochemical cells.
11. A simple cell is a device which converts chemical energy into
electrical energy.
12. Primary cell is the cell from which the electric energy is derived by
irreversible chemical reaction.
13. In Leclanche cell ammonium chloride solution is acting as
electrolyte.
14. In Leclanche cell, carbon rod forms the positive pole and the zinc
rod the negative pole.
15. The e.m.f of freshly charged cell is 2.2V.
16. In a lead-acid accumulator, the anode and cathode are made of lead
and lead dioxide respectively.
17. The phenomenon of radioactivity was discovered by Henri
Becquerel in 1896.
18. Madame Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie discovered the
highly radioactive elements radium and polonium.
19. In 1939, German scientists Otto Hahn and Strassman discovered
nuclear fission.
20. Nuclear fusion is a process in which two or more lighter nuclei
combine to form a heavier nucleus.
21. The nuclear fusion reactions are known as thermo nuclear
reactions.
22. The radiation exposure is measured by the unit called roentgen(R).
23. One roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which produces
1.6 x 1012 pairs of ion in 1 gram of air.
24. Lead aprons and lead gloves are used while working in hazardous
area.
67
TWO MARKS:1.
From the following statements write down that which does not
represent ohms law?
a. current/potential difference
=
constant
b. potential difference/current
=
constant
c. current = resistance x potential difference
Ans : c. current = resistance x potential difference
2.
Fill in the blanks:

a. Potential difference: Voltmeter, then : current_______
b. Power plant: Conventional source of energy then solar
energy__________
Ans : a. Ammeter b. Non-conventional source
3. In the list of sources of energy given below, some of them are Wrong,
List out the wrong ones. (Wind energy, solar energy, hydro electric power,
nuclear energy, tidal energy, wave energy, geothermal energy)
Ans : Nuclear energy, Geothermal energy

a. A good source of energy would be one which would do a small amount of
work per unit volume of mass.
b. Any source of energy we use to do work is consumed and can be used
again.
Ans : a. A good source of energy would be one which would do a large
amount of work per unit volume of mass.
b. Any source of energy we use to do work is consumed and cannot be
used again.
5. The schematic diagram, in which different components of the circuit are
represented by the symbols conveniently used, is called a circuit diagram. What
do you mean by the term components?
Ans : Components mean elements.
68
6. Following graph was plotted between V and I values., What would be the
values of V/I ratios when the potential difference is 0.8 V and 1.2 V.
Ans : From the graph, V=.8 V, then I = 0.8 V and 1.2V
According to ohms law, V = IR. V I
.
A constant R = =
= 2.5
.
V = 1.2 V I=0.48A
R=
= 2.5
.
From this, as the potentinal increases current also increases.
The ratio of V/I is constant. So ohms law is verified.
7.
We know that Y-rays are harmful radiations emitted by natural

radioactive substances.
a. Which are other radiations from such substances?
b. Tabulate the following statements as applicable to each of the above
radiations.
They are electromagnetic radiation. They have high penetrating power. They
are electrons. They contain neutrons.
ANS : a. The other radiations are and -rays
- Rays
-Rays
-rays
(i) They are helium
They are electrons
i) They are
nuclei
electromagnetic
radiation.
ii) They have high
penetrating power.
8. Draw the schematic diagram of an electric circuit consisting of a battery of
two cells of 1.5 V each, three resistance of 5 ohm, 10 ohm and 15 ohm.
Respectively and a plug key all connected in series.
9.
Fuse wire is made up of an alloy of_____which has high resistance and

______________
Ans:- Tin and Lead ; Low melting point
th
69 BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10 Std Science 1
10. Observe the circuit given below and find the resistance across Ab.
Ans : The resistance across AB = sum of resistances R1 + R2

Rosistance in paraller (R1) = = + = =2
R1=
another parallel combination of resistances
= + = =2
The resistance across AB i.e., series
Rs=R1+R2
= + =1
The resistance across AB = 1
11. Complete the table choosing the right terms from within the brackets. (zinc,
copper, carbon, lead, leadoxide, aluminium)
+ve electrode
Danial cell
Ve electrode
Lechlechne cell
ANS:+ve electrode
Ve electrode
Danial cell
Lechlechne cell
Copper
Zinc
12. DEFINE ELECTRIC CRICUIT ?

A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an electric
circuit.
13.DEFINE POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE ?
We define the electric potential difference between two points in an
electric circuit carrying current as the work done to move a unit charge from one
point to the other. Potential difference (V) between two points = work done
(W)/charge (Q). V = W/Q The S.I Unit of potential difference is volt
70
14. A current of 0.75 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10

minutes. Find the amount of electric charge that flows through the
circuit.
Solution:
Given, I = 0.75 A, t = 10 minutes = 600 s We know,
Q = I t = 0.75 A 600 s Q = 450 C
15. How much work is done in moving a charge of 5 C across two points
having a potential difference 10 V ?
Solution:
Given charge, Q = 5 C Potential difference, V = 10 V
The amount of work done in moving the charge, W = V Q
W= 10 V 5C = 50 J
16.WRITE THE COMPONENTS NAME AND SYMBOLS FOR THE
FOLLOWING ?
71
17. STATE OHMS LAW ?

Ohms law states that at constant temperature the steady current (I) fl owing
through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference (V)
between its ends. V I (or) V/I = constant.
18.The potential difference between the terminals of an electric heater is 60
V when it draws a current of 5 A from the source. What current
will the heater draw if the potential difference is increased to 120 V ?
Solution:
Given the potential difference, V = 60 V Current, I = 5 A
According to ohms law, R = V/I = 60 V / 5 A = 12
When the potential difference is increased to 120 V, the current is given by I =
V/R = 120 V / 12 = 10 A
19.Two resistances 18 and 6 are connected to a 6 V battery in series.
Calcu- late (a) the total resistance of the circuit, (b) the current through the
circuit.
Solution:
(a) Given the resistance, R1 = 18 R2 = 6 The total resistance of the circuit
RS = R1 + R2 RS = 18 + 6 = 24
(b) The potential difference across the two terminals of the battery
V = 6 V Now the current through the circuit,
I = V/ RS = 6 V / 24 = 0.25 A
20.Three resistances having the values 5 , 10 , 30 are connected
parallel with each other. Calculate the total circuit resistance.
Solution:
Given, R1 = 5 , R2 = 10 , R3 = 30
These resistances are connected parallel
72
21. STATE JOULES LAW OF HEATING ?

Applying Ohms law we get H=I Rt. This is known as Joules law of
heating. The law implies that heat produced in a resistor is
(1) directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistance,
(2) directly proportional to the resistance for a given current, and
(3) directly proportional to the time for which the current flows through the
resistor
22. A potential difference 20 V is applied across a 4 resistor. Find the rate
of production of heat.
Solution:
Given potential difference, V = 20 V The resistance, R = 4
The time, t = 1 s According to ohms law, I = V / R
I = 20 V / 4 = 5 A The
rate of production of heat, H = I2Rt H = 52 4 1
= 100 J
23. DEFINE ONE WATT HOUR ?
One watt hour is the energy consumed when one watt of power is used for one
hour. The commercial unit of electric energy is kilowatt hour (KWh), commonly
known as unit. 1 kWh = 1000watt 3600second = 3.6106 watt second = 3.6
106 joule (J)
24. An electric bulb is connected to a 220 V generator. The current is 0.50 A.
What is the power of the bulb?
Solution:
Electric generator voltage V = 220 V, the current I = 0.50 A
The power of the bulb, P = VI = 220 x 0.50 = 110 W
73
25. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR VOLTAIC CELL ?
26. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR LECLANCHE CELL ?
27. DRAW THE DIAGRAM FOR LEAD ACID ACCUMULATOR ?
28. DEFINE PRIMARY CELL ?

Primary cell The cells from which the electric energy is derived by
irreversible chemical reaction are called primary cells.
29. DEFINE RADIOACTIVITY ?
The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of highly penetrating radiations such as , , and rays by heavy elements having atomic number greater
than 82 is called radioactivity and the substances which emit these radiations
are called radioactive elements
74
30. DEFINE NUCLEAR FISSION ?

The process of breaking up of the nucleus of a heavier atom into two
fragments with the release of large amount of energy is called nuclear fission.
235
+ 0n1 56Ba141 + 36Kr92 +30n1 + 200 MeV
92U
31. DEFINE NUCLEAR FUSSION ?
Nuclear fusion is a process in which two or more lighter nuclei combine to
2
3
4
1
form a heavier nucleus
1H + 1H 2 He + 0n + Energy
32. Calculate the energy produced when 1 kg of substance is fully converted
into energy.
Solution:
Energy produced, E = mc2 Mass, m = 1 kg
Velocity of light, c = 3108 ms-1
E = 1(3108 )2
E = 9 1016 J
33. DEFINE ONE ROENTGEN ?
The radiation exposure is measured by the unit called roentgen(R). One
roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which produces
1.6x 1012 pairs of ion in 1 gram of air.
34.WHAT ARE THE PRECAUTIONS TAKEN IN RADIATION
LABORATORIES ?
The following precautions are to be taken for those, who are working in
radiation laboratories.
(i)Radioactive materials are kept in thick-walled lead container.
(ii) Lead aprons and lead gloves are used while working in hazardous area.
(iii) A small micro-fi lm badge is always worn by the person and it is checked
periodically for the safety limit of radiation.
(iv) Nuclear devices can be operated using remote control system. (v) Clean
up contamination in the work area promptly.
75
ONE MARKS:1. The magnification produced by a mirror is 1/3, then the type of mirror
is------------- (a) concave b) convex c) plane
2. An electric current through a metallic conductor produces _________
around it. (a) heat b) light c) magnetic field d) mechanical force
3. The field of view is maximum for -------------(a) plane mirror b) concave mirror c) convex mirror
4. An object is placed 25 cm from a convex lens whose focal length is 10
cm. The image distance is ________ .
(a) 50 cm b) 16.66 cm c) 6.66 cm d)10 cm
5. The lines along which the iron fillings align themselves represent
magnetic lines of force.
6. Magnetic field is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
direction of magnetic field.
7. An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy
in to mechanical energy.
8. A device that reverses the direction of flow of current through a circuit
is called a commutator.
9. In electric motors, the split ring acts as a commutator.
10. The soft iron core, on which the coil is wound, plus the coils, is called
an armature.
11. Armature enhances the power of the motor.
12. Faraday in1831 discovered that an electro motive force is produced
in a circuit whenever the magnetic flux linked with a coil changes.
13.The emf generated by the relative motion between the conductor and
a magnetic field. is called an induced emf and the phenomenon is
known as electro magnetic induction.
14.The induced emf will cause a current to flow through the conductor.
Such a current is known as induced current.
15. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards is
called a concave mirror.
16. A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards is
called a convex mirror.
17.The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point,
called the pole.
76
18. The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror.
19. The diameter of the reflecting surface of spherical mirror is called its
aperture.
20. Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and
vehicles head lights to get powerful parallel beams of light.
21. Concave mirrors are used as shaving mirrors to see a lager image
of the face.
22. The dentists use concave mirrors to see large images of the teeth
of patients.
23. Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sun light to produce
heat in solar furnaces.
24. Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view mirrors in
vehicles.
25. In a spherical mirror, the distance of the object from its pole is called
the object distance (u).
26. The distance of the image from the pole of the mirror is called the
image distance (v).
27. The distance of the principal focus from the pole is called the focal
length (f).
28.The mirror formula is expressed as 1/v + 1/u = 1/f.
29. Light travels the fastest in vacuum with the highest speed of
3X 108 m s-1.
30. The central point of a lens is called its optical centre.
31. The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is
called its aperture.
32. The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre.
33. The power of a convex lens is positive and that of a concave lens is
negative.
34. The band of the coloured component of a light beam is called its
spectrum.
35. The hotter air has a refractive index slightly less than that of the
cooler air.
36. In human eve, the lens system forms an image on a light sensitive
screen called the retina.
37. Light enters the eye through the thin membrane called the cornea.
77
38. The eye ball is approximately spherical in shape with a diameter of

about 2.3cm.
39. Myopia can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable power.
40. Hypermetripia can be corrected by using a convex lens of
appropriate power.
41. H.S.T is named after the American astronomer Edwin Hubble.
TWO MARKS :1. From the following statement write down that which is applicable to a
commutator?
a. galvanometer uses commentator for deadbeat.
b. transformer uses commentator to step up voltage
c. motor uses commentator to reverse the current.
Ans : motor uses commentator to reverse the current.
a. For a motor: a permanent magnet, then commercial motor:____
b. Focal length of a lens; meter, then for power of a lens_____
Ans : a. Electromagnet
b. Dioptre
a. Magnetic field is a quantity that has magnitude only.
b. The magnetic field lines emerge from the south pole and merge at the
north pole.
Ans: a. Magnetic field is a quantity that has magnitude and direction.
b. The magnetic field lines emerge from the north pole and merge at the
south pole.
4. The ray diagram shown below is introduced to show how a concave mirror
forms an image of an object.
a. identify the mistake and draw the correct ray diagram.

b. Write the justifications for your corrections.
78
Ans : a.
Ans : b. A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror,

after reflection, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
5. In traffic signals______colour light is used to stop vehicles because it is
having____wave length.
Ans : red , larger
6. Considerations this writes down the names of the parts in human eye.
a. Dark muscular diaphragm that controls the pupil.
b. The screen at where the image is formed by eye lens.
Ans : a) Iris
b. Retina
7. You know that myopia is a common refractive defect of vision. Person
with this defect can see only nearby objects clearly. Using concave lens of
suitable power this defect is corrected.
a. mention other two types of defects like this.
b. explain how can we correct it.
Ans : a. Hypermetropia or far sightedness and presbyopia.
b. Hypermetropia is corrected by using convex lens. Presbyopia is
corrected by using bifocal lenses.
8. a. Which of the compass needle orientations in the following diagram might
correctly describe the magnets field at that point?
b. To an astronaut sky appears dark instead of blue. Give the reason.
ANS:
79
b) The skyappears dark instead of blue to an astronaut because there is

no atmosphere containing air in the outer space to scatter sunlight. As there is no
scattered light to reach eyes in outer space, the sky appears dark.
9. STATE FLEMINGS LEFT HAND RULE ?
Stretch the thumb, fore finger and middle finger of your left hand such that
they are mutually perpendicular. If the forefinger points in the direction of
magnetic field and the middle finger points in the direction of current, then the
thumb will point in the direction of motion or the force acting on the conductor.
10. DEFINE ELECTRO MAGNETIC INDUCTION ?
When ever there is a relative motion between the conductor and a
magnetic field. Then emf produced in this way is called an induced emf and the
phenomenon is known as electro magnetic induction.
11. STATE ANGLE OF REFLECTION ?
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
12.DEFINE CONCAVE MIRROR ?
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved inwards is called a
concave mirror.
13. DEFINE CONVEX MIRROR ?
A spherical mirror whose reflecting surface is curved outwards is called a convex
mirror.
14. DEFINE POLE ?
The centre of the reflecting surface of a spherical mirror is a point,
called the pole. It is represented by the letter P.
80
15. DEFINE CENTRE OF CURVATURE ?

The reflecting surface of a spherical mirror forms a part of a sphere.
This sphere has a centre. This point is called the centre of curvature of the
spherical mirror. It is represented by the letter C.
16.DEFINE RADIUS OF CURVATURE ?
The radius of the sphere of which the reflecting surface of a spherical
mirror forms a part, is called the radius of curvature of the mirror. It is
represented by the letter R.
17. DEFINE PRINCIPAL AXIS ?
Imagine a straight line passing through the pole and the centre of curvature of a
spherical mirror. This line is called the principal axis.
18. STATE Flemings right hand rule ?
Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right hand so that they are
perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger indicates the direction of the
magnetic field and the thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then
the middle finger will show the direction of induced current.
19.State the laws of reflection of light ?
(i) The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and
(ii) The incident ray, the normal to the mirror at the point of incidence and the
reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.
20.Define focal length?
The distance between the pole and the principal focus of a spherical mirror
is called the focal length.
21. Uses of concave mirror
Concave mirrors are commonly used in torches, search-lights and vehicles
head lights to get powerful parallel beams of light. They are used as shaving
mirrors to see a large image of the face. The dentists use concave mirrors to see
large images of the teeth of patients. Large concave mirrors are used to
concentrate sun light to produce heat in solar furnaces
81
22. Uses of convex mirrors

Convex mirrors are commonly used as rear-view mirrors in vehicles. These
mirrors are fitted on the sides of the vehicle, enabling the driver to see traffic
behind him/her to facilitate safe driving. Convex mirrors are preferred because
they always give an erect image. Also they have a wider field of view as they are
curved outwards.
23. A convex mirror used for rear-view on an automobile has a radius of
curvature of 3 m. If a bus is located at 5 m from this mirror, find the
position and nature of the image.
272
Solution:
Radius of curvature, R = +3.00 m
Object distance u = - 5.00 m
Image distance v = ?
We know,
The image is 1.15 at the back of the mirror . The image is virtual.
24. State the Laws of refraction ?
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the interface oftwo
transparent media at the point of incidence, all lie in the same
plane.
(ii) The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is a
constant, for the light of a given colour and for the
given pair of media. This law is also known as Snells law of refraction.
If i is the angle of incidence and r is the angle of refraction, then,
Sin i /sin r = constant
82
25.Define optical centre ?

The central point of a lens is called its optical centre.
26. Define aperture ?
The effective diameter of the circular outline of a spherical lens is called its
aperture.
27.A concave lens has focal length of 15 cm. At what distance should the
object from the lens be placed so that it forms an image 10 cm from the
lens?
28. An object is placed at a distance of 30cm from a concave lens of focal

length 15cm. An erect and virtual image is formed at a distance of 10 cm
from the lens. Calculate the magnification.?
Solution:
Object distance, u = -30 cm
Image distance, v = -10 cm
29.Define power of the lens ?

The power of a lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. It is
represented by the letter P. The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by
The SI unit of power of a lens is dioptre. It is denoted by the letter D.
83
30.The focal length of a concave lens is 2m. Calculate the power of the lens.
Solution:
Focal length of concave lens, f = - 2 m
Power of the lens,
p = - 0.5 dioptre
31.Define dispersion ?
The splitting of light into its component colours is called dispersion.
32.Define spectrum ?
The band of the coloured component of a light beam is called its spectrum.
33.Define retina ?
The human eye is like a camera. Its lens system forms an image on a light
sensitive screen called the retina.
5 MARKS :1. (a) Label the following in the given diagram given below.
i) Incident ray ii) Refracted ray iii) Emergent ray
iv)Angle of refraction v) Angle of deviation
vi) Angle of emergence
84
(b) The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this
statement in relation to speed of light?
The refractive index of diamond = 2.42
velocity of light C = 3 x 108 m/s
velocity of light through a diamond v = ?
The refractive index of the medium is given by
=
i.e., the speed of light is not same as that of in air when it passes through the
medium
= 3x108
2.42
V = 3x108
2.42
= 1.23 x108 m/s
The speed of light is lesser in medium than in air V<C
2. a. Re draw the above diagram.
b.This diagram represents _________
c. Label the parts of the diagram.
d. Write the principle of the name of the device denoted by this
diagram.
b.This diagram represents _________(ANS: A C Generator )
C.
c.
d. Ans: Electro magnetic induction

85
3.Describe the electric motor with diagram ?

An electric motor is a rotating device that converts electrical energy in to
mechanical energy. Do you know how an electric motor works? An electric motor, as
shown in Fig. 17.10, consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of insulated copper wire.
The coil is placed between two poles of a magnetic field such that the arm AB and CD
are perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. The ends of the coil are connected
to the two halves S1 and S2 of a split ring. The inner side of these halves insulated and
attached to an axle. The external conducting edges of S1 and S2 touch two conducting
stationary brushes B1 and B2, respectively. Current in the coil ABCD enters from the
source battery through conducting brush B1 and flows back to the battery through
brush B2. Notice that the current in arm AB of the coil flows from A to B. In arm CD
it flows from C to D, that is, opposite to the direction of current through arm AB. On
applying Flemings left hand rule for the direction of force on a current-carrying
conductor in a magnetic field. We find that the force acting on arm AB pushes it
downwards while the force acting on arm CD pushes it upwards. Thus the coil and the
axle, mounted free to turn about an axis, rotate anti-clockwise. At half rotation S2
makes contact with the brush B1 and S1 with brush B2. Therefore the current in the
coil gets reversed and flows along the path DCBA. A device that reverses the direction
of flow of current through a circuit is called a commutator. In electric motors, the split
ring acts as a commutator. The reversal of current also reverses the direction of force
acting on the two arms AB and CD. Thus the arm AB of the coil that was earlier
pushed down is now pushed up and the arm CD previously pushed up is now pushed
down. Therefore the coil and the axle rotate half a turn more in the same direction. The
reversing of the current is repeated at each half rotation, giving rise to a continuous
rotation of the coil and to the axle. The commercial motors use (i) an electro magnet in
place of permanent magnet; (ii) large number of turns of the conducting wire in the
current-carrying coil, and (iii) a soft iron core on which the coil is wound . The soft
iron core, on which the coil is wound, is called an armature. This enhances the power
of the motor.
86
whenever there is a relative motion between the conductor and a magnetic

field.Then emf produced in this way is called an induced emf and the
phenomenon is known as electromagnetic induction.
4. Describe the Ac and Dc generator with diagram ?
An electric generator, as shown in Fig.17.13a, consists of rotating
rectangular coil ABCD placed between the two poles of a permanent magnet.
The two ends of this coil are connected to the two rings S1 and S2. The inner
sides of these rings are made insulated. The two conducting stationary brushes
B1 and B2 are kept pressed separately on the rings S1 and S2 respectively. The
two rings S1 and S2 are internally attached to an axle. The axle may be
mechanically rotated from outside to rotate the coil inside the magnetic field.
Outer ends of the two brushes are connected to the external circuit. When the
axle attached to the two rings is rotated such that the arm AB moves up, the arm
CD moves down in the magnetic field produced by the permanent magnet. Let us
say the coil ABCD is rotated clockwise. By applying Flemings right- hand rule
the induced currents are setup in these arms along the directions AB and CD.
Thus an induced current flows in the direction ABCD. If there are large numbers
of turns in the coil, the current generated in each turn adds up to give a large
current through the coil. This means that the current in the external circuit flows
from B1 to B2. After half a rotation, arm CD starts moving up and AB moving
down. As a result, the directions of the induced currents in both the arms change,
giving rise to the net induced current in the direction DCBA. The current in the
external circuit now flows from B1 to B2. Thus after every half rotation the
polarity of the current in the respective arms changes. Such a current which
changes direction after equal intervals of time, is called an alternating current
(AC). This device is called an AC generator To get a direct current (DC), a splitring type commutator must be used with this arrangement, Fig.17.13b, one brush
is at all times in contact with the arm moving up in the field, while the other is in
contact with the arm moving down. Thus a unidirectional current is produced.
The generator is thus called a DC generator.
87
5.Write a note on Reflection of light by spherical mirror ?

(i) A ray parallel to the principal axis,after reflection, will pass through principal
focus in case of a concave mirror or appear to diverge from the principal focus in
case of a convex mirror. This is illustrated in Fig.
17.16(a) and (b).
88
(ii) A ray passing through the principal focus of a concave mirror or a ray
directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror, after reflection, will
emerge parallel to the principal axis. This is illustrated in Fig.17.17 (a) and (b).
(iii) A ray passing through the centre of curvature of a concave mirror or directed
in the direction of the centre of curvature of a convex mirror, after reflection, is
reflected back along the same path. This is illustrated in Fig.17.18 (a) and (b).
89
6. Write a note Image formation by concave mirror ?
90
7. Write a note Image formation by a convex mirror
8. write a note Sign convention for reflection by spherical mirrors

(i) The object is always placed to the left of the mirror.
(ii) All distances parallel to the principal axis are measured from the pole of
the mirror.
(iii) All the distances measured to the right of the origin (along +X-axis) are
taken as positive while those measured to the left of the origin (along -X-axis)
are taken as negative
(iv) Distances measured perpendicular to and above the principal axis
(along +Y-axis) are taken as positive.
(v) Distances measured perpendicular to and below the principal axis
(along -Y-axis) are taken as negative. The New Cartesian Sign Convention
described above is illustrated in Fig. 17.21.
91
These sign conventions are applied to obtain the mirror formula

9. Write a note on Image formation by lenses ?
(i) A ray of light from the object, parallel to the principal axis, after
refraction from a convex lens, passes through the principal focus on the
other side of the lens, as shown in Fig.17.24(a). In case
of a concave lens, the ray appears to diverge from the principal focus
located on the same side of the lens, as shown in Fig.17.24(b)
(a)
92
(ii) A ray of light passing through a principal focus after refraction from
a convex lens will emerge parallel to the principal axis. This is shown in
Fig 17.25(a). A ray of light appearing to meet at the principal focus of a
concave lens, after refraction, will emerge parallel to the principal axis.
This is shown in Fig. 17.25(b).
(iii) A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens will emerge
without any deviation. This is illustrated in Fig 17.26(a) and (b).
93
10. Write a note on Image formation by convex lens ?
94
11. Write a note on Image formation by concave lens ?
12.Write a note on Defects of vision and rectification in human eye?

There are mainly three common refractive defects of vision. These are
(i) Myopia or near - sightedness.(ii) Hypermetropia or far-sightedness, and (iii)
Presbyopia. These defects can be corrected by the use of suitable spherical
lenses.
(a) Myopia
Myopia is also known as nearsightedness. A person with myopia can see near
by objects clearly but cannot see the distant objects distinctly.
A person with this defect has the far point nearer than infinity. Such a person
may see clearly up to a distance of a few meters. In a myopic eye, the image of a
distant object is formed in front of the retina and not at the retina itself. This
defect may arise due to (i) excessive curvature of the eye lens, or (ii) elongation
of the eyeball. This defect can be corrected by using a concave lens of suitable
95
power. This is illustrated in A concave lens of suitable power will bring the
image back on to the retina and thus the defect is corrected.
(b) Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia is also known as far-sightedness. A person with hypermetropia
can see distant objects clearly but cannot see near by objects distinctly. The near
point, for the person, is further away from the normal near point (25 cm). Such a
person has to keep a reading material such beyond 25cm from the eye for
comfortable reading. This is because the light rays from a close by object are
focussed at a point behind the retina This defect either because (i) the focal
length of the eye lens is too long or (ii) the eyeball has become too small. This
defect can be corrected by using a convex lens of appropriate power. Eye- glasses
with
converging lenses provide the additional focusing power required for forming the
image on the retina.
(c) Presbyopia
The power of accommodation of the eye usually decreases with ageing. For most
people, the near point gradually recedes away. They find it difficult to see near
by objects comfortably and distinctly without corrective eye - glasses. This
defect is called Presbyopia. It arises due to the gradual weakening of the ciliary
muscles and diminishing flexibility of the eye lens. Sometimes, a person may
suffer from both myopia and hypermetropia. Such people often require by-focal
lenses. A common type of by-focal lenses consists of both concave and convex
lenses. The upper portion consists of a concave lens. It facilitates distant vision.
These days, it is possible to correct the refractive defects with contact lenses.
96
MODEL QUESTION PAPER

X STANDARD SCIENCE
Time : 2.30
Section A
Marks :75
I Choose the right Answer
1 x 15 = 15
1. A fruit develops from a single flower with multicarpellary, apocarpous,
superior ovary is __________
(Aggregate fruit, composite fruit, simple fruit, multiple fruit)
2. Which of the following constitute a food chain____________________
{ (Grass, Wheat and Mango), (Grass, goat and Human),
(Goat, cow and elephant),(Grass, fish and goat)}
3. Somatic genetheraphy does ______
( affect the sperm, affect the egg,
affect the progency, affect body cell)
4. Pick out the bacterial disease_____( Meningities, Rabies, Tetanus, Small pox)
5. Mammals main excretory product is ___(Ammonia, Uric acid, Urea, Sodium)
6. When sunlight passes through the window of your house, the dust particles
scatter the light making the path of the light visible. This phenomenon is
called as (Brownian motion , tyndall effect, Raman Effect , uniform motion)
7. 2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2 In this chemical reaction MnO2 acts as
(reactant, product , catalyst, promoter)
8. Number of groups in modern periodic table is --------------- (7,17,18,8)
9. An amalgam is an alloy of metal with ( carbon, mercury, hydrogen, gold)
10. The saturated hydrocarbons form homologous series with the general
formula CnH2n+2. The formula of the second member in this series is
(C2H2, C2H6,C2H4,C2H8)
11. An object is placed at 25 c.m. from a convex lens whose focal length is
10c.m. The image distance is (50 c.m, 16.66 c.m, 6.6 c.m., 10 c.m.)
12. Mass of an object is 10 Kg. What is its weight on the earth
(where w=mg, g=9.8m/s2 ) (49 N, 25 N, 98 N, 100 N)
13. Four cells each of emf E are joined in parallel to form a battery. The
equivalent emf of the battery will be (4E, E, E/4, E=0)
14. The symbol for closed switch is
15. Electric power can be transmitted over long distance without much loss of
energy is an important advantage of ..(AC, DC, Both AC & DC,
None)
97
Section B
II i) Short Answers
ii) Answer any twenty questions.
20 X 2 = 40
16. Match the following glands with suitable hormone
Glands Hormone
a. Adrenal cortex i) Insulin
b. Neurohypophysis ii) Thyroxin
c. Thyroid iii) Cortisone
d. Islets of Langerhan iv) Oxytocin
17. Do you agree with the statement given below. If not, give the correct
statements.
a. Variation may be defined as the affinities in the characteristics among
the individual the species
b. Evolution is a sudden development from the complex species to simple
form Do you agree with the above statements?
18. Copy the diagram of neuron and label the parts A and B
19. Assertion (A): The secretions of pituitary gland controls all other endocrine
glands.
Reason (R) : It is known as the conductor of endocrine orchestra
a) A is correct and R is not giving correct reasoning.
b) A is correct and R is wrong
c) A is wrong and R is correct
d) A is relevant and R is giving correct reasoning.
20. You suspect that your friend is suffering from common cold. What are the
questions you will ask your friend to confirm the disease.
98
21. The polar bears have thick skin coat and wooly fur, the ballen whales have
ballen plates. Give reasons
22. The diagram shows that internal structure of the human heart. Label the
following parts.
a. The blood vessal that carries blood to the lungs
b. The blood vessal that carries blood to the different parts of the body.
23. The tearing teeth of carnivorous animals . The tusks of an

elephant are modified teeth of .
24. Draw and label any two parts of the anther.
25. What will happen if all the grass is removed from the grass land eco system?
26. Assertion A: All public places need not have adequate sanitation and
hygiene facilities.
Reason (R): There is a greater risk of the spread of diseases such as
Hepatitis A, Typhoid, diareha, etc.,
a) A is right R is wrong
b) A is wrong R is right
c) R explains A
d) B does not explain A
27. Assertion A :Alcohol is made by fermenting the sugar components of plant
materials. It can be used as a fuel for vehicles.
Reason (R) : Bio - ethanol is widely used.
a) A is false statement R is correct
th
99 BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10 Std Science 1
b) A is correct R is wrong
c) A is correct R is relevant
d) A and R statements not relevant.
28. Read the following the statements and correct them.
i) Green diesel is a fossil fuel.
ii) Bio - ethanol is widely used in England and Spain
29. Any water that has been used in the home, with the exception of water in
the toilet can be referred to as waste water. It is also referred as gray water.
Suggest any two ways to reuse this water and state benefit out of it.
30. Pollen grains have ceaseless, zigzag, continuous random motion when taken
in a beaker containing water. Name the phenomenon and give the reason.
31. 20 g of common salt is dissolved in 60 g of water. Find the concentration of
the solution in terms of weight percentage?
32. Analyse the table and fill up the blanks
33. Read the redox reaction given below and answer the questions.
CuO+H2
Cu+H2O
a. Conversion of CuO in to Cu is called _____________
b. Conversion of H2 into H2O is called _____________
34. The pH Values of certain familiar substances are given below
Analyses the data in the above table and answer the following questions
a. Which of the substances are acidic in nature?

b. Which substance is basic in nature?
35. From the extract of the periodic table answer the following
100
a. How many elements are present in the second period?

b. Write the group number for fluorine and neon?
36. An alloy of metal A is used in making aircraft parts. A reacts with strong
solution of NaOH to give B with the liberation of H2 gas. Identify A and B
37. Match the following:
a. Ethylalcohol
i) - CO b. Acetaldehyde
ii) - OH
c. Methanoicacid
iii) - CHO
d. Acetone
iv) -COOH
38. Observe the diagram and Write the answer
a. The resultant of these forces is ______________
b. Does the ball move?
39. When a gun is fired, it exerts forward forces on the bullet. Why does the
gun recoil backwards?
40. Leclanche cell diagram is given below. Lable the parts A, B, C, D.
41. Match the following

Components Symbols
42. Harmful radiations originate from a nuclear reactor. Precautions are taken
to see that they do not become a threat to living beings. What are these
precautions?
101
43. The ray diagram shown below is introduced to show how a concave mirror
forms an image A B of an object A B placed at F.
a. Identify the mistakes and draw the correct ray diagram.

b. Write the justification for your corrections
44. The speed of light in vacuum is 3 X 10 8 m/s Calculate the speed of light in
medium of refractive index 4/3. [Hint: = c/v]
45. Odd one out.
a. Myopia, hypermetropia, scurvy, presbyopia
b. Convex mirror, concave mirror, plane mirror, convex lens.
Section C
4 x 5 = 20
Note: i) Answer any four questions by choosing one question from each
group
ii) Each question carries five marks
iii) Draw diagram wherever necessary
Group-A
46. a. State any two applications of Bio-sensor in medicines. Somatic
genetherapy does not effect the sperm or egg. Give reason.
b. What are the types of gene therapy?
47. a. The transfer of disease causing germ from an infected person to a
normal healthy person through air by sneezing, coughing and talking is
possible. Is there any other agent that transmits the infectious germs. List
the agents or carriers, and the various diseases caused by them.
b. Administering vaccine is to prevent the spread of diseases. Brief the role
of MMR and DT vaccine.
Group-B
48. Calyx, Corolla are the parts of a flower.
a. Give the reproductive parts of a flower
b. State the process involved in sexual reproduction.
c. Fruit is a ripened ovary classify the following fruits.
1. Cotton / Ladys finger 2. Paddy 3. Castor
102
49. a) Smoke, Smoke everywhere smoke. List the effects of coal smoking.
b) To meet out the water scarcity we need several ways to increase the
water supply. Suggest any two ways to manage the crisis.
Group-C
50. a. Mole concept is introduced to express the quality of a substance. If 90 g
of water is taken in a beaker. Find the number of moles in it.
b. Atoms and molecules are the building blocks of matter. List out any two
differences between them.
51. a. Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid.
i) Name the organic product formed.
ii) Give the name of the reaction.
iii) What is the role of sulphuric acid in the above reaction
b. The structural formula of an organic compound is CH 3 CH 2 - OH
i) Write the IUPAC name of this compound
ii) Give one use of this compound.
Group D
52. a. Place the following objects in the correct order from the lowest to the
highest momentum.
Assume that all the objects are moving at their maximum velocity.
Aeroplane, Train, Bus, Car, Cycle.
{Where: Momentum = mass x velocity; p = mv }
b. Which object has more momentum ; a car travelling at 10 km/hr or a
baseball pitched at 150 km/hr? Explain your answer.
c. Newtons third law of motion. For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction. Explain this law, using one illustration.
53. a. Observe the figure and write down the following quantities using
Cartesian sign convention.
i) The length of the object AB

103
ii) The distance to the image.

iii) The focal length of the convex mirror
b. Observe the figure and answer the following questions
i) Why is the magnetic needle deflected?

ii) If the direction of current is reversed, what will be the direction of
deflection of magnetic needle?
the method of finding direction of current in this device.
104

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BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HR.SEC.

SAMACHEER KALVI TEXT BOOK

M.MAGESH KUMAR., B.Sc., B.Ed., (Chemistry)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

BHARATHIDHASANAR MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM-3

X- SCIENCE I ( UNIT TEST QUESTION PATTERN)

II. Answer the following questions: (Two marks)

III. Answer the following in detail:

X- SCIENCE (MONTHLY EXAM QUESTION PATTERN)

II. Answer the following questions: (Two marks)

III. Answer the following in detail: (Five marks)

CHOOSE (phy 1 ,che 1 , bot 1 , zoo- 1)

UNIT TEST AND MONTHLY EXAM PORTION :- ( SCIENCE I )

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

16. ELECTRICITY AND ENERGY

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

15. LAWS OF MOTION AND GRAVITATION

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

BHARATHIDHASANAR MAT. HR. SEC. SCHOOL, ARAKKONAM

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

14. The process of food assimilation by man is in the form of solution.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

34. Based on the type of solvent solutions are classified in to aqueous

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

TWO MARKS:1. you have prepared a saturated solution of sugar. it is possible to

2. Find the concentration of solutions in terms of weight

3. Distinguish between the saturated and unsaturated solution

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

4. Distinguish between True solution and colloidal solution?

5. From the table given below, furnish your points of inferences?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

9. DEFINE COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS ?

10. DEFINE SUSPENSIONS ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

15. DEFINE UNSATURATED SOLUTION ?

17.DEFINE SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

21.STATE HENRYS LAW ?

23. 2g of potassium sulphate was dissolved in 12.5 ml of water. On cooling,

24. 50g of saturated solution of NaCl at 30oC is evaporated to dryness when

NaCl = 36g (appx.)

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

25. An empty evaporating dish weighs 20.0g On the addition of saturated

10. ATOMS AND MOLECULES:ONE MARK

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

3. One mole of any substances contain 6.023 x 1023 particles.

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

12. DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ATOM AND MOLECULE ?

13.DEFINE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS BASED ON HYDROGEN

14.DEFINE RELATIVE ATOMIC MASS BASED ON CARBON SCALE ?

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

15.DEFINE RELATIVE MOLECULAR MASS BASED ON

The relative molecular mass of an element or a compound is the ratio of mass of

The relative molecular mass of an element or a compound is the ratio of mass of

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

3. Calculate the number of moles in

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1

4. Applications of Avogadros law

ONE MARKS:1. Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2

BHARATHIDHASANAR MATRIC HIGHER SECONDARY SCHOOL ARAKKONAM- 10th Std Science 1