IMPLEMENTATION OF SCADA/DMS

FOR 33/11 KV SUBSTATIONS IN VSP

CITY
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of
Requirements of the award of the degree

MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
POWER SYSTEM AND CONTROL AUTOMATION
Submitted by
A.PRAVEEN
Under the esteemed guidance of
Sri V.MANIKANTA
Project Engineer (SCADA)
CHEMTROLS INDUSTRIES LTD.
A.P.E.P.D.C.L
Visakhapatnam

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

G. V. P. COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
( NBA Accredited, Approved by A.I.C.T.E)
2016 - 2017

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express

Sri

our

profound

V.MANIKANTA,

gratitude to our external guide

Project

Engineer

(SCADA),A.P.E.P.D.C.L

Visakhapatnam for his valuable guidance rendered by his throughout the project.
We sincerely extend our gratitude to Prof. Dr. K. NARASIMHARAO, to
Head of the Department, Electrical And Electronics Engineering, and Dr. T. Sirish
Associate Professor for their co-operation which helped us to complete this project with in
the time.
We extend our gratitude to A.P.E.P.D.C.L, Visakhapatnam officials for
providing us all the necessary help and guidance at every stage of collecting data.

BY
A.PRAVEEN
M. Tech

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled IMPLEMENTATION OF SCADA/DMS
FOR 33/11 KV SUBSTATIONS IN VSP CITY is a bonafide work done by
A.PRAVEEN, Registration no:15131D5303.

In the partial fulfilment of the requirement of Master of Technology in

Power Systems and Control Automation under my supervision and guidance during
academic year 2016-2017.

Head of the department

InternalGuide

Dr.K.NARASIMHA RAO, M.Tech., Ph.D., MIE

ABSTRACT
SCADA stands for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition. As the name
indicates, it is not a full control system, but rather focuses on the
supervisory level. It is a computer system for gathering and analyzing real
time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a plant or
equipment in industries such as substations, telecommunications, water
and waste control, energy, oil and gas refining and transportation.
A SCADA system gathers information,
such as substation information, where a leak on a pipeline has occurred,
transfers the information back to a central site, alerting the home station
that the leak has occurred, carrying out necessary analysis and control,
such as determining if the leak is critical, and displaying the information in
a logical and organized fashion. SCADA systems can be relatively simple,
such as one that monitors environmental conditions of a small office
building, or incredibly complex, such as a system that monitors all the
activity in a nuclear power plant or the activity of a municipal water system.
This paper describes the SCADA systems in terms of their architecture,
their interface to the process hardware, the functionality and the application
development facilities they provide.

INDEX

1. Introduction to A.P.E.P.

6-9

2. Introduction

10-12

3. Thermal power plant

13-22

4. Theoritical review of relays

23-42

5. Fault calculation and response of relays

43-56

for different faults

6. Conclusion

57

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION TO A.P.E.P.D.C.L
The Eastern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited,
with its Head Quarters at Visakhapatnam, comprises five districts
namely Srikakulam, Vizianagaram, Visakhapatnam, East Godavari
and West Godavari.
There are 15 Nos. 220KV Sub-Stations, 55 Nos. 132KV Sub-Stations and
587 Nos. 33KV/11KV Sub-Stations in the APEPDCL area catering to the
needs of different categories of consumers at the end of July 2014.
There are 29 towns in this DISCOM area, and all the towns have line losses
to the tune of 4.87%.
APEPDCL is responsible for undertaking distribution and bulk supply of
power in the operation circles of Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram,
East and West Godavari districts and 20 Divisions of Coastal Andhra
Pradesh. APEPDCL supplies power to over 49.7 lakh consumers belonging
to different categories through a network consisting of 587Sub-stations of 33
KV level, 2322 feeders of 11 KV level and more than 1,27,487 distribution
transformers of different levels
APEPDCL, Visakhapatnam is the leading Indian power utility serving a
consumer base of nearly 4 million spread across five districts in the southern
state of Andhra Pradesh. It has always been a pioneer in delivering

technology centric customer care services to its customers. EPDCL has the
lowest AT&C losses and one of the best in terms of operational efficiency

BACKGROUND
Visakhapatnam Circle:
Geographical Information
This circle covers the Visakhapatnam district, which is one of the
North Eastern coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. It is bounded on
the West and partly on the North by Orissa State. Vizianagaram
district constitutes a part of its northern boundary. On the East is the
Bay of Bengal and the Southern boundary of the district is formed by
East Godavari District. The district can be divided into two distinct
divisions the hilly region of the Eastern Ghats called the agency
division and the plain area (coastal and interior) called the plain
division.
Industry & Tourism
Agriculture is the mainstay of 70% of the households. Visakhapatnam
city has a number of big industrial and Government establishments
including the Vizag Steel plant, HPCL, BHPV and one of the busiest
major ports in the country. Employment in these establishments and
fishing are hence important occupations of a section of the population
as well.
A number of areas of tourist interest in the district are popular. Among
them are Simhachalam Devastanam,Kanaka Mahalakkshmi Temple,
Araku valley, Borra caves, Visakhapatnam city, Rishikonda beach etc.
There are four operation divisions in the circle namely Zone-I, Zone-II,
Anakapalli and Paderu
7

ACHIEVEMENT AND AWARDS

1)

The company achieved distribution losses of 7% as against 8.42%

during previous year (2009-10). This is the lowest in APEPDCL
history.

2)

The company recorded AT &C losses of 8.56% which is the lowest

for APEPDCL so far as against 10.17% last year (2009-10). It is
also the lowest for any state owned DISCOM in the country.

3)

The Company achieved Metered Sales of 80%, an increase of

5.3% over 74.7% during last year (2009-10). This is the highest in
the history of APEPDCL.

4)

Five star rated Distribution Transformers were introduced in

APEPDCL for the first time in the country which results in reduction
of technical losses. So far 231 Nos. DTRs were erected.

5)

An amount of ` 233.55 Crs. has been spent towards network

strengthening and other capital works.

6)

27 Nos. new 33/11 KV substations were completed and charged.

7)

A pilot project of providing 33KV and 11KV UG cable over 6.5 Kms
in Visakhapatnam City was completed at a cost of ` 6.54 Crs to
provide quality power.

8)

Under RGGVY 62,415 Nos. BPL services and 9994 Nos. APL
services were released.

9)

101 Nos. habitations electrified and 783 villages were intensified.

10)

5865 Nos. school services were released out of 8847 Nos. targeted.

11)

Remaining under progress. Hand held collection machines were

introduced in rural areas to facilitate payment of current charges by
consumers.

12)

Replacement of old electro mechanical meters with infra red port

8

high accuracy meters (approximately 2,30,000) taken up and the

spot billing system stabilized.
13)

2 APEPDCL was awarded ISO 27001:2005 certification for ISMS

and became the first DISCOM to do so.

Chapter-2
INTRODUCTION
An electrical power system should ensure the availability of electrical
energy without interruption to every load connected to the system. Among all the
systems, electrical energy is quite transferable to the consumers by transmission
and distribution systems. The power supply to the consumer should not disturbed
and the agencies which supplies the power without interruption. As industrial
processes and plants have become more complex and extensive, the demand for
improved reliability of electrical power supplies has also increased. The potential
costs of outage time following a failure of the power supply or plant have
accordingly risen dramatically as well. If at all any fault happens in the system the
fault system has to be isolated so that other system should not be disturbed. This
is a challenge to the engineers to supply the uninterrupted power to the
customers. To attain this, logical and fast acting protective equipment is required.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYING

A well designed and efficient protective relaying should have:
SPEED:-

Protective relaying should disconnect a faulty element as quickly as

possible. Modern high-speed protective relaying has operating time 0.02 to 0.04
sec. and CBS have interrupting time 0.05 to 0.06 sec. Hence clearing time may
be about 0.07 to 0.10 sec.
SELECTIVITY:It is ability of the protective systems to determine the point at which the
fault occurs and select the nearest of circuit breaker tripping of which will lead to
clearing of fault with minimum or no damage to the system.
RELIABILITY :The protection relaying must be ready to function reliable and correct in
operation at all times under any kind of fault and abnormal conditions of the
power system for which it has been designed.
SIMPLICITY :Simplicity of construction and good quality of the relay, correctness of
design and installation qualified maintenance and supervision etc. are the main
factors which influence protective reliability.
ECONOMY : As with all good engineering design economics play a major role. Too
much protection is as bad as to little and the relay engineer must strike a sensible
with due regard to practical situation considered.

Chapter-3
INTRODUCTION TO THERMAL POWER PLANT
10

Power requirement of VSP is met through captive generation as well as

supply from ABSEB grid. The captive capacity of 270 MW is sufficient to meet all
the plant needs in normal operation time we have 3 units of each 60 MW and one
unit of 67.5 MW capacity.

BOILERS
Thermal Power Plant has 5 Boilers each of 330 T/hr. steam capacity at
101 KSCA and 540O C. The boilers are of BHEL make, capable of firing
combination of fuels namely, Coal, Coke Oven Gas, Blast Furnace Gas and Oil.
Normally 4 Boilers are kept in full load operation to produce 247.5 MW of power,
supply steam to 2 Turbo Blowers and process needs. Boilers outlet flue gas is
passed through Electro Static Precipitators to control air pollution.

TURBO GENERATORS
Thermal Power Plant has 4 Turbo Generators, three of 60 MW capacity
each and the fourth 67.5 MW . Special features of the turbo sets are :i)

Electro Hydraulic Turbine Governing System.

ii)

Central admission of steam to reduce axial thrust.

iii)

Forced air cooled generators

Power is generated and distributed at 11 kV for essential category loads.

Excess power from TG-1, 2 and 3 is transferred to 220 kV Plant Grid through
step up/down transformers. All the Power Generated from TG-4 at 11 kV is
stepped up through a 220 kV transformer and transferred to plant grid.

TURBO BLOWERS

11

VSP has 2 Blast Furnaces. To meet the blast air requirement, 3 Turbo
Blowers, each of 6067 NM3 /min capacity, are installed at TPP. These blowers
are of axial type and are the largest blowers installed in India. The blowers are
provided with suction filters, pre-coolers and inter- coolers.

AUXILIARIES OF TPP
These include coal conveyors, cooling towers & pump house No-4 for
cooling water system, pump house for ash water, ash slurry , fire water and fuel
oil & HSD air compressor station, emergency Diesel Generators, electric switch
gear for power distribution, ventilation and air conditioning equipment etc. The
entire power generated at Back Pressure Turbine Station and Gas Expansion
Turbine Station is transmitted over 11 kV cables to power plant, stepped up
through a 220 kV transformer at LBSS5 and transferred to plant grid.

CHEMICAL WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Chemical Water Treatment Plant located in TPP zone produces high purity
De-mineralised Water and Soft Water. There are six streams of De-mineralising
units each capable of producing 125 cubic meters per hour each. Two softening
units of 125 m3/hr. each. DM water is supplied to TPP, Steel Melt Shop, CDCP
Boilers at Coke Ovens, and Rolling Mills. Soft water is supplied to Chilled water
plant-I, II and SMS mould cooling.

CHILLED WATER PLANT NO-2

Chilled Water Plant No-2 located in TPP zone is having nine Chillers, each
having a chilling capacity of 337 M 3/hr. The chilled water is supplied to TPP, Blast

12

Furnace and Sinter Plant for air conditioning purpose at 7 0 C. The return water
temperature is 160 C.

COKE DRY COOLING PLANT (CDCP) BOILERS

In VSP, hot coke produced in the Coke Oven Batteries is cooled by
circulating Nitrogen in Coke Dry Cooling Plant. The hot circulating gas is passed
through Waste Heat Boilers in which steam is produced at 40 KSCA pressure and
4400 C temperature. There are three Coke Dry Cooling Plants, four Waste Heat
Boilers. Boiler is of 25 T/Hr Capacity.

BPTS & CHILLED WATER PLANT NO-1

The 40 KSCA steam generated in CDCP Boilers is utilised for driving 2
Nos. of 7.5 MW Back Pressure Turbines for generation of Power. The 2.5 Ata
exhaust steam is utilised for production of Chilled water in CWP-1. The 7 Ata
extraction steam is used for process requirements of CO & CCP zone . The
CWP-1 has 5 Chillers installed, each capable of cooling 337 M 3/hour BPTS and
CWP-1 are housed in a single located near Battery No-3 of CO&CCP zone.

GAS EXPANSION TURBINE STATION (GETS)

Both the Blast Furnace of VSP are designed to operate at a high top
pressure of 2.5 Kg/cm 2. The high pressure BF Gas is cleaned in Gas cleaning
plant and expanded in Gas Expansion Turbines driving electric generators. The
BF Gas after passing through the Turbine is fed to gas distribution net work and
is used as heating fuel in TPP & other units of VSP. Each Blast Furnace is
connected to a Gas Expansion Turbine of 12 MW capacity 7.5 MW of power is

13

generated by each of the turbine at full production level. GETS is located in BF

zone, between the two furnaces.

TPP ELECTRICS
There are 3 Generators present in the TPP.

The capacity of each

generator is 60 MW, Generation of the voltage level 11kV, total generation is 180
MW out of this 30-40 MW are consumed by the Blast furnace, Steel Melting
Shop, Coke oven, Rolling mills and 30-32 MW is consumed by the TPP
auxiliaries. Remaining 110 MW is connected to LBSS5. In addition to this there
is one generator (TG-4) rated at 67.5 MW, 11 Kv, 90 MVA. There are two Gas
Expansion Turbines (GETS) and two Back Pressure Turbines (BPTS) rated 12
MW & 7.5 MW respectively. From this 20 MW is supplied to LBSS5. LBSS1
consumes a load of 40 MW.

The remaining 157.5 MW is supplied to Main

Receiving Station (MRS). At this station LBSS2 consumes a load of 50 MW for

Blast furnace and Air separation plant. LBSS3 consumes a load of 5 MW for
LBSS3 MMSM and WRM.

LBSS4 consumes a load of 30 MW. Township

consumes a load of 5 MW. There are two APSEB tie lines connected to MRS for
exporting and importing depending upon the conditions.

GSB-1
Generator Switch Board-1 is a 11 kV, 4500 Amps, 3 section board, located
at 0 meters in TPP. Each 60 MW generator is connected to each section of the
board. The bus is provided with a bus coupler and the bus coupler 4500 Amps
reactor between section-1 & 2 as well as between section-2 & 3. To sections-1 &
3 of GSB-1 350 MVA, 220 kV/11 kV are connected. Out of these 3 transformers,
two are always in operation and the other one is standby. The 220 kV side of
14

transformers are connected to sub-station called Load Block Sub-Station-5

(LBSS).

Power is evacuated through LBSS-5 transformers-1, 2 and 3 and is

distributed through the 220 kV network of the plant. All the critical loads of the
steel plant i.e. Water supply, Blast furnace, Steel Melt shop and Coke oven are
connected to GSB through 11 kV cables. In addition all the TPP auxiliaries are
also connected to GSB-1. All outgoing feeders are connected to GSB through
link-reactor and Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker (MOCB) in addition to earthing
switches.
Turbo Generators of TPP normally operate in parallel with state grid. All
three generators of each 60 MW are connected to Generator switch board. This
GSB-1 is a 11 kV 4500 Amps, 3 selection board located at 0 Mt level in AA bay.
All category-1 loads of the steel plant are connected to GSB-1 through 11 kV
cable. Power is evacuated through 50/63 MVA (11kV/220kV) transformer 1, 2 & 3
which are connected to Section-1 and 3 of the GSB-1. Synchronisation facility
exists for any of the incoming generator, 50/63 MVA Transformer-1, 2, 3.

ISLAND OPERATION SCHEME :A scheme has been envisaged at TPP to get isolated form the grid in case
of system disturbance or low frequency condition with ABB make relay type FCX
103b relay with following settings:
df/dt 2 cycles/sec rate of fall below 50 HZ
1st stage 47.5 HZ FOR 0.5 SEC.
over frequency 51.5 HZ with time delay 150 MS
2nd stage 46.9 HZ with 1 sec. delay

POWER REQUIREMENT

15

Integrated Steel Plants are major consumers of electricity, with specific

consumption of power at around 600-650 kWh/Ton of liquid steel. The estimated
annual power requirement of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, at full level of
production in each shop (corresponding to 3.0 MT of liquid steel), is 1932 million
kWh.

This corresponds to an average demand of 221 MW. The estimated

energy consumption and average demand of major shops is given below:

Annual Energy
(106 kW Hrs.)

Average Demand
(MW)

RMHP

35

4.0

CO & CCP

171

19.5

SINTER PLANT

254

29.0

BLAST FURNACE

210

24.0

SMS & CCM

126

14.5

LMMM

100

11.5

WRM

118

13.5

MMSM

100

11.5

CRMP

35

4.0

TPP

310

35.0

ASP

258

29.5

COM. STATION & CWP

131

15.0

AUXILIARY SHOPS

20

2.5

WATER SUPPLY

15

2.0

TRAFFIC & OTHERS

1.0

TOWNSHIP

28

3.0

LOSSES

14

1.5

TOTAL

1932

221.0

SHOP

SOURCES OF POWER

16

Power requirement of VSP is met through captive generation as well as

supply from APSEB grid. The captive capacity of 270 MW is sufficient to meet all
the plant needs in normal operation time. In case of partial outage of captive
generation capacity due to breakdown, shutdown or other reasons, the short fall
of power is availed from ABSEB grid. Turbo Generators of VSP normally operate
in parallel with state grid.

Excess generation over and above plant load is

exported to APSEB.
The agreement with APSEB provides for a contract demand of 150 MVA
and permit export of power. Tariff for import, export, demand charges, penalties
etc. are stipulated. For purpose of billing, import and export energy is separately
metered at Main Receiving Station.

POWER DISTRIBUTION IN POWER PLANT

220 kV & 11 kV LOAD BLOCK SUBSTATION-5 (LBSS-5)
Integrated Steel Plants are major consumers of electricity, with specific
consumption of power at around 600-650 kWh/Ton of liquid steel. The estimated
annual power requirement of Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, at full level of
production in each shop (corresponding to 3.0 MT of liquid steel), is 1932 million
kWh. This corresponds to an average demand of 221 MW.
Power requirement of VSP is met through captive generation as well as
supply from AP TRANSCO grid. The captive capacity of 270 MW is sufficient to
meet all the plant needs in normal operation time. In case of partial outage of
captive generation capacity due to breakdown, shutdown or other reasons, the
short fall of power is availed from ABSEB grid. Turbo Generators of VSP normally

17

operate in parallel with state grid. Excess generation over and above plant load is
exported to AP TRANSCO.
The agreement with AP TRANSCO provides for a contract demand of 150
MVA and permit export of power.

Tariff for import, export, demand charges,

penalties etc. are stipulated.

LBSS-5 is located outdoor and it consists of 220 kV, 1250 A, 3 phase main
bus-1, main bus-2 and transfer bus. LBSS-5 is having 12 bays i.e. three nos. for
the three tie lines, two nos. of LBSS-1 lines, 3 nos. for the three 50/63 MVA
transformers, one no. for 30/40/50 MVA transformer, one for 90 MVA transformer,
one for Bus coupler & one for bypass. In case of any difficulty in taking into
service any of the 220 kV circuit breakers of transformer or lines as the case may
be, bypass breaker can be taken into service in lieu of the defective breaker by
charging the transfer bus.

Both 220 kV main bus-1 & main bus-2 can be

paralleled & transformer feeders (T1, T2, T3, T4 & T5) can be either connected to
Bus-1 or Bus-2 or distributed between Bus-1 & Bus-2 depending on
operational/maintenance requirement.

All 220 kV circuit breakers are SF 6

breakers. Synchronising facility exists only for tie lines ML1, ML2, ML3, Bypass
and Bus coupler breakers at Control & Relay panel of LBSS-5 located in ECR.
The loads (lines or transformers) can be transferred form Bus-1 to Bus-2 and vice
versa live through On Load Bus Transfer scheme (OLBT). A typical single line
diagram is enclosed.

SYNCHRONISATION
18

The operation of connecting an alternator in parallel with another alternator

or with common bus-bars is kwon as Synchronizing. Generally, alternators are
used in a power system where they are in parallel with many other alternators. It
means that the alternator is connected to a live system of constant voltage and
constant frequency. Often the electrical system to which the alternator is
connected, has already so many alternators and loads connected to it that no
matter what power is delivered by the incoming alternators, the voltage and
frequency of the system remains the same. In that case, the alternator is said to
be connected to infinite bus-bars. It is never advisable to connect a stationary
alternator to live bus-bars, because, stator induced emf being zero, a short circuit
will result.

For proper synchronization of alternators, the following three

conditions must be satisfied.

(1)

The terminal voltage or effective voltage of the incoming

alternator must be the same as bus-bar voltage.

(2)

The speed of the incoming machine must be such that its

frequency (=PN/120) equals the bus-bar frequency.

(3)

The phase of the alternator voltage must be identical with the

phase of the bus-bar voltage.

It means that the switch must be

closed at (or very near) the instant of the two voltages have correct
phase relationship.
Synchronisation facility exists for any of the incoming generators, 50/63
MVA Transformer 1, 2 & 3, Bus couplers and Bus couplers with reactors at 11
KV. The synchronising operation is to be carried out using synchronising trolley
in ECR.

19

Chapter-4
THEORETICAL REVIEW OF RELAYS
TYPES OF PROTECTIONS: Two types of protection:
1.

Primary protection

2.

Backup protection

Primary protection :Primary protection is the first line of defence and primary relays clear faults
in the protected section as fast as possible. 100% reliability is not guaranteed for
protective scheme and also for associated CTs, PTs and CBs. Therefore some
sort of backup protection must be provided.

Backup protection :Backup relays operate if the primary relays fail and cover not only the local
station but the next one also and have a time delay long enough for the primary
relays to operate if they can.

ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS
These are earliest form of relays devices used for power system protection
and till now they are the most widely used variety relays. All these devices
depend upon electromagnetic interaction and have mechanical movement
associated with them which Actually make or break pairs of contacts indicating
relays operations. The electromagnetic interaction is manifested either in form of
20

force of attraction or torque of rotation which has produced different classes of

electromagnetic relays

ATTRACTED ARMATURE TYPE

The type includes plunger, hinged armature relays. These are the simplest
type which respond to AC as well as DC. The principle of this type is that an
electromagnetic force is produced by the magnetic flux operating quantity . If this
force exceeds the restraining force , the relay operates . the electromagnetic
force is given by

F = KI2

------------ (1)

INDUCTION RELAYS
Induction type relays are the most widely used for protective relaying
purposed involving A.C. quantities. Torque is produced in these relays when one
alternating flux reacts with the current induced in the rotor by another alternating
flux displaced in time and space but having the same frequency. These relays
are classified depending on the type of rotor. If the rotor is a disc, is known a
induction disc relay. If the rotor is a cup, the relay called as induction cup relay.
The Actuating force is given by F = K 1 2 Sin

---- (2)

In the abnormal conditions or fault conditions the corresponding relay

contact operation which in turn operates the tripping relay type VAJHM called
master trip relay or Generator lock out relay which will trip generator circuit
breaker. Alarm annunciation will come on control desk.
The following are the relay details which are used for generator in TPP.

21

DESCRIPTION

Reference

Make

Type

27A/27B

EE

VAG 31

Generator under voltage relay

27 G

EE

VAG 21

Generator reverse power relay

32 G

EE

WCD11

Generator low forward power relay

37GA/GB

EE

WCD13

Generator field failure relay

Generator negative sequence
current relay
Definite time O/C relay with 1st high
set unit
Voltage control over current relay

40 G

EE

YCGF11

46 G

EE

CTN31

50T/51G

EE

CTU62

51 V

EE

CDV62

59G1/59G2

EE

CAGM22

64V

EE

VDG14

67RYB

EE

CDD21

67W

EE

CDD21

68A/68E/68PM

EE

VAGM-61

Generator out of step relay

78G

EE

ZTO

Generator differential relay

87G

EE

CAG34

Generator restricted E/F relay

64G

EE

CAG14

Generator under frequency relay

Sensitive E/F & Instantaneous O/C
relay

81G

64S/50X

ABB

FTG11
RX1428X
RX12 21

Under voltage relay

Generator over voltage relay

Voltage neutral displacement relay
Directional inverse time over current
relay
Directional inverse time earth fault
relay
VT fuse failure relays

GENERATOR DIFFERENTIAL RELAY

This relay is used to protect against stator faults as shown in below figure.
A differential relay is defined as the relay that operates when the vector difference
of two or more similar electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value.

22

External & Internal circuit connections of generator differential relay

When there is no fault in the generator winding for through faults the
current in pilot wires fed from CT connections are equal.

The difference in

current I1 -I2 is zero. When there is a fault inside the protected winding, the
balance is disturbed and difference current (I1- I2) flows through operating coil of
the relays.
Relay settings:
Plug setting
R
0.1

Range

B
0.1 0.1

0.05 to 0.2

CTR- 4500/1A

GENERATOR RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY

23

Connection diagram is shown in below figure. In circulating current

protection schemes, the sudden and often asymmetrical growth of the system
current during external fault conditions can cause the protective current
transformers to go into saturation resulting in a high unbalance current.

To

ensure stability under these conditions, a voltage operated, high impedance

relay is used. It is a attracted armature relay.

External & Internal circuit connections of generator stator earth fault relay

NEGATIVE PHASE SEQUENCE RELAY

24

Negative phase sequence currents to star resulting from unbalanced

loading produce a field rotating at twice synchronous speed with respect to the
rotor and hence induce double frequency currents in the rotor. These currents
are very large and result in severe over heating of the rotor.
It is necessary to limit the time for which negative phase sequence
currents can flow in a steam generator. The time for which a generator may be
allowed to operate with unbalance stator currents without danger of permanent
damage is obtained from expression:
I22 T = K
Where K is the constant depending up on the type of the machine.
The E.E. make scheme suitable for this application employs a type CDN
relay which comprises an induction disc tripping unit having an adjustable inverse
time current ( I22 T ).
The relay settings I2s.
A

10%

10%

10%

Range

K3

7.5%

10%

1.78

15%

20%

7.1

30%

16

GENERATOR VOLTAGE
CURRENT RELAY

25

RESTRAINED

OVER

Fault conditions cause a greater drop in busbar voltage than normal over
load, and this fact has been utilised in voltage restrained over current relay. The
relay has two operating characteristics viz. An over load characteristics
determine by the operation of instantaneous under voltage unit monitoring the
generator voltage. Under over load conditions, when the generator voltage is
usually near normal the instantaneous under-voltage unit is energised and the
short across the resistor in the shading coil circuit is removed. Below figure
shows the internal connections diagram.

External and internal connections of Voltage restrained over current relay

The relay operates on a long IDMT under fault conditions, when the
generator voltage falls to the setting of the under voltage unit, the resistor is short
circuited and the torque on the disc increased by 2.5 times so that the normal

26

setting currents are 0.4 times those marked on the plug board, and the relay
operates in Accordance with the fault characteristic.
Both characteristic of the relay as shown in figure.

Time / current characteristics of Voltage restrained over current relay

TIME IN SECS. NORMAL VOLTS

100 50 30

0.4 0.6 0.8

0.4 0.6 0.8

30 20 10 8

1.5
1.5

20

15

10

3.5

2.6

2.2

TIME IN SECS. - LOW VOLTS

Plug setting

Time multiplier
CTR -

1.5

1.5

1.5

4500/1A
27

10
10

15
15

20
20

GENERATOR DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

When fault current can flow in both directions through the relay location, it
is necessary to make the response of the relay directional by the introduction of
directional control elements. Directional over current relays are combination of
directional and inverse over current relay units as shown in figure.

GENERATOR DIRECTIONAL OVER CURRENT RELAY

Plug Setting:
R

Range

0.5 -2A
28

CTR - 4500/1A

PSM :
1

1.3

30 20 15 10

2.5

3.5

9 10

12

2.8

14

2.6

16 18 20

2.4

2.2

GENERATOR DIRECTIONAL EARTH FAULT RELAY

The relay is used for directional earth fault protection for generator.
Typical external and internal connection shown in figure above. Since the current
may be derived from any phase, in order to obtain directional response it is
necessary to obtain a related voltage. Such a voltage is the residual voltage of
the system. Which is vector sum of the individual phase voltage of the system.
The voltage developed across secondary terminals will be vector sum of the
phase to ground voltage.
This will be zero for balanced phase voltage, but for simple earth fault
conditions will be equal to the depression of the faulted phase voltage. In all
cases the residual voltage is equal to three times the zero sequence voltage drop
and is Displaced from the residual current.

The residual are applied to the

directional element of the earth fault relay. The relay inverse time characteristic
scale is shown in figure below.

Relay settings:
Plug setting

- 0.1

Range

TMS

- 0.1

0.1 to 0.4

29

CTR-

4500/1A

PSM :
1

1.3

30 20 15 10

2.5

3.5

9 10

12

2.8

14

2.6

16 18 20

2.4

2.2

DEFINITE TIME/INSTANTANEOUS OVER CURRENT RELAY

This relay protects the generator against short circuit faults. This relay
contains definite time over current element and instantaneous high set elements.
The relays areas particularly suitable on systems where there is a wide variation
in source impedance.
Relay settings : Definite time over current relay.
Range
Plug setting

0.95

0.5 - 2 Amps.

Time setting

10 sec.

Instantaneous setting

6- 60 sec.

GENERAL FIELD FAILURE RELAY

Under current relays connected in the field circuit have been extensively
but the most selective type of loss-excitation relay is a directional-distance type
operating from the A.C. current and voltage at the main generator field. The
enclosed figure shows loss-of-excitation characteristics and the operating
characteristics of one type of loss-of-excitation relay on R-X-diagram when the
excitation is lost, the equivalent generator impedance traces a path from the first
quadrant into a region of the fourth quadrant that is entered only when excitation
is severally reduced or completely lost. By encompassing this region within the
30

relay characteristic, the relay will operate when the generator first starts to slip
poles and will trip the field breaker and will trips the field breaker and disconnect
the generator from the system.

R-X diagram

The satisfactory application of

YCAF field failure relay, requires full

knowledge of the operating conditions. i.e. the maximum rotor angle at which the
Machine can operate within the stability limit. In general practice is to use an
offset setting equal to half the Machine transient resistance and a circle diameter
equal to synchronous reactance of the Machine X s for rotor angle upto 900. The
external connection diagram of YCGF field failure relay is shown in figure.

31

General field failure relay

The relay movement is a high speed induction cup unit with operating,
restraint and bias windings adjusting the ohmic values of the diameter and offset
of the relay characteristic circle is provided by the combination of plug board and
potentiometer settings K1 K2 K3 K4 and K5.

K1 is in the restraint circuit and

provided line adjustment of characteristics circle diameter. K 2 potentiometer is in

the polarising circuit and should be set to coincide with offset taps K 1 to establish
maximum torque angle at an offset settings.

The characteristics offset is

obtained by injecting voltage from the current circuit through transactor. Taps for
this transactor are brought out to plug board K 3 K4 and combinations of two plug
settings provide adjustment of offset settings. K 5 allows course adjustment of the
characteristics circle diameter by selection of taps on an auto-in the resistance
circuit.

The setting values are

K1

0.9

K2

10
32

K3

K4

10

K5

170

Generally they are set K2 = K3 + K4 i.e. offset taps.

The diameter of the characteristics circle is K1 x K5 ohms.
X1 = 0.25 = 25%
MACHINE TRANSIENT IS SECONDARY OHMS
=

25 x 112
100 x 75

18.15 .

4500/1
11000/110

Required offsetting = X1 d = 18.15

2
2
= 9.05
We have put offset for 10.
Xs = 2

= 200%

MACHINE SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE IN SECONDARY OHMS

= 200
100

112
75

4500/1 = 145.2
1100/110

Required circle diameter Xs = 145.2

As per relay design we have put setting
K5 - 170 and K1 -09
K1 x K5 = circle Dia
170 x 0.9 = 153

EARTH FAULT PROTECTION IN GENERATOR FIELD

WINDINGS WHICH ARE NORMALLY UNEARTHED
FIRST ROTOR EARTH FAULT

33

A single earth fault is not in itself dangerous since it does not cause any
fault current, but a second fault effectively short circuits or all parts of the field
system and the unbalancing of the magnetic force caused there by may be
sufficient to spring the shaft and make it eccentric. If the condition were allowed
to persist, however it might lead to reverse mechanical damage.

The figure

shows the method detection using the principle of negative potential biasing,
where by an earth fault any where in the field circuit can be detected. The d.c
supply injection establishes a small bias on the alternator field winding circuit so
that are points are negative with respect to earth.

Earth fault relay

The rectified output of a transformer fed from the station L.V supply
provides a biasing potential approximately 30v. This is connected with positive
terminal through a current limiting resistor and the secondary winding of
transductor to the positive pole of the field circuit. When a fault occurs current
flows in the bias circuit and the dc winding of the transductor. This results in
saturation of the transductor core which reduces the impedance of the A.C.
winding thus allows the relay A to operate. Thus giving alarm for first rotor earth

34

fault.

The relay will not operate if

A.C. auxiliary supply fails.

Under this

conditions i.e. when auxiliary supply fails the relay B which will be in picked up
condition when the auxiliary supply is available will drops off when auxiliary
supply fails. This then n.c Contacts of the relay B will get through for A.C.
failure alarm circuit.
Technical data

Field ckt voltage

0-450 v d.c

Bias ckt voltage

240v 10% 5Hz

Bias voltage

30v d.c

Sensitivity

1ma DC 10%

Setting of the first rotor earth fault is 1mA. The circuit diagram of first
rotor earth fault is shown in enclosed figure.

SECOND ROTOR EARTH FAULT RELAY

When a single earth fault is detected in the d.c field circuit of a Machine,
the Machine has to be taken out of service at the first opportunity.

This is

because if allowed to run with an E/F on the rotor a subsequent second earth
fault can cause severe damage to the Machine. However a relay which can
detect such a second rotor earth fault and trip out the Machine can make it
possible to run the Machine even with single earth fault with out any such risks
thus helping to preserve the generation Capacity.
The heart of the second rotor earth fault detection scheme is a very
sensitive transductor element. The AC winding of the transductor is connected in
series with a rectified AC voltage relay A. The DC winding of the transductor on
the other hand is connected in series with field earth fault circuit.

35

Under normal conditions i.e. when no DC current flowing the AC winding

and the transductor presents a high impedance and the AC winding and the
transductor presents a high impedance and the AC voltage applied is mostly
dropped across this winding.

Hence the relay A drops i.e. remains de-

energised.
When second rotor earth fault occurs a DC current flows through the
transductor DC winding which causes the impedance of the AC winding to reduce
considerably by driving the transductor core into saturation. Hence the applied
voltage is fully available across the relay and the latter operates.
The selector switch SW1 on the generator panel will have 4 (four)
positions as follows.

1.

First rotor earth fault.

2.

Balance

3.

Test

4.

Second rotor earth fault.

Normally the selection of switch will be put in position 1 in which the first
rotor earth fault relay will be in service. If the occurrence of the first rotor earth
fault of any one machine, the selector switch of the machine is put in position-2.
Connecting the coarse control potentiometer across the field winding circuit of
the affected machine.
Simultaneously the milli-ammeter is also inserted in the circuit. As can be
seen from the figure, the portions of the field winding on either side of the first
rotor fault and the coarse control potentiometer forms a DC bridge with millammeter connected across a pair of nodes. By adjusting the coarse/fire control
36

and the range selector switch of the milli-ammeter the bridge is balanced to mull
point. The selector switch is kept in position-3 in which milli-ammeter is replaced
by relay, but the relay trip circuit is isolated. After making sure that the relay does
not pick-up then the SW1 is turned to position-4. Thereby putting the second
rotor earth fault relay complete in service.
Protection against prime mover failure (Need of low forward power
relay and reverse power relay ): The effect of prime mover failure is to cause the
machine to motor by taking power from the system which may result in severe
mechanical damage and, in addition will impose a heavy motoring load on the
generator. The reverse power relay is normally used for two applications as a
reverse power relay to trip the generator when the machine starts motoring and
as a reverse power interlock device to prevent the possibility of a turbo-generator
set overspeeding should a steam valve fail to close completely after the
generator circuit breaker has opened on a fault.
Use a low forward power interlock instead of reverse power interlock. So
that it is not necessary the delay the generator circuit breaker tripping till the set
has actually started motoring. When low interlock with normally closed contact
as soon as the power supplied by the generator falls below O 5 % of rated
power the low power relay resets and completes the tripping circuits to the
generator circuit breaker.

GENERATOR SENSITIVE EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

This protection is especially provided in the generator to sense any earth
leakage near to the neutral. Question may come why separate earth fault relays
37

is used. Reason is that other earth fault relay senses earth current of higher
magnitude. But when there is a earth fault near to the neutral it may not be
possible for the machine voltage to drive that much higher current. So one earth
fault relay having very low current operating unit is used for sensitive earth fault
relay. Since it is a low current setting relay it may mal operate. To protect it from
mal operation we have used another relay which will sense earth fault current in
earthing transformer neutral which will ensure that definitely some earth fault is
present. This may operate generator terminal earth fault also. To prevent to do
so we have put over current relay 50 X which will sense over current and prevent
the earth fault relay to operate.
RELAY SETTINGS :

64GS -

2.5 ma

CTR -

4500 / 1A

50 X -

2.5A 2.5A 2.5A

50NX1 (From earthing transformer # 1 neutral CT)
setting - 0.05 Amps
CTR - 200/1

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME

This relay is meant for to protect the GSB-1 Bus sections. There are three
sections.

For each section one relay is provided. Partial differential relay

contains two separate relays. One is IDMT/INST over current relay for phase
faults and other one is IDMT earth fault relay for earth faults. The partial
differential relay will act when either of those two relays are acted.
IDMT/INST over current relay:
Plug setting
IDMT

Range
B

38

TMS

0.5-2

Range

TMS

Instantaneous setting - 4
IDMT earth fault relay :
Plug setting
0.1

0.1 - 0.4

0.2

GENERATOR OUT OF STEP RELAY :A CAG 19 relay serves as an over current starter and this is set at
between 50 and 20% of nominal current. Based on 5 A CTs below the current no
operation can occur.

Both character look into the source and consequently

ignore all conditions of load other than those which produce a reversal of power
flow such as would occur with a condition of pole slip or power swing exceeding
90O.

The timer is incorporated so that discrimination can be made between a

power sourcing and a pole slip condition. A trip condition can only occur if the
timer has timed out before the fault moves into the blinder operate region. If the
fault never reaches the operate region of the blinder or moves between the
directional and blinder characteristics in a time less than the time setting than no
operation will occur. The relay consists of a directional unit and a reverse reach
blinder based on the YTG Mho type static relay measurement technique and
incorporates these components.

It is used to protect synchronous motors against the effects if pole slipping

caused by excessive load or insufficient field excitation, pole slipping in the
generator slowing down and losing synchronism. The ZTO relay consists of a
directional unit with a variable lag angle (1) setting between 50 to 75 O, and a

39

blinder unit also with a variable lag angle (2) setting between 50 to 75 O which
has reverse resistive reach setting between 0-25 ohms and 32 ohms.

Since it can deal only with a pole slip condition emanating from are
direction.

The ZTP relay is limited to applications in close proximity to a

generator.
R1 = 0.90 to 1

R2 = 0.55 to 1 R3 = 0.5 to 32

The relay setting :

K1 = 0.92
K2 = 0.82
K3 = 8
t = 50
1 = 75O
2 = 75O

Chapter-5
40

FAULT CALCULATIONS AND RESPONSE OF

RELAYS FOR DIFFERENT FAULTS
We are having three generators of 60 MW capacity each

and one

generator of 67.5 MW capacity. Our generators are floating neutral type. As our
planet is captive power plant generators are connected to 11 KV Bus (GSB1).
The 11 KV is stepped upto 220 KV through two 220KV/11KV power transformers.
The 220 KV sub station is names as LBSS-5. We earthed our system at GSB-1
through three earthing transformers. Out of three transformers two transformers
are taken to service.

Our plant auxiliary supply and emergency loads are

connected to this GSB-1 Bus.

We are having separate 220 KV station it is names as main receiving
station. It receives the APSEB supply through line AL1 and AL2 our 220 KV
substation (LBSS5) is having tie connection with MRS. Four sub-stations located
at different places are fed through MRS and catering the loads our steel plant.
Figure shows the single line diagram of total power system in V.S.P.

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TG1, TG2 & TG3

MW rating

60 MW

MVA rating

75 MVA

Rated power factor

0.8

Rated voltage

11000 Volts

Rated current

3936 Amps

Rotor voltage

300 Volts

Rotor current

596 Amps

Connection

Star
41

Speed

3000 rpm

Coolant

Air

Winding type

Double layer

Positive sequence impedance

18.8%

Negative sequence impedance

19.7%

Zero sequence impedance

12.9%

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TG4

MW rating

67.5 MW

MVA rating

84.375 MVA

Rated power factor

0.8

Rated voltage

11000 Volts

Rated current

4429 Amps

Rotor voltage

307 Volts

Rotor current

624 Amps

Connection

Star

Speed

3000 rpm

Coolant

Air

Winding type

Double layer

Positive sequence impedance

21.45%

Negative sequence impedance

20.92%

Zero sequence impedance

11.57%

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TRANSFORMERS T1 & T2

Rated KVA

ON AN 50000
ON AF 63000

Rated voltage

Rated current

HV

220 kV

LV

11

kV

HV

LV

ON AN

131.2 A

2624.6 A

ON AF

165.3 A

3307.0 A

Frequency

50 Hz

Positive sequence impedance

22.67%

42

Negative sequence impedance

21.58%

Zero sequence impedance

16.79%

All the values are based on 50 MVA

NAME PLATE DETAILS OF TRANSFORMERS T3.

Rated KVA

9000

Rated voltage

HV

220 kV

LV

11

Rated current

kV

HV 236.2 A
LV 4723.8 A

Frequency

50 Hz

Impedance voltage

11.6%

FAULT CALCULATIONS
Choose a system base of 100 MVA and base voltage as 11 kV at all
Generators. The impedance voltages on 100 MVA base are as below.

GENERATORS TG-1, TG-2 & TG3

(MVA)b, new (KV2)b, old
We have Z(p.u.) new = Z(pu) old x ------------------ x -----------------(MVA)b, old
(KV2)b, new
100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XG1 (pu) = 0.188 x ------- x -----75
112
= 0.25067 pu
100
112
Negative sequence impedance or reactance, XG2 (pu) = 0.197 x ------- x -----75
112
= 0.2626 pu
100
112
Zero sequence impedance or reactance, XG0 (pu) = 0.129 x ------- x -------75
112
43

= 0.172 pu

Generator TG-4
100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XG1 (pu) = 0.2145 x --------- x -----84.375
112
= 0.2542 pu
100
112
Negative sequence impedance or reactance, XG2 (pu) = 0.2092 x ------- x -----84.375 112
= 0.2479 pu
100
112
Zero sequence impedance or reactance, XG0 (pu) = 0.1157 x ---------- x -------84.375
112
= 0.13713 pu

REACTORS
Reactance of reactors

= 0.2 (positive)
= 0.2 (negative)
= 1.0 (Zero sequence)

(KV2)b
112
Base reactance, Xb = ------------ = -------- = 1.21
(MV)b
100
0.2
Positive sequence reactance, of reactor = -------- = 0.1653 pu
1.21
0.2
Negative sequence reactance, of reactor = -------- = 0.1653 pu
1.21
1.0
Zero sequence reactance, of reactor = -------- = 0.82645 pu
44

1.21

TRANSFORMERS T1 & T2
100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XT1 (pu) = 0.2267 x --------- x -----50
112
= 0.4534 pu
100
112
Negative sequence impedance or reactance, XT2 (pu) = 0.2158 x ------- x -----50
112
= 0.4316 pu
100
112
Zero sequence impedance or reactance, XT0 (pu) = 0.1679 x ------- x -------50
112
= 0.3358 pu

TRANSFORMER T3
100
112
Positive sequence impedance or reactance, XT1 (pu) = 0.116 x --------- x -----90
112
= 0.1289 pu

EARTHING TRANSFORMER
Here the 11 kV bus is earthed using zigzag transformer earthing through a
14 resistance.
Actual value
14
Its pu value = --------------------- = ------- = 11.57025 pu
Base value
1.21

3 FAULT OR SYMMETRICAL FAULT CALCULATIONS

45

For Fault at F1 :
The Thevenins equivalent circuit for fault at F 1 is obtained by exciting the
passive Thevenins network at the fault point by negative of pre-fault voltage and
is as shown in figure enclosed.
On reducing the circuit in the enclosed figure we get
The equivalent impedance of circuit at F1 = j 0.12007 pu
1.0
Fault current, If = ----------------- = - j 8.32863 pu
j 0.12007
If (pu) = 8.32863
If = 8.32863 x base value of current
100 x 106
Base value of current = ------------------------ = 5248.6388 Amps
3 x 11 x 103
Fault current, If = 8.32863 x 5248.6388 = 43.71897 kA

If = 43.71897 kA
The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:
Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 3.99
IG1 = 3.99 x 5248.6388 = 20.942 kA

IG1 = 20.942 kA
Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (pu) = 1.9803
IG2 = 1.9803 x 5248.6388 = 10.394 kA

IG2 = 10.394 kA
Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (pu) = 1.27623
46

IG3 = 1.27623 x 5248.6388 = 6.6985 kA

IG3 = 6.6985 kA

Current contributed by Generator-4, IG4 (pu) = 1.0821

IG3 = 1.0821 x 5248.6388 = 5.6797 kA

IG4 = 5.6797 kA

The relays which are operated for 3 fault at F1 is:

Partial differential IDMT/Instantaneous over current relay:
The relay settings are :
R

TMS

0.45

and instantaneous over current setting = 1.3 x 4 = 5.2 Amps

The 3- symmetrical fault current is, If = 43.7139 kA
Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 43.7139 / 4500 = 9.7
So, for 3- fault partial differential instantaneous over current relay
operates.
For the IDMT relay, for PSM = 9.7, time in seconds = 3.1 sec. (from the scale).
Actual operating time = 3.1 x 0.45 = 1.395 sec.
The IDMT relay will act with 1.395 seconds time delay if instantaneous over
current relay fails to act.

47

For this fault i.e. for 3- fault on GSB1, differential relay of Generator-1 will
not act since it is a through fault.
If the fault occurs before the generator circuit breaker then the differential
relay will operate to open the generator circuit breaker. The fault current remains
same if the fault occurs either on GSB-1 section or before Generator circuit
breaker or before Power transformer circuit breaker. But the relays operating at
different faults are not same.
If the fault occurs before generator circuit breaker the differential relay will
act instantly and trip the generator circuit breaker. So the remaining system will
not be effected. In the same way if the fault occurs before the power transformer
circuit breaker the transformer differential relay will act and trip the transformer
circuit breaker only, so remaining system will be unaffected.

For Fault at F2 :
The Thevenins equivalent circuit for fault at F 2 is obtained by exciting the
passive Thevenins network at the fault point by negative of pre-fault voltage and
is as shown in figure enclosed.
On reducing the circuit in the enclosed figure we get
The equivalent impedance of circuit at F2 = j 0.10699 pu
1.0
Fault current, If = ----------------- = - j 9.346745 pu
j 0.10699
If (pu) = 9.346745
Fault current, If = 9.346745 x 5248.6388 = 49.0577 kA

If = 49.0577 kA
The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:
48

Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 2.22213

IG1 = 2.22213 x 5248.6388 = 11.6632 kA

IG1 = 11.6632 kA
Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (pu) = 3.989
IG2 = 3.989x 5248.6388 = 20.9364 kA

IG2 = 20.9364kA

Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (pu) = 2.22213

IG3 = 2.22213 x 5248.6388 = 11.6632 kA

IG3 = 11.6632 kA

Current contributed by Generator-4, IG4 (pu) = 0.91355

IG3 = 0.91355 x 5248.6388 = 4.7949 kA

IG4 = 4.7949 kA

The relays which are operated for 3 fault at F2 is:

Partial differential IDMT/Instantaneous over current relay:
The relay settings are :
R

TMS

0.45

and instantaneous over current setting = 1.3 x 4 = 5.2 Amps

The 3- symmetrical fault current is, If = 49.0577 kA
49

Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 49.0577 / 4500 = 10.9

So, for 3- fault partial differential instantaneous over current relay
operates.
For the IDMT relay, for PSM = 10.9, time in seconds = 2.9 sec. (from the scale).
Actual operating time = 2.9 x 0.45 = 1.31 sec.
The IDMT relay will act with 1.31 seconds time delay if instantaneous over
current relay fails to act.
For this fault also the differential protection scheme of Generator-2 will not
act since it is a through fault.

UNSYMMETRICAL FAULT CALCULATIONS

Here we have discussed the most occurring unsymmetrical fault i.e. L-G
fault only. The 3 sequence diagrams are enclosed.

FOR L-G FAULT OR EARTH FAULT AT F1

From the sequence diagrams
Equivalent positive sequence impedance at fault point F 1 = Z1 = j 0.131922 pu
Equivalent negative sequence impedance at fault point F 1 = Z2 = j 0.121268 pu
Equivalent zero sequence impedance at fault point F 1 = Z0 = 17.3652+ j 0.413 pu
For L-G fault, the positive, negative and zero sequence networks are connected
in series.
EO
1.0
IR1 = IR2 = IRO = ----------------- = -------------------------------Z1+Z2+Z0
17.3652 + J 0.66618
= 0.057544 -2.197O
Fault current If = 3 x IR1 = 3 x 0.057544
=

0.172632 pu

If = 0.17263 x 5248.6388 = 906.083 A

50

If = 906.083 A

The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:

Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 0.09084
IG1 = 0.09084 x 5248.6388 = 476.7863 A

IG1 = 476.7863 A
Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (pu) = 0.047182
IG2 = 0.047182 x 5248.6388 = 247.6413 A

IG2 = 247.6413 A

Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (pu) = 0.03461

IG3 = 0.03461 x 5248.6388 = 181.6554 A

IG3 = 181.6554 A

The relay which is operated is:

Fault current If = 906.083 A
Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 906.083 / 4500
=

0.201352

Partial differential protection for GSB-1 Section-1

Plug setting = 0.1 A
Time multiplier setting = 0.3
Plug setting multiplier = 0.201352 / 0.1
51

2.0135

From the scale for PSM = 2.0135, time in sec = 10 sec.

The time required for the relay to operate for the earth fault at F 1 = 10 x 0.3
= 3 Sec.
Partial differential IDMT earth fault relay (51N) of GSB-1 Section-1 will act with
operating time = 3 Sec.
Here the fault is at GSB-1 Section-1 so the restricted earth fault relay will not
operate since it is a through fault.
If the earth fault is at generator terminals then for the same fault current i.e.
If = 906.083 Amps
the current contribution of each Generator are:
IG1 = 476.7863 A
IG2 = 247.6413 A
IG3 = 181.6554 A
IG1 when referred to CT secondary = 476.7863 / 4500 = 0.106 A
The restricted earth fault relay setting = 0.05 Amps

Restricted earth fault relay of Generator-1 will operate for Earth faults at
Generator-1 terminals only.

FOR L-G FAULT OR EARTH FAULT AT F2

From the sequence diagrams
Equivalent positive sequence impedance at fault point F 2 = Z1 = j 0.11368 pu
Equivalent negative sequence impedance at fault point F 2 = Z2 = j 0.1179 pu
Equivalent zero sequence impedance at fault point F 2=Z0=17.5537+j 0.413225 pu
For L-G fault, the positive, negative and zero sequence networks are connected
in series.

52

EO
1.0
IR1 = IR2 = IRO = ----------------- = -------------------------------Z1+Z2+Z0
17.3553 + J 0.644805
= 0.0575796 -2.128O
Fault current If = 3 x IR1 = 3 x 0.0575796
=

0.172738 pu

If = 0.172738 x 5248.6388 = 906.64 A

If = 906.64 A
The contribution of each generator to the fault are given as:
Current contributed by Generator-1, IG1 (pu) = 0.04720235
IG1 = 0.04720235 x 5248.6388 = 247.748 A

IG1 = 247.748 A
Current contributed by Generator-2, IG2 (pu) = 0.07833
IG2 = 0.07833 x 5248.6388 = 411.1432 A

IG2 = 411.1432 A

Current contributed by Generator-3, IG3 (pu) = 0.04720235

IG3 = 0.04720235 x 5248.6388 = 247.748 A

IG3 = 247.748 A

The relay which is operated is:

Fault current If = 906.64 A

53

Fault current when referred to CT secondary = 906.64 / 4500

=

0.2015

Partial differential protection for GSB-1 Section-1

Plug setting = 0.1 A
Time multiplier setting = 0.3
Plug setting multiplier = 0.2015 / 0.1
=

2.015

From the scale for PSM = 2.015, time in sec = 10 sec.

The time required for the relay to operate for the earth fault at F 1 = 10 x 0.3
= 3 Sec.
Partial differential IDMT earth fault relay (51N) of GSB-1 Section-1 will act with
operating time = 3 Sec.
Here also the fault is at GSB-1 Section-2 so the restricted earth fault relay will
not operate since it is a through fault.
If the earth fault is at second generator terminals then for the same fault current
i.e.
If = 906.64 Amps
the current contribution of each Generator are:
IG1 = 247.748 A
IG2 = 411.1432 A
IG3 = 247.748 A
IG2 when referred to CT secondary = 411.1432 / 4500 = 0.0914 A
The restricted earth fault relay setting = 0.05 Amps

Restricted earth fault relay of Generator-2 will operate for Earth faults at
Generator-2 terminals only.

Chapter-6
54

CONCLUSION
The very purpose of protection system is to monitor the
unwanted conditions and when such conditions arise, to remove the
fault in the shortest time possible, leaving unaffected are operational.

In this project we have studied analysed the protection provided

to 60 MW Turbo generator in Thermal Power Plant of Visakhapatnam
Steel Plant.

In this we have analysed both symmetrical and

unsymmetrical faults and response of different relays for these faults

with the existing settings.
In the present age, microprocessor based relays have come to
market. These relays provide a spectrum of information in a single
relay. Practically it has been observed that these relays are good from
the study and analysis point of view where as for reliability and
dependability, the Electro Mechanical and Electro Magnetic Relays
are

still

superior

to

microprocessor

based

relays.

Since

Electromechanical relays operate only with actual electrical signals.

55