CHAPTER - I

INTRODUCTION
Mosquito control manages the population of mosquitoes to reduce their
damage to human health, economies, and enjoyment. Mosquito control is a vital
public-health practice throughout the world and especially in the tropics because
mosquitoes spread many diseases, such as malaria and the Zika virus.
Mosquito-control operations are targeted against three different problems:
1.

Nuisance mosquitoes bother people around homes or in parks and

recreational areas;

2.

Economically important mosquitoes reduce real estate values, adversely

affect tourism and related business interests, or negatively impact livestock or
poultry production;

3.

Public health is the focus when mosquitoes are vectors, or transmitters, of

infectious disease.
Disease organisms transmitted by mosquitoes include West Nile virus, Saint

Louis encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus, Everglades virus,

Highlands J virus, La Crosse Encephalitis virus in the United States; dengue fever,
yellow fever,
tropics; Rift

Ilheus virus, malaria, Zika virus and filariasis in the American

Valley

fever, Wuchereria

bancrofti, Japanese

Encephalitis,

chikungunya, malaria and filariasis in Africa and Asia; and Murray Valley
encephalitis in Australia.
Depending on the situation, source reduction, biocontrol, larviciding (killing
of larvae), or adulticiding (killing of adults) may be used to manage mosquito
populations. These techniques are accomplished using habitat modification,
pesticide, biological-control agents, and trapping.
1

The advantage of non-toxic methods of control is they can be used

in Conservation Areas
A bourgeois Catalan family are in a state of disarray. They are Miguel, his
wife Alicia, their son Llus, and Miguel's elderly parents. Llus collects stray cats
and dogs that now dominate the family apartment, much to his father's chagrin.
Alicia is incapable of challenging the whims of her son and ponders separating
from her husband. Miguel's mother, Maria suffers from Alzheimer's and her
husband believes suicide may be the solution to their problems. Meanwhile,
Alicia's friend, Raquel believes in a tough lovemethod of parenting her daughter,
albeit a method that leads to abuse

COMPANY PROFILE

NAME

AALLWI N FILAMENT PVT LTD

ADDRESS

1/170, Sivasakthi Nagar, Periya Andankovil Road

Karur 639 002.

CONTACT NO

90034 0044

WEBSITE

www.aallwinfilament@gmail.com

MAIL ID

www. aallwinfilament@.com

MANAGING BODY

Mr. Premkumar. M (Managing Director)

Mobile:+ 91 98424 56588
E-mail: premkumar.m@gmail.com

ESTABLISHED IN

BANKER

1823
THE KARUR VYSYA BANK LTD
KARUR WEST (L.N.S)

68,ERODE ROAD,,L.N.S. POST,,

KARUR.
TAMIL NADU-639002
Ph :04324226290, 04324227391

CHAPTER - II
HISTORY
"Wove wire for window screens" were referenced in the American Farmer in
1823. Advertisement for wire window screens appeared in Boyd's Blue Book in
1836.
Two wire window screens were exhibited at Quincy Hall in Boston in 1839.
In 1861 Gilberr, Bennett and Company was manufacturing wire mesh sieves for
food processing. An employee realized that the wire cloth could be painted gray
and sold as window screens and the product became an immediate success.
On July 7, 1868, Bayley and McCluskey filed a U.S. Patent, number 79541
for screened roof-top rail-car windows, allowing ventilation, while preventing
"sparks, cinders, dust, etc." from entering the passenger compartment. By 1874,
E.T. Barnum Company of Detroit, Michigan advertised screens that were sold by
the square foot. Apparently,
window screens designed specifically to prevent insect entry were not
patented in the United States, although by 1900 several patents were awarded for
particular innovations related to window screen design. By the 1950s, parasitic
diseases were largely eradicated in the United States in part due to the widespread
use

of

window

screens.

Today

most

houses

States and Canadahave screens on all operable windows.

in Australia,

the United

For screens installed on aluminium frames, the material is cut slightly larger
than the frame, then laid over it, and a flexible vinyl cord, called a spline, is
pressed over the screen into a groove (spline channel) in the frame. The excess
screen is then trimmed close to the spline with a sharp utility knife.

The spline is often manufactured with parallel ridges running along the
length of the spline to provide a better grip and compliance when it is pressed into
the channel. A spline roller a special tool that consists of a metal (or plastic)
wheel on a handle is used to press the spline into the frame. The wheel edge is
concave, to help it hold the spline and not slip off to the side. Some spline rollers
are double-ended and have both convex and concave rollers; the convex roller can
be used to seat the spline deeper into the channel without risk of cutting the screen.

Driving the spline into the channel tends to tension the screen on the frame,
so the installer must avoid pre-tensioning the screen excessively to prevent the
frame from becoming warped.

The usage of mosquito netting is mainly used for the protection against the
malaria transmitting vector, Anopheles gambiae. The first record of malaria-like
symptoms occurred as early as 2700 BCE from China. The vector for this disease
was not identified until 1880 when Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran identified
mosquitos as a vector for malaria.
5

Mosquito netting has a long history. Though use of the term dates from the
mid-18th century,[1] Indian literature from the late medieval period has references
to the usage of mosquito nets in ritual Hindu worship. Poetry composed
by Annamayya, the earliest known Telugumusician and poet, references domatera,
which means mosquito net in Telugu.
Use of mosquito nets has been dated to prehistoric times. It is said
that Cleopatra, the last active pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, also slept under a
mosquito net.Mosquito nets were used during the malaria-plagued construction of
the Suez Canal.

Construction
Mosquito netting can be made from cotton, polyethylene, polyester,
polypropylene, or nylon. A mesh size of 1.2 mm stops mosquitoes, and smaller,
such as 0.6 mm, stops other biting insects such as biting midges/no-see-ums.
A mosquito bar is an alternate form of a mosquito net. It is constructed of a
fine see-through mesh fabric mounted on and draped over a box-shaped frame. It is
designed to fit over an area or item such as a sleeping bag to supply protection
from insects. A mosquito bar could be used to protect oneself from mosquitos and
other insects while sleeping in jungle areas.
The mesh is woven tightly enough to stop insects from entering but loosely
enough to not interfere with ventilation. The frame is usually self-supporting or
freestanding although it can be designed to be attached from the top to an
alternative support such as tree limbs.
Usage
Mosquito nets are often used where malaria or other insect-borne diseases
are common, especially as a tent-like covering over a bed. For effectiveness, it is
important that the netting does not have holes or gaps large enough to allow insects
to enter.
It is also important to 'seal' the net properly because mosquitos are able to
'squeeze' through improperly secured nets. Because an insect can bite a person
through the net, the net must not rest directly on the skin.

Mosquito netting can be hung over beds from the ceiling or a frame, built
into tents, or installed in windows and doors. When hung over beds, rectangular
nets provide more room for sleeping without the danger of netting contacting skin,
at which point mosquitos may bite through untreated netting.
Where mosquito nets are freely or cheaply distributed, local residents
sometimes opportunistically use them inappropriately, for example as fishing nets.
When used for fishing, mosquito nets have harmful ecological consequences
because the fine mesh of a mosquito net retains almost all fishes,
including bycatch such as immature or small fish and fish species that are not
suitable for consumption.[11][12][13] In addition, insecticides with which the mesh has
been treated, such as permethrin, may be harmful to the fish and other aquatic
fauna.
Insecticide-treated nets
Mosquito nets treated with insecticidesknown as insecticide-treated nets
(ITNs) or bednetswere developed in the 1980s for malaria prevention. ITNs are
estimated to be twice as effective as untreated nets,and offer greater than 70%
protection compared with no net.
These nets are dip-treated using a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide such as
deltamethrin or permethrin which will double the protection over a non-treated net
by killing and repelling mosquitoes. For maximum effectiveness, ITNs should be
re-impregnated with insecticide every six months

This process poses a significant logistical problem in rural areas. Newer,

long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) have now replaced ITNs in most countries.
Effectiveness
The distribution of mosquito nets or bednets impregnated with insecticides
such as permethrin or deltamethrin has been shown to be an extremely effective
method of malaria prevention. It is also one of the most cost-effective methods of
prevention. These nets can often be obtained for around $2.50$3.50 (23 euros)
from the United Nations, the World Health Organization (WHO), and others.
ITNs have been shown to be the most cost-effective prevention method
against

malaria

and

are

part

of

WHOs Millennium

Development

Goals (MDGs).Generally LLINs are purchased by donor groups and delivered

through in-country distribution networks.
ITNs protect people sleeping under them and simultaneously kill mosquitoes
that contact the nets. Some protection is provided to others by this method,
including people sleeping in the same room but not under the net. However,
mathematical modeling has suggested that disease transmission may be
exacerbated after bed nets have lost their insecticidal properties under certain
circumstances.
Although ITN users are still protected by the physical barrier of the netting,
non-users could experience an increased bite rate as mosquitoes are deflected away
from the non-lethal bed net users

CHAPTER III
Distribution
While some experts argue that international organizations should distribute
ITNs and LLINs to people for free to maximize coverage (since such a policy
would reduce price barriers), others insist that cost-sharing between the
international organization and recipients would lead to greater use of the net
(arguing that people will value a good more if they pay for it).
Additionally, proponents of cost-sharing argue that such a policy ensures
that nets are efficiently allocated to the people who most need them (or are most
vulnerable to infection).
Through a "selection effect", they argue, the people who most need the bed
nets will choose to purchase them, while those less in need will opt out.
However, a randomized controlled trial study of ITNs uptake among
pregnant women in Kenya, conducted by economists Pascaline Dupas and Jessica
Cohen, found that cost-sharing does not necessarily increase the usage intensity of
ITNs nor does it induce uptake by those most vulnerable to infection, as compared
to a policy of free distribution.
In some cases, cost-sharing can decrease demand for mosquito nets by
erecting a price barrier. Dupas and Cohens findings support the argument that free
distribution of ITNs can be more effective than cost-sharing in increasing coverage
and saving lives. In a cost-effectiveness analysis,

10

Dupas and Cohen note that "cost-sharing is at best marginally more costeffective than free distribution, but free distribution leads to many more lives
saved."
The researchers base their conclusions about the cost-effectiveness of free
distribution on the proven spillover benefits of increased ITN usage. [21] ITNs
protect the individuals or households that use them, and they protect people in the
surrounding community in one of two ways.
First, ITNs kill adult mosquitos infected with the malaria parasite directly
which increases their mortality rate and can therefore decrease the frequency in
which a person in the community is bit by an infected mosquito.
Second, certain malaria parasites require days to develop in the salivary
glands of the vector mosquito.
This process can be accelerated or decelerated via weather; more specifically
heat. Plasmodium falciparum, for example, the parasite that is responsible for the
majority of deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa, takes 8 days to mature. Therefore,
malaria transmission to humans does not take place until approximately the 10th
day, although it requires blood meals at intervals of 2 to 5 days.
By killing mosquitoes before maturation of the malaria parasite, ITNs can
reduce the number of encounters of infected mosquitos with humans.
When a large number of nets are distributed in one residential area, their
chemical additives help reduce the number of mosquitoes in the environment. With
fewer mosquitoes, the chances of malaria infection for recipients and nonrecipients are significantly reduced. (In other words, the importance of the physical
11

barrier effect of ITNs decreases relative to the positive externality effect of the nets
in creating a mosquito-free environment when ITNs are highly concentrated in one
residential cluster or community.)
Unfortunately, standard ITNs must be replaced or re-treated with insecticide
after six washes and, therefore, are not seen as a convenient, effective long-term
solution to the malaria problem.[26] As a result, the mosquito netting and pesticide
industries developed so-called long-lasting insecticidal mosquito nets, which also
use pyrethroid insecticides.
There are three types of LLINs polyester netting which has insecticide
bound to the external surface of the netting fibre using a resin; polyethylene which
has insecticide incorporated into the fibre and polypropylene which has insecticide
incorporated into the fibre.
All types can be washed at least 20 times, but physical durability will vary.
A survey carried out in Tanzania concluded that effective life of polyester nets was
2 to 3 years;with polyethylene LLINs there is data to support over 5 years of life
with trials in showing nets which were still effective after 7 years.
When calculating the cost of LLINs for large-scale malaria prevention
campaigns, the cost should be divided by the number of years of expected life: A
more expensive net may be cheaper over time.
In addition the logistical costs of replacing nets should be added to the
calculation.

12

Scientific trials
A review of 22 randomized controlled trials of ITNs[29] found (for
Plasmodium falciparum malaria) that ITNs can reduce deaths in children by one
fifth and episodes of malaria by half.
More specifically, in areas of stable malaria "ITNs reduced the incidence of
uncomplicated malarial episodes by 50% compared to no nets, and 39% compared
to untreated nets" and in areas of unstable malaria "by 62% compared to no nets
and 43% compared to untreated nets". As such the review calculated that for every
1000 children protected by ITNs, 5.5 lives would be saved each year.
Through the years 1999 and 2010 the abundance of female anopheles
gambiae densities in houses throughout western Kenya were recorded. This data
set was paired with the spatial data of bed net usage in order to determine
correlation. Results showed that from 2008 to 2010 the relative population density
of the female anopheles gambiae decreased from 90.6% to 60.7%.
The conclusion of this study showed than as the number of houses which
used insecticide treated bed nets increased the population density of female
anopheles gambiae decreased. This result did however vary from region to region
based on the local environment.
Associated problems
Malaria and other arboviruses are known to contribute to economic disparity
within that country and vice versa. This opens the stage for corruption associated to
the distribution of self-protection aides. The least wealthy members of society are

13

both more likely to be in closer proximity to the vectors' prime habitat, but are also
less likely to be protected from the vectors.
This increase in probability of being infected increases the demand for selfprotection which therefore allows for unfair pricing and distribution of selfprotection means. A decrease in per capita income exaggerates a high demand for
resources such as water and food resulting in civil unrest among communities.
Protecting resources as well as attempting to obtain resources are both a cause for
conflict.
Alternatives
Mosquito nets do reduce air flow to an extent and sleeping under a net is
hotter than sleeping without one, which can be uncomfortable in tropical areas
without air-conditioning.

Some alternatives are:

The use of a fan to increase air flow.

14

The application of an insect repellent to the skin; this also may be less
effective (reducing rather than eliminating bites), more expensive, and may
pose health risks with long-term use.

Wearing clothing treated with insect repellency. Insect repellent clothing

offers the advantage of long lasting protection, requiring no re-application. This
protection is usually odorless and invisible, and, unlike traditional insect
repellents, the repellency is near your skin, instead of on it, which can help
alleviate concerns about overuse or misuse of insect repellent.

The use of Indoor residual spraying of insecticides. This was a common

practice back in late 20th Century. However, due to the publication of the book
"Silent Spring" which identified some environmental hazards associated with
the insecticide DDT usage for these programs.

Large scale application results in a dependence on continual spraying. If the

aggressive style of application is not maintained one would risk the possibility
of a bloom in genetically resistant mosquitos. This would ultimately result in an
unrealistic mediation process.

15

Nothing But Nets

Nothing But Nets is a global, grassroots campaign of the United Nations
Foundation to raise awareness and funding to fight malaria, a leading cause of
death among children in Africa.
The campaign aims to prevent malaria deaths by purchasing, distributing,
and teaching the proper use of mosquito bed nets to end malaria deaths in subSaharan Africa. As of 2012, the campaign has distributed nets in twenty countries
throughout Sub-Saharan

Africa with

current

plans

to

expand

into Kenya and Ethiopia.

Background
The UN Foundation and its partners use the money raised by
donations to Nothing But Nets to fight malaria. In conjunction with
16

the Measles Initiative, a global vaccination effort to fight measles,

Nothing but Nets purchases and distributes bed nets in countries
and communities in greatest need.

Rick Reilly's 2006 column about malaria in Sports Illustrated,

wherein he challenged his readers to donate at least $10 for the
purchase of anti-malaria bed nets, brought the issue to national
attention. Thousands of Americans across the country donated
leading to the creation of the Nothing But Nets campaign.

Partnerships
The UN Foundation has partnered with groups as diverse
as National Basketball Associations NBA Cares, Major League
Soccer WORKS, The People of the United Methodist Church, and
Sports Illustrated to bring Nothing But Nets to the American
public. These Founding Partners have been joined by corporate,
multi-media, and financial partners to make a significant impact
by raising awareness and funds to purchase and distribute bed
nets to save lives. Recent significant partners have included
the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the Boy Scouts of
America. Stephen Curry of the Golden State Warriors is also a big
advocate of Nothing but Nets.
17

A screened porch is a type of porch or similar structure on or near the

exterior of a house that has been covered by window screensin order to hinder
insects, debris, and other undesirable objects from entering the area inside the
screen.

Typically created to enhance the liveability of a structure that would

otherwise be exposed to the annoyances of the outdoors, screened porches often
permit residents to enjoy an indoor environment outdoors.

18

Screened porches can be built in a manner similar to that of pole barns, with
the screens added after the structure of the walls and the roof is completed. While
screen porches are often attached to houses, they are sometimes built separately in
order to simplify the construction process.

In order to ensure that the porch be impervious to insects and other

intrusions, a screen door is typically added to facilitate entry.

Because screens can reduce the amount of light that enters the porch's
interior, some screened porches are built so that the screens can be removed at
times when insects and sunlight are less of a problem to the resident.

Some homeowners fill their porches with furniture and amenities typically
found indoors, such as tables, chairs, and couches, ceiling fans, imitation hardwood
floors,

electrical

outlets,

painted

elements and

and plumbing.

It's nature up close, but not too personal.

American designer Christopher Patrick

19

even built-in

furniture

A man sits on his screened porch, which is filled with furniture.

Homeowners sometimes use their screened porches in lieu of climate

control when the latter is unavailable. For example, when the loss of electricity
prevents air conditioning systems from working, a screened porch may be a
cooler sleeping location.

At the same time, screened porches can be used to permit an outdoors

experience while being sheltered from direct sunlight and flying insects some
builders even include skylights in their designs when a porch would otherwise be
excessively dark.

Some people experience a sense of intimacy and quiet privacy when

spending their leisure hours on a screened porch. In the field of landscape
architecture, a screened porch may even be used to divide surrounding gardens or
lawns into smaller zones.

20

Founded
Founder
Purpose
Location
Area

August 2004; 12 years ago

Rob Mather
preventing malaria
London, United Kingdom
Sub-Saharan Africa

served
Key

Rob Mather

people

Sean Good

Website

Andrew Garner
Peter Sherratt
www.againstmalaria.com

The Against Malaria Foundation (AMF) is a United Kingdom-based charity

that provides long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) to populations at high risk
of malaria, primarily in Africa. As of July 2016, the foundation has raised $86.6
million and distributed or committed to fund 19.3 million LLINs since its
founding in 2004.

21

LLINs are distributed through partnerships with the International Red Cross,
the Malaria Consortium, and others, with partners responsible for all costs of
distribution. Distributions include malaria education for the local population, and
they are documented through reports, photos, and video.[6] Post-distribution checkups are carried out 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 months after the initial distribution to
assess net usage and conditions.

AMF has eight trustees and an advisory committee drawn from leading
malaria experts around the world.[8] The charity is registered in the United
Kingdom and governed by the laws of England and Wales. It is also registered in
the USA, Germany, Canada, Japan, and other countries.

GiveWell, an independent charity evaluator, named AMF its top-rated

charity worldwide in 2011 and 2012, but removed it from its list of charities in
November 2013 due to room for more funding-related issues. It was once again
recommended by GiveWell in 2014.

In 2015, GiveWell again listed AMF as a top charity, recommended a $22.8

million grant from Good Ventures to AMF, and identified an additional funding gap
of $75.4 million for the organization, of which $27.5 million would be needed for
the organization's planned activities for the coming year. They identified AMF's
funding gap as the most critical of the funding gaps of all their top charities, and
their recommended allocation to donors was to give all their donation to AMF.
22

[12]

The status was reaffirmed in the mid-2016 top charities refresh, with updates to

the estimated funding gap.

The Against Malaria Foundation was set up in August 2004 with the purpose
of handling money raised through the World Swim Against Malaria, a global
fundraising event scheduled for December 3, 2005. More than 250,000 people
participated in the swim, which raised $1.3 million to buy mosquito nets. The
money was used to buy 270,000 nets, which were distributed to protect an
estimated 540,000 people from the risk of mosquito-borne malaria infection.

The World Swim Against Malaria was the brainchild of Rob Mather, a
London-based strategy consultant. Mather had earlier organized a swim to raise
money for a 2-year-old girl who was badly burned in a house fire. Held in
December 2003, the "Swim for Terri" started as a three-person fundraiser and grew
to include 10,000 swimmers in 73 countries.

In 2012, AMF did not undertake all planned distributions due to safety
concerns in Mali and concerns about transparency with potential partners
in Malawi and Togo.

In May 2016, AMF began accepting Bitcoins for donations.

23

Approach
One hundred percent of funds raised through AMF's website
are used to purchase bednets, according to the foundation's
founders. Distribution

and

education

costs

are

covered

by

distribution partners. Administrative costs are covered by the

charity's trustees and a small group of private donors.

The foundation also benefits from in-kind contributions of

services

from

lawyers,

accountants,

advertising

agencies,

professional translators, web technologists, and others. In 2010,

AMF took in 1.3 million and spent 1.6 million, with 1.4 million
going directly to charitable activities.

The sequence for each distribution is as follows:

A distribution partner submits to AMF a proposal to distribute
mosquito nets in a targeted high-risk area.

AMF's Malaria Advisory Group reviews the proposal, with

requests for further information if necessary. The Group approves,
amends, or rejects the proposal based on available funding and
24

the

needs

of

the

target

area.

AMF and the distribution partner sign a contract laying out

each party's obligations.

AMF raises the funds for the nets and purchases them
directly from the manufacturer, while the distribution partner
covers all non-net costs. The nets constitute the majority of the
distribution's costs. In some cases, the partner will raise funds
through AMF's website, in which case all funds raised are ringfenced for the partner's proposed distribution. All details of each
distribution are made available to the public on dedicated
"distribution pages".

After sufficient funds have been raised, the distribution

partner arranges the distribution logistics with the targeted
community and pays for the nets to be shipped and stored
nearby.
The distribution partner distributes the nets in the targeted
community, and offers education on proper usage of the nets as
well as general malaria education. As per the agreement with
AMF, the partner documents the distribution via reports, photo,
and video.
25

The distribution partner files a post-distribution report with

AMF.

The partner carries out post-distribution surveys 6, 18, 30,

and 42 months after the distribution to monitor net usage and
conditions.

The partner collects malaria case rate data on a quarterly

basis, and emails the information to AMF.

Partners and supporters

AMF is supported by more than 100 corporations. AMF's

principal

partnersare PwC, Citigroup, Speedo, Microsoft, Allen&

Overy, Attenda, Vestergaard Frandsen, and Sumitomo Chemical.

Speedo also partnered with AMF's precursor organization, World
Swim Against Malaria, and continues to raise money for bednets
through swimming events.

26

AMF's principal distribution partners are Population Services

International, the Malaria Consortium, Partners In Health, the Red
Cross, World Vision, and Concern Universal. Sixty organizations
fundraise for bednets using AMF's website or their own.
Window screen

A window

screen (also

known

as insect

screen, bug

screen, fly

screen, flyscreen or flywire) is designed to cover the opening of a window. It is

usually a mesh made of metal wire, fiberglass, or other synthetic fiber and
stretched in a frame of wood or metal. It serves to keep leaves, debris, insects,
birds, and other animals from entering a building or a screened structure such as a
porch, without blocking fresh air-flow. Most houses in Australia, the United
States and Canada and other parts of the world have screens on the window to
prevent entry of flying insects such as mosquitoes, flies and wasps. In some
regions such as the northern United States and Canada, screens were required to be
replaced by glass storm windows in the winter, but now combination storm and
screen windows are available, which allow glass and screen panels to slide up and
down

Uses

27

Window screens primarily maintain the view and airflow of

windows while protecting against insects from flying or crawling
inside the house. It does not include preventing young kids from
falling out of windows, home intruders, and hungry animals.

CHAPTER IV
DECORATION
Main article: Screen painting
Screen painting is a folk art consisting of paintings on
window screens. It is also possible to print images directly onto
fiberglass screen cloth using specially designed inkjet printers.

Fabric types

The most common materials used for the mesh of window

screens

are aluminum and fiberglass.

Aluminum

is

generally

available in natural aluminum or in an applied black or charcoal

color, which make the screening much less visible. Fiberglass is
available in light gray as well as charcoal colors, the charcoal
again offering better viewing and appearance.
28

Fiberglass is less expensive, and has the advantage of not

"denting" when hit or pushed, but it is somewhat more opaque
than aluminum. For this reason, dark aluminum allows a better
view of windows from the exterior, detracting less than fiberglass
from the architectural effect of traditional divided-light window
styles.

For applications requiring greater strength, such as screened

doors

(which

have

larger

area

than

windows), nylon and polyester screening is often used. However,

these materials are not generally used for smaller applications
such as window screens.

Bronze insect screening is much more expensive, but gives

much longer service than either aluminum or fiberglass. When
first installed, it has a bright gold color; this weathers to an
unobtrusive dark charcoal within a year or less. Weathered bronze
darkens the external appearance of windows to approximately the
same degree as charcoal or black aluminum.

29

Bronze is somewhat more resistant to denting than aluminum. Less common

screen fabrics include copper, brass, stainless steel, and galvanized steel. For
coastal locations, corrosion resistance usually requires the use of bronze or
synthetic screening fabric.

Some manufacturers offer screening that promise to substantially reduce the

visibility of the screening.

In addition to insect screening, denser screen types that also reduce sunlight
and heat gain are available. These offer significant potential energy savings in hot
climates.
Several manufacturers offer screens that roll into a pocket when not in use.
These are available for casement windows as well as other types of window and
door openings.

Do-it-yourself screen and frame replacement kits are widely available at

hardware and home improvement stores. One kind is composed of straight
aluminum sides (which can be cut to size) and plastic corner inserts. Screen
replacement kits usually consist of a roll of nylon screening fabric and a generous
supply of rubber spline.

30

Temporary, removable screens that fit within window tracks of double-hung

windows are a common expedient widely available in hardware and home
improvement stores. Typically 30 to 76 centimetres (12 to 30 in) high, these
screens are wedged beneath the lower sash of a double-hung window and secured
laterally by the tracks of the window. A sliding mechanism allows the screen to be
adjusted laterally to fit the width of most windows, which also allows the screen to
fit securely within the tracks below the open sash.

Screen sizes
Typically, metal screen frames (roll form) are 6.4 mm (14 in),
7.9 mm (516 in), 9.5 mm (38 in) or 11 mm (716 in) in thickness by
19 mm (34 in) and 25 mm (1 in). The most common sizes are
7.9 mm (516 in) and 11 mm (716 in) by 19 mm (34 in). The 6.4 mm
(14 in) and 7.9 mm (516 in) sizes are generally used for single hung
windows, while the two larger sizes are used for double hung
windows. As 9.5 mm (38 in) is not a common size, the 7.9 mm
(516 in) thickness may be used instead and shimmed as needed.
They come in a variety of colors including unpainted, white,
bronze, tan, black, desert sand, etc. The screen may also include
a crossbar for added strength.

Fiberglass screen material is typically available in 30 m (100 ft) rolls in

varying widths, from 46 to 305 cm (18 to 120 in) wide. Aluminum screen material
is available in 30 m (100 ft) rolls except the range of available widths is less than
31

for the more commonly used fiberglass. The fineness of a screen mesh is measured
in wires per inch on the warp (length) and the weft or filler (width). An 1814
mesh has become standard; 1616 was formerly common and other common sizes
are 1818 and 2020. For comparison, a typical screen in a clothes dryer has a
nylon 23x23 mesh screen.
Fiberglass solar screens provide over 75% of UV protection, by using
thicker strands and a closer mesh than regular 18x14 fiberglass window screening.
There is some reduction in visibility, but this can be advantageous, since Solar
Screens are difficult to see through from the outside, while easier to see through
from the inside.

Finer meshes have been developed to prevent very small insects, often called
"noseeums" from flying through. The finer mesh screens are also used to prevent
pollens and allergens from entering homes in order to control allergic reactions.

A pierced window screen brings light into the mandapa at Manikesvara

Temple in Lakkundi, Lakkundi

32

CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
After conducting the survey, we gel lo understand more about the
preferences of the participants from two different age groups towards
Starbucks and the few main attractions that keep the participants for going to
Starbucks.
We conclude that 65% of the survey participants are students in the
age group of 18-20 and they are more likely to visit Starbucks. Most of the
participants, regardless of the age groups visit Starbucks to enjoy coffee and
meals. Besides going for coffee and meals, they would also spend their
leisure time in Starbucks.
Most of the survey participants preferred cold drinks than hot drinks,
which sums up to a total of 75% out of 100 participants. And for the cup
size, 52% of the participants prefer Grande size. 41 out of 100 of the survey
participants prefer adding nothing into their drinks, while the number of
participants who choose to add raw sugar is at its least. For the topping, most
of the participants choose to add cream instead of chocolate chips and
caramel. Regardless of the age groups, most of the participants visit
Starbucks once or twice a week and spend less than 1 hour there.

33

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