Analysis of Power Systems

Protection on ETAP
ASSIGNMENT (SIR MUHAMMAD ALI MEAMON)
Syed Ahsan Ali (EE-092)
Ikram Ali (EE-318)
Muhammad Asad (EE-116)
Muhammad Fahim Hyder(EE-001)
| Electrical Power Systems Protections EE-455 | October 20, 2016

Table of Contents
Introduction:..................................................................................................... 1
Analysis for System 1....................................................................................... 2
Load flow analysis:........................................................................................ 2
Fault Detection:............................................................................................. 3
Three Phase Bus 1 Fault:............................................................................3
Bus 1 fault (L-G):........................................................................................ 4
Bus 1 fault Line to Line (L-L):.....................................................................5
Bus 1 fault Double line to ground (L-L-G):..................................................6
Bus two and three fault three phase resistive grounding:..........................7
Bus two and three fault three phase solidly grounded:..............................8
Bus two and three fault line to ground resistive grounding (L-G):..............9
Bus two and three fault line to ground solidly grounded (L-G):................10
Bus two and three fault line to line resistive grounding (L-L):..................11
Bus two and three fault line to line solidly grounded (L-L):......................12
Bus two and three double line to ground fault resistive grounding (L-L-G):
................................................................................................................. 13
Bus two and three double line to ground fault solidly grounded (L-L-G):. 14
Analysis of system 2:..................................................................................... 15
Load flow analysis:...................................................................................... 16
Protection coordination analysis:................................................................16
Protection Coordination for loop 1:..........................................................16
Protection Coordination for loop 2:..........................................................18
Protection Coordination for loop 3:..........................................................20
Protection Coordination for loop 4:..........................................................22
Protection Coordination for loop 5:..........................................................24
Protection Coordination for loop 6:..........................................................26
Protection Coordination for loop 7:..........................................................28
Protection Coordination for loop 8:..........................................................30
Test for protection coordination:.................................................................33
Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 2:..............................................33

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Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 3:..............................................34

Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 5:..............................................35
Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 6:..............................................36
Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 8:..............................................36

Table of Figures:
1 Load flow analysis for System 1....................................................................4
2Three Phase Bus 1 Fault:................................................................................5
3 Bus 1 fault line to ground (L-G).....................................................................6
4 Bus 1 fault Line to Line (L-L)..........................................................................6
5 Bus 1 fault Double line to ground (L-L-G)......................................................8
6 Bus two and three fault three phase resistive grounding..............................9
7 Bus two and three fault three phase solidly grounded................................10
8 Bus two and three fault line to ground resistive grounding (L-G)................11
9 Bus two and three fault line to ground solidly grounded (L-G)....................12
10 Bus two and three fault line to line resistive grounding (L-L)....................13
11 Bus two and three fault line to line solidly grounded (L-L)........................14
12 Bus two and three double line to ground fault resistive grounding (L-L-G)15
13 Bus two and three double line to ground fault solidly grounded (L-L-G). . .16
14 Single line diagram of System 2................................................................17
15 Load flow analysis of system 2..................................................................18
16 Highlighted loop represents loop 1...........................................................19
17 TCC Curve for loop 1.................................................................................20
18 Highlighted loop represents loop 2...........................................................21
19 TCC Curve for loop 2.................................................................................22
20 Highlighted loop represents loop 3...........................................................23
21 TCC Curve for loop 3.................................................................................24
22 Highlighted loop represents loop 4...........................................................25
23 TCC Curve for loop 4.................................................................................26
24 Highlighted loop represents loop 5...........................................................27

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25 TCC Curve for loop 5.................................................................................28

26 Highlighted loop represents loop 6...........................................................29
27 TCC Curve for loop 6.................................................................................30
28 Highlighted loop represents loop 7...........................................................31
29 TCC Curve for loop 7.................................................................................32
30 Highlighted loop represents loop 8...........................................................33
31 TCC Curve for loop 8.................................................................................34
32 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 2.................................................35
33 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 3.................................................36
34 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 5.................................................37
35 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 6:................................................38
36 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 6:................................................39

Introduction:
In this assignment analysis of actual power systems is performed for
analyzing systems three major aspects i.e.

Reliability of the system

Selectivity of the system
Speed of operation of the system

In order to ensure that the system fulfills the above three requirements
different tests are performed using ETAP software.
There are two different systems on which the analysis is performed. For the
first system first of all load flow analysis is performed. To ensure reliability of
the system fault studies are performed. Then for the second system first load
flow analysis is performed then in order to determine selectivity of the
system Protection Coordination Analysis is performed the TCC curves of
protected devices are studied.

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Background:
Here the software used for analysis is ETAP. ETAP is a fully integrated AC and
DC electrical power system analysis tool. Engineers use ETAP in thousands of
companies and electric utilities worldwide in the design, analysis,
maintenance, and operation of electrical power systems.
Then load flow study is performed load flow study is helpful because the most
important information obtained from the load flow analysis is the voltage
profile of the system. If voltage varies greatly over the system, large reactive
flows will result. This, in turn, will lead to increased real power losses and, in
extreme cases, an increased likelihood of voltage collapse. When a particular
bus has an unacceptably low voltage, the usual practice is to install capacitor
banks in order to provide reactive compensation to the load. Load flow
studies are used to determine how much reactive compensation should be
applied at a bus, to bring its voltage up to an appropriate level. If new lines
(or additional transformers) are to be installed, to reinforce the system, a
power flow study will show how it will relieve overloads on adjacent lines. An
inefficient or unbalanced load can also cause unpredictable behavior in your
localized power grid, increasing the risk of equipment damage and unplanned
outages.
Fault location and distance estimation is very important issue in power
system engineering in order to clear fault quickly and restore power supply
as soon as possible with minimum interruption. This is necessary for reliable
operation of power equipment and satisfaction of customer. There are 11
possible faults in a three phase transmission line, namely AG, BG, CG, AB,
AC, BC, ABG, ACG, BCG, ABC and ABCG. These fault types are categorized
into five different types of faults:

LG faults AG, BG, CG

LL faults AB, AC, BC
LLG faults ABG, ACG, BCG
LLL faults ABC
LLLG faults ABCG

Faults occurrence can be easily detected with abrupt decrease in impedance

of the line due to high current during fault. Next problem is its
classification that is the type of fault which has occurred. Out of these five
the LLL and LLLG faults are symmetrical faults and are indistinguishable. The
voltage and current values changes abruptly during the fault and also phase
imbalance occurs. The method requires continuous inspection of the line
impedance values in each phase. The phase with abrupt decrease in
impedance denotes that the phase is faulty. The ground is involved in fault or
not can be easily distinguished with a zero sequence analyzer. Zero

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sequence current flows in case of ground fault. Therefore in this assignment

protection scheme is checked that if it could detect such faults

Analysis for System 1

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:
Load flow studies are essential in the planning and operation of electrical
systems. The results obtained from a load flow study (in conjunction with
short-circuit study results) are used to size capacitors, feeders, transformers,
and current-limiting reactors. Whether designing a new system, or
analyzing an existing one, factors such as voltage drop, load capacity,
power factor constraints, steady-state stability limits, transformer tap
settings, and generator excitation levels must be considered. The load flow
study aids in the evaluation of these factors, and pro vides a convenient
way of predicting the effects of system modification and expansion.

1 Load flow analysis for System 1

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FAULT DETECTION:
The ETAP Short-Circuit program is a user-friendly, fully interactive
program for calculating R M S values of fault c urren t s corresponding to
different time periods after fault occurrence. Specifically, it calculates the 1/2
c y c l e , 1.5 to 4 cycle and 30 cycle RMS symmetrical fault currents for three
phase, line-to-ground, line-to-line and line-to-line-to-ground faults.

Three Phase Bus 1 Fault:

2Three Phase Bus 1 Fault:

The above figure shows that in case of three phase fault at bus 1 all the
busses will be affected

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Bus 1 fault line to ground (L-G):

3 Bus 1 fault line to ground (L-G)

The above figure shows that in the case of line to ground fault bus 3 and bus
4 would be ore affected by the fault

PAGE 7

Bus 1 fault Line to Line (L-L):

44 Bus 1 fault Line to Line (L-L)

The above figure shows that in case of line to line fault at bus 3 and other
loads on bus 3 will be affected.

PAGE 8

Bus 1 fault Double line to ground (L-L-G):

5 Bus 1 fault Double line to ground (L-L-G)

The above figure shows bus 1 fault double line to ground fault Bus 4, Bus 6,
Bus 7 and bus 8will be affected.

PAGE 9

Bus two and three fault three phase resistive grounding:

6 Bus two and three fault three phase resistive grounding

The above figure shows Bus two and three fault three phase resistive
grounding Bus 2 , Bus 3 , and Bus 4 will be affected.

PAGE 10

Bus two and three fault three phase solidly grounded:

7 Bus two and three fault three phase solidly grounded

The above figure shows Bus two and three fault three phase solidly grounded
bus 2 ,bus 3 and bus 4 will be affected.

PAGE 11

Bus two and three fault line to ground resistive grounding (L-G):

8 Bus two and three fault line to ground resistive grounding (L-G)
The above figure shows Bus two and three fault line to ground resistive
grounding no bus will be faulted.

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Bus two and three fault line to ground solidly grounded (L-G):

9 Bus two and three fault line to ground solidly grounded (L-G)
The above figure shows Bus two and three fault line to ground solidly
grounded Bus 2 and Bus 3 will be faulted.

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Bus two and three fault line to line resistive grounding (L-L):

10 Bus two and three fault line to line resistive grounding (L-L)
The above figure shows Bus two and three fault line to line resistive
grounding no bus will be faulted.

PAGE 14

Bus two and three fault line to line solidly grounded (L-L):

11 Bus two and three fault line to line solidly grounded (L-L)
The above figure shows Bus two and three fault line to line solidly grounded
bus 2 and bus 3 will be faulted.

PAGE 15

Bus two and three double line to ground fault resistive grounding (L-LG):

12 Bus two and three double line to ground fault resistive grounding (L-L-G)
The above figure shows Bus two and three double line to ground fault
resistive grounding no bus will be faulted.

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Bus two and three double line to ground fault solidly grounded (L-L-G):

13 Bus two and three double line to ground fault solidly grounded (L-L-G)
The above figure shows Bus two and three double line to ground fault solidly
grounded Bus 2 and 3 will be faulted.

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Analysis of system 2:

14 Single line diagram of System 2

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LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS:

15 Load flow analysis of system 2

PROTECTION COORDINATION ANALYSIS:

These values o f s h o r t -circuit currents are determined to ensure that
the short-circuit ratings of all equipment are adequate to handle the
currents available at their locations. In addition, we use data about these
c u r r e n t s in c o n j u n c t i o n with time current characteristics of protective
devices to determine the required relay settings and fuse r a t i n g s to achieve
coordinated operation during faults. A properly coordinated protection
system will generally result in fast and selective i s o l a t i o n of faulted
equipment with minimum equipment outage. Thats why protection
coordination analysis is performed.

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Protection Coordination for loop 1:

16 Highlighted loop represents loop 1

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17 TCC Curve for loop 1

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 1 it show how the selectivity of
loop 1 is selected the circuit breaker has the highest selectivity then the
transformer and then the relay in order to stop the fault moving further in the
system.

Protection Coordination for loop 2:

PAGE 21

18 Highlighted loop represents loop 2

PAGE 22

19 TCC Curve for loop 2

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 2 which is highlighted it shows
that relay 1 at the utility will have lowest selectivity and fuse will have the
highest selectivity after fuse CB4 will be selective

PAGE 23

Protection Coordination for loop 3:

20 Highlighted loop represents loop 3

PAGE 24

21 TCC Curve for loop 3

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 3 with fuse 2 will have highest
selectivity then CB 3 will have greater selectivity and relay 2 at the utility will
have lowest selectivity

PAGE 25

Protection Coordination for loop 4:

22 Highlighted loop represents loop 4

PAGE 26

23 TCC Curve for loop 4

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 4 with fuse 2 with highest
selectivity then CB2 will have selectivity then relay 2 will have the lowest
selectivity.

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Protection Coordination for loop 5:

24 Highlighted loop represents loop 5

PAGE 28

25 TCC Curve for loop 5

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 5 the fuse 4 will have highest
selectivity then CB 4 will have lower selectivity then relay 3 will have lower
selectivity then circuit breaker 1 will have lower selectivity relay 1 will have
the lowest selectivity.

PAGE 29

Protection Coordination for loop 6:

26 Highlighted loop represents loop 6

PAGE 30

27 TCC Curve for loop 6

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 6 with fuse 2 at highest selectivity
and then higher selectivity will be of CB 3 then transformer and then relay 1
so that in case of fault the whole power system dont shuts down.

Protection Coordination for loop 7:

PAGE 31

28 Highlighted loop represents loop 7

PAGE 32

29 TCC Curve for loop 7

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 7 fuse 3 at highest selectivity and
then higher selectivity will be of CB 2 then transformer and then relay 1 .

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Protection Coordination for loop 8:

30 Highlighted loop represents loop 8

PAGE 34

31 TCC Curve for loop 8

The above figure shows TCC Curve for loop 8 fuse 1 at highest selectivity and
then higher selectivity will be of CB 4 then transformer and then relay 1 .

TEST FOR PROTECTION COORDINATION:

A good stability analysis program employs technically accurate simulation
models for various power system components, namely, generators, generator
e x c i t a t i o n systems, prime mover speed-governing systems, synchronous
motors, i n d u c t i o n motors, static loads and system equivalents.
The ETAP stability program includes all of the above simulation models.
Moreover, it uses efficient numerical techniques to solve the differential
equations of the simulation models and the algebraic equations for the
network.
There fore stability analysis is performed for the systems

PAGE 35

Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 2:

32 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 2

The above figure shows Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 2 in case of
fault the whole system will be affected.

PAGE 36

Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 3:

33 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 3

The above figure shows Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 3 this
testifies that selectivity will be maintained in case of fault at bus three and
the system will be protected.

PAGE 37

Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 5:

34 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 5

The above figure shows Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 5, bus 5 and
other busses connected to it will be detached from the system and rest of the
system will work properly.

PAGE 38

Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 6:

35 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 6:

The above figure shows Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 6 , bus 6 and
other busses connected to it will be detached from the system and rest of the
system will work properly.

Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 8:

PAGE 39

36 Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 8:

The above figure shows Protection co-ordination for fault at bus 8 only bus 8
will be detached from the system and rest of the system will work properly.

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